ჯორჯ სოროსი - ფონდი ღია ... · · 2014-11-141 mamaCemma...

ჯორჯ სოროსიჩემი

ფილანთროპია

ჩემი ფილანთროპიაჯორჯ სოროსი

© fondi „Ria sazogadoeba _ saqarTvelo“, 2014 w.

jorj sorosis esse „Cemi filanTropia“ wignidan „jorj sorosis filanTropia: Ria sazogadoebis mSenebloba~, Cak sudetiki

The Philanthropy of George Soros: Building Open Societies, Chuck Sudetic

mTargmneli: erekle uruSaZe

redaqtori: ana WabaSvili

dizaineri: Tornike lorTqifaniZe

stamba: Sps `sezani~

publikacia gamoica fond „Ria sazogadoeba _ saqarTvelos“

20 wlis iubilesTan dakavSirebiT.

ISBN: 978-9941-0-7175-1

yvela ufleba daculia. fond „Ria sazogadoeba _ saqarTvelos“

werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe raime formiT am publikaciis an

misi romelime nawilis reproduqcia an gavrceleba dauSvebelia.

egoistica var da egocentristic da sulac ar

meuxerxuleba amis aRiareba. Tumca bolo oc-

daaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi farTo filanTropi-

uli qseli Sevqmeni _ Ria sazogadoebis fondebi

_ romlis wliuri biujeti adre daaxloebiT 500 mil-

ioni dolari iyo, axla ki miliards uaxlovdeba (1979

wlidan daxarjuli mTliani Tanxa daaxloebiT 8 mil-

iardi dolaria). Ria sazogadoebis fondebis saqmianoba

msoflios yvela kuTxeSi vrceldeba da sakiTxebis iseT

farTo speqtrs moicavs, rom Tavadac gaocebuli var.

cxadia, me ara var erTaderTi egoisti da egocentristi,

radganac adamianebis umravlesoba aseTia. ubralod, me

mzad var, rom es vaRiaro. msoflioSi mravali WeSmariti

qvelmoqmedia, magram mxolod maTi mcire nawili axerx-

ebs iseTi simdidris moxveWas, romelic filanTropi-

isTvis aris aucilebeli.

filanTropias yovelTvis eWvis TvaliT vuyurebdi.

Cemi azriT, filanTropia ar aris adamianis bunebrivi

Tviseba, amitom xSirad farisevlobis wyaroa da mraval

paradoqssac warmoSobs. SemiZlia, ramdenime magaliTi

moviyvano: filanTropiis mizani sxvebisTvis sargeblis

motana unda iyos, magram filanTropebi metwilad saku-

Tar sargebelze fiqroben xolme; filanTropiis mizani

adamianebis daxmareba unda iyos, magram is xSirad ada-

mianebs daxmarebaze damokidebulebs xdis da qvelmoq-

medebis obieqtebad aqcevs; aplikantebi fondebs imas

4 5ჯორჯ სოროსი

eubnebian, ris gagonebac maT surT, xolo Semdeg imas

akeTeben, rac Tavad undaT.

ratom vuTmob Cemi simdidrisa da energiis aseT did naw-

ils filanTropias, Tuki filanTropiis mimarT kriti-

kulad var ganwyobili? am kiTxvaze pasuxi nawilobriv

Cems pirad gamocdilebasa da istoriaSi Zevs, agreTve

im konceptualur CarCoSic, romliTac mTeli cxovre-

bis manZilze vxelmZRvanelob, nawilobriv ki ubralo

SemTxveviTobaa.

* * *

Cems cxovrebaze yvelaze didi gavlena 1944 wels ger-

maniis mier ungreTis okupaciam moaxdina. ebraeli

viyavi da im dros 14 welic ar Semsruleboda. iolad

SeiZleboda, holokostis msxverpli gavmxdariyavi an

xangrZlivi Sedegebis mqone fsiqologiuri travma

mimeRo, rom ara mamaCemi, romelic safrTxeebs kargad

xedavda da sxvebze ukeT umklavdeboda maT. mamaCemi

momzadebuli Sexvda meore msoflio omis ambebs, radgan

pirveli msoflio omis dros ramdenadme msgavsi isto-

ria gadaxda Tavs.

miyvars moyola, Tu rogor Caewera igi avstria-un-

greTis armiaSi moxalised da rogor Cauvarda tyved

rusebs. maT cimbirSi gagzavnes, rogorc samxedro tyve.

tyveTa banakSi igi xelnaweri literaturuli Jurnalis

4 5ჩემი ფილანთროპია

redaqtori gaxda. Jurnals ficarze akravdnen da mas

asec ewodeboda _ „ficari“. statiebis avtorebi ficris

ukan ikribebodnen da mkiTxvelebis komentarebs is-

mendnen. Sin dabrunebulma mamaCemma xelnaweri gverde-

bi Tan Camoitana da maxsovs, rogor vaTvalierebdi maT

bavSvobaSi. „ficris“ wyalobiT igi Zalze popularuli

gaxda da patimrebis warmomadgenlad airCies. rodesac

mezobeli banakidan tyveTa nawili gaiqca, im banakis pa-

timarTa warmomadgeneli daxvrites. mamam gadawyvita,

ar dalodeboda, rodis ganmeordeboda es mis banakSi,

Sekriba tyveebis jgufi da gaqceva moawyo. Sekres tivi

da okeaneSi gacurvas apirebdnen, magram geografia main-

cdamainc kargad ar icodnen da imaze ar dafiqrebulan,

rom cimbiris yvela mdinare CridloeT yinulovan okea-

neSi Caedineba. rodesac TavianT Secdomas mixvdnen, tivi

datoves da taigis gavliT daubrundnen civilizacias.

gzad ruseTis revoluciis qaosSi mohyvnen da Tavs ar-

aerTi Semzaravi ambavi gadaxdaT. am ambavma gadamwyveti

gavlena moaxdina misi xasiaTis Camoyalibebaze.

sabolood mamam ungreTSi CamoaRwia, magram Sin Secvli-

li dabrunda. rodesac armiaSi moxalised Caewera, ambi-

ciuri axalgazrda iyo. ruseTSi Tavs gadamxdari ambebis

Sedegad ambiciebi dakarga da cxovrebisgan mxolod si-

amovnebis miRebaRa undoda. misi erT-erTi mTavar siam-

ovnebaTagani ori Svilis aRzrda iyo. amis gamo Zalian

kargi mama gamodga. sxva adamianebis daxmareba da maTT-

vis rCevebis micemac uyvarda, Tanac ucxoebTan urTier-

Tobis damyarebac exerxeboda. sakuTar mosazrebebsa da


dakvirvebebze didi warmodgena hqonda, magram sxva mx-

riv namdvilad arc egoisti iyo da arc egocentristi.

rodesac germanelebma 1944 wlis martSi ungreTis ok-

upacia moaxdines, mamaCemma zustad icoda, Tu ra unda

eqna. mixvda, rom aranormalur droSi vimyofebodiT da

safrTxe emuqreboda yvelas, vinc normaluri wesebiT

cxovrobda. man yalbi dokumentebi moipova ara mxolod

Tavisi ojaxis wevrebis, aramed adamianebis ufro far-

To wrisTvisac. maT, visac amis saSualeba hqonda, fuls

_ zogjer karga did Tanxas _ axdevinebda, sxvebs ki ufa-

sod exmareboda. manamde arasdros minaxavs ase gulm-

odgined momuSave. es misi cxovrebis saukeTeso momenti

iyo. gadarCnen rogorc misi ojaxis wevrebi, ise maTi um-

ravlesobac, visac rCeva misca da daexmara.

germanuli okupaciis welma (1944) gadamwyveti gavle-

na Cems Camoyalibebazec moaxdina. imis nacvlad, rom

beds davmorCilebodiT, winaaRmdegobas vuwevdiT

borot Zalas, romelic Cvenze bevrad Zlieri iyo da

gavimarjveT. aman didi STabeWdileba moaxdina Cemze

da warmoudgeneli masStabis ubedureba Tavbrudamx-

vev Tavgadasavlad aqcia.1 am ambavma riskis mada aRmiZra

da mamaCemis brZnuli rCevebis daxmarebiT masTan gam-

klaveba viswavle _ SesaZleblobebis zRvris dadgena am

1 mamaCemma gamorCeulad sainteresod sakiTxavi memuarebi dawera im Tavgadasavlebis Sesaxeb, romlebic 1944 wels gamoviareT. Tivadar sorosi, Masquerade: Dancing around Death in Nazi-Occupied Hungary (New York: Arcade Publishing, 2011 and 2010).


zRvarze gadaubijeblad. namdvilad msiamovnebs pirquS

realobasTan Sejaxeba da erTi SexedviT gadauWrel

problemebTan SeWidebac mizidavs. sxvebisTvis dax-

marebis gaweva yovelTvis keTil saqmed mimaCnda, magram

didi xnis ganmavlobaSi amis SesaZlebloba iSviaTad me-

Zleoda.

omis mRelvare Tavgadasavlebsa da omis Semdgom peri-

ods ungreTSi mosawyeni cxovreba mohyva. qveyana ok-

upirebuli iyo ruseTis armiis mier da komunisturi

partia Tavis Zalauflebas amyarebda. qveynidan wasvla

msurda, rac mamaCemis daxmarebiT movaxerxe. 1947 wlis

seqtemberSi inglisSi gavemgzavre saswavleblad.

londonSi cxovrebam imedi gamicrua. Cvidmeti wlisas

fuli cota mqonda da TiTqmis aravis vicnobdi da ami-

tom martosuli da sevdiani viyavi. kolejis damTavreba

mainc SevZeli, magram sasiamovno gamocdileba namd-

vilad ar mimiRia. yvela students, visi mSoblebic in-

glisSi cxovrobdnen, sagrafos sabWosgan stipendiis

miReba SeeZlo. me gamonaklisi viyavi, radgan Cemi mS-

oblebi CemTan ar iyvnen. gaZleba da kolejis damTavre-

ba ioli ar yofila, magram aucilebeli iyo.

im rTul periodSi filanTropiasTan orjer momi-

wia Sexeba da Cemi Semdgomi damokidebuleba qvelmoq-

medebis mimarT swored am orma SemTxvevam gansazRvra.

londonSi Casvlidan maleve finansuri daxmarebisTvis

ebrael meurveTa sabWos mivmarTe. uari miTxres, radgan


maTi wesebi gulisxmobda ara studentebis mxardaW-

eras, aramed im axalgazrdebisa, romlebic raime xelo-

bas swavlobdnen. mogvianebiT, rodesac ukve londonis

ekonomikis skolis studenti viyavi, Sobas matareblis

gamcileblis samuSao viSove droebiT da fexi movi-

texe. saavadmyofo yavarjnebze Semdgarma davtove da

vifiqre, SeiZleba ebrael meurveTa sabWosgan fuli

miviRo-meTqi. yavarjnebiT ori sarTuli aviare da maT

droebiTi daxmareba vTxove. Tavisi mantra gaimeores,

romlis Tanaxmadac mxolod Segirdebs exmarebodnen,

magram uari mainc ver miTxres. sami funti momces, rac

erT kvirasac ar meyofoda. ase grZeldeboda ramdenime

kviris manZilze. fulisaTvis kibeze asvla miwevda ya-

varjnebiT.

amave dros, Cemma oTaxis mezobelma Cemi ambavi gaigo

da gadawyvita, rom ebrael meurveTa sabWoSi misuliyo

da eTqva, mzad var xelobis Sesaswavlado. arc erT sam-

saxurSi, romelic maT uSoves, didxans ar gaCerebula,

magram isini mainc agrZelebdnen misTvis fulis gadax-

das. mogvianebiT sawarmoo travmebis sabWoSi moisurves

Cemi gagzavna, magram vuTxari, iq ver mival, radgan ara-

legalurad vmuSaob da Cemi studenturi vizis dakargva

ar msurs-meTqi. es tyuli iyo. rkinigzaze Cemi droebiTi

samuSao sruliad legaluri iyo, magram maT es ar icod-

nen. Cems Sesamowmeblad socialuri muSaki gagzavnes,

magram man veraferi gaarkvia. amrigad, rodesac Semdgom

daxmarebaze uari miTxres, gadavwyvite, rom sakmarisi

moraluri safuZveli mqonda imisaTvis, rom sabWos Tav-


mjdomarisTvis mimewera mgznebare werili, sadac vam-

bobdi, Tavs ki gavitan, magram sevdas mgvris imaze fiqri,

rom sabWos, romlis Tavmjdomarec Tqven brZandebiT,

ar surs daexmaros axlagazrda ebrael students, ro-

melmac fexi moitexa da daxmareba sWirdeba-meTqi. aman

sasurveli Sedegi gamoiRo. Tavmjdomarem izruna, rom

kviraSi sami funti fostiT mimeRo, raTa kibeze asv-

la aRar damWirveboda. mas Semdeg, rac uyavarjnebod

siaruli daviwye da safrangeTis samxreTSi avtostopiT

mogzaurobac movaswari, Tavmjdomares mivwere, Tqveni

daxmareba aRar mWirdeba-meTqi da madloba gadavuxa-

de. marTalia, fondi movatyue, magram vfiqrobdi, Cemi

saqcieli moralurad gamarTlebuli iyo, radganac maT

Cemi ambavi Seiswavles da, wesiT, Tanaxma unda yofili-

yvnen, rom damxmarebodnen.

filanTropiasTan momdevno Sexeba im dros mqonda,

roca dRisiT vswavlobdi, RamRamobiT ki oficiantad

vmuSaobdi Ramis klubSi. Cemma saswavlo xelmZRvanelma

amis Sesaxeb rom Seityo, kvakerebs mimarTa, romlebmac

kiTxvari gamomigzavnes. rodesac kiTxvari Sevavse, maT

ormoci funtis Ceki gamomigzavnes yovelgvari pirobis

gareSe. aman Cemze didi STabeWdileba moaxdina da vi-

fiqre, adamianebs swored ase unda daexmaro-meTqi. 2008

wlis finansuri krizisis Semdeg movaxerxe, rom mil-

ionamde niu-iorkel skolis moswavles, romelTa ojax-

ebic socialur daxmarebas an kvebis talonebs iRebdnen,

yovelgvari kiTxvis gareSe orasi dolaris Ceki mieRo.

niu-iorkis Statis saxeliT am xarjebis 20 procenti


gaviRe, raTa Stats federaluri mTavrobisgan ekono-

mikis stimulirebis paketis farglebSi grantis miRe-

bis piroba daekmayofilebina. kvakerebis guluxvobam

uzarmazari Sedegi gamoiRo samoci wlis Semdeg da es

kmayofilebiT aRmavsebda, miuxedavad „niu-iork pos-

tis“ Tavdasxmebisa, romelic amgvar „socialur mowy-

alebas“ gmobda.

kolejis damTavrebis Semdeg cxovrebaSi Cemi adgi-

lis povna gamiWirda. inglisSi ramdenime warumatebe-

li wamowyebis Semdeg niu-iorkSi gadavsaxldi, sadac

jer birJaze aqciebis gadamyidvelad, Semdeg fasiani

qaRaldebis analitikosad da instituciur movaWred,

bolos ki erT-erTi pirveli hej-fondis mmarTvelad

vmuSaobdi. im periodSi gamorCeuli filanTropi ar

viyavi. erTaderTi wamowyeba, romelic xsenebad Rirs,

centraluri parkis aRdgenis mcdeloba iyo. broker

da investor dik gilderTan erTad Sevqmeni „centra-

luri parkis sazogadoebrivi fondi“, magram is gansa-

kuTrebiT warmatebuli ar aRmoCnda. sxva organizaciam,

„centraluri parkis konservaciam“, parkis administra-

ciasTan mWidro samuSao urTierToba daamyara da gac-

ilebiT did progress miaRwia parkis aRdgenis mxriv.

Cemi yvelaze didi miRweva Cveni organizaciis gauqmeba

da warmatebul organizaciasTan misi Serwyma iyo. am

procesis dros aRmovaCine, rom saqvelmoqmedo organi-

zaciebs Tavisi cxovreba aqvT, romelic maTi Tavdapir-

veli misiisgan gansxvavdeba, da rom saqvelmoqmedo or-

ganizaciis Seqmna bevrad advilia, vidre misi daxurva.


