0 Europa Si Romania

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0 Europa si Romania. Cuprins

1. ELEMENTE FIZICO-GEOGRAFICE DEFINITORII ALE EUROPEII ALE ROMNIEI1.1. RELIEFUL MA!OR " TREPTE# TIPURI I UNIT$%I MA!ORE DE RELIEF

a& Europa " 'r(p'( )( r(*i(+,& Europa - uni'i mor+os'ru/'ura*(Romnia " 'r(p'( )( r(*i(+Romnia " uni'i mor+os'ru/'ura*(

1.1.1. TIPURI GENETICE DE RELIEFa. Tipuri (n('i/( )( r(*i(+ )in Europa

,. Tipuri (n('i/( )( r(*i(+ )in Romnia

1.1.2. UNIT$%I MA!ORE DE RELIEFA. Uni'i ma3or( )( r(*i(+ a*( Europ(i

Uni'i mon'an(a. Uni'i a*pin(

,. Uni'i /a*()oni/(/. P( s'ru/'uri 4(r/ini/(). R(*i(+ )(56o*'a' p( s'ru/'uri mai noiUni'i )( /mpi(a. Cmpii +*u6io-*a/iar(

,. Cmpii +*u6io-*a/us'r(/. Cmpii p( s'ru/'ur )( po)i7.). Cmpii +*u6io-*i'ora*(.

8. Uni'i ma3or( )( r(*i(+ )in RomniaUni'i mon'an( /arpa'i/(Carpaii Ori(n'a*iCarpaii M(ri)iona*iCarpaii O//i)(n'a*iD(pr(siun(a /o*inar a Transi*6ani(i--Uni'i )( )(a*uri 7i po)i7uri- 9u,/arpaii- Po)i7u* M(4()ini- Pi(mon'u* G('i/

- Po)i7u* Mo*)o6(i- Po)i7u* Do,ro(iD(a*uri*( )( :(s'Uni'i*( )( /mpi(D(*'a Dunrii

1.2. CLIMA - FACTORII GENETICI# ELEMENTELE CLIMATICE I REGIONAREACLIMATIC$EUROPA - Fa/'orii (n('i/iROMNIA - Fa/'orii (n('i/iEUROPA - ELEMENTELE CLIMEI

ROMNIA - ELEMENTELE CLIMEI
http://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/758/0/01Relieful-major-Trepte--tipuri-si-unitati-majore-de-reliefhttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/758/0/01Relieful-major-Trepte--tipuri-si-unitati-majore-de-reliefhttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/759/0/02Tipuri-genetice-de-relief-din-Europa-si-Romaniahttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/760/0/03Unitati-majore-de-relief-ale-Europeihttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/761/0/04Unitati-majore-de-relief-din-Romaniahttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/762/0/05Clima-Factori-genetici-Elementele-climatice-si-regionarea-climatica-in-Romania-si-Europahttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/762/0/05Clima-Factori-genetici-Elementele-climatice-si-regionarea-climatica-in-Romania-si-Europahttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/758/0/01Relieful-major-Trepte--tipuri-si-unitati-majore-de-reliefhttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/758/0/01Relieful-major-Trepte--tipuri-si-unitati-majore-de-reliefhttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/759/0/02Tipuri-genetice-de-relief-din-Europa-si-Romaniahttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/760/0/03Unitati-majore-de-relief-ale-Europeihttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/760/0/03Unitati-majore-de-relief-ale-Europeihttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/761/0/04Unitati-majore-de-relief-din-Romaniahttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/762/0/05Clima-Factori-genetici-Elementele-climatice-si-regionarea-climatica-in-Romania-si-Europahttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/762/0/05Clima-Factori-genetici-Elementele-climatice-si-regionarea-climatica-in-Romania-si-Europa


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EUROPA - REGIONAREA CLIMATIC$ROMNIA - REGIONAREA CLIMATIC$E'a3(*( )( /*im

1.;. . ?N:ELIUL 8IOPEDOGEOGRAFICEUROPAa.:(('aia su,'ropi/a*# m()i'(ran((an

,. Zona )( )(7(r' 7i s(mi)(7(r'/. 9'(pa @ si*6os'(pa). Zona p)uri*or )( +oioas((. Taia p)uri )( /oni+(r(+. Tun)raROMNIA5ona s'(p(iZona si*6os'(p(iZona p)uri*or )( +oioas(5ona a*pin

2. ELEMENTE DE GEOGRAFIE UMAN$ ALE EUROPEI I ROMNIEI

Cara/'(ris'i/i (n(ra*(EuropaRomnia2.1.


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+. 9'ru/'ura popu*ai(i p( rup( )( 6rs'. 9'ru/'ura pro+(siona* a popu*ai(i4. 9'ru/'ura popu*ai(i p( m()ii Bur,anrura*&i. 9'ru/'ura /on+(siona*ROMNIA

a. E6o*uia numru*ui )( *o/ui'ori,. Mi7/ar(a na'ura* a popu*ai(i/. Mo,i*i'a'(a '(ri'oria* a popu*ai(i). D(nsi'a'(a popu*ai(i(. 9'ru/'ura p( rup( )( 6rs'+. 9'ru/'ura pro+(siona* a popu*ai(i. 9'ru/'ura p( naiona*i'i4. 9'ru/'ura p( m()ii Brura*ur,an&i. A*'( asp(/'(

2.;. 9I9TEMUL DE ORAE AL EUROPEI

C*asi+i/ar(a ora7(*or )up /ri'(rii (ora+i/(9I9TEMUL DE ORAE AL ROMNIEI

ANALIZA GEOGRAFIC$ A UNOR ORAE DIN EUROPALon)raParis:i(naMos/o6aRomaANALIZA GEOGRAFIC$ A UNOR ORAE DIN ROMNIA8u/ur(7'iIa7iCons'anaTimi7oara8ra7o6

2.>. ACTI:ITATILE ECONOMICE " CARACTERI9TICI GENERALE2.. 9I9TEME DE TRAN9PORT2.. MEDIU ?NCON!UR$TOR I PEI9A!E

8. ROMNIA I UNIUNEA EUROPEAN$

1.FORMAREA UNIUNII EUROPENE I E:OLU%IA INTEGR$RII EUROPENEa& Iniia'i6( )(-a *unu* is'ori(i# /ar( au susinu' i)((a un(i Europ( uni'(,& E'ap(*( /ons'i'uirii Uniunii Europ(n(/& Tra'a'(*( Uniunii Europ(n()& Auis-u* /omuni'ar(& ?ns(mn(*( Uniunii Europ(n(+& O,i(/'i6(*( U.E.# spr( /ar( 'in) 7i s'a'(*( /ar( a)(r

2. CARACTERI9TICI GEOGRAFICE# POLITICE I ECONOMICE ACTUALE ALE U.E.a& Cara/'(ris'i/i (ora+i/(

,& Cara/'(ris'i/i po*i'i/(

/& Cara/'(ris'i/i (/onomi/(
http://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/767/0/10Sistemul-de-orase-al-Europei-si-Romanieihttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/768/0/11Analiza-geografica-a-unor-orase-din-Europahttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/769/0/12Activitatiile-economice-in-Europa-si-Romaniahttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/770/0/13Sisteme-de-transport-in-Europa-si-Romaniahttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/771/0/14Mediu-inconjurator-si-peisaje-in-Europa-si-Romaniahttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/772/0/15Romania-si-Uniunea-Europeanahttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/773/0/16Caracteristici-geografice--politice-si-economice-actuale-ale-UEhttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/767/0/10Sistemul-de-orase-al-Europei-si-Romanieihttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/767/0/10Sistemul-de-orase-al-Europei-si-Romanieihttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/768/0/11Analiza-geografica-a-unor-orase-din-Europahttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/768/0/11Analiza-geografica-a-unor-orase-din-Europahttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/769/0/12Activitatiile-economice-in-Europa-si-Romaniahttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/770/0/13Sisteme-de-transport-in-Europa-si-Romaniahttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/770/0/13Sisteme-de-transport-in-Europa-si-Romaniahttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/771/0/14Mediu-inconjurator-si-peisaje-in-Europa-si-Romaniahttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/772/0/15Romania-si-Uniunea-Europeanahttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/772/0/15Romania-si-Uniunea-Europeanahttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/773/0/16Caracteristici-geografice--politice-si-economice-actuale-ale-UEhttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/773/0/16Caracteristici-geografice--politice-si-economice-actuale-ale-UE


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;. 9TATELE UNIUNII EUROPENEFranaG(rmaniaR(a'u* Uni' BR(a'u* Uni' a* Marii 8ri'anii 7i a* Ir*an)(i )( Nor)&

I'a*ia9paniaPor'ua*iaGr(/ia BR(pu,*i/a E*(n&Aus'ria

>. ROMNIA CA PARTE A UNIUNII EUROPENEa& Opor'uni'i (ora+i/( a*( Romni(i /u s(mni+i/ai( p(n'ru U.E.

,& Romnia 7i ri*( U.E " in'(r)(p(n)(n( (ora+i/(#(/onomi/( 7i /u*'ura*(.

. PRO8LEMA ENERGIEI ?N UNIUNEA EUROPEAN$ I ?N ROMNIA

C. EUROPA I UNIUNEA EUROPEAN$ ?N LUMEA CONTEMPORAN$1. PRO8LEME FUNDAMENTALE ALE LUMII CONTEMPORANEa& 9/4im,ri*( /*ima'i/(

,& Po*uar(a/& Ins'a,i*i'a'(a po*i'i/# (/onomi/ 7i so/ia*)& Epui5ar(a r(surs(*or(& ?m,'rnir(a )(mora+i/+& 9uprapopu*ar(a& Cr(7'(r(a /rimina*i'ii4& T(rorismu*

2. ROLUL EUROPEI ?N CON9TRUIREA LUMII CONTEMPORANEa& Ci6i*i5aia r(a/

,& Ci6i*i5aia roman/& R(na7'(r(a)& R(6o*uia in)us'ria*(& R(6o*uia +ran/(5+& R(iona*i5ar(

;. UNIUNEA EUROPEAN$ I AN9AM8LURILE ECONOMICE I GEOPOLITICE ALE

LUMII CONTEMPORANE " PRI:IRE COMPARATI:$a& UE " ONU,& UE " NATO/& UE " OCDE)& UE " O9CE(& UE " NAFTA+& UE " MERCO9UR& UE " A9EAN4& UE " OCEMNi& UE " APEC

3& UE " OC9

>. MONDIALIZARE# INTERNA%IONALIZARE# GLO8ALIZARE DIN PER9PECTI:$
http://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/774/0/17Statele-Uniunii-Europenehttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/775/0/18-Romania-ca-parte-a-Uniunii-Europenehttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/776/0/19Problema-Energiei-in-Uniunea-Europeanahttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/777/0/20Europa-si-Uniunea-Europeana-in-Lumea-Contemporana-Probleme-fundamentale-ale-lumii-contemporanehttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/778/0/21Rolul-Europei-in-construirea-lumii-contemporanehttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/779/0/22Uniunea-Europeana-si-ansamblurile-economice-si-geopolitice-ale-lumii-contemporanehttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/779/0/22Uniunea-Europeana-si-ansamblurile-economice-si-geopolitice-ale-lumii-contemporanehttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/780/0/23Mondializare--internationalizare--globalizare-din-perspectiva-europeanahttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/774/0/17Statele-Uniunii-Europenehttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/775/0/18-Romania-ca-parte-a-Uniunii-Europenehttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/776/0/19Problema-Energiei-in-Uniunea-Europeanahttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/777/0/20Europa-si-Uniunea-Europeana-in-Lumea-Contemporana-Probleme-fundamentale-ale-lumii-contemporanehttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/778/0/21Rolul-Europei-in-construirea-lumii-contemporanehttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/779/0/22Uniunea-Europeana-si-ansamblurile-economice-si-geopolitice-ale-lumii-contemporanehttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/779/0/22Uniunea-Europeana-si-ansamblurile-economice-si-geopolitice-ale-lumii-contemporanehttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/780/0/23Mondializare--internationalizare--globalizare-din-perspectiva-europeana


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EUROPEAN$a& G*o,a*i5ar(

,& Mon)ia*i5ar(/& In'(rnaiona*i5ar(
http://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/780/0/23Mondializare--internationalizare--globalizare-din-perspectiva-europeanahttp://www.ebacalaureat.ro/c/11/92/780/0/23Mondializare--internationalizare--globalizare-din-perspectiva-europeana


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01.R(*i(+u* ma3or. Tr(p'(# 'ipuri si uni'a'i ma3or( )( r(*i(+

1. ELEMENTE FIZICO-GEOGRAFICE DEFINITORII ALE EUROPEII ALE ROMNIEI

1.1. RELIEFUL MAJOR TREPTE, TIPURI I UNITI MAJORE DE RELIEF

a) Eur!a "r#!"# $# r#%' A*'i'u)ina* Europa s( )(s+7oar )( *a 0 m pn *a >2 m# 6r+u* E*,rus )in MuniiCau/a5 7i >0H m n 6r+u* Mon' 8*an/ )in Munii A*piJ - a*'i'u)in(a minim o r(pr(5in' ni6(*u* Mrii Caspi/( B-2H m& 7i Zui)(r Z(( BO*an)a&B-2; m&J - n /omparai( /u /(*(*a*'( /on'in(n'(# Europa ar( a*'i'u)in(a m()i( /(a mai /o,or'B;>0 m Asia K0 m# A+ri/a H0 m# Am(ri/a )( Nor) H20 m# Am(ri/a ( 9u) 0 m# Aus'ra*ia;0 m# An'ar/'i/a 200 m. Urmrin) 4ar'a +i5i/ a Europ(i s( poa'( /ons'a'a / a/(s' /on'in(n' (s'( /ara/'(ri5a'

prinpredominarea reliefului de cmpie i podiuri joase# /ar( o/up o pon)(r( )( > )in

supra+aa /on'in(n'u*ui# )up /um urm(a5= - /mpii /u a*'i'u)ini n'r( -2 m 7i 200 m )(in H )in supra+aa /on'in(n'u*ui J - po)i7uri# )(a*uri na*'( 7i muni 3o7i# /u a*'i'u)ini /uprins( n'r( 00 7i 1000 m au o

pon)(r( )( 10 J - munii /u a*'i'u)ini )( p(s'( 1000 m )(in )in supra+aa /on'in(n'u*ui. P( ansam,*u# a*'i'u)ini*( mai mi/i )( 00 m B/mpii# po)i7uri 7i )(a*uri 3oas(& s(n'in) )in (s'u* Muni*or 9/an)ina6i/i pn n 6(s'u* Muni*or Ura*i 7i )in nor)u* Muni*orPirin(i 7i a* Mrii N(r( pn *a rmu* O/(anu*ui Ar/'i/. Tr(ap'a )( p(s'( 00 m (s'( r(pr(5(n'a' )( muni po)i7uri 7i )(a*uri na*'(. Muniiapar su, +orma unor *anuri )is/on'inu( *a p(ri+(ria /on'in(n'u*ui BMunii Ura*i# Munii9/an)ina6i/i# Munii P(nini&. Tr(ap'a )( p(s'( 1000 m a*'i'u)in( (s'( /(a mai masi6 7i /(a mai na*' 7i o /ons'i'ui(regiunea alpin# /ar( )omin a'' 5ona /(n'ra* /' 7i 5ona /(n'ra* a Europ(i su, +orma unui*an mun'os sinuos )(s+7ura' su, +orm )( ar/uri BPirin(i# A*pi# Carpai# 8a*/ani# P(nini#Dinari/i# Cau/a5&. Tr(ap'a mon'an ar( o mar( ('(nsiun( 7i n P(ninsu*a 9/an)ina6i/ BMunii9/an)ina6i/i&.

() Eur!a - u&"*+& r'"ru"ura%#R(*i(+u* Europ(i s-a +orma' n mo)uri 6aria'( 7i n ('ap( )i+(ri'(=

Eur!a "r*/#0#.T(/'oni/# /on'in(n'u* Europa aparin( P*/ii Euroasia'i/(# +iin) ouni'a'( de platform precambrian a*/'ui' )in 9/u'u* 9/an)ina6 n nor) 7i P*a/a Es'-Europ(an BP*a/a Rus /ar( s( suprapun( p(s'( /(a mai mar( par'( a Europ(i Es'i/(. A/(s'(uni'i )( p*a'+orm a*/'ui(s/ !r&u% u%#u ""a% a% Eur!#&. A/(as' p*a'+orma*/'ui(7'( +un)am(n'u* mari*or /mpii /(n'ra* 7i (s' (urop(n(# pr(/um 7i +un)am(n'u*Po)i7u*ui Mo*)o6(i.

Eur!a a%#$&a*- +orma' n orogeneza caledonic# /ar( a a6u' *o/ n prima3um'a'( a (r(i pa*(o5oi/(# a )us *a +ormar(a Muni*or 9/an)ina6i/i# a muni*or )inar4ip(*au* 9pi'5,(r(n# muni*or 9/oi(i 7i %rii Ga*i*or.

Eur!a 0#r&&*" +orma' n pa*(o5oi/u* sup(rior prin orogeneza hercinica )us *a+ormar(a unui *an )( muni /ar( n/(p(a *a O/(anu* A'*an'i/ 7i s( '(rmina *a Mar(a N(ar.


