Please write the person(people) primarily responsible for the invention/progression of the...

Chapter Seventeen:Industrial Supremacy

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• Industrial TechnologiesIndustrial Technologies• America was expanding at

a rapid pace• Was becoming the true

industrial power in the world

• Alexander Graham BellAlexander Graham Bell• Thomas Edison and electric Thomas Edison and electric

powerpower• Impact of Electric PowerImpact of Electric Power

• Generators and power Generators and power gridsgrids

By the turn of the century, electricity was everywhere!Railways, elevators, factories, homes

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• Iron was taking over America• More than 40,000 mile of RR track had

been laid

• Bessemer Process• What was it?• What did it do?

• Steel began in Pittsburgh

• Close relationship with the RRs

• Rise of the Petroleum Industry

Pioneer Oil Run, 1865 (Library of Congress)

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• Creation of gasoline and internal combustion engines opened up new opportunities

• Henry Ford• Creates the first car• 1895 – 4 automobiles• 1917 – 5 million automobiles

• The Wright Brothers• 1899 – invented the first airplane• 1904 – could fly 23 miles!• 1915 – National advisory Committee on

Aeronautics is created

The Wright Brothers (Library of Congress)

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• Research and DevelopmentResearch and Development• Corporate Research and Corporate Research and

DevelopmentDevelopment

• Scientific v. Practical progressScientific v. Practical progress

Thomas Edison (Library of Congress)

•“Taylorism”• Subdivide tasks• Made workers

replaceable

• Assembly Line• Both a place and a

concept What is the

concept of an assembly line?

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Railroad was largely responsible for the increase of business Why?

1860 – 30,000 miles of track 1900 – 193,000 miles of track

Corporations What is a corporation?

Limited Liability Why does this make it easier for

businessmen and investors alike?


Railroads, 1870-1890

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1. Profiteering from the Civil War gives rise to millionaire class

2. Millionaires capitalize on Transcontinental railroad, mechanization, industrialization, & expansion of markets

3. Surplus of raw materials, cheap labor, foreign investment ENCOURAGE CAPITALISM

4. Inventions = Industrialization More Inventions More

Industrialization

ALL OF THIS GIVES RISE TO TYCOONS

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Steel is King : US pouring out 1/3 of world’s steel by 1890’s

Carnegie uses vertical integration to make more profit• Controls all means of production, eliminates

middle man

Also uses horizontal integration to eliminate competition.

Sells to JP Morgan for 450 million

Becomes a philanthropist

How do horizontal integration and vertical integration help business??

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Builds financial empire through railroads, banks, and holding companies

Buys out Carnegie and enters steel business

Uses trusts and holding companies to consolidate wealth and power• What are trusts and holding companies?

Forms US Steel Corporation – 1st ever corporation worth more than $1 billion!

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Kerosene and then Automobiles drive up US oil consumption

Rockefeller ruthlessly uses horizontal consolidation to create largest monopoly

1877 controls 95% of US’s oil refineries

Robber Baron’s Baron

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Standard Oil MonopolyBelieving that Rockefeller's Standard Oil monopoly was exercising dangerous power, this political cartoonist depicts the trust as a greedy octopus whose sprawling tentacles already ensnare Congress, state legislatures, and the taxpayer, and are reaching for the White House. (Library of Congress)

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J.P. Morgan - $139 BILLION

Andrew Carnegie - $189.6 BILLION

John D. Rockefeller - $262 BILLION

COMPARE:

Bill Gates - $56 BILLION

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Monopoly = a firm that completely controls an industry

Vertical integration = combining all phases of manufacturing in to one organization (Carnegie)

Horizontal consolidation = allying with competitors to monopolize a market (Rockefeller)

Trust = a board of directors/stockholders that coordinates companies within an industry to avoid competition

Holding company = a corporation composed of various competing enterprises within one industry (JP Morgan’s US Steel)

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Old Rich displaced by rule of the “new rich”

Gospel of Wealth – discourages helping the poor by state

Laissez faire = “let it be”

Justified by Social Darwinism – survival of the fittest

Poor are poor due to lack of initiative

Horatio Alger• What did Alger do to justify this?

Socialist Labor Party

Henry George’s “Single Tax”• Claimed that increase in land value was not

earned• These were products of societal progress• Land needs to be taxed, would destroy

monopolies• Would “redistribute wealth”

Looking Backward• Edward Bellamy• Dreamed of a world in 2000 • “fraternal cooperation” replaced competition

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o Economic Concentration Challengedo Gained momentum in societyo Complaints that they could

charge whatever they wantedo Contributed to instability

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Rapidly Expanding Working Class Where are they coming from?

Labor Contract Law What is this?

Growing Ethnic Tensions

Inspection room at Ellis Island, NY (Library of Congress)

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Urbanization

Long Work Hours and Dangerous Jobs

Children work too

Women’s roles change• Delayed marriages• Smaller families

Accentuated class division• 1900: 1/10 of US owns 9/10 of US’s wealth• 1900: 2/3 of Americans are “wage slaves”

Workers’ lives increasingly precarious

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Factories took the skill out of many positions

VERY dangerous• 1882 – 675 laborers

killed• RRs – 1 in 300

Many women and children worked to make ends meet

Children sacrificed their education

1899 – women earned $269 a year/men earned $498• That same year

Carnegie made $23 million!!