* * *

jer kidev maSin, rodesac londonis ekonomikis skola-

Si vswavlobdi, xolo Semdeg niu-iorkSi cxovrebisas,

ganvaviTare konceptualuri CarCo _ refleqsiurobis

Teoria _ romelic CemTvis gzamkvlevad iqca, rogorc

hej-fondis marTvisas, ise mogvianebiT, rodesac fuls

vxarjavdi, rogorc filanTropi. vecdebi, mokled Se-

vajamo misi ZiriTadi komponentebi, radganac man metad

mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula Cems cxovrebaSi da mis

gareSe SeuZlebelia Cemi, rogorc hej-fondebis mmarT-

velisa da filanTropis, karieris gaazreba.

Cemi Teoriis mizani azrovnebasa da realobas Soris kav-

Siris axsnaa. is erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs adamianebTan

dakavSirebul xdomilebebsa da bunebriv movlenebs. maT

Soris gansxvaveba is aris, rom pirvel kategorias moaz-

rovne monawileebi hyavs, meores ki _ ara. adamianebTan

dakavSirebul xdomilebebSi monawileTa azrovneba

ormag rols asrulebs: adamianebi, erTi mxriv, cdilo-

ben, gaiazron situacia, romelSic monawileoben. es

kognitiuri funqciaa. meore mxriv, maTi gadawyvetile-

bebi swored am gaazrebas emyareba da es ukanaskneli,

amrigad, maTi qmedebebis saSualebiT gavlenas axdens

movlenaTa Tanamimdevrobaze. es mizezobrivi, an manip-

ulaciuri, funqciaa. es ori funqcia azrovnebasa da re-

alobas erTmaneTTan sapirispiro mimarTulebebiT aka-

vSirebs da SexebaSi modis erTmaneTTan maSin, rodesac

isini erTdroulad mimdinareobs. kognitiuri funqci-


is farglebSi realobam unda gansazRvros monawileTa

warmodgenebi realobis Sesaxeb, mizezobrivi funqcia

ki gulisxmobs, rom monawileTa qmedebebi movlenebis

Tanamimdevrobas ganapirobebs. Tumca ase mxolod im

SemTxvevaSi xdeba, Tu realoba, romlis gaazrebasac

kognitiuri funqcia cdilobs, damoukidebeli mocemu-

lobaa, da ara maSin, rodesac movlenebis Tanamimdevro-

ba damokidebulia monawileTa warmodgenebze realobis

Sesaxeb. rodesac orive funqcia erTdroulad operi-

rebs da erTi funqciis TiTqosda damoukdiebeli cvla-

di meore funqciis damokidebuli cvladia, WeSmaritad

damoukidebeli cvladi arc erT funqcias ar gaaCnia,

xolo misi ararsebobis pirobebSi mkafio Sedegs arc

erTi funqcia ar iZleva: monawileTa warmodgenebi re-

alobas ar Seesabameba, xolo maTi gadawyvetilebebis Se-

degi maTi molodinis Sesabamisi ar iqneba. ori funqciis

Sejaxebas refleqsiurobas vuwodeb.

amisgan gansxvavebiT, bunebriv movlenebs moazrovne

monawileebis nacvlad mxolod gare damkvirveblebi

hyavs. amrigad, ar arsebobs manipulaciuri funqcia,

romelic kognitiur funqcias xels SeuSlida. Sede-

gad, realoba damoukidebel kriteriums warmoadgens,

romlis mixedviTac gare damkvirveblis mosazrebebis

Sefaseba SeiZleba, xolo kognitiuri funqcia mkafio

Sedegebs iZleva. es imas ki ar gulisxmobs, rom damk-

virveblebis mosazebebi aucileblad sworia, aramed

mxolod imas, rom arsebobs damoukidebeli kriteriumi

maTi gancxadebebis simarTlisa Tu sizustis Sesafaseb-


lad. damoukidebeli kriteriumis arsebobam sabunebi-

smetyvelo mecnierebebs TvalsaCino Sedegebis miRwevis

saSualeba misca.

sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis warmatebam mecnierebs

ubiZga, rom maT amgvari mkafio SedegebisTvis adamianebis

qcevis Seswavlis drosac mieRwiaT, magram maTi mcdelo-

bebi warmatebuli ar yofila. discplina, romelmac am

TvalsazrisiT yvelaze met progress miaRwia, gaxlavT

ekonomika, magram amisTvis rom mieRwia, kvlevis sagnis

mimarT Zaladoba gamoiyena. realobis Seswavlis nacvlad

ekonomikam Seqmna garkveul postulatebze damyarebuli

hipoTezuri CarCo. es meTodi evklidem SemoiRo geomet-

riis Seswavlisas, magram evklides postulatebi, dedami-

wis zedapiris simrudis ignorirebis gamoklebiT, Zalze

axlo iyo realobasTan, ekonomika ki sul ufro da ufro

scildeba realobas. aucilebeli gaxda evaraudaT, TiTqos

monawileTa azrovnebiT gamowveuli gaurkvevloba ar ar-

sebobs. ekonomika Tavdapirvelad srulyofili codnis

varauds emyareboda, sabolood ki racionaluri molo-

dinis Teoriamde mivida: gamogonil samyaromde, sadac

monawileTa varaudebi iseTi momavliskenaa mimarTuli,

romelic mxolod im SemTxvevaSi dadgeba, Tu monawileTa

mosazrebebi mis garSemo moiyris Tavs. amis yvelaze axlo

analogi Sua saukuneebis Teologiaa, romlis farglebSic

imis Sesaxeb kamaTobdnen, Tu ramdeni angelozi daeteva

nemsis wverze. mTeli es ekonomikuri sistema 2008 wlis

krizisis dros daimsxvra.


aqtorebis gadawyvetilebebi realobas ki ar emyareba,

aramed realobis inetrpretacias am aqtorebis mier,

rac arasdros aris erTi da igive. codnis mopoveba Ses-

aZlebelia _ da sabunebsmetyvelo mecnierebebi amis

saukeTeso magaliTia _ magram codna mTel realo-

bas ver moicavs, radgan adamiani samyaros nawilia da

rodesac am samyaros gaazrebas cdiloben, uwevT real-

obis gamartiveba: analogiebis, metaforebis, CarCoe-

bis, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis wesebisa da sxva msgav-

si meTodebis daxmarebiT. es gamartiveba Tavad xdeba

realobis nawili. Sedegad, realoba yovelTvis ufro

kompleqsuri iqneba, vidre Cveni warmodgena mis Sesaxeb.

miuxedavad amisa, adamianebs moqmedebis valdebuleba

aqvT. radganac srulyofil codnas ar floben, cod-

nasTan erTad isini Tavisi emociebiTa da iluziebiT

xelmZRvaneloben da maTi qceva movlenebis Tanamimdev-

robas gaurkvevlobis elements sZens. arasrulyofili

codna an Secdomebisken midrekileba gaurkvevlobis

erTaderTi mizezi ar aris, Tumca mniSvnelovani mize-

zia _ gansakuTrebiT adamianebis qcevis Seswavlisas _ da

socialur situaciebs bunebrivi movlenebisgan ganasx-

vavebs. am gansxvavebas vukavSireb princips, romelsac

„adamianuri gaurkvevlobis princips“ vuwodeb.

radganac srulyofili codna miuRwevelia, gansa-

kuTrebiT mniSvnelovania adamianebis mcdari warmod-

genebis xarisxi da masStabi. rac ufro axloa maTi in-

terpretacia realobasTan, miT ufro didia albaToba,

rom maTi gadawyvetilebebis Sedegi axlos iqneba maT


molodinTan. am kriteriumis mixedviT Secdomebisken

midrekilebisa da refleqsiurobis _ Cemi konceptual-

uri CarCos ori sayrdenis _ aRiareba didi nabiji iqne-

boda adamianebis qcevis gaazrebis TvalsazrisiT.

samwuxarod, kacobriobas es nabiji jer ar gadaudgams.

nacvlad amisa, ganmanaTleblobis epoqidan moyole-

buli, igi cdilobs, rom codnas daeuflos. swored

amis Sedegad daiwyo sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis

meTodebis gamoyeneba adamianebis qcevis kvlevisas. es

logikuri nabiji iyo, magram am mimarTulebiT Zalian

Sors wavediT. amas ganmanaTleblobis Secdomas vu-

wodeb.

ganmanaTlebloba miiCnevda, rom goneba realobisgan

damoukideblad arsebobs, rogorc farani, romelic

realobas anaTebs. realobisgan gonebis gancalkeveba

swori iyo ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi, rodesac amdeni

ram iyo aRmosaCeni: Tavad dedamiwac ki ar iyo srulad

Seswavlili. es Secdoma ki iyo, magram TvalsaCino Sede-

gebi Sva. ganmanaTleblobam dakvirvebebi ganacalkeva

im faqtebisgan, romlebTanac isini iyo dakavSirebuli

da, amrigad, SesaZlebelia sabunebismetyvelo mecnier-

ebebis ganviTareba. es midgoma gamosadegia bunebrivi

movlenebis, magram ara adamianebis qcevis Seswavlisas.

Secdomebs, romlebic Rirebul Sedegebs warmoSobs,

nayofier Secdomebs vuwodeb da vfiqrob, rom civili-

zaciebi swored nayofier Secdomebzea agebuli. imis


Tqma rodi msurs, rom nebismieri codna mcdaria. mx-

olod imas vgulisxmob, rom Cveni codna SezRudulia

da rodesac samyaros ukeT Secnobas veswrafviT, xSirad

metis miRwevas vcdilobT, vidre Cveni SezRuduli cod-

niT aris SesaZlebeli. swored es SeemTxva ekonomikis

Teorias. ganviTrebis adreul etapebze man faseuli

dakvirvebebi Sva, xolo mcdar gzas mxolod im period-

Si daadga, rodesac koleji davamTavre. Cemi ganaTleba

jon meinard keinsis naSromebs emyareboda da fren nai-

tis fuZemdebluri wigni „riski, gaurkvevloba da mo-

gebac“ wavikiTxe. makroekonomikis Teoretikosebma da

finansuri sistemebis Semqnelebma mogvianebiT es wigni

daiviwyes.

kolejSi swavlisas Cemi konceptualuri CarCo ar iyo

ise ganviTarebuli, rogorc dResaa. Tumca ukve mqoda

Zireuli ideebi, romlebic mxolod ekonomikaze ki ar

vrceldeboda, aramed politikasa da, zogadad, adami-

anebis qcevazec. Cems azrovnebaze didi gavlena moaxdi-

na avstriaSi dabadebulma filosofosma karl poperma

_ Tavdapirvelad Tavisi wigniT „Ria sazogadoeba da

misi mtrebi“, xolo Semdeg Tavisi TeoriiT samecniero

meTodebis Sesaxeb. sabakalavro kursebi adre davas-

rule da xarisxis miRebamde erTi weli Tavisufali

mqonda. Cems saswavlo xelmZRvanelad karl poperi

avirCie da misTvis erTi-ori ese davwere. kolejis Sem-

deg Tavi unda merCina, magram azrovnebasa da realobas

Soris arsebuli rTuli kavSirisadmi interesi ar da-

mikargavs. kolejis damTavrebidan ramdenime wlis Sem-


deg popers warvudgine ese saxelwodebiT „cnobierebis

tvirTi“. es Cemi konceptualuri CarCos pirveli for-

mulireba iyo da dRevandlisgan didad ar gansxvavdebo-

da, Tumca ki sruli ar iyo.

biznesSi Cemi kariera rTuli gziT midioda mravali

warumatebeli wamowyebiTa da SecdomiT, magram sab-

olood erT-erTi pirveli hej-fondis mmarTveli gavx-

di niu-iorkSi. hej-fondis marTva iseTi saqme iyo, rome-

lic sxva arafrisTvis dros ar mitovebda. es saqme 1969

wels 3 milioni dolariT daviwye. 1979 wlisTvis fondis

kapitalma 100 milion dolars miaRwia, rac metwilad

daunawilebel Semosavlebze modioda. am Tanxidan

daaxloebiT 40 milioni dolari Cemi sakuTreba iyo.

vgrZnobdi, rom es fuli sakmarisze meti iyo Cemi da Cemi

ojaxisTvis. kreditebiT dafinansebul riskian pro-

eqtebze muSaoba uzarmazar daZabulobas gulisxmobda.

erTxel britaneTis mTavrobis axlad gamoSvebuli ob-

ligaciebis Zalze didi raodenobis Sesyidvas movawere

xeli ise, rom amisaTvis saWiro dafinansebaze winaswar

ar mizrunia. londonis siTis erTi kuTxidan meoreSi

davrbodi, sakredito xazs veZebdi da lidenhol stri-

tze moZraobisas vifiqre, gulis Seteva mewyeba-meTqi.

„am riskze gamarjvebis gulisTvis wavedi, _ vuTxari

Cems Tavs, _ magram, Tu axla movkvdi, im qveynad damarcx-

ebuli waval. fulis saSovnelad sicocxlis sasworze

Segdeba uazrobaa“. swored maSin gadavwyvite, rom Cemi

fuliT raime Rirebuli gamekeTebina da fondi Sevqmeni.

didxans vifiqre, ra iyo CemTvis marTlac mniSvnelo-

vani. Cemi sakmaod abstraqtuli konceptualuri CarCo-


Ti vixelmZRvanele da Ria sazogadoebis koncefciaze

SevCerdi, romelic am CarCos erT-erTi qvakuTxedia.

ramdenadac vici, termini „Ria sazogadoeba“ pirvelad

frangma filosofosma anri bergsonma gamoiyena wignSi

„zneobisa da religiis ori wyaro“. erTi wyaro traibal-

uri iyo da daxurul sazogadoebas Sobda, meore ki uni-

versaluri da Ria sazogadoebasTan iyo asocirebuli.

karl poperma aRniSna, rom Ria sazogadoebebi daxurul

sazogadoebebad SeiZleba gadaaqcion universalurma

ideologiebma, romlebic uzenaesi WeSmaritebis flo-

bas iCemeben. radanac es tyuilia, aseT ideologiebs

gamarjveba mxolod iZulebis meTodebis gamoyenebiT

SeuZliaT. amisgan gansxvavebiT, Ria sazogadoebebi aR-

iareben, rom adamianebs sxvadasxva Sexedulebebi da in-

teresebi aqvT. isini adamianebis mier Seqmnil kanonebs

aweseben, raTa maT SeZlon mSvidobianad Tanacxovre-

ba. poperis ideebma Cemze didi STabeWdileba moaxdi-

na, radganac ungreTSi nacistebisa da komunistebis

mmarTvelobis dros cxovrebis gamocdileba mqonda.

Cemi fondis misia ganvsazRvre, rogorc (1) daxuruli

sazogadoebebis gaxsna, (2) Ria sazogadoebebis sicocx-

lisunarianobis amaRleba da (3) kritikuli azrovnebis

waxaliseba. es 1979 wels moxda.