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?n pr(5(n' s( ps'r(a5 n +un)am(n'u* unor /mpii )in 6(s'u* Europ(i# )ar mai a*(s n'r-os(ri( )( masive joaseBCorna**# Masi6u* Armori/an# Masi6u* C(n'ra* Fran/(5# Masi6u*R(nan# Munii :osi# Munii P)ur(a N(ar# Po)i7u* 8o(mi(i# Po)i7u* Lsa Gora 7i Po)i7u*Do,ro(i )( Nor)&. A/((a7i oro(n(5 a )us 7i *a +ormar(a Muni*or Ura*i.

Eur!a a%!&*" si'ua' n su) s-a +orma' n (r(*( m(5o5oi/ 7i n(o5oi/ n 'impu*orogenezei alpine# /ar( a )us *a /u'ar(a s'ra'(*or )in +os'u* o/(an T('4is n urma /o*i5iunii)in'r( /on'in(n'u* nor)i/ Laurasia 7i a /(*ui su)i/ Gon)ana. A *ua' na7'(r( *anu* a*pina*/'ui' )in= Cor)i*i(ra 8('i/# Munii Pirin(i# Munii A*pi# Munii Ap(nini# Munii Dinari/i#Munii Carpai# Munii 8a*/ani B9'ara P*anina& 7i Munii Cau/a5. To' a/um# s-a +orma' 7i celmai lung lan de muni vulcanici din Europa# > m n 6r+u* Mo*)o6(anu )in Munii Fra7u*ui. R(*i(+u* rii noas'r( (s'( )ispus n 'r(p'( /on/(n'ri/( n 3uru* Carpai*or= D(pr(siun(a/o*inar a Transi*6ani(i# /u a*'i'u)ini )( >00-00 m# n/on3ura' )( in(*u* Carpai*or# /ua*'i'u)ini n'r( 00-2>> m. 9pr( ('(rior s( )(s+7oar /on/(n'ri/ 9u,/arpaii# /u a*'i'u)inin'r( 00-00 m# D(a*uri*( )( :(s'# Po)i7u* Mo*)o6(i# Po)i7u* G('i/# Po)i7u* M(4()ini#Cmpia Romn# Cmpia )( :(s'# iar n su)-(s'u* rii D(*'a Dunrii 7i Po)i7u* Do,ro(i.9u, asp(/'u* 'r(p'(*or ma3or( )( r(*i(+# Romnia s( /ara/'(ri5(a5 prin proporiona*i'a'(=

pon)(r(a mai mar( a )(a*uri*or 7i po)i7uri*or >2 J munii 2 J /mpii*( ;0 .

R&a u&"*+& r'"ru"ura%#E6(nim(n'(*( (o*oi/( )(p(n)(n'( )( '(/'oni/a p*/i*or au impus /r(ar(a 'r(p'a' a

uni'i*or s'ru/'ura*( 7i )( r(*i(+. Ana*i5a mor+o-s'ru/'urii ma3or( a /on'in(n'u*ui Europa(6i)(nia5 +ap'u* /# p( ansam,*u# r(*i(+u* rii noas'r( (s'( pr()ominan' a*pin.

U&"*+&%# $# r2#au r(5u*'a' )in /io/nir(a mi/rop*/i*or (moessic, transilvanic ipanonic)/uplaca euroasiaticBp*a/a (s'-(urop(an&. Din uni'i*( )( oro(n +a/ par'(=Carpaii# 9u,/arpaii# D(pr(siun(a Co*inar a Transi*6ani(i# Po)i7u* M(4()ini# D(a*uri*( )(:(s'# Cmpia )( :(s' 7i Po)i7u* Do,ro(i )( Nor). U&"*+&%# $# !%a"'r*s-au )(+ini'i6a' n prima par'( a pa*(o5oi/u*ui 7i /ons'i'ui(+un)am(n'u* uni'i*or )( r(*i(+ )( *a ('(rioru* Carpai*or= p*a/a (s'-(urop(an /ons'i'ui(+un)am(n'u* Po)i7u*ui Mo*)o6(i# p*a/a mo(ssi/ /ons'i'ui( +un)am(n'u* Cmpi(i Romn( 7ia Pi(mon'u*ui G('i/.

Po)i7u* Do,ro(i (s'( +orma' )in s'ru/'uri 6(/4i )( 6rs'( 7i oriini )i+(ri'(= Do,ro(a)( Nor) /ons(r6structuri hercinice# Do,ro(a C(n'ra*structuri caledonice# Do,ro(a )(9u) (s'( unitate de platforma/op(ri' )( *o(ss.


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02.Tipuri (n('i/( )( r(*i(+ )in Europa si Romania

1.1.1. TIPURI GENETICE DE RELIEF

a. T&!ur& 2##" $# r#%' $& Eur!a

Tipuri*( (n('i/( ma3or( )( r(*i(+ a*( Europ(i sun' )('(rmina'( )( mor+os'ru/'uri*(ma3or(= C!&&%#/(*( mai n'ins( s( suprapun p(s'( primu* nu/*(u /on'in(n'a* BCmpia Es'-Europ(an s( suprapun( p(s'(placa est-european# iar Cmpia Europ(i )( Nor) s(suprapun(# n /(a mai mar( par'( p(s'(scutul scandinav&J 3&"##%# "a#caledonice, hercinice i alpines-au +orma' n oro(n(5(*(omonim(# aprn) as'5i +i( su, +orma unor *anuri mun'oas( BA*pi# Carpai# 8a*/ani# Cau/a5#Ura*# A*pii 9/an)ina6i/i +i( su, +orma unor masi6( mun'oas( sau po)i7uriJ

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R#%'u% 2%a&ara apru' +i( /a r(5u*'a' a* a/iuniighearilor de calot# +i( /a r(5u*'a'a* a/iuniighearilor montani. ?n p*(is'o/(n Europa Nor)i/ a +os' a/op(ri' )( o /a*o' )(4(a /ar( s( ('in)(a spr( su) p(s'( Mar(a 8a*'i/ 7i p(s'( Cmpia Europ(i )( Nor) 7iCmpia Rus pn *a *a'i'u)in(a ora7(*or i(6 7i Mos/o6a. ?n urma 'opirii 4(aru*ui )(/a*o' a rmas un r(*i(+ *a/iar sp(/i+i/ /u a*iniam(n'( )( morene, sandre, blocuri eratice idepresiuni/ar( a)pos'(s/ *a/uri. A/(s' 'ip )( r(*i(+ *a/iar s( ('in)( p(s'( su)-(s'u*P(ninsu*(i 9/an)ina6i/(# Fin*an)a# Cmpia Nor) Europ(an 7i 3um'a'( nor)i/ a Cmpi(iRus(. R(*i(+u* *a/iar mon'an /uprin)( mai mu*'( 'ipuri= r(*i(+ *a/iar pirin(an a*/'ui')ominan' )in circuri glaciare i creste alpine# r(*i(+u* *a/iar a*pin 7i /au/a5ian a*/'ui' )incircuri, vi glaciare, morene, creste alpine# )ar 7i r(*i(+ *a/iar a/'ua*. ?n Munii Carpai s(

ps'r(a5 r(*i(+ *a/iar /ua'(rnar.R#%'u% %&"ra%

cu fiorduri= P(ninsu*a 9/an)ina6i/# Is*an)a# Ar4ip(*au* 8ri'ani/Jcu rias= nor)u* 9pani(i# nor)-6(s'u* Fran(i# Mar(a 8ri'ani(Jcu estuare*a uri*( )( 6rsar( a*( +*u6ii*or= 9(na# Tamisa# 9(6(rn# E*,a# P(/iora# D6ina )(

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cu lagune= *a Mar(a 8a*'i/ 7i *a Mar(a N(ar Bsis'(mu* Ra5(*m-9ino(&Jcu *iman(= *a Mar(a N(ar B*imanu* Nis'ru*ui&Jrelief litoral tectono-glaciar (*i'ora*u* ,ri'ani/# *i'ora*u* P(ninsu*(i 9/an)ina6i/(&Jcu canaluriB)( 'ip )a*ma'i/&= p( *i'ora*u* Croai(i *a Mar(a A)ria'i/J

rm antropic= po*)(r(*( o*an)(5(. R#%'u% ar"&s-a +orma' p( ro/i /ars'i+i/a,i*( B/a*/ar(# sar(# 4ips& 7i (s'( +oar'()i6(rsi+i/a' n rapor' )( /on)iii*( /on/r('( )( /ars'i+i/ar(. Cuprin)( r(*i(+ /ars'i/ )( supra+aBlapiezuri, doline, uvale, polii, clipe calcare, chei, ponoare, poduri naturale& 'oa'( in/*us( n'(rm(nu* #5ar" 7i /ars'u* )( a)n/im(# #$ar"u%,a*/'ui' )inpeteri. C(*( mair(pr(5(n'a'i6( 5on( /ars'i/( )in Europa sun'= Po)i7u* ars' 7i Munii A*pi )in Aus'ria. R#%'u% /u%a&)in Europa /uprin)( 'r(i 'ipuri prin/ipa*(= p*a'ouri 6u*/ani/( n

Is*an)aJ 6u*/ani a/'i6i 7i s(mia/'i6i /u r(*i(+ 6u*/ani/ a*/'ui' )in /onuri 7i /ra'(r(# n I'a*ia 7iun *an 6u*/ani/ n(o(n s'ins n Carpai /u r(*i(+u* 6u*/ani/ mo)(*a' )( a(nii ('(rni un)(


9/83

apar /onuri 6u*/ani/(# n(/Q-uri 7i mai rar /ra'(r( sau +ram(n'( )( /ra'(r(. R#%'u% !"a(s'( mai ,in( r(pr(5(n'a' n nor)u* Muni*or Pirin(i# n r(iun(aPi(mon' )in nor)u* I'a*i(i 7i n Pi(mon'u* G('i/ n su)u* Carpai*or M(ri)iona*i. 3u!ra'#+#%# $# #r6&u#apar a'' n masi6(*( 6(/4i B/a*()oni/( 7i 4(r/ini/(& su,+orm )(peneplene,/' 7i n munii )in sis'(mu* a*pin# su, +orm )( nivele de crestesau

p*a'ouri *ari 7i +ram(n'a'( +orma'( n 'r(i-pa'ru ('ap( )( (6o*ui( numi'(suprafee denivelare!?n Carpaii romn(7'i sun' 'r(i ni6(*( )( (6o*ui(= 8ors/u# Ru-(s 7i Gorno6ia. T#ra#%# 4& %u&%#s( )(s+7oar n *unu* 6i*or )in Europa C(n'ra* 7i )( 9u) 7i/uprin) trei-opt trepte de teras. Toa'( ruri*( mari 7i +*u6ii*( )in Europa pr(5in' *un/i *ari7i un(ori /u*oar( )( 6a*(. R#%'u% #%&a(s'( +orma' )in /mpuri )( )un( )( nisip 7i apar mai +r(/6(n' n su)-6(s'u* Fran(i 7i n Cmpia Mrii Caspi/(# Dan(mar/a ('/. R#%'u% &u%#%r(s'( +orma' )in muni a*/'uii )in ro/i (rup'i6( sau /ris'a*in( /un*imi )( pn *a 100 m 7i )in /mpii *i'ora*( nus'(. Insu*a Is*an)a ar( asp(/'u* unuiim(ns po)i7 6u*/ani/# a*/'ui' )in ,a5a*'(# 'u+uri 7i ,r(/ii 6u*/ani/( '(riar(# p(s'( /ar( s(na* num(roas( /onuri 6u*/ani/(# )in'r( /ar( /(* mai na*' ar( 211 m B


10/83

r#%'u% 2%a&ar(s'( ,in( r(pr(5(n'a' n Carpaii M(ri)iona*i B8u/(i# Fra7# Parn#R('(5a'-Go)(anu& 7i n Munii Ro)n(i. Es'( a*/'ui' )in /r(s'( a*pin(# /ir/uri *a/iar(# 6i*a/iar(# mor(n( ('/.J P$&4u% Ca&(s'( n pr(5(n' unpodi peneplenizat)(56o*'a' p( 7is'uri 6(r5i 7iapar( /a o supra+a u7or on)u*a'# /a u*'im s'a)iu )( (6o*ui( a unui sis'(m mun'os /a*()oni/

Bo /mpi( )( (ro5iun(&.


11/83

0;.Uni'a'i ma3or( )( r(*i(+ a*( Europ(i

1.1.8. UNITI MAJORE DE RELIEFA. U&"*+& a9r# $# r#%' a%# Eur!#&

U&"*+& "a#

a. U&"*+& a%!" +orma'( )in *anuri mon'an( in)i6i)ua*i5a'( 7i masi6( )(spri'( prin)(pr(siuni in'ramon'an( 7i /u*oar( -Munii Alpi" /ons'i'ui( /(* mai impor'an' ()i+i/iu mon'an +orma' n oro(n(5aa*pin. Ar( *unim(a )( 1200 Qm# (s'( +orma' )in /u*mi para*(*( )(s+7ura'( p( )ir(/ia(n(ra* 6(s'-(s' n'r( Mar(a Liuri/ 7i Cmpia Panoni/. Prin/ipa*(*( /ara/'(ris'i/i a*(A*pi*or sun' a*'i'u)ini*( mari )( p(s'( >000 m B6r+u* Mon' 8*an/# >0H m masi6i'a'(a#r(*i(+u* *a/iar /u pr(5(na 4(ari*or a/'ua*i# iar n par'(a )( (s' r(*i(+u* /ars'i/ )(56o*'a' p(/a*/ar( 7i )o*omi'(. -Munii Carpai" si'uai n'r( ,a5inu* :i(n(i 7i :a*(a TimoQu*ui# au un 'ras(u sinuos7i sun' mai +ram(n'ai )(/' A*pii# au mu*'( )(pr(siuni 7i /u*oar( )( 6a*(. A*'i'u)ini )( p(s'(

200 m s( n'*n(s/ )oar n Masi6u* Ta'ra B6r+u* G4(r*aQoQa# 2 m& 7i n CarpaiiM(ri)iona*i B6r+u* Mo*)o6(anu# 2>> m&. A*/'uir(a (o*oi/ a Carpai*or (s'( mai/omp*( )(/' /(a a A*pi*or B7is'uri /ris'a*in(# ro/i 6u*/ani/( 7i +*i7& +ap' p(n'ru /ar( au maimu*'( 'ipuri (n('i/( )( r(*i(+. - Munii Pirinei" s( )(s+7oar n'r( Go*+u* 8is/aa 7i Mar(a M()i'(ran# au *unim()( >00 Qm 7i a*'i'u)ini /( )(p7(s/ ;000 m. A*'i'u)in(a maim (s'( )( ;>0> m n 6r+u* Pi/)An('ro# au 4(ari a/'ua*i 7i masi6i'a'(a r(mar/a,i* n par'(a /(n'ra*. -Munii Apenini" un *an mon'an /( s( )(s+7oar su, +orm )( /u*mi para*(*( n*unu* P(ninsu*(i I'a*i/(. A*'i'u)in(a maim )(p7(7'( 2K00 m B6r+u* Gran 9aso# 2K12 miar *a nor) )( Roma apar 7i 6u*/ani s'in7i /u /ra'(r( 7i *a/uri 6u*/ani/(. - Munii Caucaz" s( )(s+7oar p( )ir(/i( 6(s'-(s' n'r( Mar(a N(ar 7i Mar(aCaspi/ 7i au a*'i'u)in(a /(a mai mar( )in Europa B6r+u* E*,rus# >2 m&. 9un' a*/'uii )inrani'(# ro/i 6u*/ani/(# /a*/ar( 7i /on*om(ra'(. Au 4(ari a/'ua*i 7i pr(5in' un r(*i(+ *a/iar

p*(is'o/(n 7i a/'ua*.-Munii Alpii Dinarici" s( )(s+7oar p( )ir(/ia nor)-6(s' su)-(s' su, +orma unor

7iruri para*(*( )( /u*mi a*( /ror /u'( r(6rsa'( spr( Mar(a A)ria'i/ au )us *a +ormar(armu*ui )a*ma'i/. -Munii Balcani (Stara Planina)" s( )(s+7oar p( )ir(/ia (n(ra* 6(s'-(s' su,+orma a )ou /u*mi para*(*( )(spri'( )( :a*(a Tun)3(i. A*'i'u)in(a maim (s'( )( 2;H mn 6r+u* 8o'(6. -Munii Pindului" si'uai n su)u* P(ninsu*(i 8a*/ani/(# ori(n'ai p( )ir(/ia nor)-

su)# au un r(*i(+ /ars'i/ ,in( )(56o*'a'# iar a*'i'u)in(a maim (s'( )( 2K11 m n 6r+u* O*imp.(. U&"*+& a%#$ -Munii Scandinavici" *an )( muni /a*()oni/i ori(n'ai p( )ir(/ia (n(ra* nor)-(s'su)-6(s'# au a*'i'u)ini )( p(s'( 2000 m )(oar(/(# )up 'opir(a 4(aru*ui )( /a*o'# au +os'an'r(nai n mi7/ri )( n*ar( p( 6(r'i/a*. 9pr( rmu* a'*an'i/ s( '(rmin a,rup' 7i pr(5in'num(roas( +ior)uri. 9un' a*/'uii )in 7is'uri /ris'a*in( 6(/4i# pu'(rni/ m('amor+o5a'(# nais(7i rani'(. A*'i'u)in(a maim (s'( )( 2>K m 7i ar( 4(ari mon'ani a/'ua*i. Form(*( )( r(*i(+/(*( mai +r(/6(n'( sun' p*a'ouri*( na*'(# 4ornuri*(# /ir/uri*( 7i 6i*( *a/iar(. ?n Munii9/an)ina6i/i s( po' )(os(,i 'r(i s(/'oar(= un sector sudic al fjellurilor# a6n) ('(nsiun(amaim n *im( 7i a*'i'u)ini*( /(*( mai ri)i/a'(# /u po)i7uri )( 100-2000 m# p(s'( /ar( s(

ri)i/ 6r+uri pirami)a*( un sector centralmai 3os )( 00-1000 m 7i unsector nordic/ar( s(pr(5in' su, +orma un(i /r(s'( a//i)(n'a'( 7i nus'(.


