© Mary Yoko Brannen, Yves Doz, José Santos, INSEAD 2011 Finmecanica, 1st December 2011 Knowledge...

© Mary Yoko Brannen, Yves Doz, José Santos, INSEAD 2011

Finmecanica, 1st December 2011

Knowledge Sharing: Contigencies and Capabilities

Professor Yves DozThe Solvay Chaired Professor of Technological Innovation

INSEAD


“How do I know what I know until I say it?”

(Karl Weick)


That is not always true!

“Creep into the Mind”• Movements/ quality in Japan, environment in

Germany• Cultural assumptions (Fashion, Music, Arts)• R&D approach, culture

“See through the Eyes”• Vision statements • Management processes• Technical standards for development• Consumer Behavior Reports

“Jump into the Shoes”• Practices and skills• Simple procedural routines

“Take a Picture”• Technical blueprints• Patents

Explicit Knowledge

Endemic Knowledge

Simple

“See & Study”

Experiential Knowledge

“Experience & Practice”

“Study and Live”

Existential Knowledge

“Feel and Live”Complex


With computer power and smart mathematicians we can have simpler knowledge…

•Plastic and metal part molding but where do we find smart mathematicians?

But for many companies and people, knowledge becomes more complex…

•British Aerospace and “Networks of Networks”•Thales managing the deployment of the Royal Navy•The Navy Seals: From Murmansk to Kandahar•The US President’s helicopters?

So what is my useful and relevant knowledge, for the future?

And how to transmit it to younger generations?

Are we moving up or downthe Knowledge Complexity Scale?


Beware of “Skidding”!• We often believe we communicate by “telling how”…

… not true

Signifier Signified(what we tell) (what is heard)

Semantic Skidding

• We do not have the same information…

• 80% if our cognitive process is unconscious(and we do not have the same personal histories)

• We cannot know what we don’t know (the unknown unknown)• How were Gothic Cathedrals built?• How do you become a Haute Cuisine Chef?

• Is language the right medium?

• Do we share the same context?


Knowledge Channels

k1

k2

k3

k

?

k’2

k’

k’1

Context A Context B

The Knowledge Sharing Challenge


American Cowboy


AND


French Cowboy


Japanese Cowboy


Knowledge Flows?

Knowledge does not flow ... …‘Carriers’‘Carriers’/ ‘PackagesPackages’ of knowledge flow

‘Packages’ of Knowledge Data, information, ... models, components, tools, machines, ..., people

Knowledge re-creation by the ‘receiver’De-contextualization (‘sender’) and Re-contextualization (‘receiver’)

Knowledge ‘transfer’ as a dialogue ... … about contexts and the object of knowledge

Understanding the NIH SyndromeUnderstanding the NIH Syndrome


Bridging Contexts: Knowledge-Sharing ApproachesComplex

Knowledge

Simple Knowledge

Context-Free Context-Bound

Network-to-Network SharingOne-to-One Sharing Exp

eri

entia

l Le

arn

ing

Me

dia

ted

Lea

rnin

g

Explicit

Experiential

Endemic

Existential

(Brannen, Doz, Santos, 2007)


Context-Free

MRP System

Automated Material Handling

l Maintenance Procedures

l Quality Procedures

l Workplace Organization

l Machine Operation Expertise

l Engineering Expertise

Heat treat

Machining

Visual Controls System

Flexible Assembly

SOPs & SKILL SETS

PHYSICAL EQUIPMENT

Grinding

Context-Bound

High Recontextualization

Low Recontextualization

ComplexKnowledge

Simple Knowledge


ProgramManagement

Context-Free

Labor Relations

Shop floor discipline

SOCIAL PROCESSES

SOPs & SKILL SETSPHYSICAL EQUIPMENT

Context-Bound

High Recontextualization

Low Recontextualization

ComplexKnowledge

Simple Knowledge

Customer need specificationsCustomer negotiations


Recontextualization Exposure

STANDARD OPERATINGPROCEDURES

STAND-ALONE SIMPLE EQUIPMENT & SYSTEMS

SOCIAL PROCESSES

Increasing Contextual Embeddedness

In

cre

asi

ng T

aci

tnes

sIncre

asing

Re

con

textualiza

tion

Increasing Recontextualization

Low HighLow

High


Knowledge Sharing Approaches

SITUATED EXPERIENCING•Forays into originating context•Observe/co-practice in context•Experts’ Pairing•Temporary Co-location

DRIVING A BMW M6IN THE ALPS

Increasing Contextual Embeddedness

In

cre

asi

ng T

aci

tnes

sIncre

asing

Re

con

textualiza

tion

Increasing Recontextualization

Low High

Low

High SOCIALIZATION BY BEING•Ongoing deep dialogue•Co-location within core teams•Common learning spaces andexperiences•Progressive Approximation•Living in respective ContextsGUANXI IN CHINA

DIRECT TRANSFER: “COPY EXACTLY”•Machines & Equipment•Digital Modular Blocks•Internet, Intranet•Remote Collaboration tools, vizualization tools•Virtual TeamsOUTSOURCING SOFTWARE CODE WRITING/TESTING

LEARNING TOGETHER

•Common design and engineering environments•Careful thorough documentation, by sender and receiver•Simulation tools, scaffoldings, training

ENGINEERING STANDARDS


Knowledge Sharing: Aim before you shoot!

• How complex is the piece of knowledge?• How tacit?• How context-dependent?

• What is the context of the ‘receiver’?• How close / familiar?

How may knowledge fit in the ‘receiver’s context?

• Can we “de-contextualize” the piece of knowledge?

• What “carrier” to select and prepare?• Information, Manual ...Tool, Machine, Plant ... Simulator ... People

• How much knowledge on your context to share with the ‘receiver’?

• Then, send the carrier of knowledge.


Tools and Means Used for Knowledge ‘Transfer’ / Sharing

Documents, Libraries, KM repositories Machines, Tools, Components

Software (AI type, models, design environments, simulators)

E-mail Chat rooms, Electronic forums

‘Yellow Pages’ World wide computer-based ‘knowledge-networks’ and

communities 3D/VR representations, simulations, interactive case studies

Relational networks, teamwork

Expatriates, impatriates Temporary assignments, rotations

Educational training, exchange programs Conferences, workshops

© Mary Yoko Brannen, Yves Doz, José Santos, INSEAD 2011 Finmecanica, 1st December 2011 Knowledge...

Documents

Transcript of © Mary Yoko Brannen, Yves Doz, José Santos, INSEAD 2011 Finmecanica, 1st December 2011 Knowledge...