Rules Group leader Laptop Color pens, tapes,

papers, big size post it notes

Recording Notes taking Questioning Profile Survey Consultation Thinking Map SG notes TeLi Time References

1. Get one sketch book (at least 14 sheets)2. Before class, prepare your Thinking Map3. You may add during class discussion4. Credits will be given

Top 5 I am STUCK !!! GOT it!!

1

2

3

4

5

1.Appoint a TeLi person during every class session (class leader)

2.Present new terms for the day 3.Briefly define the terms

Assessment

Laboratory reports 5-6 10%

Mini project 1 10%

Presentations/Assignments/Project 2-3 20%

Test 1 1 10%

Test 2 1 10%

Final examination - 40%Total 100%

1. Form into 4 in a group.

2. A group will be selected to present lab work of the day

3. Report may be submitted via these modes (will be announced later)

1. End class presentation

2. Blog / websites

3. Journal format

1. Form into 4-5 members in a group

2. Task will be posted in MyGuru2/Class

3. Presentations may be in form of…

1. Life presentation

2. Video presentation

3. Blog/Websites

4. LeT Kits

5. Performing Arts

6. Mapping

What is What is Biochemistry ?Biochemistry ?

1 minute discussion with your pair

A scientific discipline to explain life at the molecular level uses the tools and terminology of chemistry to describe the

various feature of living things offer insights into the treatment of diseases e.g. cancer,

diabetes etc. Offer answers to :

e.g. what are we made of?

how do we work?

why we react in a certain way?

1. Biomolecule

2. Water chemistry

3. Protein : Structure & metabolism

4. Enzyme : Properties & Kinetics

5. Carbohydrate : structure & metabolism

6. Lipid : Classes & Metabolism

7. Aerobic metabolism

At the end of this topic, you should be able to :

1. Name the common functional groups2. Name the linkages in biological molecules3. Draw the general molecular structure of

biomolecules4. Explain the process of oxidation and reduction

What do you know….

the process of oxidation and reduction

1 minute discussion with your pair

• Biomolecules are compound of carbon and hydrogen (CH)

• Four major classes of biomolecules & building blocks:

What are the functions of biomolecules:

1. Synthesize larger molecules

2. Carry out special biological functions e.g ATP

3. Take part in complex reaction pathways

1. Carbohydrate sugars2. Protein amino acids3. Lipids fatty acids4. Nucleic acids nucleotides

http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/asguru/biology/02biologicalmolecules/02carbohydrates/15monosaccharides/index.shtml

Biomolecules

• Chemical properties of molecule are depend on by specific arrangement of atoms

= functional groups

• Most biomolecules contain more than 1 fn gp.

e.g. sugar molecules

Several hydroxyl gp

Aldehyde gp

Sugar and carbohydrates

• Contain alcohol groups & aldehydes/ketones

• Simple/monomer : monosaccharide

glucose, fructose, ribose, galactose

• Polymer: polysaccharide

starch & cellulose; glycogen

• Complex :

nucleotide : contain ribose / deoxyribose

glycoprotein : protein contain carbohydrate

glycolipid : lipid contain carbohydrate.

      

       

or

              

      

D-glucose an aldose

an aldohexose

or

                  

    

D-fructose a ketose

 a ketohexose

*

*

Monosaccharides are connected by GLYCOSIDIC BOND via the process of dehydration

C4C1

Glycosidic bond

Amino acids, peptides and protein

• A.a. contains :

1. amino group

2. carboxylic acid group

3. side chain gp/R group

Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds

Polypeptides : peptides ( up to 50 a.a)

protein (longer)

Fatty acids and lipids

• Contain :

1. one carboxylic acid

2. with long HC chain

•Are monocarboxylic acids

• Usually contain even number of C atoms

• water insoluble

• E storage

Alkyl gp

Contains

C & H atoms

Carboxyl gpRCH2 C

O

OH

• Monounsaturated f.a. = contain one double bond

• Polyunsaturated f.a. = contain two or more double bond

• Saturated f.a = only single bond (saturated with hydrogens!)

• one carboxylic acid with even C number & no branching

Fatty acids are combined with one glycerol to form a fat

molecule triglycerol // triacylglycerol //TAG

Through a process :esterification/dehydration/condensation

Nucleotides and nucleic acids

Contain :

1. 5C sugar

2. A nitrogenous base

3. Phosphate gp.

Base consist of purine or pyrimidine.

e.g. ATP

e.g. DNA/ RNA

Complementary base pairing

DNA : A-T ; C-G

RNA: A-U ; C-G;

Assembling small molecules into polymeric macromolecules needs energy

Breaking polymeric molecules into smaller molecule produces energy

BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES

All life processes consist of chemical reaction catalyzed by enzymes

What are the primary functions of metabolism?

1. To acquire and use energy

2. To synthesize molecules needed for cellular structure &

function

3. For growth & development

4. To remove waste & other toxins

Biochemical reactions involve enzyme catalysis

Most common reaction types:

1. Nucleophilic substitution

2. Elimination

3. Addition

4. Isomerization

5. Oxidation-reduction / redox reaction

Nucleophilic substitution

Def: one atom or gp substituted for another

R CO

CH2CO

SCoA

R CO

SCoA CH3CO

SCoA

CoA-SH+

+

Sulfur nucleophile attacks C=O

Nucleophilic Substitution-acyl

Addition: two molecules combine to give one. One molecule usually multiple bonded.

OCO

OCO

CC

HH

OCO

OCO

CCH2

HOH+ H2O

Addition occurs at C=C

hydration

Elimination - a molecule loses atoms usually in the form of a small molecule like

water.

OCO

CCH2

HOH

OPO32-

OCO

CCH2

OPO32-

+H2O

Water is lost to form phosphoenolpyruvate

PGA PEP

Isomerization: molecule rearranges atoms

OCO

CCH2

HOH

OPO32-

OCO

CCH2

HOPO3

2-OH

3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate

Hydrolysis: water cleaves (splits) a covalent bond and inserts itself.

CH2OHCCH2

HOHOH

COH RO

CO RO

CH2O

C

CH2

H O

CO RO

CO RO

+ 3 H2O

+ 3

Hydrolysis of a fat

In biochemistry redox reactions are usually recognized by the following

changes:

• Oxidation occurs when a molecule loses two hydrogens and/or gains an

oxygen. (-2H & +O @ -2H @ +O)

• Reduction occurs when a molecule gains two hydrogens and/or loses

an oxygen. ( +2H & -O @ +2H @ -O)

Oxidation-reduction

Open up your text book: find out what is oxidation and reduction.

Oxidation CCH OHCH3

OO

CC OCH3

OO

NAD+

NADH + H+lactate puruvate

• Lactate is oxidized.• NAD+ is oxidizing agent.

ReductionCH3C -OH

IIO

CH3CH2 -OH

Acetic acid Ethyl alcohol

•Reduction occur as a molecule loses oxygen and /or gain hydrogen

End of lecture

Please check the learning outcomes