12/83

-Munii Cambrieni,Munii Penini i Munii Cambrieni" sun' si'uai n Mar(a8ri'ani(# au a*'i'u)ini r()us( 7i s-au +orma' p( s'ru/'uri /a*()oni/( 7i 4(r/ini/( +a*ia'( 7imo)(*a'( )( a(nii ('(rni. D( *a nor) spr( s( )(s+7oar= Munii Ca*()oni(ni# /u a*'i'u)in(amaim )( 112 m# Munii Grampian# /u 6r+u* 8(n-N(is 1;>; m# Munii 9/oi(i )( 9u) /un*imi )( 00-00 m# # Munii Cam,ri(ni /u a*'i'u)ini )( >00-H00 m.

. U&"*+& 0#r&-Munii Ural" (s'( /(* mai *un *an )( muni )in Europa Bp(s'( 2000 Qm& si'ua' *a

*imi'a )in'r( Europa 7i Asia. 9un' ori(n'ai p( )ir(/ia (n(ra* nor)-su)# au a*'i'u)in(a m()i()( p(s'( 00 m 7i au n+i7ar( )( )(a*# a*'i'u)in(a maim )( 1K> m B6r+u* Naro)naia&.R(*i(+u* s( )(s+7oar su, +orm )( /u*mi para*(*( 7i /uprin)( 'r(i s(/'oar(= s(/'oru* nor)i/ /u

pis/uri# mor(n( 7i 6i *a/iar(J s(/'oru* /(n'ra* /u r(*i(+ /ars'i/ 7i 6u*/ani/ 7i s(/'oru* su)i/ /uasp(/' )(*uros# o p(n(p*(n in'(ns +ram(n'a' )( 6i.

U&"*+& $# !$&4a. !# "ru"ur& /#0&BPo)i7u* Don(Q# Po)i7u* C(n'ra* Rus# Po)i7u* Do,ro(i&J

(. !# "ru"ur& a%#$BPo)i7u* Nor*an)# Po)i7u* 9ma*an)# Po)i7u* Fin*an)(i& sun'pu'(rni/ mo)(*a'( )( *a/iaia )( /a*o' )in p*(is'o/(n. - Podiul Norlando/up 3um'a'(a nor)i/ a 9u()i(i# (s'( u7or n/*ina' )( *a 6(s' spr((s'. Fun)am(n'u* pr(/am,rian (s'( a/op(ri' )( a/umu*ri *a/iar( 7i )( ari*(. Pan'a (n(ra*a imprima' )ir(/ia )( s/ur(r( a ruri*or. P(isa3u* (s'( )a' )( p)ur(a )( /oni+(r( 7i )(num(roas( 'ur,rii. -Podiul Smalandar( a*'i'u)ini mai /o,or'( B10-20 m (s'( a/op(ri' )( mor(n(*a/iar( 7i )( ari*( pos'*a/iar(. P(isa3u* (s'( )omina' )( p)uri*( )( am(s'(/ a*/'ui'( )in/oni+(r( 7i +oioas(. -Podiul Finlandei# si'ua' n par'(a )( nor) a Fin*an)(i# ar( un r(*i(+ u7or on)u*a'# /ua*'i'u)ini m()ii )( ;00->00 m# )(asupra /ruia s( ri)i/ masi6( i5o*a'( mai na*'(. Par'(a )(su)# Po)i7u* La/uri*or# ar( a*'i'u)in(a /uprins n'r( 120 m 7i 0 m# 7i (s'( a*/'ui' )in /u*mi)(*uroas( a*uni'( /( /or(spun) s(/'oar(*or )( a/umu*ar( *a/iar# n'r( /ar( s( in'(rpun*a/uri*( *a/iar(. P(isa3u* )ominan' (s'( /(* a* p)uri*or )( /oni+(r( 7i a* 'ur,rii*or# n par'(a)( nor) 7i p(isa3u* *a/us'ru 7i p)uri )( /oni+(r( n su).

. P# "ru"ur& 0#r& -Maivul Central Francez" (s'( +orma' n oro(n(5a 4(r/ini/# pr(5in' +orm(6aria'( )( r(*i(+= r(*i(+ 6u*/ani/# /ars'i/# '(/'oni/# /u ra,(n(. A*'i'u)in(a m()i( (s'( )( H10m# iar /(a maim (s'( )( 1 m n 6r+u* M'. DorSJ

-Podiul Boemiei" n/a)ra' n'r( Co*in(*( C(4o-Mora6(# Munii M('a*i+(ri 7i Munii9u)(i# ar( a*'i'u)ini r()us( 7i pr(5in' r(*i(+ '(/'oni/ ,in( )(56o*'a'. Par'(a )( nor)-6(s' ar(a*'i'u)ini mai mari# 00-K00 m# 3um'a'(a su)i/ H00-00 m# iar par'(a nor)-(s'i/ (s'( o)(pr(siun( )( (ro5iun( /u a*'i'u)in(a )( 200 mJ -Meeta Spaniol!" r(iun( +orma' )in po)i7uri /u a*'i'u)ini )( 00-1000 m#r(numi'(*( mesetas# p*a'ouri 6*uri'( 7i /or)i*i(r( BMunii Can'a,ri/i# Cor)i*i(ra I,(ri/# 9i(rraMor(na 7i Cor)i*i(ra 8('i/&. A*'i'u)in(a maim (s'( )( ;>H mJ -Munii "o#i7iMunii P!durea Nea#r!" sun' +ormai n oro(n(5a 4(r/ini/# )arau +os' s(parai )( ra,(nu* Rinu*ui. Au a*'i'u)ini m()ii )( /ir/a 1>00 m 7i sun' pu'(rni/(ro)ai )( a(nii ('(rniJ -Maivul $ito %enan" ori(n'a' p( )ir(/ia (s'-6(s'# ar( a*'i'u)ini /uprins( n'r( 00

7i 00 m. ?n /ra'(r(*( 6(/4i a*( 6u*/ani*or )in r(iun(a Ei++(* s( ps'r(a5 *a/uri )( /ra'(rnumi'( maar!


13/83

$. R#%' $#6/%"a" !# "ru"ur& a& & -Piemontul &etic i %e#iunea Piemont din 'talia" +orma'( prin a/umu*ar(a)(po5i'(*or )( 'ip pi(mon'an Bpi('ri7uri 7i ,o*o6ni7uri& )(pus( p( supra+(( u7or n/*ina'( n/on)iii su,a(ri(n(. A*'i'u)ina* s( n/a)r(a5 *a r(iuni*( )( po)i7.

U&"*+& $# !a. C!&& '%u/&-2%a&ar# - Cmpia Nord-)uropean!" si'ua' n'r( uni'i*( 4(r/ini/( 7i Mar(a 8a*'i/ 7i Mar(a

Nor)u*ui# (s'( in'(ns mo)(*a' )( 4(arii /ua'(rnari. P( /uprinsu* su n'*nim a*iniam(n'( )(morene glaciare i sandre!A*'i'u)ini*( sun' /uprins( n'r( 0-;00 m. ?n s(/'oru* 6(s'i/# un)(sun'poldere,/mpia (s'( su, ni6(*u* mrii#us/a'u* +iin) m(ninu' prin n)iuiri. Cmpia (s'(a/op(ri' *a supra+a )( +ormaiuni /ua'(rnar( *a/iar(# +*u6io-*a/iar(# +*u6ia*(# mari'im( 7i(o*i(n(. Es'( o /mpi( 6*uri'# a/op(ri' /u *o(ss# +ram(n'a' )( num(roas( ruri.

(. C!&& '%u/&-%au"r# - Cmpia %omn!" (s'( /(a mai mar( /mpi( )in Romnia# s( )(56o*' p( s'na

Dunrii# )( *a Dro,('a-Turnu 9(6(rin pn *a Ga*ai. Cmpia aparin( 6as'(i arii )(pr(sionar()in'r( P*a'+orma Mo(si/ 7i oro(nu* /arpa'i/ 7i s-a +orma' prin /o*ma'ar(a su//(si6 a unui

,a5in *a/us'ru# n 'impu* /ua'(rnaru*ui 'impuriu 7i m()iu. O 'rs'ur )ominan' o /ons'i'ui(+r(/6(na *o(ssu*ui 7i a )(po5i'(*or *o(ssoi)( p( 'oa' n'in)(r(a /mpi(i +ap' /ar( a )us *aapariia /ro6uri*or. - Cmpia Panonic!" si'ua' p( /ursu* mi3*o/iu a* Dunrii# n 8a5inu* Panoni/# s-a+orma' prin /o*ma'ar(a Mrii Panoni/(. Ar( un +un)am(n' +a*ia' 7i /5u' n 'r(p'(# /u/ompar'im(n'( mai 3oas( Bsu, 10 m 7i mai na*'( Bn'r( 10 7i ;00 m& )omina'( )( masi6(/ris'a*in( 7i muni insu*ari B8aQon H0> m# :(r'(s >0 m#&. Cmpia pr(5in' mai mu*'()i6i5iuni= Cmpia Tis(i# Cmpia Dunrii )( Mi3*o/ Ba Cumani(i Cmpia 8ra'is*a6(i ('/. Es'('ra6(rsa' )( Dunr( 7i /i6a a+*u(ni mai impor'ani ai a/(s'(ia= Tisa# Dra6a# 9a6a 7i Mora6a. - Cmpia Padului" si'ua' n nor)u* I'a*i(i# n'r( Munii A*pi n nor)# Munii Ap(nini*a su)# Mar(a A)ria'i/ 7i Munii Dinari/i *a (s'. Cmpia Pa)u*ui a apru' prin /o*ma'ar(aunui +os' o*+ marin /u )(po5i'( a)us( )( ruri )in Munii A*pi 7i Ap(nini. Napo*(on8onapar'( a numi'-o ##/(a mai +(r'i* /mpi( a *umii 7i r(pr(5in' n'r-a)(6r prin/ipa*a 5onari/o* a I'a*i(i.

. C!&& !# "ru"ur* $# !$&4. A/(s'( /mpii nu sun' /mpii propriu-5is(# /i sun' po)i7uri3oas( p( s'ru/'uri +oar'( 6(/4i.

- Cmpia )uropei de )t (Cmpia %u!*" (s'( /(a mai n'ins /mpi( )in Europa#ar( o supra+a )( > mi*. Qm2 7i (s'( a )oua /mpi( )in *um( /a supra+a )up Cmpia

Ama5onu*ui. O/up aproap( n'r(aa 3um'a'( (s'i/ a Europ(i# )( *a Carpaii P)uro7i# n6(s'# pn *a Munii Ura*# n (s'# 7i )( *a Mar(a N(ar 7i Mar(a Caspi/# n su) 7i pn *aO/(anu* Ar/'i/ n nor). Ar( a*'i'u)ini /uprins( n'r( -2 m n Cmpia Caspi/# ;>; m nPo)i7u* :a*)ai 7i >; m n Co*in(*( Timan. Cmpia apar( /a o asociere de cmpii joase,coline i podiuri vechi. Din pun/' )( 6()(r( '(/'oni/ s( suprapun( p(s'( P*a/a Es' Europ(an#a6n) un +un)am(n' pr(/am,rian *ar ,o*'i' 7i mo)(*a' )( /a*o'a *a/iar n 3um'a'(anor)i/. ?n nor)u* a/(s'(i /mpii r(*i(+u* (s'( )omina' )( +orm(*( r(5u*'a'( )in pro/(su* )(a/umu*ar( *a/iar /ar( s( n'r(p'run) /u /(*( +*u6io-*a/iar(. O /ara/'(ris'i/ a a/(s'(i/mpii (s'( 7i +ap'u* / mari*( +*u6ii au )ispun(r( nor)-su)= Nipru# Don# :o*a ('/.


14/83

$. C!&& '%u/&-%&"ra%#. 9-au +orma' prin a/umu*ri*( +*u6ia'i*( 7i su,m(rs(# )ar 7i prinr('ra(r(a spr( *ar a *ini(i rmu*ui - Cmpia Precapic!" (s'( o cmpie de elf+orma'# p( )( o par'(# prin /o*ma'ar(a /us()im(n'( marin( 7i r('ra(r(a ap(*or /a urmar( a /o,orrii ni6(*u*ui /u -2 m su, ni6(*u*O/(anu*ui P*an('ar# iar p( )( a*' par'(# /u apor'u* a*u6iuni*or a)us( )( ap(*( /ur'oar( /ar(

s( 6ars n Mar(a Caspi/ B:o*a# Ura* ('/.&. A/(as' /mpi( (s'( para5i'a' )( /(a mai mar()(*' )in Europa BD(*'a :o*i&. ?n par'(a )( su) a /mpi(i# n s(/'oru* )in'r( +*u6ii*( :o*a 7iUra*# apar 7i +orm( )( r(*i(+ (o*ian B)un( )( nisip&. - Cmpia M!rii Ne#re" numi' 7i Cmpia Pon'i/# mrin(7'( *a nor) Mar(a N(ar#n'r( D(*'a Dunrii# *a 6(s'# 7i Mar(a A5o6# *a (s'. La nor) 6in( n /on'a/' /u Po)i7u* :o*no-Po)o*i/ 7i Po)i7u* Don(u*ui# iar *a su) *imi'a (s'( )a' )( rmu* Mrii N(r(. A*/'ui' )in)(po5i'( pa*(o(n( 7i n(o(n(# *a supra+a # /mpia (s'( a/op(ri' /u )(po5i'( )( *o(ss.A*'i'u)in(a a/(s'(i /mpii s/a)( )( *a nor) spr( su)# pn *a 0 m F7ia *i'ora* (s'(in'(rs(/'a' )( 6i*( Nis'ru*ui# 8uu*ui 7i Nipru*ui# /u '(ras( ,in( )(56o*'a'(# iar *a 6rsar(+orm(a5 *iman(.


15/83

0>.Uni'a'i ma3or( )( r(*i(+ )in Romania

:. U&"*+& a9r# $# r#%' $& R&a

U&"*+& "a# ar!a"

Carpaii Romn(7'i " sun' muni /u n*im( mi3*o/i( 7i mi/# a*'i'u)in(a m()i( +iin))( >0 m. A*'i'u)ini*( /(*( mai mari apar n Carpaii M(ri)iona*i 7i Munii Ro)n(i.Prin/ipa*(*( su,)i6i5iuni sun'= Carpaii Ori(n'a*i# Carpaii M(ri)iona*i 7i Carpaii O//i)(n'a*i

- Car!a+&& Or"a%&" r(pr(5in' 2 )in n'r(aa ari( /arpa'i/ romn(as/.P('rora+i/# sun' /ons'i'uii )in 7is'uri /ris'a*in(# ro/i 6u*/ani/( 7i +*i7 )ispus( n 'r(i 7iruri

para*(*( ori(n'a'( p( )ir(/ia nor)-6(s' su)-(s'. A*'i'u)in(a maim (s'( 2;0; m n :r+u*Pi('rosu* Ro)n(i. 9un' +ram(n'ai )( 6i 7i )(pr(siuni mari BD(pr(siun(a Maramur(7#D(pr(siun(a Dorn(*or# D(pr(siun(a Giur(u# D(pr(siun(a Ciu/# D(pr(siun(a 8ra7o6&. Au +os'mo)(*ai po*i/i/*i/ Bpr(5in' supra+(( )( ni6(*ar( as(mn'oar( /(*or )in M(ri)iona*i

pr(5in' r(*i(+ *a/iar )oar n Munii Ro)n(i 7i Munii Maramur(7u*uiJ ar( r(*i(+u* 6u*/ani/

/(* mai )(56o*'a' BOa7-Gu'i-%i,*(7-C*iman-Gur4iu-


16/83

D(pr(siun(a Giur(u*ui# aa' p( /ursu* sup(rior a* Mur(7u*ui 7i )(pr(siun(a Ciu/u*ui# aa'p( /ursu* sup(rior a* O*'u*ui. Am,(*( )(pr(siuni au a*'i'u)ini )( 00-H00 m 7i pr(5in' /(*(mai in'(ns( +(nom(n( )( in6(rsiuni '(rmi/(# ai/i a+*n)u-s(polii frigului- !os(ni# nD(pr(siun(a Giur(u*ui 7i Mi(r/ur(a Ciu/# n D(pr(siun(a Ciu/u*ui. ?n (s'u* Muni*orC*imani s( a+* mi/i*( )(pr(siuni 8i*,or 7i 8ors(/.