* * *

fondma muSaoba mZimed daiwyo. vicodi filanTropi-

is maxeebisa da paradoqsebis Sesaxeb da maTTvis Tavis

aridebas vcdilobdi. praqtika gaviare „helsinki uoC-


Si“ _ adamianis uflebebis dasacavad momuSave axlad

Seqmnil organizaciaSi, romelic mogvianebiT „hiuman

raiTs uoCi“ gaxda. oTxSabaTobiT veswrebodi dilis

Sexvedrebs, sadac mimdinare movlenebsa da saqmianobas

ganixilavdnen. garda amisa, faqtebis damdgeni vizitiT

salvadorsa da nikaraguaSi gavemgzavre, sadac im dros

samoqalaqo omebi mZvinvarebda. bevri ram viswavle, ma-

gram me TviTon TiTqmis arafers vakeTebdi. marTalia,

urTierToba davamyare rus devnil vladimir bukovski-

sTan, romelic aqtiurad muSaobda avRaneTis Temaze,

magram gadavwyvite, ar damefinansebina saqmianoba,

romlis Sedegadac SeiZleba adamianebi daRupuliyvnen

an TviTon moeklaT sxvebi. mogvianebiT aseve faqtebis

damdgeni vizitiT gavemgzavre ruseTSi, sadac axlo

urTierToba davamyare adamianTan, romelsac qveynis

datoveba akrZaluli hqonda da Sveicariis aviaxazebis

stiuardesas daxmarebiT sxva rusi disidentebisTvis

gasanawileblad misTvis fulis gagzavna daviwye. Cemi

fondi TandaTanobiT dafinansebis mniSvnelovan wy-

arod iqca aRmosavleT evropis disidenturi moZrao-

bebisTvis.

pirveli seriozuli wamowyeba, romelsac damou-

kideblad SeveWide, samxreT afrikaSi ganxorcielda.

niu-iorkSi myavda zulusi megobari herbert vilaka-

zi, romelic koneqtikutis universitetSi leqciebs

kiTxulobda. is samxreT afrikaSi dabrunda da muSaoba

transkeis universitetSi daiwyo, romelic aparTeidis

sistemis farglebSi Seqmnil erT-erT teritoriul


erTeulSi mdebareobda. mas 1980 wels vewvie da samx-

reT afrikaSi Seqmnili mdgomareoba uCveulo kuTxiT

davinaxe. es daxuruli sazogadoeba iyo, romelsac gan-

viTarebuli qveynis yvela instituti hqonda, Tumca es

institutebi miuwvdomeli iyo mosaxleobis didi naw-

ilisTvis maTi rasobrivi kuTvnilebis gamo. daxuruli

sazogadoebis gaxsnis ukeTes SesaZleblobas sxvagan

Znelad Tu mivagnebdi. Sevxvdi keiptaunis universite-

tis vice-kancler stiuart sonderss, romelsac surda,

rom universitetis kari Savkaniani studentebisTvisac

gaeRo. universitetSi moxvedrili yvela studentis

swavlis safasurss saxelmwifo ixdida. gadavwyvite,

aparTeiduli saxelmwifos resursebis gamoyenebis Ses-

aZleblobiT mesargebla amave saxelmwifos gasaxsne-

lad da SevTavaze, rom oTxmoci Savkaniani studentis

cxovrebis xarjebs gaviRebdi.

samxreT afrikaSi momdevno welsac gavemgzavre, ma-

gram is viziti naklebad warmatebuli iyo. afrikuli

xelovnebisa da kulturis mxardaWera msurda, amitom

literaturis dargSi nobelis premiis momaval lau-

reat nadin gordimers vTxove afrikelTa kulturis

wreebis liderebTan Sexvedris organizeba am mxardaW-

eris saukeTeso gzebis gansaxilvelad. magram Sexvedra

warumatebeli aRmoCnda. Cemi vinaoba im droisTvis ukve

cnobili iyo da yvelam icoda, rom niu-iorkidan Camo-

suli mdidari filanTropi viyavi, amitomac Sexvedris

monawileebi ise miyurebdnen, rogorc oTaxis Suagul-

Si mdgom oqroTi savse skivrs da mxolod am oqros ga-


nawilebaze surdaT saubari. gadavwyvite, Cems proeqtze

uari meTqva, ris gamoc yvela imedgacruebuli darCa.

keiptaunis universitets vewvie da aRmoCnda, rom Savka-

niani studentebis ricxvi oTxmociT ar gazrdiliyo,

radganac „Ria sazogadoebis“ stipendiebidan zogi uni-

versitetSi adre miRebul studentebs misces, an, Ses-

aZloa, imis gamoc, rom studentebis nawilma swavlas

Tavi daaneba. studentebi, romlebsac Sevxvdi, Zalze uk-

mayofiloni iyvnen. isini grZnobdnen, rom maTi univer-

sitetSi yofna sxvebs ar siamovnebdaT, diskriminacias

ganicdidnen da iZulebuli iyvnen, ecxovraT ucxo kul-

turaSi, Tanac akademiuri moTxovnebis dakmayofile-

bac uWirdaT. universitetis mecnier-TanamSromlebsac

Sevxvdi da isini gacilebiT naklebad gonebagaxsnilebi

aRmoCndnen, vidre vice-kancleri.

gadavwyvite, am sqemis ganxorcieleba Semewyvita, Tum-

ca studentebis pirvel jgufs bolomde davxmarebo-

di. axla vfqirob, rom es gadawyvetileba mcdari iyo.

vice-kanclerma Savkaniani studentebisTvis Savkani-

ani mentori miiwvia _ romelic Cemi megobari herbert

vilakazi aRmoCnda _ ris Semdegac isini gacilebiT

ukeT swavlobdnen. Zalian kargi iqneboda, aparTeidis

sistemis gauqmebisas universiteti met Savkanian stu-

dents rom hqonoda damTavrebuli. Tumca im dros,

rodesac es gadawyvetileba miviRe, aparTeidis sistema

myarad fesvgadgmuli Canda. ramdenime sxva proeqtis

ganxorcielebac vcade, magram iseTi SegrZneba gamiCnda,


rom rac ar unda meRona, sistemas mainc ver Sevcvlidi.

saqmianobis saSualebas mxolod TavianTi toleranto-

bis demonstrirebis mizniT maZlevdnen. nacvlad imisa,

rom aparTeiduli saxelmwifo gamomeyenebina, ise ga-

movida, rom aparTeiduli saxelmwifo miyenebda. axla

vfqirob, rom ufro daJinebuli unda vyofiliyavi. am

gamocdilebam maswavla, rom brZola TiTqosda uimedo

miznebis misaRwevadac Rirs.

Cemi momdevno seriozuli wamowyeba Cems mSobliur un-

greTSi iyo. 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ungreTis ko-

munistur reJims saerTaSoriso savaluto fondsa da

msoflio bankSi gawevrianeba surda, ris wyalobiTac

SesaZlebloba momeca, rom ungreli disidentebis jgu-

fi erTi wliT niu-iorkis universitetSi Camomeyvana.

maT qveynis datovebis ufleba misces. amis Sedegad un-

greTis Sesaxeb garkveuli codna SeviZine, romelsac

Cemi Semdgomi saqmianoba daeyrdno.

1984 wels ungreTis mTavrobas iq fondis Seqmnis wina-

dadebiT mivmarTe da, Cemda gasaocrad, dadebiTi pasuxi

miviRe. daviwyeT xangrZlivi molaparakebebi, romelTa

mimdinareobisas Cemi disidenti megobrebis rCevebiT

vxelmZRvanelobdi. SevTanxmdiT, rom Cemi fondi zoga-

dad ungrul kulturas dauWerda mxars da ara mxolod

disidentebs. Cems partniorad ungreTis mecniereba-

Ta akademia SearCies, romelic im dros politikuri

policiis mkacri kontrolis qveS imyofeboda.


qveyanas ramdenjerme vewvie da SevarCie adamianebis

jgufi, romlebsac vendobodi da romlebic mTavro-

bisTvisac misaRebi iyvnen. akademiis vice-prezident-

Tan erTad isini Cveni erToblivi proeqtis sameurveo

sabWos wevrebi unda yofiliyvnen. es yvelaferi kargi

iyo, magram mTavroba daJinebiT moiTxovda, rom sabWos

gadawyvetilebebi politikuri policiis kontrolqveS

myof samdivnos ganexorcielebina, rasac verafriT

davTanxmdebodi. kulturis dargSi komunisturi parti-

is mTavar Cinovniks, georg aczels vewvie, raTa mecnobe-

bina, rom CixSi SevediT. „imedia, nawyeni ar dagvtoveT“,

miTxra man. „verafers vizam, radganac saqmes amdeni Zala

Sevalie“, vupasuxe me. ukve karTan viyavi, rodesac miTx-

ra: „ra aris saWiro imisTvis, rom saqme gaagrZeloT?“.

„damoukidebeli samdivno“, vupasuxe me. SevTanxmdiT,

rom ori mdivani gveyoleboda, romelTaganac erTs ak-

ademia daasaxelebda, meores _ me. nebismier dokuments,

imisaTvis, rom Zala hqonoda, orive maTganis xelmowera

dasWirdeboda.2 swored ase gaCnda ungruli fondi. Cemi

pirveli TanamSromeli, ungreli emigrantic aviyvane

niu-iorkSi mdebare ofisSi, romelic mogvianebiT Ria

sazogadoebis fondebis Stab-bina gaxda. manamde mTeli

Stati Cemi meuRlis, siuzen veberisgan Sedgeboda.

ungreTSi fondi gamarTulad muSaobda. is daculi iyo

yvela problemisgan, romlis winaSec idgnen Cveule-

2 vfiqrob, rom aSS-s mTavrobam swored es formula unda gamoiyenos daxmarebis ganawilebis dros pakistansa da sxva qveynebSi, romelTa bolomde ndoba ar SeuZlia.


brivi fondebi, radganac samoqalaqo sazogadoeba mas

Tavisianad miiCnevda. vmoqmedebdiT martivi wesiT, ro-

melic karl poperis Ria sazogadoebis koncefciidan

gamoviyvane: saxelmwifo dogma, romelsac mmarTveli

komunisturi partia amkvidrebda, yalbi iyo, xolo misi

siyalbis gamomzeureba alternativis SeqmniT SegveZlo.

amitomac fondi mxars uWerda yvela kulturul ini-

ciativas, romelic oficialuri dogmis gamovlineba ar

iyo _ citraze damkvrelTa klubebiT dawyebuli da fer-

merebis kooperativebiT damTavrebuli. gacemuli Tanx-

ebi Zalze mcire iyo, radganac iniciativebis umetesoba

saxelmwifo nagebobebs iyenebda da maTi monawileebic

saxelmwifosgan iRebdnen xelfasebs. saxelmwifos mis-

ive resursebis gamoyenebiT vuTxridiT Zirs.

am jildoebisTvis saWiro ungrul forintebs kul-

turuli da saganmanaTleblo institutebisTvis

grantebis dolarebSi gacemis gziT vSoulobdiT. maT

ungruli forinti bevri hqondaT, magram ucxouri

valuta uWirdaT, amitom Tanaxmani iyvnen, rom ungru-

li fondisTvis Semowirulobebi oficialurze ukeTesi

gacvliTi kursis mixedviT SemoetanaT. Cveni yvelaze

warmatebuli nabiji maTTvis qseroqsis aparatebis mi-

wodeba iyo, rasac ormagi mizani hqonda. garda imisa, rom

amis Sedegad ungreTis fondma ungruli valuta miiRo,

SesaZlebeli gaxda iseTi informaciis gavrceleba, ro-

melic manamde rTulad mosapovebeli iyo. segedis uni-

versiteti, magaliTad, qseroqsis aparatebs aralegalu-

ri disidenturi literaturis dasabeWdad iyenebda.


fonds misi resursebis dauflebis msurveli aplikan-

tebisgan Tavis dacva ar uwevda, radganac mas isini

icavdnen, visac fondi exmareboda. darRvevebis Sesax-

eb is adamianebi gvatyobinebdnen, vinc fonds sakuTar

organizaciad miiCnevda. magaliTad, fondma uari Tqva

usinaTloTa asociaciis mier xmovani wignebis damza-

debisa da gavrcelebis mxardaWeraze mas Semdeg, rac ga-

frTxileba miiRo, rom es organizacia korumpirebuli

iyo. aseTi sainformacio qselis wyalobiT fondi Zalze

efeqtiani gaxda. weliwadSi 3 milioni dolaris odeno-

bis biujetis pirobebSi is realurad iqca kulturis

saministros alternativad, Tumca saministros biuje-

ti gacilebiT didi iyo. Cven marTlac kulturis alter-

natiul saministrod mogvixseniebdnen. Cveni erT-erTi

yvelaze warmatebuli iniciativa studentebis mier mar-

Tuli damoukidebeli kolejebisa da studentebis da-

moukidebeli kavSiris mxardaWera iyo. es ukanaskneli

mogvianebiT ungreTis erT-erTi ZiriTadi politikuri

partiis, fidesis, birTvi gaxda.

cxadia, fondis saqmianoba uproblemo ar yofila: mag-

aliTad, man Sva daxmarebis miRebas miCveuli klientu-

ra, ris gamoc sabolood farTo sazogadoebisTvis imaze

naklebad gaxsnili gaxda, vidre unda yofiliyo. miuxe-

davad amisa, fondma mainc SeZlo Tavis arideba mravali

iseTi naklovanebisTvis, romelic fondebs axasiaTebs

xolme. misma warmatebam Cems molodins gadaaWarba.

swored am iRblianma SemTxvevam aRmiZra filanTropi-

is mada, rac, Tavis mxriv, sakmarisi motivacia iyo imi-


saTvis, rom hej-fondis marTva da fulis Sovna gamegr-

Zelebina.

1986 wels fondi CineTSi davaarse. ufro adre, ungreTis

fondma CineTsa da ungreTs Soris ekonomistebis metad

warmatebuli gacvliTi programa ganaxorciela. maTi

Cineli partniori, ekonomikuri reformis instituti,

CineTSi Cemi partnioric gaxda. Cems warmomadgenlad

Cineli emigranti liang hengi SevarCie. mas im droisTvis

kargi gamoxmaurebis mqone avtobiografiuli nawarmoe-

bi „revoluciis Svili“ hqonda dawerili, xolo mogvi-

anebiT perioduli gamocema „Cineli inteleqtuali“

daaarsa. CineTs ramdenjerme vewvie da piradi kontaqti

davamyare premier-ministr Jao JianTan da misi aparatis

ufros bao tongTan. am ukanasknelma fondis Seqmnis

nebarTva piradi xelmoweriT daadastura da amrigad

agvarida mravali sxvadasxva uwyebidan xelmowerebis

Segrovebis saWiroebas. mogvianebiT es Zvirad daujda.

fonds grantebi yvelaze Rirseuli kandidatebisTvis

unda mieca da ara imaTTvis, visac ukeTesi kavSirebi

hqonda. es ucnauri midgoma iyo CineTSi, sadac kavSirebi

yvelaze mniSvnelovani ram aris, da araerTi uTanxmoeba

gamoiwvia Cvens instituciur partniorTan, romelic

mudmivad sakuTar TanamSromlebs aniWebda upirateso-

bas. CineTSi gavrcelebuli iyo midgoma, romelsac

„gonebriv feodalizms“ vuwodebdi: daxmarebis mimReb-

ni Tavs davalebulad Tvlidnen daxmarebis gamwevisgan,

xolo es ukanaskneli Tavis valdebulebad miiCnevda,


ezruna imaTze, visac exmareboda, radganac maTi bedi

misi gavlenis sazomi iyo. axla vfiqrob, rom fondisT-

vis ucxo midgomis daZaleba Secdoma iyo. ajobebda, rom

ubralod davxmarebodi Cems instituciur partniors,

romelic ekonomikuri da politikuri reformebis

avangardSi imyofeboda.

CineTSi Cems fonds iRbali ar swyalobda, radganac is

komunistur partiaSi sxvadasxva dajgufebas Soris

brZolis mizezi gaxda. xisti politikis momxreebi bao

tongs daupirispirdnen, radganac piradi xelmower-

iT gasca iseTi fondis Seqmnis nebarTva, romelsac

diversiul organizaciad miiCnevdnen. Sida politi-

kuri policiis mier warmoebuli gamoZiebisgan Tavis

dasacavad man da premier-ministrma fondis kontroli

gare politikur policias gadasces. radganac es ori

organizacia Tanabrad gavleniani iyo, maT aRaraferi

emuqreboda, magram fondi amis Sedegad politikuri

Zalis xelSi aRmoCnda. rodesac es gavige, fondi davx-

ure. es tiananmenis moedanze sisxlisRvramde cota xniT

adre moxda. bao tongi mogvianebiT im ramdenime adami-

ans Soris moxvda, vinc cixeSi amoyo Tavi.

CineTSi fondi misi daxurvidan mxolod aTi wlis Tavze

aRdga. amisaTvis 2001 wels pekinSi mTavrobis mier or-

ganizebul konferenciaze mimiwvies, romelic CineTis

momavals eZRvneboda. Cinelebs kvlav eWvebi aReZraT

Cem mimarT 2005 wels, rodesac prezidentma putinma

usamarTlod damabrala „feradi revoluciebis“ dage-


gmva saqarTvelosa da ukrainaSi. es revoluciebi sax-

alxo ajanyebebi iyo korumpirebuli da mCagvreli re-

Jimebis winaaRmdeg. Cemi fondi marTlac uWerda mxars

mTavrobis kritikas, magram amboxebebis dagegmvasa an

dafinansebaSi monawileoba ar miuRia. mas Semdeg Cveni

urTierTobebi ambivalenturia, rac dasanania, radga-

nac CineTi aRmavlobis gzaze mdgom saxelmwifod mi-

maCnia da vfiqrob, rom CineTisa da danarCeni msoflios

mWidro TanamSromloba Zalze mniSvnelovania.

ungreTis fondis modelis poloneTSi gameoreba 1987

wels vcade. im droisTvis ukve vafinansebdi oqsford-

is universitetSi poloneli mecnierebis mivlinebis

programas da solidarobis kulturul organizacia-

sac vugzavnidi fuls, ase rom, poloneTis samoqalaqo

sazogadoebasTan kargi kavSirebi gvqonda. zbignev

pelCinskis daxmarebiT, romelic oqsfordis programas

xelmZRvanelobda, poloneTis mTavrobis nebarTva mov-

ipoveT.

poloneTis fondis sameurveo sabWom Tavidanve uari

Tqva ungreTis modelis mixedviT muSaobaze. is da-

JinebiT moiTxovda, rom fonds ufro gamiznulad

emoqmeda da ramdenime programul mimarTulebaze yo-

filiyo fokusirebuli, imis nacvlad, rom yvela tipis

winadadebisTvis gaeRoT farTod kari. gadavwyvite, rom

maTTvis dro mimeca, sanam Tavad ar mixvdebodnen saku-

Tar Secdomas, magram sabWo marTali aRmoCnda da po-

lonuri modeli Semdgom sxva qveynebSic davnergeT. es


CemTvis gakveTilic iyo. mivxvdi, rom im qveynebis mcx-

ovreblebi, sadac fondebi mqonda, iqaurobas Cemze ukeT

icnobdnen da amitom Semdgom gadawyvetilebebs adgi-

lobrivi sameurveo sabWoebis mosazrebebis gaTvalis-

winebiT viRebdi. Tu maT Sexedulebebs kateoriulad ar

veTanxmebodi, sabWos Semadgenlobas vcvlidi xolme.

