** RFID

*Whats RFID ?RFID Radio Frequency Identification:The use of radio communications to identify a physical objectA subset of general field of Auto-ID:Examples are barcode, Biometric, Smart card...

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*Elements of RFID SystemTagAlso known as transponderNormally attached to an identified objectContains (at least) an ID numberReaderAlso known as interrogatorRead/Write data into a tagProvides interface to computer/ network

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*RFID vs. Bar CodeBarcode is line-of-sight technology. Barcode labels must be visible to the scanner.RFID doesnt require line-of-sight. RFID tags can be read as long as they are within range of a reader.RFID identifies a unique item.Barcodes identify only the manufacture and product code, not the unique item.

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*How RFID systems work ?RFID tag gets into reading device's electromagnetic field. Tag receives the signal which energizes the passive tag Tag transmits the data stored in the IC in return Reader passes the information to the host system*

*Types of RFIDRFID performance and applications are determined by several key distinctions:Passive vs. activeHow is the transponder powered? Frequencies band usedLow vs. high frequency Communications protocolsProprietary vs. standard-compliantRead-only vs. read/write

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*Active TagRadio transmitter with batterylong range (up to 30 m)limited lifetime (battery)range independent of environment*battery

*Passive TagNo batteryshort range (up to 1.2 m)unlimited lifetime (no battery)range dependent of environment*

*RFID for Item Management Target Frequencies*10 kHz100 kHz1 MHz10 MHz100 MHz1 GHz6.8 MHz2.45 GHz125kHz, 134 kHz13.56 MHz5.8 GHz433 MHz10 GHz915 MHz

*LF: 125/134 KHzAdvantages:Penetrates water and tissue readilyPenetrated thin layers of non-ferrous metalSimple, inexpensive IC technologyDisadvantages:Short read rangeComparable to antenna size, typically< 0.5 meter(relatively) expensive transponderCoil with 10s or 100s of turns, optional ferrite coreUS$3 to $8 typ. For animal applicationsLow data ratesLimited by modulation bandwidth(

*HF: 13.56 MHzAdvantages:Limited water penetrationSimple, small transponder3-8 turn coil, can be made lithographicallyCompatible with credit-card formatSimple, inexpensive IC technologyDisadvantages:Short read range Comparable to antenna size, typically

*UHF: 850-950 MHzAdvantages:Long rangeUp to 10 meters (passive), 30 meters(semi-passive), 300 meters (active)High data ratesUp to 256 KbpsDisadvantages:Complex IC technologyComplex propagation environmentUnpredictable read results at range > 1 mBackscatter couplingComplex regulatory environmentTypical applications:Supply chain managementCase/pallet tagsBaggage handling

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*UHF/Microwave: 2.4 GHzAdvantages:Long rangeUp to 3 meters (passive), 10 meters(semi-passive), 100 meters (active)High data ratesUp to MbpsSmaller transponderAntenna on order of /2 = 6 cmDisadvantages:Complex IC technologyShorter range due to smaller antennalimited lifetime (Depend of battery)Backscatter coupling :Other RF devices can interfere with reader2.45 GHz band heavily used worldwideTypical applications:E-toll correction Container tracking *

*UHF RFID Spectrum AllocationUHF FrequenciesEurope: 865-869 MHz (Power limit @ 2W (e.r.p.*))USA: 902-928 MHz (Power limit @ 4W (e.i.r.p.**))Korea: 908.5914 MHz (Power limit @ 4W (e.i.r.p.**))Singapore:866-869 & 923-925 MHz (Power limit @ 0.5W)Japan: 952-955 MHz (Power limit @ 0.02W (e.i.r.p.**))Thailand:920-925 MHz (Power limit @ 4W (e.i.r.p) ***) *Reference: The 2nd Meeting of the APT Wireless Forum AWF-2/09(Rev.2) document* effective radiated power** effective isotropic radiated power*** Peirp = Perp * 1.64

** RFID tag

*RFID tag1. Chip: holds information about the physical object to which the tag is attached.

2. Antenna: transmits information to a reader (e.g., handheld, warehouse portal, store shelf) using radio waves.

3. Packaging: encases the chip and antenna so that tag can be attached to physical object.*

*Tag Construction FormatsDisks and coins

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*Glass housing

*Glass tubes of just 12-32 mm contain a microchip mounted upon a carrier (PCB) and a chip capacitor to smooth the supply current obtained. The transponder coil incorporates wire of just 0.03 mm thickness wound onto a ferrite core.

*ID-1 format, contactless smart cards

*The ID-1 format familiar from credit cards and telephone cards (85.72 mm x 54.03 mm x 0.76 mm tolerances) is becoming increasingly important for contactless smart cards in RFID systems

microchipantenna

*Smart label

*The term smart label refers to a paper-thin transponder format. In transponders of this format the transponder coil is applied to a plastic foil of just 0.1 mm thickness by screen printing or etching

*Other formats

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*Tag Cost*Tag cost (HF) estimate c.2002 (US$):IC$0.25Antenna$0.07Assembly$0.05Package$0.05Test$0.05TOTAL:$0.47Current reported UHF tag costs, volumes of 1 M:Class 0, Symbol-Matrics: $0.30 to $0.040/eachClass 1, Alien: $0.20/eachTarget: $0.05US$0.01 each for IC, antenna, inlay, assembly, testOnly feasible for volumes of billions

Source: RFID in the Real World RFID University, Summer 2004

** RFID Reader

*RFID ReaderReader consists of:Radio transmitterRadio receiverInterface to user or network hostOptions:Integral antennaIntegral processor for local filtering/ aggregationAntenna multiplexer*

