WORLD WAR II

It Is Important For You to Know!

The impact of the Treaty of Versailles and economic depression

Totalitarian regimes (Germany, Japan, Italy) The rise of military power in Japan Fascism vs. Communism The influence of propaganda FDR and Hitler come into office 1933 Hitler’s justification of military aggression 1930’s US Isolationism Policy of “appeasement” US steps from isolationism to international

involvements (1930’s) US entrance into war

It Is Important For You to Know!

Post war plans among Allied leaders Critical role of European battles :

Operation Torch, Stalingrad, D-Day and the Battle of the Bulge

Battles in the Pacific's theater : Midway, Iwo Jima, Okinawa

Decision to drop the “atomic bomb” Role of the Soviet Union in the Pacific

theater

It Is Important For You to Know!

US war mobilization – war bond drives, rationing

Impact of the war on women and minorities

Racial and ethnic tensions during the war (use of internment camps)

Events surrounding the Holocaust Nuremburg War Crimes Trials Scientific and technological developments Impact of the war on the standard of living Impact on demographic patterns

AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY:

1920-1941

Foreign Policy Tensions

Interventionism

Disarmament

• Collective security

• “Wilsonianism”

• Business interests

• Isolationism

• Nativists

• Anti-War movement

• Conservative Republicans

Dawes Plan (1924)

FDR’s “Good Neighbor” Policy

Important to have all nations in the Western Hemisphere united in lieu of foreign aggressions.

FDR The good neighbor respects himself and the rights of others.

Policy of non-intervention and cooperation.

Neutrality Acts: 1935, 1936, 1937

When the President proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect:

Prohibited sales of arms to belligerent nations.

Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent nations.

Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations at war [in contrast to WW I].

Non-military goods must be purchased on a “cash-and-carry” basis pay when goods are picked up.

Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War. This limited the options of the President in a crisis.

America in the 1930s declined to build up its forces!

Causes of WW II

Rise of totalitarian govt. Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini Fascism / Nazism (Third Reich) Pre War aggression and appeasement Mussolini invades Ethiopia; Hitler advances into

Rhineland, annexed Austria, right to annex W. Czechoslovakia

Munich Pact – France and Great Britain agreed to terms w/ Hitler along w/ a promise of no more aggression

PM Chamberlain said this was a “peace with honor”

Rise of Japan

1931, Japan’s democracy collapsed Under military power, occupied province

of Manchuria China felt compelled to sign a treaty with

Japan 1937, Japan began to seize the rest of

China 1940, Germany, Italy, and Japan form the

Axis Powers

Europe after World War I

1. World War I caused the deaths of millions and the destruction of numerous cities and farms. The European economy was in ruins.

2. The Treaty of Versailles left many European nations unhappy.

• France thought the treaty was too easy on Germany.• Italy had been on the winning side of the war but was

ignored during the peace talks. They had hoped to gain territory.

3. Germany was most affected by the Treaty of Versailles. • Germany gave up control of some of its land, including

some important industrial areas.• German was forced to pay reparations to other

countries, which led to a period of severe inflation.

4. The Weimer Republic was not a strong government.• It faced opposition from the Communists and the far

right.• The German military was greatly reduced in size and

power.

- He created a totalitarian state, in which the Nazi’s controlled every aspect of German society.

- Hitler built up his armed forces, in violation of the Versailles Treaty.

- Jews had their German citizenship taken away, they were forbidden from using public facilities, and they were removed from most types of work.

- Citizens must always obey the government, and the government could not be criticized.

Hitler’s policies:

US Neutrality

Neutrality Act 1935 – prohibited sale of weapons

Quarantine Speech – (1937) Roosevelt called for a “quarantine” against aggressor nations

War Starts

Sept 1939, Hitler invaded Poland using “blitzkrieg”

Great Britain and France declared war on Germany Sept 3, 1939

May 10, 1940german forces began a blitzkrieg across Belgium, Netherlands, and France

June 1940, France surrendered

US Involvement

Roosevelt claimed “If great Britain goes down, all of us in the Americas would be living at the point of a gun. We must be

the great arsenal of democracy” Lend – Lease Act Atlantic Charter – Churchill and Roosevelt

agreed on principles of war ; eventually serves as foundation for United Nations

The Events of War

North Africa and Italy Operation Torch Stalingrad D-Day Battle of the Bulge V-E Day / V-J Day Bataan death March Battle of Midway Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Key facts on WW II

Dwight Eisenhower George Patton Joseph Stalin Winston Churchill Douglas MacArthur Harry S Truman

More Key Facts

Unconditional surrender Puppet government Tehran Conference Yalta Conference (Yalta Declaration) Big Three Kamikazes Manhattan Project Potsdam Declaration

Hiroshima

The Bombing of Hiroshima

Destruction of Hiroshima

The Victims

Orphaned Children

The Epicenter

The Effects

The Effects

Total War

The Victims

Peace Memorial Hiroshima

Hiroshima Now

A Reminder

Peace Memorial Park

Sadako

Four Freedoms“We look forward to a world founded upon four

essential human freedoms. The first is freedom of speech and expression--everywhere in the world. The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way-- everywhere in the world. The third is freedom from want . . . everywhere in the world. The fourth is freedom from fear . . . anywhere in the world”--President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Message to Congress, January 6, 1941

War At Home

1940, Congress authorized Selective Service Act , first peace time draft

Govt. realized they needed to keep morale and public support

Govt will pay for patriotic posters, movie theaters showed news reels

War Production Board led the switch from peacetime production to wartime production

Economic result was a boom and increased standard of living

Called on citizens to make sacrifices; income taxes increased, (intro withholding tax); sell of war bonds; people grew victory gardens; started rationing of supplies and the public was forced to conserve

Women and Minorities

WAC – (Women’s Army Corps) 275,000 women served in the war

1 million African Americans were drafted or volunteered ; found themselves banned from combat roles; casualties changed that policy

Tuskegee Airmen – most notable; a black squadron of fighter pilots, they successfully protected every single bomber they escorted during war

“Code Talkers” – marines developed a code for communication based on Navajo language; Navajo marines will serve

1943, Japanese were accepted into the military; the 442nd served valiantly in Europe and became the most decorated unit in US history

Rosie the Riveter

Women became an important part in the workforce at home

a popular song of the day was “Rosie the Riveter” - described a women who worked in a factory as a riveter while her boyfriend served in the marines

Became the symbol of women who entered the workforce to fill the gap left vacnt

Racial Tensions

Zoot Suit Riots – riots that broke out in 1943 in Los Angeles targeting Hispanics ; a similar riot took place in Detroit

Many African Americans called for a “double v”; began more open and bold challenges to segregation at home

Japanese Americans – 1942, FDR ordered (Executive Order 9066) ordered all Japanese Americans away from military bases, more then 100,000 were forced from their homes and businesses and sent to remote places (internment camps)

1944, Fred Korematsu challenged this is in Korematsu vs. US; SC ruled that it was not unconstitutional

Holocaust

Anti-Semitism – led to Hitler’s rise Portrayed Jews as problems for Germany’ financial

problems Began to implement laws that discriminated “Final Solution” to the “Jewish Problem” Jews were sent to concentration camps Roughly 6 million were killed Nuremburg Trials began in Nov 1945 and placed

Nazi war criminals on trial ; several were sentenced to death and others sent to prison for life

More than 2,000 war crimes trials took place between Japan and Europe