* * *

1987 wels fondi sabWoTa kavSirSic davaarse. sabWo-

Ta kavSiris liderma mixeil gorbaCovma 1986 wlis de-

kemberSi uprecedento nabiji gadadga da telefoniT

daukavSirda birTvuli fizikis specialists da ada-

mianis uflebebis damcvel andrei saxarovs, romelic

qalaq gorkiSi (dRevandel niJni-novgorodSi) iyo ga-

dasaxlebuli. gorbaCovma mas moskovSi dabruneba Ses-

Tavaza „patriotuli saqmianobis gasagrZeleblad“. es

ambavi fundamenturi cvlilebis niSnad miviCnie. saqme

Zveleburad rom yofiliyo, saxarovisTvis SeiZlebo-

da sabWoTa kavSiris datovebis neba daerToT, magram

moskovSi dabrunebis uflebas ar miscemdnen. pirvelive

SesaZleblobisTanave moskovSi gavemgzavre.

moskovSi Casvlidan maleve potenciur partniorad

SevarCie axlad Seqmnili kulturis fondi, romelsac

gorbaCovis meuRle raisa mfarvelobda. saxarovs ve-

wvie da vTxove, rom sameurveo sabWoSi Cemi piradi war-

momadgeneli yofiliyo, magram uari miTxra. „verafers

miaRwev, garda imisa, rom suk-is skivrebs dolarebiT


gaavseb,“ gamafrTxila man. gulubryvilo amerikelad

mimiCnia da meamayeboda, rom marTali ar aRmoCnda. Tum-

ca, kulturis fondis warmomadgenlebi, romlebTanac

urTierToba mqonda, marTlac suk-Tan aRmoCndnen daka-

vSirebuli, rac saidumlod gamandes kidec Ria cis qveS

seirnobisas. saxarovma mainc damisaxela sabWos wevro-

bis savaraudo kandidatebi. im droisTvis ukve mqonda

kavSiri damoukideblad moazrovne novosibirskel so-

ciolog tatiana zaslavskaiasTan. saxarovma rekomen-

dacia gauwia istorikos iuri afanasievs da „znamias“

redaqtor grigori baklanovs. sameurveo sabWos sando

wevrebad aseve SevarCie mwerlebi daniil granini da

valentin rasputini, qarTveli filologi Tengiz bua-

CiZe da kosmosis mkvlevari da religiis filosofiis

specialisti boris rauSenbaxi. ase iSva Cemi sabWoTa

fondi _ „kulturis iniciativa“.

saqmianobas dauyovnebliv SevudeqiT ise, rom oficial-

ur nebarTvas ar davlodebivarT. maxsovda, rogor mi-

yveboda bavSvobaSi mamaCemi ruseTis revoluciis dros

mis Tavs gadamxdar ambebs da ambobda, qartexilebis

dros SeuZlebeli SesaZlebeli xdeba xolmeo. sxva

dasavluri fondebi daJinebiT elodebodnen xelisu-

flebis nebarTvas, vidre muSaobas daiwyebdnen. amrigad,

momdevno erTi-ori wlis manZilze „kulturis inicia-

tiva“ sabWoTa kavSirSi moqmedi erTaderTi ucxouri

fondi iyo, ris wyalobiTac mniSvnelovani Sedegebis

miRweva SegveZlo. Cveni yvelaze warmatebuli proeqti,

SesaZloa, sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis, istoriisa


da samarTlis axali saxelmZRvaneloebis momzadeba da

skolebsa da universitetebSi maTi gavrceleba iyo. gar-

da amisa, Cveni daxmarebiT ganagrZobda arsebobas egreT

wodebuli sqeltaniani Jurnalebi _ cnobili liter-

aturuli gamocemebi, romlebic Cveni mxardaWeris ga-

reSe gaqreboda.

sabWoTa ekonomikis reformirebis gegma movamzade. Cemi

winadadeba geografiulad SemosazRvruli Tavisufa-

li vaWrobis zonebis nacvlad, gulisxmobda Tavisufa-

li bazris damkvidrebas sabWoTa ekonomikis zogierT

segmentSi, pirvel rigSi ki sakvebis gadamamuSavebel

mrewvelobaSi, romelsac Tavisufali bazris Canasaxad

ganvixilavdi gegmuri ekonomikis wiaRSi. moviwvie

dasavleli ekonomistebis jgufi, romelsac nobelis

premiis rusuli warmomavlobis laureati vasili le-

ontievi xelmZRvanelobda. Cemda gasaocrad, ministr-

Ta sabWos Tavmjdomarem, nikolai riJkovma sxvadasx-

va saxelmwifo uwyebis xelmZRvanelebs ubrZana, rom

Cvens pirvel Sexvedras daswrebodnen. es imaze mianiS-

nebda, Tu raoden Zlier surda mTavrobas dasavluri

daxmarebis mopoveba. im dros gansakuTrebiT cnobili

ar viyavi, magram yvelaze gavleniani saxelmwifo uwye-

bebis ufrosebi mwkrivad daewyvnen Cem mier Camoyvanil

eqspertebTan Sesaxvedrad. diskusiebi erTxans gagr-

Zelda, magram maleve mivxvdi, rom gegmuri ekonomika

metad daavadebuli iyo imisTvis, rom mis wiaRSi janmr-

Tel Canasaxs earseba.


dasavleTidan samarTlis specialistebic Camovi-

yvaneT samoqalaqo kodeqsis momzadebis procesSi

dasaxmareblad. Tumca Cemi unari, gavlena momexdina

dasavleTis politikaze, ufro mcire iyo, vidre Cemi

fondis mier miRweuli Sedegebi sabWoTa imperiaSi.

amis mizezi, SesaZloa, aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs So-

ris arsebuli kognitiuri disonansi iyo. aRmosavle-

Ti sistemuri kolafsis mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda,

dasavleTSi ki araferi gansakuTrebuli ar xdeboda.

rodesac 1989 wlis gazafxulze potsdamSi (romelic

im dros jer kidev aRmosavleT germaniis nawili iyo),

gamarTul aRmosavleT-dasavleTis konferenciaze

sabWoTa imperiisTvis axali marSalis gegmis ganxor-

cielebis winadadebiT gamovedi, ubralod damcines

(„frankfurter algemaine“ werda, winadadebam dams-

wreni gaamxiarulao). da es ar yofila dasavleTis

politikaze gavlenis moxdenis erTaderTi Cemi mcd-

eloba, romelic marcxiT dasrulda.

sabWoTa sistema swrafad iSleboda da fonds ar See-

Zlo, rom mxolod sakuTari ZalebiT Casdgomoda sa-

TaveSi daxuruli sazogadoebis Ria sazogadoebad

transformirebis process. amis nacvlad, Tavad fondi

aRmoCnda daSlis procesSi CaTreuli.gavarkvieT, rom

fondis zogierTi moxele korumpirebuli iyo da fon-

dis xelmZRvanelobis reorganizaciaze Zvirfasi dro

davkargeT. vin icis, ras mivaRwevdiT, fonds normalu-

rad rom emuSava.


im dros politikuri mRelvarebis SuagulSi viyavi, rac

uCveulo mdgomareoba iyo ucxoelisTvis. me piradad

vmonawileobdi ekonomikuri reformebiT dakavebu-

li pirebis moqiSpe jgufebis dapirispirebaSi. metad

davuaxlovdi grigori iavlinskis, romelic Seecada

praqtikulad ganexorcielebina mamaCemis mosazreba,

rom revoluciur periodSi adamianma SeuZleblis miR-

weva unda scados. igi iyo realuri avtori Satalinis

gegmis da 500-dRiani programisa, romlTa mizani evro-

pis saerTo bazris msgavsi ekonomikuri gaerTianebiT

sabWoTa kavSiris Canacvleba iyo. rodesac mis dasax-

mareblad dasavleli ekonomistebis jgufi Caviyvane,

reformatorTa moqiSpe jgufebma isini xelSi Caigdes

da mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi faqtobrivad datyveve-

buli hyavdaT qalaqgareT mdebare rezidenciaSi. sab-

olood iavlinski msoflio bankis da saerTaSoriso

savaluto fondis yovelwliur Sexvedraze waviyvane

vaSingtonSi, sadac maTi metoqeebi ibrZodnen aRiare-

bisTvis. marTalia, maTTvis specialuri mosmenis orga-

nizeba movaxerxe, magram Sin xelcarielebi dabrundnen

da gorbaCovmac maT programas naklebad radikaluri

programa amjobina. Tavad gorbaCovi maleve CamoaSores

xelisuflebas.

amave dros berlinis kedeli daingra da sabWoTa kav-

Siric daiSala. aRmosavleT evropis komunisturi re-

Jimebis dacemas swrafad gamovexmaure da am qveynebSi

erTimeoris miyolebiT davaarse fondebi. 1989 wlis

Sobamde cota xniT adre vewvie praRas, sadac komunis-


turi partiis warmomadgenlis, imJamad Cexoslovakiis

premier-ministrisa da prezidentis movaleobis Sems-

ruleblis, marian Calfasgan Sevityve, rom igi vaclav

havelisTvis Zalauflebis mSvidobianad gadacemas

apirebda. havelma amis Sesaxeb ar icoda. buqarestSi 1990

wlis ianvris dasawyisSi Cavedi, komunisti diqtatoris,

nikolae CauSeskus sikvdiliT dasjidan mcire xnis Sem-

deg. buqaresti alyaSemortymul qalaqs hgavda. Semdeg

sofiaSi gaveSure bulgareTis fondis dasaarseblad.

aseve vewvie sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebs da iqauri

fondebi iqamde gavxseni, vidre es respublikebi damou-

kidebeli qveynebi gaxdebodnen.

ukrainaSi Cemi viziti gansakuTrebiT dasamaxsovrebeli

iyo. kievSi qveynis kulturul elitas Sevxvdi da maT

fondisTvis mravali gansxvavebuli idea SemomTavazes.

yvela es idea mizanSeuwonlad momeCvena da asec vuTx-

ari maT. Sexvedris bolos bodiSi movixade aseTi uary-

ofiTi pasuxisTvis, Tumca isini sulac ar iyvnen amis

winaaRmdegni. „ver warmoidgenT, ra sasiamovno siaxlea

adamianTan urTierToba, romelic pirdapir ambobs

aras. Cveni xelisufleba yovelTvis gveTanxmeba da Sem-

deg arafers akeTebs“. CemTvis es gakveTili iyo. amis Sem-

deg uyoymanod vambobdi uars winadadebebze, romlebic

mizanSeuwonlad mimaCnda.

es mSfoTvare da eiforiuli periodi iyo. arastabilu-

ri situaciebis Sesaxeb uCveulo warmodgena mqonda,

romelic ruseTis revoluciis dros mamaCemis mier


SeZenil gamocdilebas emyareboda, aseve Cems sakuTar

gamocdilebas ungreTis germanuli okupaciis wlebSi.

aman saSualeba mogvca, rom revoluciuri situacia Cve-

ni miznebisTvis gamogveyenebina.

ojaxi londonSi gadaviyvane, raTa movlenaTa centrTan

ufro axlos vyofiliyavi. fuls raime erTiani gegmis

gareSe gavcemdi. mimaCnda, rom Ria sazogadoeba social-

uri mowyobis ufro kompleqsuri forma iyo, vidre daS-

lis procesSi myofi komunisturi sistema. sistemuri

transformaciisTvis gareSe daxmareba iyo saWiro. yve-

laferi erTdroulad unda gakeTebuliyo. amitomac,

Tu miviRebdi winadadebas, romelic ganxorcielebadi

Canda, rogorc wesi, vTanxmdebodi xolme. swored ami-

tom gaizarda Cemi Ria sazogadoebis fondebis xarjebi

3 milioni dolaridan 300 milion dolaramde sul ram-

denime wlis ganmavlobaSi. yovelive amis gegmis mixed-

viT ganxorcieleba SeuZlebeli iqneboda. ubiujetod

vmuSaobdiT da bolos fondebis mTeli qselis saqmiano-

bis kontroli gaZnelda. qaosSi aRmovCndiT Caflule-

bi, Tumca es qaosi Sedegebis miRwevaSic gvexmareboda.

qaosis SuagulSi saswrafod gvWirdeboda raime saxis

wesrigi mainc.

gamimarTla da movaxerxe „hiuman raiTs uoCis“ di-

reqtor arie neieris rekrutireba, romelic 1993 wels

Ria sazogadoebis fondebis prezidenti gaxda. man fon-

debis marTva gadaibara. damoukideblad mogzaurobis

ufleba aRar mqonda _ yovelTvis vinme unda mxleboda


Tan da yvela Cemi dapireba CaeniSna, sxva SemTxvevaSi

fondi maT ar Seasrulebda. swored am dros daiwyo fon-

debis qselis Camoyalibeba misi dRevandeli saxiT. adgi-

lobrivi xelmZRvanelobis mqone fondi yofili sabWo-

Ta imperiis praqtikulad yvela qveyanaSi davaarseT.

Cvens profesiul enaze maT „erovnuli fondebis qse-

li“ vuwodeT. amasTan erTad SevqmeniT egreT wodebuli

„qseluri programebic“, romlebic saxelmwifo saz-

Rvrebs kveTs da iseT konkretul saprogramo sferoebs

moicavs, rogoricaa samarTali, janmrTelobis dacva da

ganaTleba. Sedegad, Seiqmna matrica, romelic erovnu-

li fondebis wyalobiT dagrovil lokalur codnas

qseluri programebis farglebSi arsebul profesion-

alur codnasTan aerTianebs. matrica daxuruli ar iyo:

erovnul fondebs SeeZloT proeqtebis ganxorcieleba

qseluri programebis sferoebs miRma, xolo qseluri

programebis ganxorcieleba iseT qveynebSic SeiZle-

boda, sadac erovnuli fondebi ar gvqonda. sabWoTa

sistemis daSla grZeldeboda, magram Cveni organizacia

TandaTan ufro Sekruli xdeboda. qaosis periodma Tav-

isi daniSnuleba Seasrula. fondebi am qveynebSi Seqmni-

li pirveli msgavsi organizaciebi iyo da maT TiTqosda

ganuxorcielebadi proeqtebis mxardaWeris wyalobiT

garkveuli reputacia Seiqmnes. axla maTi muSaoba ufro

profesionaluri gaxda.

Cveni biujetis daaxloebiT mesamedi bavSvebze foku-

sirebul ganaTlebaze ixarjeboda _ da kritikuli

azrovnebis wamaxlisebeli midgomis damkvidrebaze


regionSi, romelic avtoritarul meTodebsa da daze-

pirebiT swavlas iyo miCveuli. davaarse saganmanaTleb-

lo dawesebuleba magistrantebisa da doqtorantebi-

sTvis _ centraluri evropis universiteti, romelic

Tavdapirvelad praRaSi iyo ganTavsebuli, xolo Semdeg

budapeStSi gadavida da filiali varSavaSic aqvs. aseve

Sevqmeni umaRlesi ganaTlebis mxardaWeris programa,

romlis farglebSic daaxloebiT imdenive fuli daix-

arja sxva axlad Seqmnil saganmanaTleblo dawesebule-

bebze. garda amisa, mxars vuWerdiT sistemur reformebs,

rogorc umaRles, aseve zogadi ganaTlebis sistemebSi.

dabolos, SemoviReT programa „nabij-nabij“ skolamde-

li asakis bavSvebisTvis, romelic sabavSvo baRebis pro-

grama „kargi dasawyisis“ modifikacia iyo.

