: WHEN MEMORY LAPSES
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Transcript of : WHEN MEMORY LAPSES
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HUH?: WHEN MEMORY LAPSES
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Hermann Ebbinghaus tested memory
Created Forgetting Curve: graphs retention and forgetting over time
Showed steep drop in retention within hours of learning
EBBINGHAUS’S FORGETTING CURVE
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Retention: proportion of material retained
3 principle methods for measuring forgetting: recall, recognition, and relearning
MEASURING FORGETTINGFORGETTING
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DEF: requires subjects to reproduce info on their own w/o any cues
RECALL
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DEF: requires subjects to select previously learned info from any array of options
Yield higher scores than recall
RECOGNITION
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DEF: requires a subject to memorize info a 2nd time to determine how much time or effort is saved by having learned it before
Compare time spent learning the 1st time with time spent learning same material a 2nd time
RELEARNING
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Pseudoforgetting—due to ineffective encoding (penny test)
Decay theory: forgetting occurs b/c memory traces fade with time
Interference theory: people forget info b/c of competition from other material
2 types of interference: 1) retroactive interference: when new info impairs
the retention of previously learned info2) proactive interference: when previously learned
info interferes w/retention of new info
WHY WE FORGET
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Retrieval failureEncoding specificity principle: the value of a retrieval
cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code
Transfer appropriate processing: occurs when the initial processing of info is similar to the type of processing required by the subsequent measure of retention
Motivated forgetting: tendency to forget things one doesn’t want to think about
Freud called this Repression: keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious
WHY WE FORGET CONTINUED
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IN SEARCH OF THE MEMORY TRACE: THE
PHYSIOLOGY OF MEMORY
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Specific memories may depend on biochemical changes at specific synapses (alterations in synaptic transmission)
Neurotransmitters may help with storage of new info
BIOCHEMISTRY OF MEMORY
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Memories may create unique, reusable neural pathways
Long-term pontentiation: a long lasting increase in neural excitability at synapses along a specific neural pathway
NEURAL CIRCUITRY OF MEMORY
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Studies in organic amnesia give clues2 basic types of amnesia:1)Retrograde: loss of memories for events that
occurred prior to the onset of amnesia2)Anterograde: loss of memories for events that
occur after the onset of amnesiaStudies in amnesia have shown the hippocampal
region is critical for LTM and Consolidation: a hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of info into durable memory codes stored in LTM
ANATOMY OF MEMORY
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ARE THERE MULTIPLE MEMORY SYSTEMS?
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Implicity memory: type of memory apparent when retention is exhibited on a task that does not require intentional remembering
Explicit memory: intentional recollection of previous experiences
IMPLICIT VS. EXPLICIT MEMORY
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Declarative memory system: handles factual information
Procedural memory system: houses memory for actions, skills, operations, and conditioned responses
DECLARATIVE VS. PROCEDURAL MEMORY
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Episodic memory system: made up of chronological, or temporally dated, recollections of personal experiences
Semantic memory system: contains general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the info was learned
SEMANTIC VS. EPISODIC MEMORY
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Prospective memory: involves remembering to perform actions in the future
Retrospective memory: remembering events from the past or previously learned info
PROSPECTIVE VS. RETROSPECTIVE MEMORY