9(/'oru* )( (s'# )(numi' 7i /(* a*#unilor #oldovei# /uprin)( 'r(i 7iruri para*(*( )(muni# )in'r( /ar( /(* )in 6(s' 7i /(n'ru aparin +7i(i /ris'a*in(# iar /(* (s'i/ uni'ii +*i7u*ui.Primu* 7ir /ris'a*in (s'( +orma' )in munii= Giur(u#


17/83

)ar 7i n su)u* Parnu*ui 7i n Munii Pia'ra Craiu*uiJ Munii 8u/(i +a/ (/(pi(# +iin)a*/'uii )in /on*om(ra'( /ar( )au un r(*i(+ sp(/i+i/ )( (ro5iun( )i+(r(nia* 7i (o*ian=##8a,(*( 7i ##9+inu*. A*/'uir(a (o*oi/ )ominan' /ris'a*in (p*i/ masivitateaaccentuat# a/(7'i muni +iin) 'ra6(rsai )oar )( ru* O*' 7i /uprin) )oar 'r(i )(pr(siuni=Lo6i7'(i# 00 m Co5ia B;0K m& p( O*' 7i Laini/i B>0 m& p( !iuJ n a/(*a7i 'impsun' 7i pasuri )( a*'i'u)in(= Giu6a*a# )in Cu*oaru* Ru/r-8ran# )ar 7i )rumuri*(a*pin( ##ransfgranul B/ar( 'ra6(rs(a5 Munii Fra7u*ui *a p(s'( 2000 m a*'i'u)in(&7i ##ransalpina B/ar( 'ra6(rs(a5 Munii Parn *a p(s'( 2100 m a*'i'u)in(&J n Munii8u/(i s( a+* )rumu* /ar( ur/ *a 200 m n Munii Co7'i*a. Fa )( D(+i*(u* O*'u*ui )in'r(Turnu-Ro7u 7i Co5ia s( po' )(*imi'a rup(*( 8u/(i 7i Fra7 p( *a'ura (s'i/ 7i rup(*(Parn 7i R('(5a'-Go)(anu p( /(a 6(s'i/.

&rupele Buce#i i F!#!ra 9i'ua'( n (s'u* Carpai*or M(ri)iona*i,rup(*( 8u/(i 7i Fra7 sun' )(*imi'a'( n (s')( :a*(a Pra4o6(i# iar n 6(s' )( 6a*(a O*'u*ui. P( *a'ura )( nor) )omin prin a,rup'uri)(pr(siuni*( 8ra7o6u*ui 7i Fra7u*ui# iar n su)# spr( 9u,/arpaii Cur,urii 7i 9u,/arpaiiG('i/i# pr(5in' pan'( mai )omoa*(. R(*i(+u* in/*u)( rup(*( 8u/(i Ba*/'uii )in Munii 8u/(i# Munii L(ao'a# Cu*oaru*Ru/r-8ran# 7i Munii Pia'ra Craiu*ui 7i Fra7 Ba*/'uii )in Munii Fra7# n nor)# 7imasi6(*( +ram(n'a'( )( a+*ui(nii Ar(7u*ui= Munii Co5ia /ar( n/4i)( *a su) D(pr(siun(aLo6i7'(i# Munii G4iu# Munii Fruni# Munii I(5(r 7i Munii Ppu7a&J

Munii 8u/(i r(pr(5in' )in pun/' )( 6()(r( (n('i/ unsinclinal suspendat#/u*min(a5 /u 6r+u* Omu B20 m& 7i s( pr(5in' a,rup' a'' spr( 6a*(a Pra4o6(i Babruptulprahovean al *ucegilor /' 7i spr( D(pr(siun(a 8ra7o6u*ui 7i spr( Cu*oaru* Ru/r-8ran.9un' a*/'uii )in /on*om(ra'( 7i /a*/ar(# pr(5(n'n) un p*a'ou s'ru/'ura* /u +orm(in'(r(san'( )( r(*i(+ (o*ian 7i )( (ro5iun( )i+(r(nia*= ##8a,(*( 7i ##9+inu* 7i a*'( ##/iup(r/i(o*i(n(. R(*i(+u* *a/iar (s'( pr(5(n' n 3uru* 6r+u*ui Omu prin /ir/uri *a/iar( )ar 7i prin 6i*a/iar( B6a*(a sup(rioar a Ia*omi(i&. A//(si,i*i'a'(a 7i +rumus((a )(os(,i' a p(isa3u*ui +a/)in Munii 8u/(i cel mai circulat masiv montan din &omnia. Munii L(ao'a# si'uai *a 6(s')( 8u/(i# sun' a*/'uii )in 7is'uri /ris'a*in( 7i au un r(*i(+ masi6 7i r(oi. Cu*oaru* Ru/r-8ran r(pr(5in' o )(pr(siun( '(/'oni/ Bo vale de sinclinal& ori(n'a'nor)-6(s' su)-(s' /u impor'an n /ir/u*aia 'rans/arpa'i/ n/ )in p(rioa)a +(u)a* n'r(

8ra7o6 7i Cmpu*un Mus/(*. Munii Pia'ra Craiu*ui# si'uai *a 6(s' )( Cu*oaru* Ru/r-8ran s( pr(5in' n r(*i(+ /a


18/83

cea mai frumoas creast calcaroas din &omnia! Munii Fra7u*ui /or(spun) culmii "naltesi'ua' n'r( 6a*(a Dm,o6i(i 7i D(+i*(u*O*'u*ui )in'r( Turnu Ro7u 7i Co5ia# /ar( (s'( a,rup' spr( nor) 7i /u pan'( )omoa*( spr( su).Cu*min(a5 n 6r+u* Mo*)o6(anu 2>> m# 7i N(oiu 2; m# sun' a*/'uii n n'r(im( )in7is'uri /ris'a*in( 7i /uprin) /(*( mai ('ins( +orm( )( r(*i(+ *a/iar )in ar B/ir/uri *a/iar(#

6i *a/iar(# /r(s'( a*pin(# prauri *a/iar(# mor(n( a6n) 7i mu*'( *a/uri *a/iar( B8*(a#Po)rau* Mar(# Capra# A6ri# C*un# Ur*(a&. Par'(a /(n'ra* a Fra7u*ui (s'( 'ra6(rsa' )()rumu* 'rans/arpa'i/ mo)(rni5a' ##Trans+r7anu* /ar( p(rmi'( a//(su*# p( 'impu* 6(rii#n'r( D(pr(siun(a Fra7 7i Cur'(a )( Ar(7. Fra7u* su)i/ ar( n /ompon(n o culme mai joas# +ram(n'a'# +orma' )inmasi6( a*/'ui'( )in 7is'uri /ris'a*in( in'(ns m('amor+o5a'( Bgnaisul ocular de $ozia&= MuniiCo5ia# B1 m Munii Fruni# Munii G4iu# Munii I(5(r 7i Munii Ppu7a B2>2 m /ur(*i(+ *a/iar 7i a*/'uir( /ris'a*in. ?n'r( /(*( )ou uni'i +r7(n( p(n('r(a5 par'(a )( (s' a D(pr(siunii Lo6i7'(i#)(56o*'a' *a /on+*u(na Lo'ru*ui /u O*'u* 7i n Masi6u* Parn.

&rupele Parn# i %etezat-&odeanuo/up *a'ura 6(s'i/ a Carpai*or M(ri)iona*i#+iin) si'ua'( n'r( D(+i*(u* O*'u*ui )in'r( Turnu Ro7u 7i Co5ia n (s' 7i /u*oar(*( '(/'oni/(Timi7-C(rna n 6(s'. ?n nor) /u*oaru* 8is'ra 9'r(i i )(spar'( )( Munii Poiana Rus/i#/u*oaru* Or7'i(i i s(par )( Munii Apus(ni 7i n /on'inuar( D(pr(siun(a 9i,iu*ui 7iApo*)u*ui i s(par )( Po)i7u* Transi*6ani(i. P( *a'ura su)i/ s( '(rmin a,rup' spr()(pr(siuni*( su,/arpa'i/( o*'(n(. R(*i(+u* in/*u)( /(*( )ou rup( )( muni pr(/um 7i )(pr(siuni*( Lo6i7'(i#


19/83

)(sprii )( 6a*(a a)n/ a C(rn(i. 9pr( (s' su)-(s' sun' munii :*/anu*ui B6r+u* 9'ra3a1 m& /u a*/'uir( /a*/aroas 7i 6i n /4(i BC4(i*( Run/u&. Cu*oaru* '(/'oni/ Timi7-C(rna ar( asp(/'u* unuigraben/ar( s(par rup(*( R('(5a'-Go)(anu )( Munii 8ana'u*ui# prin'r-o )(ni6(*ar( '(/'oni/ )( aproap( 1000 m. Asiur*('ura nor)-su) n'r( ora7(*( Carans(,(7 7i Or7o6a prin pasu* Doma7n(a B>0 m )(numi'

7i Poar'a Ori(n'a*# s'r,'u' )( )rumu* (urop(an EH0 7i )( mais'ra*a +(ro6iar 8u/ur(7'i-Timi7oara. Cu*oaru* 8is'ra )(spar'( Masi6u* R('(5a'-Go)(anu )( Munii Poiana Rus/i 7i asiur*('ura ru'i(r n'r( Carans(,(7 7i D(pr(siun(a 00 m n su) 7i a,ia )(p7in) 100 m n nor)J Pr(5in' o a//(n'ua' asim('ri(# (i cobornd "n trepte de la est la vestJ Cara/'(ris'i/a )(+ini'ori( (s'( discontinuitatea)in'r( rup(*( mon'an(# a/(s'(a aprn)/a o succesiune de horsturi, desprite de culoare tectonice Bra,(n(&= Mur(7u*ui# Timi7-C(rna# 8is'raJ 9( a)au p'run)(r(a Cmpi(i )( :(s' su, +orm )(,,cmpii golfuri'n *unu* /(*or'r(i Cri7uri 7i /on'a/'u* )ir(/' a* /mpi(i /u munii n )r(p'u* Muni*or Zaran)u*uiJAu alctuirea geologic cea mai comple%B7is'uri /ris'a*in(# +*i7# ro/i 6u*/ani/( 7imama'i/( /((a /( a )('(rmina' apariia un(i mari 6ari('i )( +orm( )( r(*i(+J9un'puternic fragmentai)( num(roas( 6i# )(pr(siuni in'ramon'an( 7i )(pr(siuni )( 'ip##o*+J 9un' cei mai populai)in Carpaii Romn(7'i# a7(5ri*( p(rman(n'( a3un pn *a 100m.

Munii Banatului-sun' si'uai n su)-6(s'u* rii# n'r( D(+i*(u* Dunrii )in'r( 8a5ia7 7iOr7o6a n su)# Cu*oaru* Timi7-C(rna n (s'# )(a*uri*( 7i Cmpia )( :(s' n nor) 7i nor)-6(s'.Ana*i5a r(*i(+u*ui nu (s'( /omp*(' +r in/*u)(r(a D(+i*(u*ui Dunrii )in'r( 8a5ia7 7i Gura:ii# o 6a*( 'rans6(rsa*# /ara/'(ri5a' prin'r-o a*'(rnan de sectoare "nguste -Ca5an(*( Mari7i Mi/i# Pori*( )( Fi(r - 7i bazinete depresionare= Mo*)o6a Nou 7i Or7o6a. Prin /ons'ruir(asis'(mu*ui (n(r('i/ 7i )( na6iai( Pori*( )( Fi(r a +os' r(5o*6a' a'' pro,*(ma na6iai(i p(Dunr(# n a/(s' s(/'or# /' 7i 6a*ori+i/ar(a po'(nia*u*ui 4i)ro(n(r('i/.

La'ura )( (s' a Muni*or 8ana'u*ui (s'( mai na*' B1200-1>00 m& 7i in/*u)( n nor) Munii9(m(ni/ B1>> m a*/'uii )in 7is'uri /ris'a*in( 7i /u asp(/'u* unui p*a'ou *a ni6(*u* )( 1>00m# 6a*ori+i/a' pas'ora* 7i 'uris'i/. ?n su)# *unu* Ca5an(*or s( )(s+7oar Munii A*m3u*uiB6r+u* 96in(/(a Mar(# 122> m a*/'uii )in'r-o a*'(rnan )( 7is'uri /ris'a*in( s'rpuns( )(rani'( sau a/op(ri'( )( ro/i s()im(n'ar( B/a*/ar(&. ?n'r( /(*( )ou uni'i mon'an( (s'(n/4is D(pr(siun(a A*m3u*ui Bsau 8o5o6i/i /ar( (s'( )r(na' )( ru* N(ra.Par'(a )( 6(s' /uprin)( muni mai s/un5i Bmuncei& /u a*'i'u)ini )( 00-1100 m )ar /u a/((a7ia*/'uir( (o*oi/= Munii Lo/6(i# )(-a *unu* Dunrii# n primu* s(/'or a* D(+i*(u*ui# MuniiAnin(i B110 m /ar( au o /u6(r'ur )( /a*/ar( p( /ar( s-a )(56o*'a' relieful carsticBC4(i*(

N(r(i# Cara7u*ui 7i Mini7u*ui# P(7'(ra Comarni/&. ?n nor)-6(s' sun' Munii Don(/(a B1H m/ar( n/4i) D(pr(siun(a Cara7-E5(ri7.

Munii Poiana %uc!i" sun' /uprin7i n'r( Cu*oaru* 8is'r(i *a su) 7i D(+i*(u*Mur(7u*ui )in'r( D(6a 7i Zam# *a nor). P( *a'ura (s'i/ in'r n /on'a/' /u D(pr(siun(a


20/83

m& )ar /u o masi6i'a'( r(mar/a,i* )a' )( a*/'uir(a (o*oi/ B7is'uri/ris'a*in( /u in'(r/a*aii )( /a*/ar( /ris'a*in(# marmur( 7i /4iar ro/i 6u*/ani/(. Fiin)n/on3ura' )( 5on( 3oas( Munii Poiana Rus/i au aspect de horst# n+i7n)u-s( su,form

de cupol i de nod orohidrograficuni'ar. Pr(5in' 6i a)n/i 7i /u*mi *ari# /ar( +a/i*i'(a5p'run)(r(a a7(5ri*or p( /(*( mai mari n*imi.Munii Apueni

Munii Apus(ni sun' si'uai *a 6(s' )( D(pr(siun(a Co*inar a Transi*6ani(i# n'r()(+i*(u* Mur(7u*ui )in'r( D(6a 7i Lipo6a# n su)# 7i 6i*( 8ar/u*ui 7i 9om(7u*ui# *a nor).Munii Apus(ni in/*u) urm'oar(*( su,uni'i= Masi6u* 8i4oru*ui# (s'( rupar(a mon'an /(n'ra*# /u a*/'uir( pr()ominan' /ris'a*in7i /ar( /u*min(a5 n 6r+u* 8i4or )( 1>K m. Din a/(s' masi6 s( )(sprin) spr( nor) Munii:*)(asa B1; m iar n (s' Mun'(*( Mar( B12 m&. P(s'( +un)am(n'u* /ris'a*in au +os')(pus( /u6(r'uri ) /a*/ar( n /ar( s-au )(56o*'a' +(nom(n( /ars'i/( 7i /a*/aroas(= C4(i*(9om(7u*ui Ca*) 7i a*( 8u*5u*ui# P(7'(ri*( 9/ri7oara 7i Fo/u* :iu Bam,(*( /u 4(ari

/omp*(u* /ars'i/ Pa)i7-C('i*( Ponoru*ui. 9pr( (s'-nor) (s' s( )(sprin) Munii Gi*u# iar nsu) Mun'(*( Gina /u 6(s'i'u*,,rg de ete',n()(( popu*ar )(s+7ura' *a s+r7i'u* *uniiiu*i(. La'ura )( su)-(s' a Muni*or Apus(ni (s'( a*/'ui' )in Munii Mur(7u*ui# /u a*'i'u)ini)( 1000-1200 m# /ar( /uprin) munii Tras/u*ui B/u num(roas( 6i 'ia'( n /a*/ar(= C4(i*(Tur5ii# ?n'r(a*)(*or# Rm(u*ui 7i Munii M('a*i+(ri +ormai )in an)(5i'( 7i ,a5a*'(. 9( poa'(m(niona 7i o +orm sp(/'a/u*oas a r(*i(+u*ui 6u*/ani/ - ##etunatele'-/u /o*oan( )( ,a5a*'ar/ui'(# /u asp(/' )( or uria7. ?n 6(s' s( )(s+7oar munii scunzi ai $riurilor# s(parai )( )(pr(siuni*( o*+uri=Munii Zaran)u*ui B; m Munii Co)ru-Moma B1112 m /u i5,u/u* )( *a C*uri +orma'

p( /a*/ar(# Munii P)ur(a Craiu*ui# /u p(7'(ri*( M(5ia)# :a)u* Cri7u*ui# pr(/um 7i P(7'(ra:n'u*ui B0 Qm *unim(# +iin) /(a mai *un p(7'(r )in ar&. Munii P*opi7 sau (s BK1 m& s( a+* si'uai n nor)-6(s'u* a/(s'ui spaiu mon'an. ?n'r(Munii Cri7uri*or s( in'(rpun )(pr(siuni*( ##o*+uri = Zaran)u*ui Bp( Cri7u* A*, 8(iu7u*uiBp( Cri7u* N(ru& 7i :a)-8oro) Bp( Cri7u* R(p()(&. ?n spaiu* Muni Apus(ni sun' pr(5(n'( 7ia*'( )(pr(siuni mai mi/i= Gura4on# 8ra)#


21/83

B)omuri& /ar( /onin a/umu*ri )( a5 m('an. Zona marina* pr(5in' o structur cutat# mai s*a, n su) 7i 6(s' Bun)( apar)(pr(siuni*( )( /on'a/' *i'o*oi/= Fra7# 9i,iu# Cu*oaru* A*,a Iu*ia-Tur)a& 7i mai a//(n'ua'n (s' # un)( (is' o alternan de dealuri i depresiuni specific subcarpatic# )( un)( 7i)(numir(a )( 9u,/arpaii Transi*6ani(i. P( marini*( )(pr(siunii# *a Prai)# O/na 9i,iu*ui#

O/na Mur(7 sau Tur)a sun' pr(5(n'( /u'(*( )iapir( /u sm,uri )( sar(# /ar( un(ori a3un *asupra+a. Prin/ipa*(*( )i6i5iuni sun'= )(a*uri*( 7i )(pr(siuni*( marina*( 7i Po)i7u*Transi*6ani(i.