Cveni biujetis mesamedi da, SesaZloa, metic samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis mxardaWeraze ixarjeboda, am terminis

farTo gagebiT. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas vuTmobdiT

samoqalaqo uflebebs da mowyvladi jgufebis dacvas.

gadavwyviteT, rom eTnosi roma, romelsac umravleso-

ba damamcirebel saxel „jifsis“ uwodebda, aRmosavleT

evropaSi eTnikurad motivirebuli socialuri gariyu-

lobis yvelaze mZime SemTxveva iyo. amitomac am prob-

lemis gadaWras sul ufro met fulsa da energias vuT-

mobdiT. Tavdapirvelad maT kulturas vuWerdiT mxars,

Semdgom ki ganaTlebasac. Cveni yvelaze didi miRweva

iyo romas axali, ganaTlebuli Taobis aRzrda, romelic

am eTnosisadmi Tavisi kuTvnilebiT amayobs.


radganac sabWoTa kavSiris daSla grZeldeboda da mo-

saxleobas sul ufro mZime pirobebSi uwevda cxovreba,

Cveni biujetic izrdeboda. 100 milioni dolari ga-

viRe „mecnierebis saerTaSoriso fondis“ Sesaqmnelad,

romlis mizani sabWoTa mecnierebis saukeTeso nawilis

gadarCena iyo. fondma 500 dolaris odenobis gadaude-

beli grantebi gamouyo sabWoTa kavSiris yvelaze gamo-

Cenil mecnierebs. ukontrolo inflaciis wyalobiT, es

Tanxa ojaxis erTi wlis manZilze sarCenad iyo sakmari-

si. SerCeva martiv da obieqtur kriteriums emyarebo-

da: sami citireba saerTaSoriso masStabiT aRiarebul

samecniero JurnalSi. am moTxovnas 30 aTasze meti mecn-

ieri akmayofilebda. fulis danarCeni nawili kvleviT

programebs moxmarda, romlebsac mecnierebis saer-

TaSoriso Jiuri arCevda kolegebis mier naSromebis

ganxilvis sistemis safuZvelze. es sqema warmoudgen-

lad warmatebuli gamodga: mTeli Tanxa erT weliwad-

Si ganawilda. Cemi mizani mxolod sabWoTa mecnierebis

saukeTeso nawilis gadarCena ki ar iyo, rasac adamianis

inteleqtis umaRles miRwevad miviCnevdi, aramed imis

demonstrirebac, rom ucxouri daxmarebis efeqtianad

marTva SesaZlebelia.

„uol strit jornalSi“ 1992 wels gamoqveynebul sta-

tiaSi gamovTqvi azri, rom saerTaSoriso savaluto

fondis mier gamoyofili daxmareba imave principiT

unda ganawilebuliyo. sabWoTa mTavrobisa da misi mem-

kvidreebisTvis sabiujeto daxmarebis gawevis nacvlad,

daxmareba pensiebisa da umuSevarTa Semweobebis ga-


dasaxdelad unda gamoyofiliyo da misi ganawileba mk-

acri zedamxedvelobis qveS unda momxdariyo. es kargi

idea iyo, magram ganuxorcielebeli darCa. zogadad,

ideebi warmatebuli iyo maSin, rodesac maT damoukideb-

lad vaxorcielebdi, xolo rodesac saxelmwifo poli-

tikaze gavlenis moxdenas vcdilobdi, bevrs verafers

vaRwevdi. droTa ganmavlobaSi mdgomareoba Seicvala

da bolo dros ufro warmatebiT vaxerxeb sazogadoe-

brivi mxardaWeris mobilizebas. mtkiced mwams, rom

istoria sxvanairad ganviTareboda, „uol strit jor-

nalSi“ gamoqveynebuli Cemi winadadeba praqtikaSi rom

ganxorcielebuliyo. sabWoTa kavSirSi mcxovrebi ada-

mianebi dasavluri daxmarebis praqtikul da xelSesaxeb

sargebels naxavdnen da dasavleTis mimarT maTi damok-

idebulebac sakmaod gansxvavebuli iqneboda. evro-

pa dRes mZime Sedegebs imkis imis gamo, rom gaWirvebis

dros rus xalxs ar daexmara.

am Tavgadasavlebis dros Tavadac bevri ram viswavle.

Tavdapirvelad gatacebuli viyavi im TiTqmis usazRv-

ro SesaZleblobebiT, romlebic sabWoTa sistemis ko-

lafsma Sva, da imdenad msurda istoriaSi Cemi wvlilis

Seatana, rom daufiqreblad vcdilobdi miuRwevlis

miRwevas. SesaZleblisa da SeuZleblis garCeva Tan-

daTanobiT viswavle. ufro frTxili gavxdi da saku-

Tari mniSvnelovnebis mateba ufro naklebad maRelveb-

da, vidre raime Rirebulis miRweva. maxsovs erT-erTi

viziti moskovSi, rodesac orma yvelaze mniSvnelovan-

ma adamianma maT Soris, visac unda Sevxvedrodi, CemTan

Sexvedra gaauqma im politikis gamo, romelsac mxars


vuWerdi. adre aseTi ambavi mewyineboda, magram amjerad

kmayofili viyavi imiT, rom Cemi pozicia ar davTme.

bolo periodSi, rodesac mekiTxebodnen, putins Sex-

vedrixar Tu arao, gulaxdilad SemeZlo mepasuxa, mas-

Tan Sexvedra ar msurs-meTqi.

Cemi, rogorc sajaro piris, statusi seriozulad

Seicvala 1992 wels. rodesac gaerTianebuli samefos

valuta, funti sterlingi, gacvliTi kursis evropuli

meqanizmidan amoiRes, „inglisis bankis damaqceveli“ mi-

wodes. amis mizezi is iyo, rom am ambavSi Cemi hej-fon-

dis monawileoba ar uarvyavi, xolo Semdeg mediam Cemi

roli gaabuqa. ganzrax ar SevuSale amas xeli, imisaTvis

rom momepovebina tribuna, saidanac sxva sakiTxebze

saubars SevZlebdi. asec moxda. uecrad aRmoCnda, rom

Cems sityvebs bevri usmenda.

im wels iugoslavia omSi aRmoCnda CarTuli da Cemi

tribunidan ganvacxade, rom omis qarcecxlSi gaxveu-

li bosniis mSvidobiani mosaxleobis dasaxmareblad

50 milioni dolaris odenobis fonds vqmnidi. Sobis

dReebSi gakeTebulma am gancxadebam mSvidobiani mosax-

leobis tanjva yuradRebis centrSi moaqcia. Cemi dax-

marebis Tavdapirveli mizani saomar zonaSi humanita-

ruli misiebis personalis Seyvana iyo, rac, Tavis mxriv,

gaero-s samSvidobo jarebs aiZulebda, rom maT dasaca-

vad moqmedebis ufro agresiul wesebze gadasuliyvnen.

sinamdvileSi ase ar moxda. gaero-s jarebma ar aRkveTes

sasaklao srebrenicaSi. Tumca, humanitaruli daxmare-

bis texaselma geniosma fred kanim am fuliT saraevos


gazi, eleqtroenergia, wyali da bostneulis mosay-

vani Tesli miawoda. Cemi daxmarebis Tavdapirveli mi-

zani miuRweveli darCa, magram fred kanim Cemi fuli

warmatebiT gamoiyena. gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba, Tu vi-

tyviT, rom es fuli saraevos mcxovreblebs gadarCenaSi

daexmara. kani maleve daiRupa CeCneTSi.

saraevoSi 1993 wlis noemberSi Cavedi, rodesac qalaqi

alyaSemortymuli iyo. am vizits uxalisod davTanxmdi,

radgan ar mindoda Tavi safrTxeSi Camegdo. frena sakma-

od saSiSi iyo il-76-iT, romelic msoflioSi erT-erTi

yvelaze didi TviTmfrinavia. iatakze dawyobili gazis

milebis grovis gverdiT visxediT. viraJebisa da daSve-

bis dros ukrainuli ekipaJis wevrebi rigrigobiT uW-

erdnen da uSvebdnen Rvedebs, romlebiTac milebi iyo

Sekruli. Semdeg sul aTi wuTi gvqonda aeroportidan

gasasvlelad.

saraevoSi fred kanis mier aSenebuli wylis gamwmendi

sistemis sazeimo gaxsnaze Cavedi. sistema daSlili Cai-

tanes TviTmfrinaviT da mTaSi gayvanil saavtomobilo

gvirabSi daamontaJes. Tumca, adgilobrivi xelisufle-

ba wylis gaSvebis nebarTvas ar iZleoda. ratom _ CvenT-

vis ucnobi darCa. SesaZloa, viRac bevr fuls Soulob-

da wylis gayidviT, an mTavrobas surda, rom snaiperebs

kvlavac daexocaT wylis rigSi mdgomi adamianebi, raTa

televiziiT maTi fotoebis Cvenebas qalaqis gaWirvebis

mimarT TanagrZnoba aReZra. SesaZloa, orive mizezi re-

aluri iyo. wylis gaSvebis nebarTva mxolod mas Semdeg


mogvces, rac davemuqre, protests sajarod gamovxat-

av-meTqi.

aRmosavleT evropisa da sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi Se-

qmnil fondebSi Tundac minimaluri wesrigis damyare-

ba mZime amocana iyo, magram ara iseTi yovlismomcveli

da sasiamovno, rogorc Cemi saqmianoba revoluciur

periodSi. Cvenma yovelwliurma xarjebma 600 milion

dolars miaRwia, rodesac fiskaluri discplinis dam-

kvidreba daviwyeT. Cveni mizani xarjebis ganaxevreba

iyo, magram amas ver mivaRwieT, radgan mudmivad Cndebo-

da axali SesaZleblobebi sxvadasxva adgilas.

* * *

rodesac 1994 wels haitize diuvalies reJimi daemxo da

amerikis armiam qveynis okupireba moaxdina, gadavwyvite,

rom iq fondis Seqmna iyo saWiro. arie neieri icnobda

Sesaferis adamians, romelsac fondis xelmZRvaneloba

SeeZlo _ miSel pier-luis. arie karg adamians gvatema-

laSic icnobda. fondi iqac SevqmeniT da misi sameurveo

sabWo unikaluri iyo, radgan qalaqSi mcxovreb liber-

al inteleqtualebsa da soflad mcxovrebi aborigeni

Temebis liderebs aerTianebda. Semdeg samxreT afri-

kaSi aparTeidis sistema gauqmda da nelson mandela

prezidenti gaxda. Cveni principebidan, samxreT afrika-

Si Cveni saqmianobis istoriidan da yofili sabWoTa ka-

vSiris teritoriaze Cveni saqmianobis gamocdilebidan

gamomdinare, Tavi valdebulad CavTvale, rom erovnu-

li fondi samxreT afrikaSic damearsebina. iqidan saqmi-


anoba afrikis sxva nawilebzec ganvavrceT da Cveni pro-

gramebis qselma msoflios sxva kuTxeebsac miaRwia.

1995 wlisTvis CavTvale, rom sakmarisi gavakeTeT Cveni

dRis wesrigis pirveli punqtis gansaxorcieleblad,

rac daxuruli sazogadoebebis gaxsnas gulisxmobda,

amitomac SegveZlo meore punqtze gadasvla _ Ria sazo-

gadoebebis sicocxlisunarianobis amaRlebaze. Ria

sazogadoebis fondebis saqmianoba ucxo qveynebSi iyo

koncentrirebuli da dadga dro, rom sakuTar qveya-

naSic gagvekeTebina rame. amerikaSi Ria sazogadoebis

naklovanebebs davufiqrdi da strategiuli gegma mo-

vamzade, romelic Semdeg socialuri filosofiis spe-

cialistebis narCev jgufs gadaveci kritikuli ganxil-

visaTvis.

ori idea siaxle iyo. pirveli _ sabazro Rirebulebebma

iseT sferoebSi SeaRwia, sadac maTi adgili ar iyo _ gan-

sakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavi iyo is, rom maT profesiuli Ri-

rebulebebi Seasustes. iseTi liberaluri profesiebi,

rogorebicaa medicina, samarTali da Jurnalistika, bi-

znesebad gadaiqca. saWiro iyo profesiuli Rirebule-

bebis primatis ganmtkiceba. meore idea gulisxmobda,

rom zogierT sferoSi SiSma kritikuli procesi Sea-

ferxa da yalbi dogmebi Sva, romlebisTvisac tenden-

ciuroba da Seuwynarebloba iyo damaxasiaTebeli da

romlebic Ria sazogadoebis principebs asustebda. ori

aseTi sfero gamovyavi: amerikelebis damokidebuleba

sikvdilis mimarT da amerikis mTavrobis narkopoli-


tika. am sferoebs saerTo Tviseba aqvT: narkotikebze

damokidebulebac da sikvdilic gadauWreli proble-

mebia, amitomac bunebrivad Cndeba yalbi gamosavlis

Ziebis tendencia, Tumca aseTi gamosavali problemas

kidev ufro amZimebs. orive SemTxvevaSi, aseTi gamosava-

li gadauWreli problemis arsebobis aRiarebaze uaris

Tqmas gulisxmobs: eqimebi nebismier fasad cdiloben

sicocxlis gaxangrZlivebas, xolo narkotikebTan me-

brZolebi nulovan tolerantobas emxrobian. mogvi-

anebiT aRmoCnda, rom am or sferos Soris kavSiri ufro

mWidro iyo: dRevandeli gadasaxedidan „narkotikebTan

omi“ SeiZleba „terorizmTan omis“ winamorbedad gan-

vixiloT.

SeerTebul StatebSi sxva programebi danarCen msofli-

oSi Cven mier ganxorcielebuli programebis gagrZele-

ba iyo: socialuri samarTlianoba, mowyvladi jgufebi,

samoqalaqo uflebebi da sisxlis samarTlis sistema.

strategiam kritikuli ganxilva gaiara da misi ganx-

orcieleba daviwyeT. ZiriTadad Cem mier warmodgeni-

li ori ideiT viyavi dakavebuli, sxva sferoebs ki sia-

movnebiT vuTmobdi arie neiers, romelmac maT Sesaxeb

Cemze meti icoda.

proeqti amerikaSi sikvdilis Sesaxeb, SesaZloa, Cveni

yvelaze warmatebuli saSinao programa iyo. man axali

dargi Sva. sinamdvilis uaryofisadmi amerikelebis mid-

rekileba samedicino profesiis warmomadgenlebisTvi-

sac iyo damaxasiaTebeli da farTo sazogadoebisTvi-


sac. mivageniT eqspertTa jgufs, romlebmac momakvdav

pacientebTan muSaoba icodnen. sxvadasxva samedicino

dawesebulebaSi saswavlo stipendiebis dawesebis sa-

SualebiT maT SeZles momakvdav pacientebze zrunvis,

rogorc samedicino disciplinis, gardaqmna. isini aseve

dagvexmaren uSualod farTo sazogadoebis ganaTle-

baSic. yvelaze warmatebuli nabiji bil moiersis mier

momzadebuli gadacemebis seria iyo, romelic xuTi

nawilisgan Sedgeboda da sazogadoebrivi telearxiT

gadaica. es gadacemebi Ria sazogadoebis fondebs ar

daufinasebiaT, magram moiersi metwilad Cven mier daf-

inasebul naSromebs iyenebda. sikvdili tabudadebuli

Tema aRar iyo. Cveni warmateba am sferoSi saqmianobis

SewyvetiT aRvniSneT. Cveni adgili sxva fondebma dai-

kaves. Tumca bolo periodSi am sferos davubrundiT da

Tanadafinanseba gavuwieT axali Taobis proeqtebs, rom-

lebic pirvelma Taobam Sva.

narkopolitikis sferoSi aseT winsvlas ver mivaRwi-

eT. es metad winaaRmdegobrivi sferoa, sadac eqstrem-

istebi dominireben. ar vici, rogori narkopolitikaa

swori, magram is ki vici, rom narkotikebTan omma meti

ziani moitana, vidre Tavad narkotikebma. rodesac nar-

kotikebTan omis winaaRmdeg gamovedi, narkotikebis

legalizebis mcdelobaSi damadanaSaules. marTlac

vfiqrob, rom dRevandeli politikis gagrZelebas

narkotikebis legalizeba ajobebda, magram amis Tqmas

veridebi, radganac es xelsayreli iqneboda eqstrem-

istebisTvis, romlebic cdiloben, rom sakiTxi sul or


SesaZleblobamde daiyvanon: an narkotkebTan oms uWer

mxars, an narkotikebis legalizebas emxrobi. vfiqrob,

rom narkopolitikas Secdomebis mixedviT politikis

adaptirebis meTodi ufro Seefereba.