*Types of ReaderModule (Chipset)OEM readerIndustrial readerPortable reader*

*Reader CostFixed reader street prices c.2004*Source: Odin Technologies, reader benchmark, spring 2004; WJ Communications

UnitAlien ALR-9780AWID2010ARMatrics AR-400SAMsys 9320ReaderUS$1,999US$700US$2,495US$4,300AntennaUS$2000US$395US$150Cables & MultiplexerUS$95US$350US$550Complete set (4 ant.)US$3,179US$3,150US$4,295US$4,900

*Some RFID Hardware CompaniesTags, cards, and labels:Alien TechnologiesAvery DennisonCheckpoint SystemsDatalogicFargo ElectronicsID Systems Inc.Omron Corp.PhilipsSymbol TechnologiesTexas InstrumentsIntermec*Readers/ Printers:Alien TechnologiesAWIDCheckpoint SystemsDatalogicDatamaxOmronPrintronixSamsysSymbol TechnologiesTexas InstrumentsIntermecZebra Technologies

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*CouplingTwo different ways of energy and information transfer between reader and tagInductive coupling (LF and HF)Backscatter coupling (UHF and Microwave)

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*Coding method for RFID*

*Modulation method for RFIDASK: Amplitude shift keying FSK: Frequency shift keying PSK: Phase shift keying

*Short/Middle waveMiddle waveMiddle wave

*Anti-collisionAbility to communicate with several transponders simultaneouslyImportant in longer range readersMust be implemented in the silicon of the RFID device

* Reader* HF < 100 tags/s, UHF up to 200 tags/s

**RFID Standard

*Smart Card Standard*

*RFID StandardIdentification cards contactless integrated circuit cardsISO 10536 (ISO SC17/WG8) - Close coupled cards ISO 14443 (ISO SC17/WG8) - Proximity cardsISO 15693 (ISO SC17/WG8) - Vicinity cardsAnimal IdentificationISO 11784 (ISO TC 23/WG19) Radio-frequency identification of animals - code structureISO 11785 (ISO TC 23/WG19) Radio-frequency identification of animals - technical conceptISO 14223 (ISO TC 23/WG19) Radio-frequency identification of animals - Advanced Transponders*ISO: International Organization for Standardizationhttp://www.RFID-handbook.de/RFID/standardization.html

*ISO/IEC 18000 Series ISO has developed RFID standards for automatic identification and item management. This standard, known as the ISO 18000 series, covers the air interface protocol for systems likely to be used to track goods in the supply chain. They cover the major frequencies used in RFID systems around the world. The seven parts are: 180001: Generic parameters for air interfaces for globally accepted frequencies180002: Air interface for 135 KHz180003: Air interface for 13.56 MHz180004: Air interface for 2.45 GHz180005: Air interface for 5.8 GHz180006: Air interface for 860 MHz to 930 MHz180007: Air interface at 433.92 MHz *

*What is the EPC?EPC is the business application of RFID technology to the supply chain. The EPC code uniquely identifies an object. It is embedded in an RFID tag attached to an object (item, cases, pallets, etc.).*Jim Petragnani, EAN.UCC System Update, PowerPoint Presentation, Aftermarket Council on Electronic Commerce, August `2, 2004.

*Developed for the Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) industry by MIT Auto-ID CenterUniform Code Council (UCC introduced bar code to retail and consumer products industries in the 1970s)Gillette CompanyProcter and Gamblemany others. *

*EPC versus UPCEPC = Electronic Product Code next generation barcode coding scheme to electronically identify consumer goods vision: enable the automated, unique identification of tagged objects developed by EPCglobal (EAN, UCC) EPC consists of UPC + serial number

UPC = Universal Product Code a unique code for every group of objects enables e.g. supermarkets to identify every product two bags of Nestl Smarties have the same UPC

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*EPC Tags*64 and 96 bit EPC tags have been definedAllows for unique IDs for 268 million companiesEach company can then have 16 million object classesEach object can have 68 billion serial numbers assigned to itExample : EPC tag

*The EPCglobal Network*Tags on Pallets12345Standards and services used to support goods flow and inventory management through the supply chainJim Petragnani, EAN.UCC System Update, PowerPoint Presentation, Aftermarket Council on Electronic Commerce, August `2, 2004.

*Opportunities From Passive RFID Tagging*

**RFID in Logistics

** Council of Logistics Management

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**~ 11%~ 9%~ 7% Logistics cost / GDP 2002~19% : .. *

Sheet:

EU

USA

East

West

North

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** RFID

* () RFID E-Seal Free Zone Electronic Seal (E-Seal) EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) 2008 *

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* 848,843 .. 2549 1 2 1 ( 100,000 x 10,000 ) RFID

*UHF RFID Tie tagUHF RFID Reader handheld

Q & A**http://www.rfid.or.th/rfid_contest2010

******************Wavelength LF : 2140 m, HF : 22 m, UHF : 33 cm, Microwave : 12.2 cm****Railcar = **************************************************Like a license plate number to the Department of Motor Vehicles, the EPC number is your unique object identifier to the supply chain. This number allows you to share information within your company, to other plants and with various trading partners. Simply put, an EPC number allows you to have the visibility you need to accurately track items in your supply chain.

**Presenter: To illustrate this slide, walk an industry specific item through the supply chain and highlight each component of the EPCglobal Network. Depending on the item, discuss track/trace, visibility into the supply chain and reductions in human error. This slide also spotlights how easy it is to share supply chain data with other plants and trading partners even those on the other side of the world.

*****Key Message: *Key Message:Value Added Factor: 3 ***