Dealurile i depreiunile mar#inalesi'ua'( n im()ia'a 6(/in'a'( a muni*or /uprin)urm'oar(*( su,uni'i= - )(a*uri= Cu*m(a 8r(5(i# Pr(*u/a# D(a*u* Mar( 7i Prisn(* n nor) 7i nor)-6(s'# D(a*u*F(*(a/u*ui *a 6(s'# )(a*uri*( )( 'ip su,/arpa'i/ n (s'J - )(pr(siuni= D(pr(siun(a A*ma7u*ui Bp( ru* A*ma7&J Cu*oaru* A*,a Iu*ia-Tur)a Bp(Mur(7 7i Ari(7& *a 6(s'J D(pr(siun(a 9i,iu Bp( ru* Ci,in& 7i D(pr(siun(a Fra7 in su) Bp(ru* O*'&J D(pr(siun(a 8is'ria Bp( ru* 8is'ria& *a (s'J D(pr(siun(a Lpu7u*ui Bp( ru* Lpu7&

*a nor).

Podiul +ranilvaniei" si'ua' n par'(a /(n'ra* a D(pr(siunii /o*inar( a Transi*6ani(i#ar( urm'oar(*( )i6i5iuni= -.odiul /omean# si'ua' n par'(a nor)-6(s'i/ a Po)i7u*ui Transi*6ani(i 7i 'ra6(rsa')( 9om(7 n'r( D(3 7i !i,ouJ (s'( +orma' )in in'(r+*u6ii n('()( )(56o*'a'( p( un su,s'ra's()im(n'ar u7or n/*ina' spr( su)-(s'# /u a*'i'u)ini )( 00-00 mJ - $mpia ransilvaniei# )(*imi'a' *a nor) )( 9om(7u* Mar( 7i )( 9om(7u* Mi/# iar *asu) )( 6a*(a Mur(7u*ui# (s'( o r(iun( /u un relief de dealuri joaseB>00-00 m /u asp(/'n('()# s*a, on)u*a' B)a'ori' pr(5(n(i )omuri*or 6i s/ur'( 7i *ari p( /ar( s-au am(na3a'ia5uriJ - .odiul rnavelor# /(a mai n'ins su,uni'a'(# /uprins n'r( :a*(a Mur(7u*ui *anor) 7i :a*(a O*'u*ui *a su)# s( /ara/'(ri5(a5 prin'r-un relief mai "naltBp(s'( 00 m& /(/o,oar n 'r(p'( )( *a (s' /'r( 6(s'J pr(5(na )omuri*or 7i a /u(s'(*orJ asim('ria 6i*or#in'(nsi'a'(a a*un(/ri*or )( '(r(n. ?n /a)ru* su s( in)i6i)ua*i5(a5 'r(i su,uni'i=ealurilernavelor, .odiul 0rtibacilui ealurile /ecaelor!

U&"*+& $# $#a%ur& 4& !$&4ur& - 3u(ar!a+&&" 9u,/arpaii s-au +orma' prin /u'ar(a s()im(n'(*or )(pus( n +osa

pr(/arpa'i/ n u*'im(*( +a5( a*( oro(n(5(i a*pin(.- R(*i(+u* (s'( a*/'ui' )in )(pr(siuni sin/*ina*( n/4is( *a ('(rior )( )(a*uri

an'i/*ina*(# )ispus( n unu sau )ou 7iruri.ealurile interneaustructur cutat7i a*'i'u)inimai mari# iar dealurile e%terneau a*'i'u)ini mai mi/i 7istructur monoclinal.- Pr(5(na s'ra'u*ui )( ari* in'(r/a*a' n'r( )(po5i'(*( )( mo*as +a6ori5(a5

pro)u/(r(a a*un(/ri*or )( '(r(n.9u,)i6i5iuni= 9u,/arpaii Mo*)o6(i# 9u,/arpaii )( Cur,ur 7i 9u,/arpaii G('i/i.

Subcarpaii Moldovei i Culoarul Siretului 9u,/arpaii Mo*)o6(i sun' si'uai *a (s' )( rupa /(n'ra* a Carpai*orOri(n'a*i# n'r(6a*(a Mo*)o6(i# n nor)# 7i 6a*(a Tro'u7u*ui Bu7ia n su). P( *a'ura (s'i/ sun' )(*imi'ai )(Po)i7u* 8r*a)u*ui )( o ari( )( )is/on'inui'a'( (ora+i/= Cu*oaru* 9ir('u*ui. 9u,/arpaii Mo*)o6(i /ons'i'ui( cel mai simplu areal de tip subcarpatic# +orma' )in

'r(i mari )(pr(siuni# n/4is( spr( ('(rior )( )(a*uri /u s'ru/'ur /u'a'. D( *a nor) *a su) s()(s+7oar= D(pr(siun(a N(am# )r(na' )( ru* N(am BO5ana& 7i n/4is )( Cu*m(a P*(7u*ui


22/83

BK11 m D(pr(siun(a Cra/u-8is'ria# )r(na' )( ruri*( /ar( i )au num(*(# n/4is *a nor) )(D(a*u* Corni BK2 m iar n su) )( D(a*u* 8ar,oiuJ D(pr(siun(a Ta5*u-Ca7in# si'ua' p( ru*Tro'u7# un)( /on6(r mai mu*'( ruri# prin'r( /ar( 7i /(*( /ar( i )au num(*(. ?n (s')(pr(siun(a (s'( n/4is )( Cu*m(a Pi('ri/i/a BH>0 m iar n su) )( )(a*uri*( Ou7oru 7iZ,ru. 9u,/arpaii Mo*)o6(i sun' +ormai din roci sedimentare cutate n u*'ima ('ap a

oro(n(5(i a*pin(. D(a*uri*( ('(rn( /uprin) *a /on'a/'u* /u s(/'oru* Cu*oaru*ui 9ir('u*ui obordur de pietriuri i nisipuri piemontane. Cu*oaru* 9ir('u*ui# mpr(un /u 6a*(a *ar a Mo*)o6(i Bam,(*( )( na'ur (ro5iona*s(par )om(niu* )( oro(n a* 9u,/arpai*or Mo*)o6(i )( /(* )( p*a'+orm a* Po)i7u*uiMo*)o6(i. La /on+*u(na 9ir('u*ui /u prin/ipa*(*( ruri )inspr( Carpaii Ori(n'a*i au apru'ora7(*( A)3u) BTro'u7 8a/u B8is'ria Roman BMo*)o6a&.

Subcarpaii Curburii 9i'uai n par'(a /(n'ra*-su)i/ a rii# n'r( 6a*(a Tro'u7u*ui Bmai /or(/' u7ia& n nor)7i 6a*(a Dm,o6i(i n 6(s'. R(pr(5in' /(* mai /omp*( )om(niu su,/arpa'i/# /u a*'i'u)ini mari# s'ru/'ura

n'or'o/4(a' a )(pr(siuni*or# 7i p'run)(r(a unorpinteni montani de fli paleogen/arpa'i/ nar(a*u* su,/arpai*or BPin'(nu* I6n(u# 1021 m# 7i pin'(nu* :*(ni&. 9( po' )is'in( )ou7iruri )( )(pr(siuni# s(para'( )( )ou a*iniam(n'( )(*uroas(= - primu* 7i a* depresiunilor ,,interne',in/*u)( = D(pr(siun(a 9o6(3a p( u7ia#D(pr(siun(a :ran/(i# )r(na' )( ruri*( Pu'na 7i Z,a*a# D(pr(siun(a Lop'ari p( 9*ni/u*8u5u*ui# # D(pr(siun(a P'r*a(*( p( 8u5u# D(pr(siun(a :*(nii )( Mun'( p( T(*(a3(n 7iD(pr(siun(a Cmpina p( Pra4o6a. A/(s'(a sun' n/4is( )( o median deluroas /u a*'i'u)ini)( 00-K00 m= R/4i'a7# Riuu# Gur,n(asa BKHK m 8iso/a# Cio*anu# 9a*/iaJ - a* )oi*(a 7ir a* depresiunilor ,,intracolinare /uprin)( )(pr(siuni*(= :i)ra# M(ra#Dumi'r(7'i Bp( Rmni/u* 9ra' Po*i/iori# Ni7/o6# Po)(ni p( Cri/o6u* 9ra' 7i Pu/ioasa p(Ia*omia. 9pr( (s' 7i su)# a/(s'(a sun' n/4is( )( dealurile e%terne= Mura O)o,(7'i*or BKKm D(*(anu# Is'ria BH>K m& 7i 8u/o6(*.

Subcarpaii &etici9i'uai *a su) )( Carpaii M(ri)iona*i# n'r( 6a*(a Dm,o6i(i n (s' 7i 6a*(a Mo'ru*ui n 6(s'#in'r p( *a'ura )( su) n /on'a/' /u Po)i7u* G('i/.R(*i(+u* pr(5in' )ou 7iruri )( )(pr(siuni# s(para'( )( )ou a*iniam(n'( )(*uroas(= - primu* 7ir )( )(pr(siuni# *a /on'a/'u* /u mun'(*(# /uprin)(= D(pr(siun(a Cmpu*unn/4is *a su) )( Mura Mu B101 m Ar(+u p( Ar(7# !i,*(a p( O*'#


23/83

- P"u% G#"&" Es'( o uni'a'( )( p*a'+orm B/ufundamenta*/'ui' )in P*a/a Mo(ssi/ 7i /u

umplutursedimentar). La supra+a s-au a/umu*a' )(po5i'( )( 'ip pi(mon'an +orma'( )inpi('ri7uri 7i ,o*o6ni7uri a)us( )( ruri )in Carpaii M(ri)iona*i 7i )(pus( n /on)iiisu,a(ri(n(. A/(s'( )(po5i'( sun' /unos/u'( su, num(*( )(pietriuri de $ndeti!

- Es'( /(* mai mar( pi(mon' )in Romnia 7i a +os' pu'(rni/ +ram(n'a' )( ap(*(/ur'oar(. R(*i(+u* n/*ina' )( *a nor) spr( su)# pr(5in' a*'i'u)ini /uprins( n'r( 00-H00 m#n nor)# 7i )( 200-;00 m# *a su)# *a /on'a/'u* /u Cmpia Romn. - 9u,uni'i=.latforma /trehaia, .latforma 1iului, .latforma 2lteului, .latforma

rge, .latforma $otmeana i .latforma $ndeti.

- P$&4u% M%$/#&" uni'a'( )( p*a'+orm# /ufundamenta*/'ui' )in p*a/a (s'-(urop(an n 3um'a'(a

nor)i/ 7i p*a/a nor)-)o,ro(an n 3um'a'(a su)i/ p(s'( /ar( s-a )(pus o umplutursedimentara*/'ui' )in nisipuri# ari*(# marn(# r(sii n s'ru/'uri ori5on'a*( sau mono/*ina*(.

R(*i(+u* s'ru/'ura* (s'( +orma' )in p*a'ouri s'ru/'ura*( 7i )in /u(s'(# *a /ar( s( a)au 6i*(/ons(/6(n'( 7i /(*( su,s(/6(n'(. Pr(5(na ari*(*or a +a6ori5a' a*un(/ri*( )( '(r(n.Prin/ipa*(*( su,)i6i5iuni sun'=

- .odiul /uceveisi'ua' n par'(a )( nor)-6(s'# n'r( rania )( s'a' /u U/raina 7i 6a*(aMo*)o6(i# r(pr(5in' s(/'oru* /(* mai na*'# /u r(*i(+u* a*/'ui' )in'r-o a*'(rnan )( )(a*uriBCiuni# Po)i7u* Draomirn(i# Po)i7u* F*'i/(ni*or# D(a*u* I,n(7'i# D(a*u* Mar( -0 m /ar( a +a6ori5a' pro/(s(*( )( 'asar( 7i su+o5iun(. Di6i5iuni*( sun'urm'oar(*(=

-Podiul Dobro#ei de Nord# a*/'ui' )in= Munii M/inu*ui a*/'ui' )in rani'(# /ur(*i(+ r(5i)ua* Bpirami)(# s'*pi# ,*o/uri )( pia'r D(a*uri*( Tu*/(i /u r(*i(+ /o*inar )(s+7ura'

p( )ir(/ia 6(s'-(s'# D(pr(siun(a Na*,an' 7i Po)i7u* 8a,a)a a*/'ui' )in /a*/ar( /ar( au+a6ori5a' apariia r(*i(+u*ui /ars'i/J

-Podiul Caimcei/u a*'i'u)in( )( 200-;00 m ar( un r(*i(+ mo)(*a' p( ro/i 6(/4iB7is'uri 6(r5i /u /u*mi puin pro(min(n'(# )(spri'( )( 6i *ari (6o*ua'(# +r '(ras(J

-Podiul Dobro#ei de Sud/u un r(*i(+ a*/'ui' )in in'(r+*u6ii n('()( sau u7or on)u*a'(/uprin)( urm'oar(*( su,)i6i5iuni= Po)i7u* M()i)i(i# Po)i7u* O*'in(i 7i Po)i7u* N(ru :o)J


24/83

-,ona litoral!r(pr(5in' +7ia para*(* /u rmu* Mrii N(r(# *a' )( 20-2 Qm#si'ua' n'r( Capu Mi)ia 7i :ama :(/4(# pr(5in' un r(*i(+ mai na*' /( s( '(rmin a,rup' *a/on'a/'u* /u mar(a B+a*(5(&.

D#a%ur&%# $# ;#"

" o ,or)ur )( )(a*uri pi(mon'an( +(s'ona' )( ap(*( /ur'oar( )in par'(a )( 6(s' aCarpai*or. 9( pr(5in' /a un pi(mon' )( (ro5iun( /u a*'i'u)in(a m()i( )( >00 m. - 9un' a*/'ui'( )in ro/i moi= ari*(# marn(#nisipuri# r(sii# pi('ri7uri. ?n par'(a nor)i/apar un(*( muri /ris'a*in( sau 6u*/ani/( /ar( )au 7i a*'i'u)ini*( /(*( mai mari BD(a*u*Pr(*u/a HK m# D(a*u* Co)ru# Mura im*(u*ui&. - A/(s'( )(a*uri au /ara/'(r )is/on'inuu +iin) n'r(rup'( )( 6i*( Cri7uri*or# Mur(7u*ui#Timi7u*ui 7i 8(i. Prin/ipa*(*( )i6i5iuni a*( D(a*uri*or )( :(s' sun'=

-Dealurile Silvaniei# n'r( 9om(7 7i 8ar/u# un)( p'ura s()im(n'ar mai su,ir( 7i(ro5iun(a a/'i6 au )('(rmina' apariia *a 5i a unor muri 7i /u*mi 6u*/ani/( sau /ris'a*in(BCo)ru*ui# im*(u*ui# Pr(*u/a# Crasn(i& 7i a unor )(pr(siuni B8aia Mar(# Za*u# im*(u&J

-Dealurile Criene# n'r( 8ar/u 7i Cri7u* A*,# /ar( /uprin) D(a*uri*( P*opi7u*ui 7iD(a*uri*( P)urii Craiu*ui BPi(mon'u* Co)ru*ui&J -Dealurile Banatului# n'r( Mur(7 7i Dunr(# /uprin) D(a*uri*( Lipo6(i# D(a*uri*(8u5ia7u*ui# D(a*uri*( Tiro*u*ui 7i D(a*uri*( Ora6i(i.

U&"*+&%# $# !

C!&a $# ;#"- Es'( o /mpi( +orma'prin sedimentare lacustrp( un +un)am(n' /arpa'i/ s/u+un)a'. Ea a)(6(ni' us/a' su//(si6# mai n'i /mpii*( na*'( )in (s'# 7i apoi /mpii*( 3oas( 7i *un/i*(Cmpia )( :(s' s( pr(5in' /a o +7i( nus' )( 1-H0 Qm /ar( p'run)( n in'(rioru*Apus(ni*or su, +orm )( depresiuni golf. Ar( o n/*inar( +oar'( r()us# )in /ar( /au5 rurileau cursuri divagante# A*'i'u)in(a m()i( a /mpi(i (s'( )( 100 m 7i ur/ pn *a 200 m *a/on'a/'u* /u D(a*uri*( )( :(s'. Din pun/' )( 6()(r( (n('i/ (is' urm'oar(*( 'ipuri )(/mpii=- cmpii piemontane= Cmpia :ini# Cmpia C(rm(iu*ui# Cmpia Mi(rsiu*uiJ- cmpii tabulare= Cmpia Ara)u*ui# Cmpia Car(i*orJ- cmpii de ubiden!= Cmpia 9om(7u*ui# Cmpia Cri7uri*or 7i Cmpia Timi7u*uiJ- cmpii cu dune de niip= Cmpia Car(i*or n pr(5(n' /u p*an'aii )( 6i )( 6i(.