Ria sazogadoebis fondebi zianis Semcirebas emxrobian,

Tu zianze saubrisas mxolod narkotikebiT gamowveul

zians ki ar vigulisxmebT, aramed maTi akrZalvis Sede-

gad warmoSobil ziansac. radganac legalizacia sazo-

gadoebisTvis miuRebelia, zianis Semcirebis miznad

dasaxva SesaZlebels xdis sxvadasxva zomis gamocdisa

da Secdomebis mixedviT politikis adaptirebis pro-

cess. ramdenad Sors wava es procesi, sazogadoebrivi

azris evoluciazea damokidebuli. arc is vici, Tu

ramdenad Sors unda wavides procesi, magram, rodesac

aSS-sa da gaero-s ZiriTadi politikiT gamowveul zians

vuyureb, gansakuTrebiT iseT adgilebSi, rogorebicaa

avRaneTi, meqsika, haiti, gvatemala da laTinuri amerik-

isa da afrikis sxva qveynebi, sul ufro metad vrwmunde-

bi, rom procesi rac SeiZleba Sors unda wavides.

narkotikebTan omi warmatebuli ver iqneba, radganac

ekonomikis yvelaze elementarul kanonebs ewinaaRmde-

geba, romelTa diskreditireba 2008 wlis katastrofa-

mac ki ver SeZlo. miwodebis aRkveTa maSin, rodesac

moTxovna elastikuri ar aris (da ra SeiZleba iyos

ufro nakleb elastikuri, vidre narkodamokidebule-

ba?) mxolod fasebsa da mogebis odenobas zrdis. maRali

fasebi miwodebis stimulia, xolo mogebis sidide nar-


kotikebiT vaWrobis wamaxalisebelia, rac narkodamok-

idebulebasa da araelastikur moTxovnas warmoSobs.

rac ufro mkacria samarTaldamcvelTa saqmianoba, miT

ufro sastik adamianebs izidavs es biznesi. swored am

maxeSi vimyofebiT axla. sabednierod, amerikaSi damok-

idebuleba am sakiTxisadmi TandaTanobiT icvleba. ada-

mianebi, romlebsac mozardobisas marixuana mouweviaT

da, SesaZloa, ufro seriozuli narkotikic gausinjavT,

axla mSoblebi xdebian da sazogadoebasac esmis narko-

tikebis momxmarebelTa patimrobis uaryofiTi Sede-

gebi da usamarTloba. am process, savaraudod, daaCqa-

rebs saxelmwifo finansebis mosalodneli Semcireba.

vfiqrob, rom radikaluri reformis perspeqtivebi

axla ukeTesia, vidre romelime periodSi mas Semdeg, rac

narkopolitikiT davinteresdi. samwuxarod, avRaneTSi

viTarebis gamosasworeblad reforma SeiZleba dagvi-

anebuli aRmoCndes.

profesiuli Rirebulebebis ganmtkicebis proeqtis Se-

degebi araerTgvarovania. samarTlis profesiis SemTx-

vevaSi, did warmatebebs mivaRwieT sajaro samsaxuris

samarTlis praqtikosebisTvis stipendiebis dawesebis

mxriv, magram mosamarTleTa SerCevisas profesiuli

standartebis damkvidrebis mcdeloba gacilebiT na-

klebad warmatebuli aRmoCnda da es procesi kidev

ufro politizebuli gaxda. Jurnalistikis sferoSi

sagamoZiebo Jurnalistikis ramdenime iniciativa dava-

finanseT, magram sxva mxriv gansakuTrebul progress

ver mivaRwieT im profesiis problemebis gadaWraSi,


romelic Ria sazogadoebis aucilebeli elementia da

amJamad teqnologiur transformacias ganicdis. medi-

cinis dargSi davaarseT instituti, romlis mizani iyo

samedicino profesiis dacva farmacevtuli industri-

is cdunebebisgan, magram ver SevZeliT im angarebiani

damokidebulebis Secvla, romelic profesiul gaer-

Tianebebsa da zogierT eqims axasiaTebs. bolo periodis

debatebma janmrTelobis dacvis kanonmdeblobis Ses-

axeb TvalnaTliv gamoaCina, Tu ramdenad mwiria sazo-

gadoebis codna janmrTelobis dacvis mniSvnelobis

Sesaxeb. amerikuli sistema samedicino procedurebis

Rirebulebis anazRaurebas gulisxmobs da ara janmr-

Telobis dacvas. evropisa da kanadis janmrTelobis

dacvis erovnuli sistemebi, maTi naklovanebebis mi-

uxedavad, ukeTes Sedegebs aRwevs, magram amerikaSi jan-

mrTelobis dacvis erovnuli sistemis gagonebac ki ar

surT, radganac is socializmis gamovlinebad miiCneva.

specialuri interesebis gavlena yvelgan aRwevs da aman

sakanonmdeblo procesic mowamla.

amerikaSi Ria sazogadoebis problemebiT dainterese-

bam da sabWoTa imperiisadmi dasavluri daxmarebis

warumateblobiT gamowveulma SeSfoTebam globalu-

ri kapitalizmis naklovanebebis Seswavlisken mibiZga.

1997 wlis TebervalSi davwere statia Jurnal „atlan-

tik manTlisaTvis“ saTauriT „kapitalizmis safrTxe“,

romelic eWvqveS ayenebda vaSingtonis konsensusis

principebs. ganviTarebadi qveynebis bazrebze 1997 wels

momxdari krizisis Semdeg statia ganvavrce da wig-


nad gamoveci, romelsac „globaluri kapitalizmis

krizisi“ erqva. 2000 wels kidev erTi wigni davwere,

„globalizaciis Sesaxeb“, romelSic SemoTavazebuli

iyo mTeli rigi reformebisa, Tumca isini seriozulad

aravin aRiqva. am reformebidan erT-erTis, sesxebis spe-

cialuri uflebebis, seriozuli ganxilva mxolod 2008

wlis finansuri katasrtofis Semdeg daiwyo.

rodesac 1999 wels xelisuflebis saTaveSi putini mov-

ida, Cveni fondi ruseTSi Tavdasxmis obieqti gaxda da

praqtikulad qveynidan gaaZeves. naqiravebi gvqonda

Senoba misi Semdgomi gamosyidvis uflebiT. Tumca Ta-

vdapirvelma mflobelma Senoba erT-erT gangsters

mihyida, romelmac SeZlo sasamarTloSi Senaxuli kon-

traqtis Secvla yalbi asliT, sadac gamosyidvis ufle-

ba naxsenebi aRar iyo, Semdeg ki, rodesac qiris vada

amoiwura, Cvens ofiss daeufla. im dros darwmunebuli

ar viyavi, marTlac erTi konkretuli gangsteris namo-

qmedari iyo es Tu ara, magram axla ufro mzad var davi-

jero, rom yvelaferi mTavrobis xelSewyobiT moxda. ase

iyo Tu ise, davrwmundi, rom ruseTis mTavrobas aRar

surda Cemgan daxmarebis miReba da aRarc imsaxurebda

daxmarebas da amitom fondi davxure.

metad sevdiani dasasruli iyo gabeduli filanTro-

piuli wamowyebisTvis, magram ar vnanob, rom es gad-

awyvetileba miviRe. mxolod am fondis Zalebi ar iyo

sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom ruseTs daxurulidan Ria

sazogadoebad gardaqmnaSi daxmareboda. rogorc adrec


vTqvi, vfiqrob, rom istoria sxvagvarad ganviTardebo-

da, dasavleTis mTavrobebs fondisTvis rom miebaZaT.

mjera, rom filanTropi ise unda moiqces, rogorc saW-

irod miaCnia, miuxedavad imisa, miaRwevs Tu ara warmate-

bas. swored es aris mTavari gansxvaveba filanTropiasa

da biznesis investiciebs Soris. darwmunebuli var, rom

fondis saqmianoba rusma xalxma daafasa da rom misi gr-

Zelvadiani Sedgebi pozitiuri iqneba, miuxedavad mTe-

li im mtruli propagandisa, romelsac putinis reJimi

mimarTavs mis winaaRmdeg.

erT-erTi mizezi imisa, rom prezidenti putini pirad

mtrad mimiCnevs, Cem mier saqarTvelos prezident mix-

eil saakaSvilis mxardaWeraa. Cemi azriT, es metad se-

vdiani ambavia. saqarTveloSi korufciis donem Zalian

imata eduard SevardnaZis prezidentobis dros. refor-

matorebis jgufma, romelsac im dros iusticiis min-

istri saakaSvili da parlamentis Tavmjdomare zurab

Jvania xelmZRvanelobdnen, farTo antikorufciuli

kampania wamoiwyo. kampanias mxars Cemi fondic uWer-

da da piradadac CaverTe masSi. kampanias aseve mxars

uWerda prezidenti SevardnaZec, romelic karg ada-

mianad mimaCnda, magram vfiqrobdi, rom man Tavisi Ses-

aZleblobebi amowura. antikorufciuli programa

kargad Camoyalibebuli da ambiciuri iyo, magram adg-

ilidan ver daiZra. saqarTveloSi Cemi yoveli vizitis

dros prezidenti SevardnaZe mxardaWeras gamoxatavda,

magram realurad verafers akeTebda, radgan korufci-

is ZiriTadi wyaro Sinagan saqmeTa saministro iyo da


misi sicocxle pirdapir iyo damokidebuli uSiSroe-

bis samsaxurze. reformatorebis moTmineba bolos da

bolos amoiwura. saakaSvilma da Jvaniam mTavroba da-

toves da Seqmnes politikuri partia, romelic prezi-

dent SevardnaZes daupirispida. maTdami Cemi mxardaW-

era imiT gamovxate, rom 2003 wels centraluri evropis

universitetis saxeliT Ria sazogadoebis jildo ga-

daveci. opoziciam arCevnebSi warmatebas miaRwia. da-

moukidebeli egzitpolis Tanaxmad, romelsac sxvebTan

erTad Cemi fondic afinansebda, maT xmebis umravleso-

ba miiRes, magram oficialuri SedegebiT samTavrobo

partiam gaimarjva. moqalaqeebi egzitpols ufro endo-

bodnen, vidre oficialur Sedegebs, amitom revolucia

moxda da saakaSvili prezidenti gaxda.

aRtacebuli viyavi da yvelafers vakeTebdi, rac SemeZ-

lo, rom warmatebis miRwevaSi davxmarebodi. ramdenime

milioni dolari gaviRe resursebis Seqmnis fondisTvis,

romelic gaero-s ganviTarebis programis iniciativiT

Seiqmna da saakaSvilis kabinetis wevrebs yovelTviurad

aTasi dolaris odenobis saxelfaso danamats uxdida,

xolo policiis personals _ TveSi asobiT dolars. aman

saakaSvils saSualeba misca, rom policiaSi disciplina

daemyarebinda da blokpostebis gauqmebis brZaneba gae-

ca, sadac gamvleli manqanebis mZRolebs qrTams sZala-

vdnen. es realuri antikorufciuli nabiji iyo, romel-

mac didad Seuwyo xeli misi popularobis zrdas. magram

mdgomareoba gauaresda, rodesac saakaSvilis mTav-

robam korufciis braldebiT bevri cnobili biznes-


meni daapatimra da gaTavisuflebis sanacvlod didi

Tanxebi gamosZala maT. es fuli araformalur fondSi

iricxeboda, romelic ruseTis mosalodneli Tavdasx-

misgan saqarTvelos dasacavad iaraRis SeZenisTvis iyo

gankuTvnili. radganac fondi araformaluri iyo, Semd-

gomSi korufciis wyarod iqca.

saqarTveloSi moqmedi Cemi fondi am ukanono qmedebis

winaaRmdeg gamovida da, radganac qveyanaSi saparlamen-

to opozicia ar arsebobda, axali mTavrobis yvelaze aq-

tiuri kritikosi gaxda. Tavdapirvelad mzad viyavi, rom

mTavrobis mier Cadenil darRvevebs ase Tu ise Sevgue-

bodi, radganac mimaCnda, rom revoluciur situaciebSi

Cveulebrivi wesebi gamousadegaria, magram ufro kri-

tikuli gavxdi, rodesac es qmedebebi ar Sewyvites. xe-

lisuflebaSi mosuli saakaSvili gacilebiT naklebad

erTguli iyo Ria sazogadoebis Rirebulebebisa, vidre

opoziciaSi yofnis dros.

amave dros, rusuli media madanaSaulebda, rom saak-

aSvilis mTavari damfinansebeli viyavi, xolo putinma

centraluri aziis respublikebis mmarTvelebs Cemi

fondebis daxurva urCia. sabednierod, maTma umravle-

sobam es rCeva yurad ar iRo, magram fondebi zewolis

qveS moeqcnen da uaryofiTi Sedegebi msoflios sxva

kuTxeebSic vigrZeniT. am mware gakveTilma maswavla,

rom naklebad gavreuliyavi im qveynebis Sida politika-

Si, sadac Cemi fondebi moqmedebdnen.


aseTi daskvnis TeoriaSi gamotana ufro iolia, vidre

praqtikaSi misi ganxorcieleba. strategia, romelsac

calkeul qveynebSi saqmianobisTvis vamzadebT, didad

aris damokidebuli Sida politikur viTarebaze. Cveni

midgoma or mimarTulebas moicavs. erTi mxriv, samoqa-

laqo sazogadoebas vexmarebiT mTavrobis angariSval-

debulebis uzrunvelyofaSi, meore mxriv, vcdilobT

viTanamSromloT mTavrobebTan, romlebic mzad arian,

miiRon Cveni daxmareba, raTa ukeT gaarTvan Tavi Tavi-

anT movaleobebs. Cveni saqmianoba ufro Sedegiani iqne-

ba, Tu orive mimarTulebiT SevZlebT muSaobas, xolo

yvelaze did Sedegebs reJimis demokratiuli cvli-

lebis periodebSi vaRwevT, rodesac axal mTavrobas

ufro Ria sazogadoebis Seqmna surs, magram saWiro re-

sursebi ara aqvs. maTi resursebis gazrda xSirad Cveni

yvelaze mniSvnelovani daxmarebaa. swored es gavakeTeT

sabWoTa sistemis kolafsis dros. ucxoeli eqsperte-

bi CamoviyvaneT da am qveynebis kvalificirebul moqa-

laqeebsac davexmareT finansurad, raTa ucxoeTidan

dabrunebuliyvnen. igive gavimeoreT saqarTveloSi aTi

wlis Semdeg. rodesac am rTul gamocdilebas vixseneb,

ar mgonia, rom raime sxvanairad unda gamekeTebina.

namdvili gakveTili, romelic saqarTveloSi miviRe, is

iyo, rom tranziciis procesSi myofi qveynebis daxmare-

ba rTuli da umaduri saqmea. msgavsi gamocdileba sxva

qveynebSic gvqonia, sadac erTi mTavrobis mier ganx-

orcielebul sistemur reformebs momdevno mTavro-

ba mizanmimarTulad auqmebda. ruseTi amis saukeTeso


magaliTia. Tavisuflebebi, romlebmac elcinis mmarT-

velobis qaosur wlebSi fexi moikida, putinis dros

praqtikulad mTlianad gaqra. Tumca, arsebobs nakle-

bad TvalSi sacemi gakveTilic. sistemuri reformebis

dafuZneba konkretul partnior mTavrobasTan mWidro

kavSirebze saxifaToa. sistemuri reformebi farTo

sazogadoebriv CarTulobasa da mxardaWeras saWiroebs.

mxolod am SemTxvevaSi iqneba es reformebi Seuqcevadi.