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NBC Learn VIDEO“Rise of Labor Unions”

What did the Knights of Labor do that was different from other groups?

What did the AFL focus on?

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Collective effort needed to counter trusts

“An injury to one is an injury to all”

Founded as a secret society in 1869. Why?

Inclusive and Diverse: • men and women• white and black• skilled and unskilled

Broad (utopian? Socialist?) goals

HURT by Haymarket Square riot, 1886, Chicago

Knights of LaborBlack delegate Frank J. Farrell introduces Terence V. Powderly, head of the Knights of Labor, at the organization's 1886 convention. The Knights were unusual in accepting both black and female workers. (Library of Congress)

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Skilled workers split from Knights of Labor 1886

AFL was elitist, narrow in goals – not utopian

Led by Samuel Gompers Avoided politics and focused on

union goals:• Better wages• Eight-hour day• Better working conditions

AFL successful in many of its strikes and in meeting many of its goals

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1. The Knights of Labor were weakened by

a. Its refusal to endorse social reform and the 8 hour day

b. Stiff competition from the National Labor Union

c. Its association in the public mind with the Haymarket riot

d. Its inclusion of both skilled and unskilled workers

38http://www.edteck.com/dbq/dbquest/quest11.htm

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HOMESTEAD STRIKE

1892

HAYMARKET AFFAIR

1886PULLMAN STRIKE

1893

GREAT STRIKE OF 1877

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HOMESTEAD STRIKE

1892

STEEL STRIKEProtest work

& living conditions

Pinkerton Detectives

protect scabs,Several deaths

US troops end it

WEAKENS LABOR

HAYMARKET BOMBING

1886

Labor marchBomb thrownSeveral deaths

8 Anarchists arrested

4 hanged, 1 suicide

PUBLIC TURNS AGAINST

LABOR

PULLMAN STRIKE1893

Pullman Comp. cuts wages

during Panic of 1893

Does not raise after ends

Workers strike

US troops end it

Debs arrestedWorkers

BlacklistedLABOR WEAK

RAILROAD STRIKE OF 1877

Railroad strikeParalyzed rail & commerce

Pres. Hayes Sent US troops

to end it

CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT

*Pullman Strike – NBC Learn video

Wages barely went up Won some legislative victories

• But most of them were not even enforced!• Most workers had LESS power than they used to

Why?• Division in the workforce• Many workers on the move• Corp. usually had state, local or fed. Help

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The Age of the City

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Total Immigration, 1861-1900

46 © 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Urbanization• 1850: 3.5 million

in urban areas

• 1900: 30.2 million in urban areas

Baltimore 1850 Baltimore 1910

The Diverse Immigrant Populations Lived in ghettos together Why did this make it easier

to adjust?

Importance of Ethnic Ties Felt more comfortable Continued traditions Advanced in society

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Assimilation Encouraged Mainly English Stores sold American food and clothing

Immigration Restriction League Screen immigrants through literacy tests “desirable” and “undesirable” What was the benefit to so much

immigration?

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“Immigration Under Attack,” 1903

(New York Public Library. Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations)51

The Mall in Central Park, 1902 (Library of Congress)55

• Built to represent something different than a city• Libraries, parks, theaters• Who supported the construction of these projects?

Railroad Suburbs What is a

railroad suburb?

Jacob Riis What impact did

Riis have on society?

56Attic tenement house (Library of Congress)

Fire• Began to build fireproof

buildings• Many new skyscrapers

were built b/c of fires

Disease• Typhoid fever and cholera• No sophisticated toilet

system

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Great Chicago fire of 1871

Air pollution

Sewage Disposal Systems

Poverty• “deserving” v. “undeserving”• Private organizations

Violence• 1880 – 25 murders for every 100

people• 1900 – 100 murders for every 100

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How did the political machine help immigrants?

Often were vehicles for making money

“Boss” Tweed

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Incomes rise throughout the late 19th century• Whose income rose the most?

Ready-made clothing

Buying then preparing food• Tin cans, refrigerated railroad cars

Women were becoming more into fashion Chain stores, dept. stores, and mail-order

catalogs were increasing in popularity

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With shorter hours and higher wages, people were enjoying their leisure time

Baseball becomes popular after the Civil War• Cincinnati Red Stockings were first pro team

1891 – James Naismith invents basketball

1869 - First football game: Princeton v. Rutgers

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Music, Theatre and Movies

Vaudeville

D.W. Griffith• Birth of a Nation

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Hammerstein Theatre, NYC

Coney Island• Why were people so attracted

to amusement parks?

Dime Novels

Newspaper popularity• William Randolph Hearst

Telephones• At first they were impractical• Switchboard• Mostly owned by businesses

Coney Island, NY

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What is Darwinism? How did it impact city/rural lives?

Pragmatism• Society should rely on science, not religion

This sparked new ideas on schooling (democratic method), economic impacts on society and anthropology

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Public schooling gained added importance

Universities grew through donations• Many schools began to focus on discoveries

in agriculture, mechanics, and medicine

Medical Advancements X-ray Identifying infections Blood transfusions

• What did this do? Germ Theory Accepted

• How did this change medicine?

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