C!&a R*

- O/up 20 )in supra+aa Romni(i 7i s-a +orma' n /ua'(rnar prin ump*(r(a unui *a//ar( s-a r('ras 'r(p'a' spr( (s'# )isprn) *a s+r7i'u* /ua'(rnaru*ui. - Es'( o uni'a'( )( p*a'+orm /ufundamentBP*a/a Mo(si/ pu'(rni/ +a*ia' 7i/ompar'im(n'a'& 7iumplutur sedimentara*/'ui' )in pi('ri7uri# ari*# nisipuri# p(s'( /ar(s-a )(pus o /u6(r'ur )( *o(ss. - Cmpia (s'( n/*ina' )( *a nor) *a su)# )ar 7i )( *a 6(s' *a (s'. A*'i'u)in(a m()i( a/mpi(i (s'( )( > m# a*'i'u)in(a minim )( > m n Cmpia 9ir('u*ui In+(rior# iar a*'i'u)in(amaim ;00 m n Cmpia Pi'(7'i*or.Din pun/' )( 6()(r( (n('i/ (is' urm'oar(*( 'ipuri )( /mpii= - cmpii naltecu caracter piemontanB200-;00 m&= Cmpia Pi'(7'i# CmpiaP*oi(7'i*or# Cmpia Tro6i7'(i# Cmpia Rmni/u*uiJ

- cmpii de ubiden!= Cmpia Ti'u# Cmpia G4(r4ia# Cmpia 8u5u*ui 7i Cmpia9ir('u*ui In+(riorJ


25/83

- cmpii tabulareBnumi'( 7i /mpuri& /ar( o/up /(*( mai mari n'in)(ri= Cmpia8oianu*ui# Cmpia G6anu-8ur)(a# Cmpia 8urnasu*ui# Cmpia :*si(i# Cmpia Mos'i7'(i#Cmpia 8ranu*ui. P( a*o/uri apar 7i mi/i )(pr(siuni )( 'asar( a *o(ssu*ui numi'( crovuriB6an(& - cmpii cu .ormaiuni de dune de niip= Cmpia O*'(ni(i# 7i )(-a *unu* ruri*or

Ia*omia# C*mui# 8u5u 7i 9ir('.D#%"a Du*r&&- Es'( a )oua mar( uni'a'( )(*'ai/ )in Europa )up /(a a +*u6iu*ui :o*a. D(*'a

Dunrii s-a +orma' n'r-un +os' o*+ marin prin a*u6iuni*( a)us( )( Dunr( 7i )in s()im(n'(*(marin( )(pus( )( /ur(nii /ir/u*ari ai Mrii N(r( /ar( au /r(a' rin)uri*( mari'im( BL('(a#9r'uri*( 7i Caraorman&.

- D(*'a Dunrii r(pr(5in' o cmpie terminal "n formare# +iin) uni'a'(a )( r(*i(+ /(amai nou 7i /(a mai 3oas. A*'i'u)in(a m()i( )(asupra ni6(*u*ui mrii (s'( )( @0#2 mJ nspaii*( )in'r( ,ra( a*'i'u)in(a 6aria5 n'r( -; m n )(pr(siuni*( *a/us'r( 7i @12 m p( rin)u*L('(aJ a)n/imi*( /(*( mai mari s( n'*n(s/ p( ,ra(*( Dunrii B-;K m p( ,rau* C4i*ia# -;> m

p( ,rau* Tu*/(a# -2 m p( ,rau* 9+n'u G4(or4(# -1 m p( ,rau* 9u*ina&.?n /a)ru* r(*i(+u*ui )(*'(i )(os(,im= r#%'u% !6&"&/ r(pr(5(n'a' )(grinduri i

ostroaveB1 )in supra+aa )(*'(i 7i r#%'u% #2a"&/r(pr(5(n'a' )( braele unrii, canale,grle, lacuri, lagune, mlatini i bli.

0.C*ima. Fa/'ori (n('i/i. E*(m(n'(*( /*ima'i/( si r(ionar(a /*ima'i/a in Romania si Europa


26/83

1.8. CLIMA - FACTORII GENETICI, ELEMENTELE CLIMATICE IREGIONAREA CLIMATIC

E*(m(n'( /( )(+in(s/ par'i/u*ari'i*( /*ima'i/(=1. +a/'orii (n('i/i

2. (*(m(n'(*( /*ima'i/(;. r(ionar(a /*ima'i/

EUROPA - Fa"r&& 2##"&& ra)iaia so*ar Bpo5iia p( *o,&V /ara/'(ru* '(mp(ra' a* /*im(iV s/a)( )( *a su) B1;0-1>0 Q/a*/mWan& spr( nor) B0-100 Q/a*/mWan& mi7/ar(a (n(ra* a a(ru*ui )( *a 6(s' *a (s'V r(par'iia )(s/r(s/'oar( a pr(/ipi'aii*or V )iminuar(a /ara/'(ru*ui o/(ani/ a* /*im(iV a//(n'uar(a /on'in(n'a*ismu*ui '(rmi/V Europa- spaiu* )( a/iun( )inami/ a :n'uri*or )( 6(s' 7i a :n'uri*or po*ar(

in+*u(na /(n'r(*or ,ari/( marina*(= An'i/i/*onu* A5or(*or# An'i/i/*onu* Gro(n*an)(5#An'i/i/*onu* 9i,(rian# Ci/*onu* Is*an)(5# Ci/*onu* C(n'ra* Asia'i/V )('(rmin )(p*asar(a p( /on'in(n' a unor mas( )( a(r )i+(ri'(=

po*ar(- +oar'( r(/i 7i r(*a'i6 us/a'(a'*an'i/(- r/oroas( 7i um()(m()i'(ran((n(nor)-a+ri/an(- /a*)( 7i um()(/on'in(n'a*(- r(/i/a*)(# )up s(5on 7i us/a'(V /ara/'(ris'i/i 6aria'( n r(imu* pr(/ipi'aii*or# '(mp(ra'urii /on'a/'u* sinuos )in'r( us/a' 7i ap in+*u(na Cur(n'u*ui A'*an'i/u*ui )( Nor) asp(/'u* 7i a*'i'u)in(a r(*i(+u*ui V pr(5(na *anu*ui a*pino- /arpa'i/V 5ona*i'a'(a 6(r'i/a* pr(5(na un(i mas( /on'in(n'a*( )( mari )im(nsiuni n (s'u* /on'in(n'u*uiV /on'in(n'a*ismu* '(mp(ra'urii 7i a* pr(/ipi'aii*or

ROMNIA - Fa"r&& 2##"&&mi7/ar(a (n(ra* a a(ru*ui )( *a 6(s' *a (s'Vr(par'iia )(s/r(s/'oar( a pr(/ipi'aii*or V )iminuar(a /ara/'(ru*ui o/(ani/ a* /*im(iVa//(n'uar(a /on'in(n'a*ismu*ui '(rmi//ir/u*aia unor mas( )( a(r )i+(ri'(=o/(ani/(# +r(/6(n )( >V pr(/ipi'aii 7i 6a*ori '(rmi/( mo)(ra'(

nor)i/( 7i nor)-6(s'i/(# ;0V s/)(r(a '(mp(ra'uri*or# pr(/ipi'aii ,oa'(nor)- (s'i/( 7i (s'i/(V iarna- (ruri# 6ara- s(/('(su)i/( V m()i'(ran((n(- um()( 7i /a*)(V )in nor)u* A+ri/ii 7i Ori(n'u* Apropia'- us/a'( 7i /a*)(r(*i(+u* prin=a*'i'u)in( V,ari(r n /a*(a mas(*or )( a(r+ormV)ir(/ion(a5 mi7/ar(a a(ru*uiV /r(ar(a ('a3(*or /*ima'i/()i+(r(n( '(rmi/( r()us( " )a'ori' ('(nsiunii )oar p( X)( *a'i'u)in(

EUROPA - ELEMENTELE CLIMEI

< '(mp(ra'ura m()i( anua* " s/a)( )( *a 9 *a N B;X *a H1X *a'i'u)in( Nor)i/&V i5o'(rm( m()ii anua*( /u 6a*ori )( = 20XC J 1XCJ 10XCJ XCJ 0XCJ - XC.


27/83

pr(/ipi'aii*( s/a) )( *a : B1000mman& *a E B00mman& pr(/ipiaii*( /r(s/ /u a*'i'u)in(a 6n'uri*( pr()ominan'(= :n'uri*( )( :(s'J n Es'# Cri6u* 6n'uri *o/a*(# )( 'ip +Y4n

ROMNIA - ELEMENTELE CLIMEI'(mp(ra'ura m()i( anua*V s/a)( )( *a 9 *a N /u apro. 2#XC p(n'ru X)( *a'i'u)in(Vra)i(n' norma*V s/a)( /u /r(7'(r(a a*'i'u)inii B10XC *a 200 mJ 0XC *a 200 m &'r(i ('a3( '(rmi/(= V('a3 /a*) " i5o'(rma )( p(s'( 10XC Bn 9u)& 7i #XC Bn Nor)&V('a3 in'(rm()iar "i5o'(rma n'r( 10XC 7i XCV('a3 r(/( " i5o'(rma - su, XC)i+(r(n(*( )( '(mp(ra'ur )in'r( 6ar 7i iarn V mai mari n E= 2-2XCV n := 21-22XC

pr(/ipi'aii*( s/a) )( *a : B;0mman& *a E B>00->0mman&pr(/ipi'aii*( /r(s/ /u a*'i'u)in(a

6n'uri*( pr()ominan'(= :n'uri*( )( :(s'# n Es' Cri6u*6n'uri *o/a*(# )( 'ip +Y4n# ,ri5(*(Par"&u%ar&"a"#a "#r&* 4& %&a"&*7 %&a"u% R& r#a%&6#a6* "r##r# $# %a%&a"u% u &'%u#+# #a %a #% u #%##"# $# ar&$&"a"#.

EUROPA - REGIONAREA CLIMATIC< mai mu*'( 'ipuri )( /*im=V /u su//(siun( *a'i'u)ina*V ('a3ar( 6(r'i/a* 6# $# %&*/u su//(siun( p( )ir(/ia su)-6(s' " nor)-(s'V /*ima' su,'ropi/a* s(/('os- n P(ninsu*a I,(ri/V /*ima' m()i'(ran(an- P(ninsu*a I,(ri/# P(ninsu*a I'a*i/# su)u* P(ninsu*(i 8a*/ani/(Jcaracteristici3)ou s(5oan(- iarna r/oroas 7i um()# 6ara +oar'( /a*) 7i s(/('oas J'(mp(ra'uri*( m()ii a*( *uni*or ('r(m( # ianuari( 10XC # iu*i( p(s'( 2XC J pr(/ipi'aii m()iianua*( )( 00-K00 mman Bpr()ominan' n apri*i( 7i o/'om,ri(&J 5on )( in'r(+(r(n n'r(/ir/u*aia 6(s'i/# )( p( Mar(a M()i'(ran 7i /(a )in nor)u* a+ri/anV /*ima' '(mp(ra' o/(ani/ Bin+*u(na Cur(n'u*ui A'*an'i/u*ui )( Nor)&- N 9pani(i# Ins.8ri'ani/(# : Fran(i# N Nor6(i(i J caracteristici3'(mp(ra'uri*( m()ii a*( *uni*or ('r(m( s/a))( *a su) *a nor)# ianuari(# )( *a XC *a -1XC# iu*i( )( *a 22XC *a 1XC# pr(/ipi'aii*( m()iianua*( s/a) )( *a 1.000 mman *a 00-K00 mman# :n'uri*( )( :(s'V /*ima' )( 'ran5ii(- /(n'ru* 9pani(i# Europa C(n'ra*# Europa )( 9u)-Es' J caracteristici3

s*,ir(a 'r(p'a' a /ir/u*ai(i mas(*or )( a(r 6(s'i/(# in'(r+(r(na a/(s'ora /u mas(*( )( a(rpro6(ni'( )in nor)# su) sau (s' J '(mp(ra'uri m()ii n(a'i6( 1-; *uni# 6ara '(mp(ra'uri m()ii/uprins( n'r( 1XC -1XC J pr(/ipi'aii*( m()ii anua*( s/a) )( *a 6(s' B00 mman& *a (s' B00mman&V /*ima' '(mp(ra'-/on'in(n'a*- Europa )( Es'# 9u)u* P(ninsu*(i 9/an)ina6i/( Jcaracteristici3in+*u(na mas(*or )( a(r nor)i/( 7i (s'- /on'in(n'a*( J r(/( 7i um() n nor) B00mman mai /a*) 7i ari) n su) B200-;00 mman&V /*ima' '(mp(ra' )( s'(p# /u pr(/ipi'aii mo)(ra'( " n Es'u* Mrii N(r(V /*ima' su,po*ar- Europa Nor)i/ J caracteristici3//a - *uni '(mp(ra'uri m()ii n(a'i6(#m()ia *unii iu*i( n'r( 10XC 7i 1XC# pr(/ipi'aii )( 00-00 mman# pr()ominan' su, +orm )(5pa)# 6n'uri*( po*ar(

V /*ima' mon'an- ('a3ar( p( 6(r'i/a*J *a ,a5a muni*or sun' /ara/'(ris'i/i*( uni'ii mari )(r(*i(+# iar )( *a //a 00 m a*'i'u)in( in'(r6in( ('a3ar(a= s/)(r(a '(mp(ra'uri*or# /r(7'(r(a


28/83

pr(/ipi'aii*or 7i a umi)i'iiJ n munii )in su)u* 7i /(n'ru* Europ(i# '(mp(ra'ura m()i( anua*)( 0XC s( nr(is'r(a5 *a //a ;.000 m a*'i'u)in(# iar n munii )in nor)u* /on'in(n'u*ui# *a 00m a*'i'u)in( J pr(/ipi'aii*( /r(s/ pn *a 1.000- 1.00 mman.

ROMNIA - REGIONAREA CLIMATIC

R(ionar(a /*ima'i/ B('a3( 7i nuan(s(/'oar( )( /*im&=- /*ima' ('a3a' p( 6(r'i/a*# )a'ori' a*'i'u)inii# #"a9# $# %&*7V/*ima' mon'anV/*ima' )( )(a*uriV/*ima' )( /mpi(- (is'(na unor nuan( Bs(/'oar(& /*ima'i/( =V)( *a N *a 9V )( *a : *a E- m,inar(a in+*u(n(*or /*ima'i/( /u ('a3(*( /*ima'i/( Vnuan( /*ima'i/(Cara/'(ris'i/i a*( ua+#%r =#"ar#) %&a"=C*ima'u* /u in+*u(n( o/(ani/(= V)i+(r(n( mi/i in'r( 6ar 7i iarnV,a' :n'uri*( )( 6(s'- 6n'uri p(rman(n'(Vpr(/ipi'aii mai ,oa'( B/u 200-;00mman&

C*ima'u* /u in+*u(n( su,m()i'(ran((n( = V,a'( Aus'ru*V'(mp(ra'uri m()ii anua*( mai mari B/u 1-2XC&Viarna# posi,i*( 7i p*oiC*ima'u* )( 'ran5ii( n'r( su,m()i'(ran(an 7i /(* )( ari)i'a'( = Vn : ,a'( Aus'ru*Vn E ,a'( Cri6u*C*ima'u* )( ari)i'a'(= V/on'in(n'a*ism '(rmi/Vpr(/ipi'aii r()us( B00->00mman&Vpr(5(na 5i*(*or 'ropi/a*(Vpr(5(na s(/('(*orV,a'( Cri6u* Biarna& 7i 6n'uri*( us/a'( 9u4o6(i# Aus'ru* B6ara&C*ima'u* /u in+*u(n( ,a*'i/( = V'(mp(ra'uri mai s/5u'(Vpr(/ipi'aii su, +orm )( ninsoar( +r(/6(n'(Vmas( )( a(r )(s/(n)(n'( )in nor)C*ima'u* /u in+*u(n( pon'i/( = Vumi)i'a'(a a(ru*uiV pr(5(na ,ri5(i

E"a9#%# $# %&*7 $limatul alpin- n munii /u a*'i'u)ini V)( p(s'( 2000m n Carpaii M(ri)iona*iV )( p(s'( 100m n nor)u* Carpai*or Ori(n'a*iV caracteristici3'(mp(ra'ura m()i( anua*= 2X-0XC Bsu, 0XC *a p(s'( 2.200m&J '(mp(ra'ura*unii iu*i(# 12X-10XCJ '(m(ra'ura *unii ianuari(# -XC *a -10XCJ pr(/ipi'aii m()ii anua*( p(s'(

1200mmanJ ,a' /u pu'(r( :n'uri*( )( 6(s'J n4( +r(/6(n' p(s'( *uniJ 5p(5i posi,i*( )( *a *a 10 *uniJ +(nom(n( m('(oro*oi/( )( iarn= 6is/o*(# /4i/iur# po*(i $limatul de munte" munii na*i 7i mi3*o/ii /u a*'i'u)ini n'r( 1000-100mV caracteristici3'(mp(ra'ur m()i( anua*= XC - 2XCJ '(mp(ra'ura *unii iu*i(# 1KXC - 12XCJ'(mp(ra'ura *unii ianuari(# ->XC *a -XCJ pr(/ipi'aii m()ii anua*(# 00mm-1000mm -1200mmanJ ,a' :n'uri*( )( 6(s'J +(nom(n( m('(oro*oi/( )( iarn= 6is/o*(# /4i/iur# po*(i $limatul de depresiuni (intramontane i submontane)-Vcaracteristici3in6(rsiuni '(rmi/(J iarna '(mp(ra'uri s/5u'( 7i (ruri p(rsis'(n'(J prim6araa/iun(a +o(nu*ui $limatul de dealuri" )(a*uri /uprins( n'r( 200m- 00m- /*ima' )( )(a*uri 3oas( B 200-00m&

Vcaracteristici3'(mp(ra'ura m()i( anua*= 10XC - XC J '(mp(ra'ura *unii iu*i(# 21XC J'(mp(ra'ura *unii ianuari(# -2XC *a -;XC J pr(/ipi'aii m()ii anua*(# 00mm- 00mman


29/83

- /*ima' )( )(a*uri na*'( B00-00m&Vcaracteristici3'(mp(ra'ur( m()i( anua*# XCJ '(mp(ra'ura *unii iu*i(# 20XC J '(mp(ra'ura*unii ianuari(# -;XC *a ->XC B -XC n Po) 9u/(6(i&J pr(/ipi'aii m()ii anua*(# 00mm- H00mm $limatul de cmpiea*'i'u)in( 0-200m- /*ima' )( /mpi( mo)(ra'=

Vcaracteristici3'(mp(ra'ura m()i( anua*# 10XC - 11XCJ '(mp(ra'ura *unii iu*i(# 21XC- 2;XCJ'(mp(ra'ura *unii ianuari(# -1XC *a -2XCJ pr(/ipi'aii m()ii anua*(# ;0mman BC. D( :(s'& ->0mm- 00mman BC. Romn&- /*ima' )( /mpi( a//(n'ua' Bari)&Vcaracteristici3'(mp(ra'ura m()i( anua*# 10XC - 11XC J '(mp(ra'ura *unii iu*i(# 2;XC-2>XC J '(mp(ra'ura *unii ianuari(# -2XC *a -;XCJ pr(/ipi'aii m()ii anua*(# su, 00mmanJ/on'in(n'a*ism a//(n'ua' B2X-2XC&J 5i*( 'ropi/a*(J ,a'( Cri6u* $limat de lunc i deltVcaracteristici3/a*) 7i ari) J pr(/ipi'aii su, >00mman J umi)i'a'( pro6(ni' )in (6aporar( $limatul litoralVcaracteristici3mo)(ra' J pr(5(na ,ri5(i

0.. ?IDROGRAFIA EUROPEI I A ROMNIEI - A3PECTE GENERALE


30/83

EUROPAEuropa )ispun( )( impor'an'( r(surs( )( ap# aparinn) unor 'ipuri 6aria'(# n(uni+orm)is'ri,ui'( spaia*.