* * *

ocdameerTe saukuneSi Ria sazogadoebis fondebma

globalur masStabs miaRwies. msoflios yvela qveyana-

Si adgilobrivi fondis Seqmna metad rTuli iqneboda,

amitom regionuli fondebis daarseba daviwyeT, ro-

melTagan erTi samxreT afrikaSi Seiqmna da im cxra qvey-

anas moicavs, romelic samxreT afrikis ganviTarebis

TanamegobrobaSi (SADC) Sedis, meore dasavleT afrikis

im Tvrameti qveynisTvis aris gankuTvnili, romlebic

dasavleT afrikis saxelmwifoebis ekonomikuri Tana-

megobrobis (ECOWAS) wevrebi arian, xolo mesame aRmo-

savleT afrikaSi moqmedebs da Tavdapirvelad kenias

faravda, xolo Semdeg TandaTanobiT gafarTovda mezo-

bel qveynebSi. indoneziaSi fondi suhartos mTavrobis

damxobis Semdeg SevqmeniT 2000 wels. avRaneTSi amerik-

is armiis Sesvlis Semdeg programebi iqac wamoviwyeT

da pakistanSic. amJamad grantebis mcire raodenobas

eraySic gavcemT. msoflios sxva kuTxeebSi, gansakuTre-

biT axlo aRmosavleTSi, samxreT-aRmosavleT aziasa da

laTinur amerikaSi, Cveni saqmianoba naklebad formal-


uri, magram mainc realuria.

sistemasTan erTad, romelic erovnul fondebsa da

qselur programebs aerTianebs, axal ganzomilebasac

davudeT saTave, romelsac „qselebis qsels“ vuwodeb.

es gulisxmobs mWidro TanamSromlobas da mniSvnelo-

van finansur mxardaWeras iseTi damoukidebeli or-

ganizaciebisTvis, rogorebicaa „global uiTnes“ da

krizisebis saerTaSoriso jgufi, bolo periodSi ki

sagareo urTierTobebis evropuli sabWo (ECFR) da ax-

ali ekonomikuri azrovnebis instituti (INET). CemTvis

es axal sferoebSi saqmianobis dawyebis sayvareli for-

mula gaxda, radganac sxvebisgan dafinansebis mopovebis

SesaZlebloba gvaZlevs Sefasebis kvaziobieqtur stan-

darts, romelic ar arsebobs fondebis qselSi, romel-

ic mTlianad Cven gvekuTvnis. idealur SemTxvevaSi, Cve-

ni dafinanseba Cven mier mxardaWerili organizaciebis

saerTo biujetis erT mesameds ar unda aRematebodes,

raTa maT damoukidebloba SeinarCunon.

rodesac Cemi fondebis qsels ganvixilav, am qselSi mim-

dinare Sors mimavali da mravalferovani saqmianobis

saTanadod aRwera ar SemiZlia, radganac am saqmiano-

bas srulad ar vicnob. mogzaurobisas axal proeqtebs

aRmovaCen xolme, rac did kmayofilebas maniWebs. pro-

eqtebi, romelTa Sesaxeb araferi vici, xSirad saukeTe-

so proeqtebia xolme, radganac me, rogorc wesi, prob-

lemuri proeqtebis Sesaxeb matyobineben. saqmianobis

mTel speqtrs mxolod arie neieri icnobs da biujetis


ganxilvis procesSi CarTuli ramdenime adamiani. biu-

jetis Sedgenis procesi eqvs kviras grZeldeba xolme.

Ria sazogadoebis fondebi organulad izrdebian,

radgan SesaZleblobebze maTi gaCenis paralelurad

reagireben. vfiqrob, rom es swori gzaa. mravali sxva

fondi sakuTari instituciuri saWiroebebis dak-

mayofilebiT aris dakavebuli. vcdilobT, rom Tavi

avaridoT amas. gveamayeba, rom, am TvalsazarisiT

uangaro fondi varT, rac Cveni Zlierebis wyaroa. Sev-

ZeliT, rom sxva fondebTan gveTanamSromla da bevrad

ufro mets mivaRwieT imis wyalobiT, rom ar gvqonda

pretenzia, proeqtebi Cveni saxeliT ganxorcielebu-

liyo. sxva institutebs sakuTari warmatebis xazgasma

sWirdebaT dafinansebis mosapoveblad, Cven ki Cvens

instituciur saWiroebebs realuri Sedegebis miRw-

eviT vikmayofilebT, imisda miuxedavad, aRiarebs Tu

ara vinme Cvens damsaxurebas. rac ar unda ucnauri

iyos, ase meti megobari da mokavSire SeviZineT, vidre

gamudmebiT Cvens warmatebebze saubris SemTxvevaSi

SevZlebdiT.

egoisti adamiani da misi uangaro fondi _ rogor Sei-

Zleba am ori ramis SeTavseba? neba miboZeT, agixsnaT.

fondebis Sesaxeb sakmaod uaryofiTi warmodgena Se-

meqmna im dros, rodesac maTgan fulis miRebas vcdi-

lobdi, da azri arc mas Semdeg Semicvlia, rac Tavad

warmovadgen fonds. altruizms TavisTavad axasiaTebs

garkveuli Sinagani winaaRmdegobrioba, magram fond-


ebis umravlesoba amas arc aRiarebs da arc problemis

gadaWras cdilobs. rodesac fuls gascem, fulis mim-

Rebni mliqvnebloben da cdiloben, rom gasiamovnon,

amitom winaaRmdgeobriobas farisevlobis sqeli fena

faravs. swored am mizeziT vekidebi filanTropias

eWviT. fondebi qmnian wesebs da sxvebi iZulebulni ar-

ian, rom am wesebis mixedviT imoqmedon. cxadia, aplikan-

tebs mainc SeuZliaT, rom Tavisi gaitanon: uTxran fon-

debs is, risi gagonebac maT surT, xolo Semdeg Tavad

rac undaT is gaakeTon.

da mainc, me gadavWeri winaaRmdegoba, romelic, erTi

SexedviT, egocentrist filanTropsa da uangaro

fonds Soris arsebobs. cnobiereba sakuTari Tavis Sec-

nobaSi damexmara da isic damanaxva, rom Cemi cnobier-

ebis nayofiT mxolod me, erTi mokvdavi adamiani, ar

unda vsargeblobde. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, me Zalze

didi ego maqvs, romelic warmoudgenlad didia erTi

mokvdavisaTvis. misTvis Sesafer masStabs mxolod im

SemTxvevaSi mivaRwev, Tu kacobriobasTan movaxden

Cemi Tavis identificirebas. Cem garSemo mcxovrebi

ramdenime adamianis daxmareba, rogorc amas mamaCemi

akeTebda, sakmarisi ar aris. Cemi miswrafeba msoflios

ukeTesobisken Secvlaa. swored aq iZens mniSvnelobas

Cemi konceptualuri CarCo. is Cemi uzomod didi egos

wyarocaa da im sistemuri reformebisac, romlebsac

mxars vuWer. Tu raime gansakuTrebul codnas marTlac

daveufle, maSin gansakuTrebuli pasuxismgebloba me-

kisreba, rom es codna kargi miznebis misaRwevad gamovi-


yeno. pasuxismgeblobis Cems SegrZnebas isic aZlierebs,

rom mdidari var. arian mdidrebi, arian gansakuTrebu-

li codnis mqoneni da isini, visac kacobriobis bedi

aRelvebs, magram samive es maxasiaTebeli iSviaTad iyris

Tavs erT adamianSi. Cems ambicias mxolod maTi kombina-

cia akmayofilebs.

unda avxsna Cems filosofiasa da Cems egos Soris kav-

Siric. Tavdapirvelad isini gadajaWvuli iyo. rode-

sac pirvelad daviwye refleqsiurobis Sesaxeb wera, am

ideas mxolod imitom vebRauWebodi, rom Cemi iyo. mas-

Tan ganSoreba ar SemeZlo. misi artikulirebis mcde-

lobebi sul ufro da ufro CaxlarTuli gamomdioda,

sanam erT dilas ar aRmovaCine, rom Tavad veRar vigebdi

imas, rac wina RamiT davwere. Cemi filosofiisgan Cemi

egos gamijvnas cxovrebis didi nawili movandome da am

mcdelobis warmatebiT orivem ixeira. dRes, Cemi filo-

sofia gamoxatulebas Cems nawerebSic poulobs da Cems

fondebSic, xolo Cems egos SeuZlia, rom maTi cqeriT

datkbes.

radganac Cemi filanTropia egos dakmayofilebis sa-

Sualebaa, vfiqrob, rom am filanTropiisTvis madlobas

ar vimsaxureb. marTlac, mrcxvenoda xolme, rodesac

adamianebi madlierebas gamoxatavdnen. mimaCnda, rom

didi ego, romelic Cemi filanTropiis mizezi iyo, sazo-

gadoebisTvis miuRebeli iqneboda, sajarod rom ga-

momefina, amitomac uxerxuli iyo mis gamo madlobebis

miReba. Tumca, axla ase aRar vfiqrob. vacnobiereb, rom


marTlac Zalian bevrs davexmare da adamianebic swored

amas xedaven da ara Cems metismetad did egos, amitomac

bunebrivia, rom CemTvis madlobis Tqma undaT. madlo-

bis miReba viswavle. amave dros, aRar mgonia, rom unda

mrcxvenodes aseTi didi egosi , radganac is sasargeblo

aRmoCnda CemTvisac da bevri sxva adamianisTvisac. Tum-

ca, didi egos dakmayofileba Znelia. radganac filan-

TropiasTan dakavSirebul farisevlobas kargad vic-

nob, qebiTa da mliqvnelobiT veravin damakmayofilebs.

maTdami gulrili var da realuri Sedegebis danaxva

msurs. swored ase Seqmna egoistma adamianma uangaro

fondi.

Tumca, kvlavac maocebs da mawuxebs is, rom Cem Sesaxeb

sxvebis warmodgena didad gansxvavdeba imisgan, Tu vin

var sinamdvileSi. swored es maiZulebs, rom yvelafris

axsna vcado. altruizmi da filanTropia CemTvis mx-

olod movaleoba ki ar aris, aramed siamovneba da kmay-

ofilebis wyarocaa. es fufunebaa, romelzec mdidrebs

miuwvdebaT xeli. filanTropia bevrad mirCevnia, mag-

aliTad, xelovnebis nimuSebis Segrovebas. man sxva

adamianebTan damakavSira da Cemi izolaciis garRvevis

SesaZlebloba momca. xelovnebis nimuSebis koleqci-

iT amas ver SevZlebdi. im dRes, rodesac lidenholis

quCaze panikis Seteva damemarTa, vifiqre, simdidris

dagrovebisTvis sikvdili ar Rirs-meTqi. mas Semdeg ram-

denjerme damemuqra sikvdilis safrTxe Cems fondTan

dakavSirebuli saqmianobis gamo. aseT xifaTs Tavad ar

veZeb, magram mzad var, rom Tvali gavusworo mas. kmayo-


filebis gancdas maniWebs iseT saqmianobaSi monawileo-

ba, romelic sikvdiladac Rirs.

gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba miWiravs. finansur ba-

zrebze Cemma warmatebam imaze meti damoukidebloba

momapovebina, vidre umravlesobas aqvs. es saSualebas

maZlevs, rom winaaRmdegobriv sakiTxebze principuli

pozicia davikavo, metic _ mavaldebulebs, ase moviqce,

radgan sxvebs es ar SeuZliaT. sakamaTo poziciebis daka-

veba damatebiT siamovnebas maniWebs, romlis wyaro imis

gancdaa, rom gansakuTrebul mdgomareobas mivaRwie.

mokled rom vTqvaT, Cemma filanTropiam gamabedniera.

meti raRa unda moindomos adamianma? Tumca ar vfiqrob,

rom Cemi arCevani sxvebs Tavs unda movaxvio. swored am-

itom ar SevuerTdi bil geiTsis da uoren bafetis kampa-

nias, romlebmac mdidrebs mouwodes, rom qonebis naxe-

vari qvelmoqmedebisTvis gaeRoT. amis mizezi isic iyo,

rom, Cemi azriT, filanTropiaSi mTavari is aris, Tu ro-

gor ixarjeba fuli da ara is, Tu ramdeni ixarjeba.

cxadia, rom wmindani ara var da arc imas vcdilob, rom

gavxde. zogadad verafers vxedav imaze ufro arabune-

brivs da daufasebels, vidre uangarobaa, magram uanga-

ro fondi Zalze Rirebulad mimaCnia.

adamianebis umravlesoba sazogadoebriv saqmeebSi ego-

isturi motivebiT monawileobs. isini mopovebul Za-

lauflebasa da gavlenas ebRauWebian da xSirad Znelia

maTi gverdze gaweva, rodesac isini problemebis gad-


aWras uSlian xels. optimalur gadawyvetilebebs ori

dabrkoleba uSlis xels: arasruli codna da special-

uri interesebis gavlena, romlebic sazogadoebriv in-

teresebs upirispirdeba. pirveli dabrkolebis winaSe

uangaro fondic dgas, magram meorisgan daculia da

swored amitom aris ase faseuli.

Cemi principia, rom biznesSi Cemi kerZo interesebis

mixedviT vimoqmedo da mxolod samarTlebrivi da eTi-

kuri SezRudvebi gaviTvaliswino, xolo sajaro in-

teleqtualisa da filanTropis rangSi sazogadoebrivi

interesebiT vixelmZRvanelo. Tu kerZo da sazogadoe-

brivi interesebi erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba, upirateso-

ba sazogadoebrivs unda mieniWos. uyoymanod vuWer

xolme mxars politikas, romelic Cemi biznesis inter-

esebs ewinaaRmdegeba da darwmunebuli var, rom Cveni

demokratia bevrad ukeT imuSavebda, am principis mixed-

viT meti adamiani rom moqmedebdes. Tu adamianebs kar-

gad momuSave demokratia surT, maT am principiT unda

icxovron, imisda miuxedavad, akeTeben Tu ara imaves

sxvebi. ramdenime gambedav sajaro figuras bevri ramis

Secvla SeuZlia.

neba miboZeT, erTmaneTs davupirispiro Cem mier Se-

moTavazebuli refleqsiurobis Teoria da sabazro

fundamentalizmis ideologia, romelic ronald

reiganis prezidentobisa da britaneTSi margaret

TetCeris premier-ministrobis periodidan domini-

rebs. refleqsiurobis Cemi Teoriis mizani imis axs-


na iyo, Tu rogor funqcionireben finansuri bazrebi

Cemi, rogorc erT-erTi monawilis, interesebisgan da-

moukideblad. sabazro fundamentalizmis ideologia

amis axsnasac gvTavazobs, magram es axsna misi mxar-

damWerebis interesebs emsaxureba. amitomac gasak-

viri ar aris, rom refleqsiurobis Teoria gamiznu-

lad iyo ignorirebuli, vidre finansuri sistema ar

Camoingra. Tu politikis advokatirebaze visaubrebT,

SegiZliaT Cemi saqmianoba Zmebi koukebis an amerikis

savaWro palatis saqmianobas SeadaroT. isini TavianT

biznesinteresebs icaven, me ki sajaro interesebisT-

vis viRvwi im SemTxvevebSic ki, rodesac es Cems bizne-

sinteresebs ewinaaRmdegeba, Tumca, cxadia, rom Sec-

domebi yvelas mogvdis. gasakviri ar aris, rom isini

meti fulis mobilizebas axerxeben.

rodesac fondebis qsels vuyureb, mTlianobaSi kmayo-

fili var, Tumca ori ram metad maSfoTebs. pirveli is

aris, Tu ra moxdeba, rodesac Ria sazogadoebis fond-

ebis prezidenti arie neieri da me aRar viqnebiT. meore

kiTxva ufro mniSvnelovania: kidev ris miRweva Segvi-

Zlia Cveni sicocxlis bolomde?

rodesac Ria sazogadoebis fondebi davaarse, ar msur-

da, rom maT Cemi sikvdilis Semdegac gaegrZelebinaT

muSaoba. sxva institutebis bedma maswavla, rom isini

xSirad Zalze Sordebian maTi damaarseblebis ganzrax-

vebs. Tumca azri Sevicvale, rodesac Ria sazogadoe-

bis fondebma ufro Camoyalibebuli saxe miiRo. mivx-


vdi, rom Cemi sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi fondebis qselis

gauqmeba ukiduresad egoisturi nabiji iqneboda, daax-

loebiT iseTi, rogoric indoeli maharajis neStTan

erTad misi colebis dawvaa. Ria sazogadoebis fondebis

saqmianobas Tavis cxovrebas araerTi gamorCeuli Sesa-

Zleblobebis mqone adamiani uTmobs da ufleba ar maqvs,

rom maT sayrdeni gamovacalo. kidev ufro mniSvnelo-

vania, rom iseTi sfero gamovavlineT, sadac saqmianoba

Cemi sikvdilis Semdegac unda gagrZeldes da amisTvis

arc aries an Cemi monawileoba iqneba saWiro. es niSa mo-

icavs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gaZlierebas mTavrobis

angariSvaldebulebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT. ameri-

kaSi araerTi instituti arsebobs, magaliTad, amerikis

samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis kavSiri, romelTa mizania,

rom mTavrobam yvela adamianis ufleba daicvas da pa-

tivi sces konstituciiT dadgenil saxelmwifo Zalau-

flebis SezRudvebs. sxva qveynebis umravlesobaSi ase-

Ti institutebi ar arsebobs. bevr qveyanaSi mdidrebi

metismetad arian damokidebulni mTavrobaze imisT-

vis, rom aseTi institutebis mxardaWera SeZlon, xolo

ganviTarebad qveynebSi sakmarisi simdidre ar moipov-

eba. swored es qmnis niSas Ria sazogadoebis fondebi-

sTvis. saqmianobis sxva mimarTulebebic gamovavline,

romlebic amave kategorias miekuTvneba, magaliTad

mowyvladi jgufebis dacva da RaribebisTvis samarT-

lebrivi daxmarebis gaweva. es Rirebuli amocanebia da

fondebis qseli maT gadaWras Cemi sikvdilis Semdegac

ecdeba.