1. Fa"r&& ar# &'%u#+#a6* 0&$r2ra'&a Eur!#&7- po5iia (ora+i/ " prin /ara/'(ris'i/i*( (*(m(n'(*or /*ima'i/(- /ara/'(ris'i/i*( /an'i'a'i6( 7i /a*i'a'i6( a*( /ir/ui'u*ui ap(i n na'urJ- /on+iuraia rmuri*orJ- r(*i(+u*J- so*uri*(#- n'in)(r(a /on'in(n'u*ui

8. C!#"#%# 0&$r2ra'& Eur!#&7

a. A!#%# u("#ra#

sun' pr(5(n'( mai a*(s n +ormaiuni*( s()im(n'ar(/on'ri,ui(# n +un/i( )( /*ima'# /u 10-2 *a 6o*umu* )( ap /( s( s/ur( p( ruri

(. O#a# 4& *r&O/(anu* A'*an'i/ " in+*u(n(a5 Europa prin in'(rm()iu* Cur(n'u*ui A'*an'i/u*ui )( Nor) Vmo)i+i/ (*(m(n'(*( /*ima'i/( V /*ima' '(mp(ra' o/(ani/ V pr(/ipi'aii ,oa'( V debitbo#at al rurilor din "etul )uropeimri ('(rioar(= N= Mar(a Nor)u*ui# Mar(a Nor6(i(i# Mar(a 8a*'i/# Mar(a 8ar(n's9= Mar(a Caspi/# Mar(a N(ar# Mar(a M()i'(ran

. F%u/&& 4& rur&caracteristicile climei influeneaz debitele rurilor i tipul de scurgere3- ruri /ar( /ur n r(iuni /u /*ima' '(mp(ra' "o/(ani/ V )(,i'( ,oa'( 'o' 'impu* anu*ui# /uun maim iarna= 9(na# Tamisa# Rin# E*,aJ- ruri /ar( /ur n r(iuni /u /*ima' /on'in(n'a* V n4(a iarna# au )(,i'( ,oa'(

prim6ara= :o*a# Don# Ura*.- ruri /ar( /ur n r(iuni /u /*ima' m()i'(ran(an V )(,i'( ,oa'( iarna# )ar 7i prim6ara

p(n'ru /(*( /ar( i56ors/ )in Munii A*pi- R4onu*# Pa)u*J )(,i'( mi/i 6ara 7i 'oamna /n)un(*( ruri s(a/

sisteme de alimentare a rurilor= V p*u6ia*V p*u6ioni6a* " n s(/'oru* mon'an

V su,'(ranV 4(ariV *a/uribazine hidrografice diferite ca suprafa, orientate spre spaiile "nconjurtoare=spr( O/(anu* Ar/'i/ sun' ori(n'a'( +*u6ii*(= P(/iora# D6ina )( Nor)# D6ina )( :(s'# :is'u*a#O)(r# E*,a# R4in#spr( mri*( )in su)u* /on'in(n'u*ui= Ura*# :o*a# Don# Nipru# 8u# Nis'ru# Dunr(# Maria#Pa)# Ron# E,ro9pr( O/(anu* A'*an'i/ 7i Mar(a Mn(/ii= 9(na# Gua)a*i6irierarhizarea fluviilor dup lungimea cursului3:o*a# Dunr(a# Ura*# Nipru# Don# P(/iora#

Nis'ru# R4in# E*,aJ

ierarhizarea fluviilor dup debit3:o*a# Dunr(a# P(/iora# R4in# Nipru# :is'u*a# Don


31/83

luviile Europei se vars prin= )(*'(=- Dunr(a# :o*a# Pa)u*# Ti,ru*# R4onu*# R4inu*#:is'ru*aJ (s'uar(= E*,a# Tamisa.

$. Laur&%#)up mo)u* )( +ormar(=

" *a/uri *a/iar( V +orma'( n )(pr(siuni*( /r(a'( )( +o7'ii 4(ari /ua'(rnari )( /a*o'= La/u*La)oa# La/u* On(a# n Fin*an)a- p(s'( >0.000 /u6('( *a/us'r(# ('/.V +orma'( n )(pr(siuni*( /r(a'( )( 4(arii a*pini= La/u* G(n(6a# La/u* Gar)a# La/u* ComoB>10 m a)n/im( La/u* 8o)(n# La/u* Cons'ana# La/u* Maior(# La/u* Z[ri/4# ('/*a/uri '(/'oni/( V +orma'( n )(pr(siuni )( oriin( '(/'oni/= Mar(a Caspi/# La/u* 8a*a'on*a/uri 6u*/ani/( V +orma'( n /ra'(r(*( 6u*/ani*or s'in7i )in Is*an)a# Frana BN(mi I'a*iaB8o*s(na# A*,ano&*a/uri )( ,ara3 ar'i+i/ia* V +orma'( p( mari*( +*u6ii /u s/op 4i)ro(n(r('i/= p( :o*a BLa/u*R,insQ&*a/uri /ars'i/(V +orma'( p( ro/i /a*/aroas(= n A*pii Dinari/i#*aun(# *iman( mari'im( si'ua'( p( rmu* mrii= nor)-6(s'u* Mrii N(r(# su)u* Fran(i

)up supra+a=*a/uri mi/i= n sar(# n r(iuni /ars'i/(# *a/uri '(/'oni/(J*a/uri mari= *a/uri*( *a/iar( )in nor)u* /on'in(n'u*ui

#. G0#+ar& 4& (a0&6*- 4(ari /on'in(n'a*i= B)( /a*o'&= n Ios*an)a# 96a*,ar)# No6aia Z(m*(aJ-,an/4i5a= n mri*( O/(anu*ui Ar/'i/ Bn Mar(a A*,&-4(ari mon'ani= n Munii A*pi# Pirin(i# A*pii 9/an)ina6i/i# Ura*u* )( Nor)

ROMNIAC!#"# a%# 0&$r2ra'& R&7Dunr(a# ruri*( in'(rioar(# ap(*( su,'(ran(# *a/uri*( 7i Mar(a N(ar

a. Rur&%# &"#r&ar#- ,a5in( 4i)rora+i/( in(a*( /a supra+a- ruri*( in'(rioar( s( 6ars )ir(/' sau in)ir(/' n Dunr(Vrup( '(ri'oria*(= V rupa )( 6(s' " )( *a :i7(u *a 8(a BTur# 9om(7# 8ar/u# Cri7u*R(p()(# Cri7u* N(ru# Cri7u* A*,# Mur(7u*&J ruri*( sun' /o*(/'a'( )( TisaV rupa )( su)- 6(s'- Timi7# 8r5a6a# Cara7# N(ra# C(rna- s( 6ars )ir(/' n Dunr(V rupa )( su) n'r( 8a4na 7i C*mui B8a4na# 8*a4nia# D(snui# !iu# O*'# C*mui#:()(a# Ar(7# Mos'i7'(a# Ia*omia# C*mui&J ruri*( sun' /o*(/'a'( )( Dunr(

V rupa )( (s' " ruri /o*(/'a'( )( 9ir(' B9u/(a6a# Mo*)o6a# 8is'ria# Tro'u7# Mi*/o6#Rmni/u 9ra'# 8u5u# 8r*a)& 7i Pru' B8a7(u# !i3ia# 8a4*ui apoi )( Dunr(V rupa ruri*or )o,ro(n(- s( 6ars n Mar(a N(ar# prin *imanuri sau *aun( BT(*ia# Taia#9*a6a# Casim/(a&V i(rar4i5ar(a ruri*or )up *unim(a /ursu*ui= Mur(7# O*'# Pru'# 9ir('# Ia*omia# 9om(7#Ar(7# !iuV i(rar4i5ar(a ruri*or )up )(,i'= 9ir('# O*'# Mur(7# !iu# Pru'# Ar(7V sis'(m( )( a*im(n'ar( a ruri*or= V p*u6ia*V p*u6ioni6a* " n s(/'oru* mon'anV su,'(ran(. Laur&%#

V o/up 1#1 )in supra+aa rii- ;.>00 *a/uri


32/83

V )i6(rsi'a'( a oriinii /u6('(i *a/us'r(V 'ipuri )( *a/uri# )up oriin( Bmo) )( +ormar(&=na'ura*(= *aun( BRa5im- 9ino( *iman( +*u6ia*( B,u(a/# O*'ina *iman( mari'im(BT(/4irio*# Ta'*a(a/ *a/uri )( *un/ B8*i*( Dunrii *a/uri n )(pr(siuni )( 'asar(B/ro6uri& n 8ran# *a/uri n masi6( )( sar( BCo7'iui# 9*ni/# O/n(*( M(ri# Tur)a# O/na

9i,iu*ui *a/uri /ars'i/( B:r7oaia *a/uri 6u*/ani/( B9+. Ana *a/uri *a/iar( B8u/ura#Znoaa# 8*(a# G*/(s/u# Po)rau*# La*a *a/ )( ,ara3 na'ura* BLa/u* Ro7u&Jan'ropi/(= *a/uri 4i)ro(n(r('i/( BPori*( )( Fi(r I 7i II# :i)raru ia5uri n CmpiaTransi*6ani(i BZau )( Cmpi(# %aa Cmpia Mo*)o6(i BN(r(ni# :*)(ni# Po)u I*oai(Cmpia )( :(s' BC(+a# Tma7)a# Mari4a5 *a/uri )( ar(m(n'BC*)ru7ani# 9nao6&V 'ipuri )( *a/uri# )up 'r(ap'a )( r(*i(+=)( mun'(= *a/uri *a/iar(# *a/ 6u*/ani/# *a/ )( ,ara3 na'ura*# *a/uri 4i)ro(n(r('i/(# *a/uri/ars'i/()( )(a* 7i po)i7= *a/uri n masi6( )( sar(# ia5uri)( /mpi( 7i *un/= *a/uri n )(pr(siuni )( 'asar(# *iman( +*u6ia*(# *a/uri )( *un/# *iman(mari'im(

. A!#%# u("#ra#Vap( +r(a'i/(Vap( )( a)n/im(Vap( (o'(rma*(V i56oar( min(ra*(

DUNREA I MAREA NEAGR1. Du*r#aV /(* mai impor'an' +*u6iu (urop(an# su, asp(/'u* /omp*(i'ii# s'r,a'( Europa C(n'ra* 7i)( Es' 7i s( 6ars n Mar(a N(ar prin'r-o )(*' BD(*'a Dunrii&V a* )oi*(a +*u6iu /a *unim( 7i )(,i' a* Europ(i# )up :o*aV a* )oi*(a +*u6iu /a 'ra+i/ )( mr+uri# )up R4inV s'r,a'( 10 ri BG(rmania# Aus'ria# 9*o6a/ia# Unaria# Croaia# 9(r,ia# Romnia# 8u*aria#Mo*)o6a# U/raina& 7i > /api'a*( &:i(na# 8ra'is*a6a# 8u)ap(s'a# 8(*ra)&V Cursu* Dunrii s( mpar'( n ; s(/'oar(=-/ursu* sup(rior- pn aproap( )( :i(na- /ursu* mi3*o/iu- )( *a :i(na *a 8a5ia7- /ursu* in+(rior- )( *a 8a5ia7 pn *a 6rsar(V A+*u(nii Dunrii B/(i mai impor'ani# /a )(,i'&= 9a6a# Tisa# Dra6a# InnV Dunr(a asiur *('ura )in'r( Mar(a N(ar 7i Mar(a Nor)u*ui prin in'(rm()iu*

Cana*u*ui Dunr(- Mar(a N(ar# iar n 6(s' prin in'(rm()iu* unui sis'(m )( /ana*(# Main#R4in.V in+*u(n(a5 Romnia prin= V/o*(/'(a5 r((aua 4i)rora+i/V po'(nia* 4i)ro(n(r('i/V asiur *('ura +*u6ia* n'r( /(n'ru* 7i (s'u* Europ(iVin+*u(n(a5 /ara/'(ris'i/i*( m()iu*ui na'ura*V u'i*i5ar(a (i (/onomi/V s(/'oar( = V8a5ia7- Gura :ii BPori*( )( Fi(r&- D(+i*(u* Dunrii-/(* mai impor'an' )(+i*(u)in Europa B1>> m&J n pr(5(n' ar( asp(/'u* unui im(ns *a/# La/u* Pori*( )( Fi(r I- 1;0 m*unim(# si'ua' n amon'( )( ,ara3u* 4i)ro/(n'ra*(i Pori*( )( Fi(rVGura :ii BPori*( )( Fi(r&-C*ra7i-Lun/a Dunrii s( si'u(a5 *a /on'a/'u* )in'r( Cmpia

Romn 7i Po)i7u* Pr(,a*/ani/# a*,ia (s'( n)iui'# pan'a (s'( r()us# *a/u* Pori*( )( Fi(r IIV C*ra7i- 8ri*a " 8*i*( DunriiJ *un/a (s'( +oar'( *ar# n/a)ra' n'r( /(*( )ou ,ra(


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prin/ipa*( *a /on'a/'u* )in'r( Do,ro(a 7i Cmpia RomnV 8ri*a " Mar(a N(ar- Dunr(a mari'im# /uprin)( 7i D(*'a Dunrii BR(5(r6ai( a8ios+(r(i&V in+*u(n( an'ropi/( asupra Dunrii=V /ons'ruir(a *a/uri*or )( a/umu*ar( 7i a 4i)ro/(n'ra*(*or )( *a Pori*( )( Fi(r 7i Os'ro6u*

Mar(V r()u/(r(a /an'i'ii )( a*u6iuni 'ranspor'a'(V /r(7'(r(a min(ra*i5rii Dunrii " )(6(rsri )( su,s'an( po*uan'( )in uni'i (/onomi/(V )iminuar(a +(nom(n(*or )( n4(# )a'ori' ri)i/rii pun/'u*ui '(rmi/ )( n4(V s/4im,ar(a +un/iona*i'ii Lun/ii Dunrii prin *u/rri*( )( n)iuiri 7i )(s(/ri

8. Mar#a N#a2r*Mar(a N(ar r(pr(5in' un r(s' )in Mar(a 9arma'i/ B/( s( n'in)(a )( *a ,a5inu* :i(n(i

pn *a Mar(a Caspi/&Ja +os' numi' )( r(/i Pon'us Euinus B\mar( primi'oar(&a a6u' )in'o')(auna un impor'an' rol geopoliticp(n'ru ri*( )unr(n(# 6(/in( sau apropia'(#

p( /ar( *(-a *(a' mari'im /u Mar(a M()i'(ran 7i O/(anu* P*an('arr(pr(5in' o turnant a comerului europeano-asiaticV par'i/u*ari'i= Vmar( /on'in(n'a*- *('ura /u O/(anu* P*an('ar prin in'(rm()iu*s'rm'ori*or 8os+or Bspr( Mar(a Marmara Dar)an(*( Bspr( Mar(a E(( 7i Mar(aM()i'(ran Gi,ra*'ar Bspr( O/(anu* A'*an'i/&Vmar(( r()us Bsu, 10 /m&V/ur(ni /ir/u*ari )('(rminai )( 6n'V /ur(ni )( 'rans+(r n'r( Mar(a N(ar 7i mar(a M()i'(ranV,i*an 4i)ro*oi/ po5i'i6 # )a'ori' apor'u*ui a)us )( +*u6ii 7i pr(/ipi'aiiV)ou s'ra'uri )( ap 7i )( sa*ini'a'(V*ipsa /ur(ni*or 6(r'i/a*iVp*a'+orma /on'in(n'a* ('insV,iomasa *a supra+aVsa*ini'a'(a r()us B1-1H&V*a a)n/imi (is'


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?IDROGRAFIA


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r(imu* /on'in(n'a* B(s' " (urop(an /u ruri /( au )(,i' os/i*an' pr(5(n'n) )ou minim(#6ara 7i iarnar(imu* su,po*ar Bnor) " (urop(an /u ruri /( au ap( ,oa'( 'o' 'impu* anu*ui# /u un u7ormaim 6ara

Mar&%# &"## '%u/&a%# a%# Eur!#&

Gru!a rur&%r # # /ar* @ O#au% Ar"&PECIORA 7i D:INA DE NORD

Gru!a rur&%r # # /ar* @ O#au% A"%a"&DAUGA:A# /ar( s'r,a'( Ria# /api'a*a L('oni(i:I9TULA# /u a+*u(n'u* 8uu* )( :(s'. :is'u*a s'r,a'( :ar7o6ia# /api'a*a Po*oni(i.ODER BODRA /o*(/'(a5


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Cu /(i 20 Qm (s'( a* )oi*(a mar( /urs a* Europ(i# iar /ons'ru/ia /ana*u*ui /ar(-* *(a )(Main 7i R4in a /r(a' o mar( a )( 'ranspor' +*u6ia* /( 'ai( Europa (s' " 6(s'.C(*( 'r(i mari s(/'oar( sun'=

Curu% u!#r&r =a%!&)

Din Munii P)ur(a N(ar s( +orm(a5 Dunr(a Bprin /on+*u(na ruri*or 8(r 7i 8ria/4 *aDonau(rs/4in(n iar pn *a 8ra'is*a6a 7i +orm(a5 /ursu* sup(rior. P( a/(as' poriun(a)un ap(*( /ar( /o,oar )( p( 6(rsan'u* nor)i/ a* Muni*or A*pi= Riss# Min)(*# Inn B/ar( 6a)u,*a )(,i'u* Dunrii& ('/. D( *a U*m (s'( na6ia,i*. 9'r,a'( G(rmania# Aus'ria# 9*o6a/ia 7i/api'a*(*( :i(na 7i 8ra'is*a6a.

Curu% &9%&u =!a&)9( )(s+7oar n'r( 8ra'is*a6a 7i 8a5ia7 7i )r(n(a5 Cmpia Panoni/. Ai/i prim(7'( /(i maiimpor'ani a+*u(ni ai si= Dra6a# 9a6a B/ar( s',a'( Zar(,# /api'a*a Coai(i Tisa 7i Mora6a.Tisa a)un ruri /( p*(a/ )in Carpaii Romn(7'i pr(/um 9om(7# Cri7 B/u pa'ru i56oar( nMunii Apus(ni= 8ar/u# Cri7u* R(p()(# Cri7u* N(ru 7i Cri7u* A*, Mur(7 7i 8(a.

9'r,a'( Unaria# Croaia# 9(r,ia 7i /api'a*(*( 8u)ap(s'a 7i 8(*ra).

Curu% &'#r&r =!"&)9( )(s+7oar )( *a 8a5ia7 pn *a 9u*ina. Es'( /ursu* romn(s/ a* +*u6iu*ui p( o *unim( )(10H Qm# mar/n) rani(*( Romni(i /u 9(r,ia# 8u*aria# R(p. Mo*)o6a 7i U/raina. Ar( >su,s(/'oar(.

3u(#"ru% D#'&%#u% Du*r&&)(,u'(a5 *a 8a5ia7 7i in( pn *a ,ara3u* Pori*( )( Fi(r I(s'( s(/'oru* mon'an a* +*u6iu*ui# )(oar(/( a/(s'a 7i +orm(a5 un impr(siona' )(+i*(u Bnumi'D(+i*(u* Pori*( )( Fi(r sau Ca5an(& prin /ar( s(/ion(a5 Carpaii O//i)(n'a*ia*,ia +*u6iu*ui# nain'(# (ra s'n/oas 7i +*u6iu* 7i +orma num(roas( 6r'(3uri /( nr(unauna6iaia +*u6ia*/ons'ru/ia ,ara3u*ui 7i am(na3ar(a *a/u*ui )( a/umu*ar( Bmpr(un /u 9(r,ia& au n*'ura'a/(s'( n(a3unsurin pr(5(n'# na6iaia ,(n(+i/(a5 )( por'uri pr(/um Mo*)o6a Nou 7i Or7o6a# )ar 7i )( unsis'(m )u,*u )( (/*u5( p(n'ru )(p7ir(a ,ara3u*ui

,ara3u* ar( o pu'(r( (n(r('i/ ins'a*a' )( 2000 M B3um'a'( r(6(nin) 9(r,i(i& 7i )( o par'(/arosa,i* )( i(7ir( n 9(r,ia

prim(7'( Timi7# N(ra 7i C(rna

3#"ru% Lua Du*r&&/on'inu 'ras(u* )( *a ,ara3u* Pori*( )( Fi(r I pn *a C*ra7i+*u6iu* s(par Cmpia Romn )( Po)i7u* Pr(,a*/ani/

par'(a )inspr( Cmpia Romn in/*u)( o *un/ )in /( n /( mai *ar Bpn *a 10 Qm /ar( p(s(/iuni *ari a +os' )(s(/a' 7i n)iui' p(n'ru ari/u*'ur

par'(a ,u*ar# )inspr( Po)i7u* Pr(,a*/ani/# (s'( mai a,rup' /uprin5n) /u(s'a Bmarin(a,rup'& a/(s'ui po)i7a*,ia )(6in( )in /( n /( mai *ar# iar a)n/im(a p(rmi'( na6iaia na6(*or /u un p(s/a3 pn*a 2 m Bp(s/a3# par'( a na6(i /( s( s/u+un) )a'ori' r(u'ii&am(na3ri*( an'ropi/( mai /uprin) un un ,ara3 B,ara3u* Pori*( )( Fi(r II# n /o*a,orar( /u9(r,ia& 7i un *a/ )( a/umu*ar( BLa/u* Os'ro6u Mar( )ar 7i un po) ru'i(r 7i +(ro6iar n'r(

Giuriu 7i Rus( Bn 8u*aria& numi' Po)u* Pri('(ni(iprim(7'( !iu# O*'# Ar(7 B/u a+*u(n'u* Dm,o6ia /ar( s'r,a'( 8u/ur(7'i&


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3#"ru% :*%+&%# Du*r&&a/(s' s(/'or (s'( n 'o'a*i'a'( romn(s/# n'r( C*ra7i 7i 8ri*as( a+* n par'(a (s'i/ a Cmpi(i Romn( Bs(/'oru* )( su,si)(n *a *imi'a /u Po)i7u*Do,ro(i

*un/a (s'( +oar'( *ar B*imi*( a'in 2 " ;0 Qm& 7i in/*u)( num(roas( os'roa6( Binsu*( p(/ursu* unui ru&n'r( a/(s'(a supra+(( mari au 8a*'a Ia*omi(i B)(s(/a' 7i n)iui'& 7i Insu*a Mar( a 8ri*(i+*u6iu* ar( num(roas( rami+i/ri B)a'ori' pan'(i )( s/ur(r( mi/&J /(*( mai impor'an'( sun'=

prima ,i+ur/ar( in/*u)( n'r( Dunr( 7i 8rau* 8or/(a B6(s'i/& 8a*'a Ia*omi(i# iar /(a )(-a)ou ,i+ur/ai( in/*u)( n'r( Dunr( 7i 8rau* M/in B(s'i/& Insu*a Mar( a 8ri*(ia*'( am(na3ri an'ropi/( n a/(as'a 5on sun'= po)uri*( 7i /ana*u* +*u6ia*/(* mai *un po) naiona* (s'( ru'i(r 7i +(ro6iar n'r( F('(7'i 7i C(rna6o) numi' Po)u* Caro* IBs(/on)a' )( un po) mu5(u numi' An4(* 9a*in& 7i po)u* ru'i(r )in'r( Giur(ni 7i Po)u Oiinumi' E0/ana*u* +*u6ia* s( )(sprin)( )( *a C(rna6o) pn *a Cons'ana-Ai(a B>#H Qm&J o ramur

porn(7'( )( *a Po)u A*, pn *a Mi)ia-N6o)ariprim(7'( Ia*omia

3#"ru% Du*r#a ar&"&*(s'( s(/'oru* u*'im )in 'ras(u* )anu,ian ('ins )( *a 8ri*a pn *a 9u*ina+*u6iu* (s'( n/a)ra' )( o *un/ m*7'inoas )(56o*'a' n'r( Po)i7u* Do,ro(i 7i Cmpia8u/(au*ui Bu/rain(an iar *a /ap' s( )(56o*' o /mpi( +*u6io-*a/us'r= D(*'a Dunriia*,ia +*u6iu*ui ar( *imi maim(# a)n/im( /( p(rmi'( p(s/a3 )( H m Bsu+i/i(n' 7i p(n'ru na6(mari'im( )( mar( 'ona3& 7i )(,i' maim Ba'' a* ap(i# /' 7i a* ma'(ria*(*or a+*a'( n susp(nsi(

pn n )(*'&prim(7'( u*'imii mari a+*u(ni= 9ir(' Bru* /u /(* mai mar( )(,i' n Romnia " 222 mbs& 7i Pru'n )r(p'u* *o/a*i'ii P'*(an/a Dunr(a s( ,i+ur/ n 8rau* C4i*ia B/(* mai nou# /u /(* maimar( 6o*um )( ap 'ranspor'a'= 0 7i /(* mai *un= 11H Qm& 7i 8rau* Tu*/(a B*un )( 1H Qm&8rau* Tu*/(a s( ,i+ur/ *a rn)u* su n 8rau* 9u*ina B)( ; Qm *unim( 7i sinuru* na6ia,i*)(oar(/( a +os' r(/'i+i/a' 7i (s'( /on'inuu )raa'& 7i n 8rau* 9+n'u* G4(or4( B*un )( 10KQm&

A!#%# "*"*"ar#R(pr(5in' a/umu*ri )( ap n )(pr(siuni a*( s/oar(i numi'( cuvete lacustre. A/(s'(a s-au+orma' )i+(ri'# )( un)( 7i 6ari('a'(a mar( a 'ipuri*or )( *a/uri.

Laur&%# 2%a&ar#9-au +orma' n )(pr(siuni*( spa'( )( 4(ari B/on'in(n'a*i sau mon'ani&. Z(/i )( mii )( *a/urisun' n par'(a )( nor) a Europ(i )( na'ur *a/iar n Cmpia La/us'r " Fin*an)(5# par'(a )(nor) a Cmpi(i Europ(i )( Es'# prin'r( Co*in(*( Ma5uri(i 7i Co*in(*( Pom(rani(i ('/. C(* main'ins *a/ (urop(an (s'(4acul 4adoga# urma' )( a*'( mari *a/uri= 2nega, 56nern, 56ttern,

#6laren, /aimaa('/.?n muni *a/uri*( *a/iar( sun' puin n'ins(# )ar au a)n/imi mariJ4acul 7eneva, 4acul

*oden, 4acul $omo, 4acul 7arda, 4acul #aggiore, 4acul *lea, 4acul *ucura, 4acul8noaga, 4acul $apra, 4acul .odragu ('/.

Laur& "#"

9-au +orma' prin *sar(a unor s(m(n'( )( s/oar n 5on(*( pu'(rni/ +a*ia'(. C(* mai n'ins *a/'(/'oni/ (s'(*alaton. ?n P(n. 8a*/ani/ sun' *a/uri*( 2hrid7i.respa. i *a/u* )( rani


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Europa " Asia##area $aspics( a+* n'r-o )(pr(siun( '(/'oni/ si'ua' mu*' su, ni6(*u*O/(anu*ui P*an('ar= - 2 m.

Laur& /u%aD(pr(siun(a *a/u*ui /or(spun)( n /a5u* a/(s'ora /ra'(ru*ui 6u*/ani/. La/uri*( 6u*/ani/( au

)im(nsiuni mi/i 7i s( a+* n Masi6u* C(n'ra* Fran/(5# Masi6u* R(nan Bun)( +orm(a5 maar(Munii Ap(nini B4acul rasimeno7i4acul *olseno Munii Carpai B4acul /f! na&.

La2u# 4& %&aur&9un' *a/uri *i'ora*( un)( /or)oan(*( )( nisip numi'( rin)uri au n/4is +os'( o*+uri marin(#r(sp(/'i6 uri*( )( 6rsar( a*( unui ru. D( mari )im(nsiuni (s'(4aguna &azim, 4aguna/zcecin, 4aguna 5eneia('/.

Laur&%# a"r!A/(s'(a au +os' am(na3a'( )( om 7i au mai mu*'( +orm(= *a/uri 4i)ro(n(r('i/(# ia5uri#4(*(7'((# ,a5in( )( ap# *a/uri )( ar(m(n' ('/.

C(* mai n'ins *a/ )( a/umu*ar( a* Europ(i s( a+* p( :o*a# numi' &bins9. To' p( :o*a sun'*a/uri*( /amara7i 5olgograd. P( Dunr( s( a+*4acul .orile de ier# p( Nipru s( a+*4acul

:remenciuc('/.

A!#%# u("#ra#A/(s'(a sun' a/umu*ri )( ap n'r( porii ro/i*or. Dup ni6(*u* *a /ar( s( a+* 7i *a posi,i*i'i*()( apro6i5ionar( /u ap (is' )ou ni6(*uri )( ap su,'(ran=apa freatic# aproap( )( supra+a 7i pu'(rni/ in+*u(na' )( apa in+i*'ra'apa de adncime# /ap'i6 n'r( s'ra'uri )( ro/i. 9( poa'( min(ra*i5a +ormn) ap( mineralenMasi6u* C(n'ra* Fran/(5# Masi6u* R(nan# Carpaii Ori(n'a*i ('/.# sau s( poa'( n/*5i +ormn)ap( '(rma*( n Cmpia Panoni/# Munii Dinari/i# Po)i7u* Is*an)(5. ?n I. Is*an)a +orm(a5i56oar( ar'(5i(n( numi'(gheizere!

G0#+ar&&9un' a/umu*ri )( 4(a n r(iuni*( /u '(mp(ra'ur m()i( su, 0cC. Form(a5 4(arimon'ani n Munii Pirin(i 7i Munii A*pi 7i 4(ari /on'in(n'a*i B)( /a*o'& n Insu*a Is*an)a 7iInsu*(*( 96a*,ar). C(* mai n'ins 4(ar a* Europ(i (s'( 5atna 1o9ull.Mar(a N(arEs'( o mare intracontinentalsi'ua' n'r( Europa B*a 6(s' 7i *a nor)& 7i Asia B*a (s' 7i *a su)&.9upra+aa )(p7(7'( >0 mii QmW# +iin) a )ou /a mrim( n'r( mri*( in'ra/on'in(n'a*(.

G##6aEs'( un r(s' a* unui 6(/4i o/(an " O/(anu* T4('s# 7i a* Mrii 9arma'i/(. G*a/iaiun(a a impusnum(roas( r('ra(ri a*( ap(*or# su//()a'( )( ri)i/ri a*( a/(s'ora /ar( s( r(+*(/' n '(ras(*(ruri*or /ar( s-au a)n/i' /on+orm /u ni6(*u* 5(ro a* mrii. Pr,u7ir(a s/oar(i n )r(p'u*s'rm'orii 8os+or i-a p(rmis *('ura /u Mar(a M()i'(ran.

R#%'u% (a6&u%u& ar&R(*i(+u* /uprin)( 'r(i 'r(p'( /ar( /o,oar )( *a ni6(*u* 5(ro m('ri.P*a'+orma /on'in(n'a* (s'( prima 'r(ap' si'ua' n'r( 0 7i " 200 m. Ar( *rim( n par'(a )(

N: prin Go*+u* O)(ssa 7i n par'(a )( N prin Mar(a A5o6 Bmar( )( 'ip mrina7&. ?n )r(p'u*Romni(i )oar /ursu* su,marin a* 8rau*ui 9+. G4(or4( +orm(a5 o )is/on'inui'a'( a

r(*i(+u*ui a*'+(* n('() 7i u7or n/*ina'. P*a'+orma /on'in(n'a* a par'i/ipa' prin /ara/'(ris'i/i*(sa*( *a +ormar(a D(*'(i Dunrii.


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A,rup'u* /on'in(n'a* B'a*u5u*& (s'( a )oua 'r(ap' si'ua' n'r( " 200 m 7i " 100# -100 m. Es'(apropia' )( rm n par'(a su)i/.Cmpia a,isa* (s'( u*'ima 'r(ap' )( r(*i(+ n'r( " 100# -100 m 7i -2211 B-22>& m#a)n/im(a maim a mrii. Ar( asp(/' n('().%rmu* (s'( puin on)u*a'. ?n par'(a nor)i/#.en! $rimeean/4i)( Mar(a A5o6 n /ar( s(

p'run)( prin /tr! :erci. Puin( insu*( s( (6i)(nia5J;! +erpilorBU/raina-le /acalinBRomnia&. 7olful 2dessa7i 7olful /inops( (6i)(nia5 /a p'run)(ri )( ap n spaiu*us/a'u*ui.

D&a&a a!#%rMar((*( sun' n(ns(mna' 7i mi/i /a n*im(. A/(s' *u/ru s( )a'or(a5 /ara/'(ru*ui n/4is *amrii. Fora mi/ a a/(s'ora a +os' un +a/'or *a +ormar(a 7i ps'rar(a D(*'(i Dunrii.:a*uri*( sun' )a'ora'( 6n'uri*or# mai a*(s a /(*or )( NE. Au n*imi )( 2-> m# iar p( 'imp )(+ur'un s( po' ri)i/a *a - m.Cur(nii marini sun'=cureni de suprafaa# /r(ai )( 6n'u* )( NE. 9( +orm(a5 )ou in(*( n ,a5in(*( mrii Bunu* n

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