Tu Cemi wasvliT Ria sazogadoebis fondebs raime daak-

ldeba, es iqneba maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli gabeduli da

inovaciuri suliskveTeba. problemebTan gamklavebas

cdisa da Secdomebze swavlis gziT vcdilob xolme. aman

saSualeba momca, rom swrafad memoqmeda da did riskeb-

ze wavsuliyavi. mmarTveli sabWo, romelic Cems adgils

daikavebs, Cemi magaliTis mixedviT ver imoqmedebs fi-

nansuri pasuxismgeblobis tvirTis gamo. misi zogierTi

wevri ecdeba, rom damaarseblis ganzraxvebis erTguli

darCes, sxvebi ki risks moeridebian, Tumca ki damaarseb-

els riski arasdros afrTxobda.

Ria sazoagdoebis fondebis struqtura Zalze rTulia

imisTvis, rom dRevandeli saxiT iqnes SenarCunebuli.

Cveni zrda sruliad daugegmavi iyo. rogorc adrec

vTqvi, swrafi gafarToebis periodSi, rodesac Cveni

xarjebi 3 milionidan 300 milion dolaramde gaizarda,

biujetic ki ar gvqonda. Semdeg arie neieri SemogvierT-

da da am qaosis nacvlad garkveuli wesrigi daamyara.

axla Zalze rTuli sabiujeto procesi gvaqvs, romlis

momzadebas didi dro sWirdeba da romelic biujetis

damtkicebamde didi xniT adre unda daiwyos. es procesi

didad arasdros mainteresebda. warmoqmnili SesaZl-

elobebis Sesabamisad moqmedeba CemTvis bevrad ufro

saintereso iyo. Sedegad, axla Cveni fondebi fondis

or gansxvavebul tips aerTianeben: iniciativebi, rom-

lebSic piradad vmonawileob, Zalze moqnili biujetiT

xorcieldeba, xolo organizacia, romelsac saTaveSi

arie udgas, mkacrad ganszaRvruli biujetis mixedviT


muSaobs. rodesac iniciativebi Camoyalibebul saxes

iRebs, isini, rogorc wesi, Cemi xelidan aries xelSi ga-

dadis xolme. amave dros, adamianis uflebebis, samoqa-

laqo uflebebisa da sisxlis samarTlis sferoebs Tav-

idanve mTlianad is marTavda.

Cveni partnioroba Zalze nayofieri gamodga, magram

imavdroulad Sva metad mouwesrigebeli struqtu-

ra, romlis marTva Cvens aryofnaSi SeuZlebeli iqne-

boda. amitom misi reorganizeba iqamde unda movas-

wroT, vidre aq varT. dRevandeli mdgomareobiT axal

prezidents ramdenime weli mxolod organizaciis

gasacnobad dasWirdeboda. minda, rom eqvsidan rvamde

vice-prezidenti davniSno, romlebic organizaciis

calkeul nawilebs Caibareben da axal prezidents an-

gariSebs warudgenen, rac mas saSualebas miscems, rom

strategia Camoayalibos da axali iniciativebi ganix-

ilos. Tumca, nebismier fasad unda aviciloT Tavidan

centralizebuli struqtura. amJamad inovaciuri

ideebis didi nawili qselebis qselis wiaRSi Cndeba

da ara organizaciis saTaveSi. Ria sazogadoebis fon-

debSi momuSave saukeTeso adamianebi gansakuTrebul

interess iCenen maTi saqmianobis sferoebis mimarT

da mudmivad maoceben TavianTi miRwevebiT. am su-

liskveTebis dakargva ar msurs.

esaa mTavari mizezi, ris gamoc centraluri evropis

universitetSi sajaro politikis skolis daarseba ga-

davwyvite. saswavlo instituts SeuZlia, rom movlen-


ebis ganviTarebas ar CamorCes da ufro swrafad gan-

sazRvros problemebi da maTi gadaWris gzebi, vidre

fondis sameurveo sabWom.

sajaro politikis skolaze did imedebs vamyareb. mas

imis potenciali aqvs, rom am tipis institutebs So-

ris wamyvani gaxdes. am skolas SeuZlia gaaerTianos

fondebis qselisa da qselebis qselis praqtikuli ga-

mocdileba, romlebic dRevandelobis TiTqmis yve-

la aqtualuri sakiTxiT arian dakavebulni da, aseve,

universitetSi arsebuli Teoriuli codna. amJamad am

aqtualur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT Cven mier warmoe-

buli saqmianoba moculobiT aRemateba Cvens Teoriul

codnas. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, fuli meti gvaqvs, vidre

ideebi. meti ideis generireba gvWirdeba, raTa Cveni

fuli ufro efeqtianad davxarjoT. Tu am process sko-

las gadavabarebT, skola sazogadoebriv sikeTeebs Se-

qmnis, romlebic SeiZleba produqtad CaiTvalos. igive

samuSao organizaciis SigniT rom Segvesrulebina, ro-

gorc amas fondebis umravlesoba akeTebs, is zednadebi

xarji iqneboda.

rogorc yvela ideas, nakli amasac aqvs: yvela saukeTe-

so azrs erT adgilas ver ipovi. amitomac skolam Tavad

unda miagnos ideebs. is axali tipis globaluri insti-

tuti unda gaxdes, romelic globaluri problemebiT

iqneba dakavebuli. mas unda hqondes kritikuli masa

budapeStSi, sadac centraluri evropis universite-

ti mdebareobs, magram, amasTan, globaluri wvdomac


sWirdeba. es aris rTuli gamowveva, romelsac is unda

gaumklavdes. Teoriuli codnisa da praqtikuli ga-

mocdilebis kombinacia Semdgom SeiZleba Cinebuli

safuZveli aRmoCndes maTTvis, visac am sferoSi saqmi-

anobis dawyeba surs. imas, vinc qselebis qselis muSao-

baSi ukve CarTulia, SesaZlebloba eqneba, rom am skola-

Si samecniero Svebuleba gaataros, Tavisi karieruli

perspeqtivebi gaiumjobesos da monawileoba miiRos

kvlevasa da swavlebaSi. Cemi imedebi rom gaamarTlos,

skolam im gabeduli da siaxleebze orientirebuli su-

liskveTebis institucionalizeba unda moaxdinos, ro-

melic Ria sazogadoebis fondebs axasiaTebs. es Cveni

ZiriTadi Sexedulebebisa da praqtikuli saqmianobis

kritikul ganxilvasac unda moicavdes.

marTalia, fondebis qseli imdenad kargad imarTeba, ram-

denadac misi amJamindeli formis gaTvaliswinebiT aris

SesaZlebeli, es forma mxolod iqamde iarsebebs, vidre

me da arie neieri cocxlebi varT. arie vorkaholikia,

romelic Zalian bevri xalxisagan ibarebs angariSebs.

Cems menejmentis stils mxolod qaosuri SeiZleba ewo-

dos. cdisa da Secdomebze swavlis meTods im masStabiT

viyeneb, rom ver mombaZavs verc erTi sameurveo sabWo,

romelsac axsovs Tavisi finansuri pasuxismgebloba.

arc erT Cvengans ar sjera programebis Sefasebis ra-

odenobrivi meTodebisa. piradad me gamiWirdeba Rire-

bulebaTa im sistemis aRwera, romelsac sxvadasxva al-

ternatividan erT-erTis SerCevisas viyeneb.


inovaciebi miyvars, magram mdgradobisa da Tanamim-

devrulobis mniSvnelovnebasac vaRiareb. amitomac

vcidlob, rom am or elements Soris wonasworoba da-

vicva. Sedegad viReb imas, rasac „memkvidreobiTi“ da

„inovaciuri“ programebis nazavs vuwodeb. asec unda

iyos. Tanamimdevruli muSaobis gareSe bevri imedismom-

cemi iniciativis srulad realizeba ver moxerxdeboda.

warmatebiT vaxerxebT, rom movlenebis centrSi viyoT.

yovel qveyanaSi Cven saqmianobas kritikuli azrovnebis

an disidenturi saqmianobis mxardaWeriT viwyebT da

swrafad vmoqmedebT, rodesac axal mTavrobas kargi

miznebi aqvs, magram maT misaRwevad saWiro resursebi

ar gaaCnia. Tanac, Cven ufro Tanamimdevrulebi varT,

vidre daxmarebis gamwevi oficialuri saagentoebi da

qveynebSi kidev didxans vrCebiT mas Semdeg, rac isini

ufro saintereso adgilebSi gadainacvleben xolme. ig-

ive SeiZleba iTqvas globaluri mmarTvelobis sakiTx-

ebzec: Cven yovelTvis ar viyaviT pirvelebi, vinc am

sakiTxebs yuradRebas aqcevda, magram, Tu raime sakiTxi

Cveni TvalTaxedvis areSi moeqceva, bolomde saqmis

erTgulni varT, iqneba es SidsTan, tuberkulozTan da

malariasTan brZolis globaluri fondi, narkopoli-

tika Tu klimatis cvlileba.

CvenTvis yvelaze rTuli erovnuli fondebis qselisa

da „memkvidreobiTi“ programebis moZvelebis Tavidan

acileba aRmoCnda, radganac es TiTqmis iseTive Zalisx-

mevas moiTxovs, rogorc axali fondebisa da programe-


bis Seqmna. Tumca, me mainc inovaciuri wamowyebebisken

maqvs midrekileba da swored am mxriv veli daxmarebas

sajaro politikis skolisgan. misi daniSnuleba axali

mijnebis Ziebaa, ris wyalobiTac memkvidreobiTi pro-

gramebis aqtualurobis uzrunvelyofa Cems aryofna-

Sic unda SeZlos.

samomavlod upiratesobas qselebis qselis formats

vaniWeb. formalurad TviTmmarTveli institutebis

qselis mxardaWera, romelTa biujetis mxolod erTi

mesamedi modis Cven mier gaweul daxmarebaze, sa-

Sualebas gvaZlevs, aviciloT mmarTvelobis prob-

lemebi, romlebsac wavawydebodiT, iniciativebi

mTlianad Cvens dafinansebaze rom iyos damokidebu-

li. Cveni bolodroindeli iniciativebis umravle-

soba qselebis qselze modis, miuxedavad imisa, rom

Cveni daxmarebis maTi biujetis mesamedamde dayvana,

an ufro metad Semcireba ver SevZeliT. Tumca mTli-

anad qselebis qselad gardaqmna ar SegviZlia, radga-

nac mravali Rirebuli iniciativa sxva wyaroebidan

ver dafinansdeba da maTi ignorireba ar SegviZlia.

es arsebul qselsac exeba da samomavlo iniciativeb-

sac, da gulisxmobs, rom mouwesrigebeli struqtur-

is pirobebSi muSaoba kidev ganusazRvreli periodis

ganmavlobaSi mogviwevs.

veZeb inovaciur meTodebs, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes

mouwesrigebeli struqturis marTva. magaliTad, zo-

gierT qveyanaSi, maT Soris tailandsa da malaiziaSi,


eqsperimentis saxiT mxolod adgilobriv mrCevel-

Ta sabWoebs vqmniT srulfasovani fondebis gareSe.

sabWoebs SeuZliaT rCevebis SemoTavazeba adgilobrivi

mdgomareobis Taobaze, xolo programebs an damoukide-

beli grantis mimRebebi ganaxorcieleben, an romelime

Cveni qseluri programa. amrigad SesaZlebelia adgi-

lobrivi da programuli codnis SenarCuneba Zvirad Ri-

rebuli adgilobrivi organizaciebis arsebobis gareSe,

romlebic metwilad TavianTi mudmivi klientebisTvis

fulis darigebiT arian dakavebulni. Tu es eqsperimen-

ti warmatebuli gamodgeba, arsebuli erovnuli fon-

debi SeiZleba axali formatis mixedviT gardaiqmnas.

meore variantia, rom isini qselebis qsels SeuerTdnen,

gansakuTrebiT, Tu sxva wyaroebidan dafinansebis mop-

ovebas SeZleben.

radgan gadavwyvite, rom Ria sazogadoebis fondebma

Cemi sikvdilis Semdegac unda iarsebon, yvelafers

vakeTeb, rom isini Cems aryofnas momzadebulebi Sex-

vdnen. Tumca Cemi es mcdeloba bolomde warmatebuli

rom yofiliyo, mcdari aRmoCndeboda Cemive rwmena,

rom adamianebis mier Seqmnili arc erTi struqtu-

ra srulyofili ar aris. amitomac Cems memkvidreebs

vandob Cem mier datovebuli nebismieri sistemis ga-

dasinjvas imave suliskveTebiT, romliTac Tavad

Sevqmeni isini.


* * *

gvrCeba meore kiTxva: kidev ris miRweva SeuZliaT Ria

sazogadoebis fondebs Cems sicocxleSi? vfqrob, rom

axla ufro farTo SesaZleblobebi gvaqvs, vidre war-

sulSi. marTalia, msoflios mraval kuTxeSi bevri

mteri da wilismwamebeli gvipirispirdeba, magram Cveni

saqmianobiT davamtkiceT, rom marTlac kacobriobis

keTildReobaze vzrunavT, Tanac aqtiurad vmonawile-

obT dRevandelobis mravali mwvave sakiTxis ganxilvaSi.

axla SesaZlebelia Cveni saqmianobis masStabis gazrda,

rac gulisxmobs, rom Cemi fulis Cemsave sicocxleSi

daxarjva jobia fondis rezervis gadidebas. amasTan,

vfiqrob, rom kacobrioba dRes ufro didi problemebis

winaSe dgas, vidre odesme warsulSi.

SesaZleblobebi metwilad Sida faqtorebis gamoa Sez-

Ruduli. Cvens saqmianobas dRevandeli mimarTule-

bebiT ver gavafarToebT, radganac ukve resursebis zR-

varze vmuSaobT. metic, Cveni amJamindeli Zalisxmevis

didi nawili advokatirebaze modis, xolo advokatire-

bas ideebi ufro sWirdeba, vidre fuli. ar miyvars ad-

vokatirebaze bevri fulis xarjva. mirCevnia, rom fuli

iseTi momsaxurebisTvis gamovyo, romelsac realuri

adamianebisTvis moaqvs sargebeli, rogoricaa stipend-

iebi, Spricebis ufasod darigeba an ufaso advokatebi.

sistemuri reformebis advokatirebaze daxarjuli

fuli SeiZleba mTlianad wyalSi gadayrili aRmoCndes.

adamianebis daxmarebaze daxarjuli fuli, sul mcire,

am daxmarebis mimRebT mainc moutans sargebels da is


sistemuri reformis advokatirebis kargi platforma-

caa.

Cemi azris sailustraciod Zvel sabWoTa xumrobas vix-

seneb xolme batis RviZlis paStetis Sesaxeb. sabWoTa

moxele ambobs, rom batis RviZlis mcire deficiti war-

moiqmna, amitom mas cxenis xorci unda daematos. Tum-

ca, Tanafardoba sakmaod STambeWdavia: erTi cxeni erT

batis RviZlze. advokatirebac ase unda SevazavoT re-

aluri adamianebis daxmarebaze gaTvlil momsaxurebas-

Tan: erTi cxeni yovel batis RviZlze. Tumca, mxolod

momsaxurebaze daxarjuli fulis odenobis zrda ver

damakmayofilebs, radganac kargad vacnobiereb uprec-

edento problemebs, romelTa winaSec dgas axla Cveni

civilizacia da vfiqrob, rom, fondebis qselis dRevan-

deli SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, is am proble-

mebis gadaWriT unda iyos dakavebuli.

vfiqrob, rom kacobriobis unari, axnas da akontrolos

bunebis Zalebi, bevrad aRemateba Cvensave unars, rom

Cveni Tavi vmarToT. Cveni ekonomika globaluri gaxda,

mmarTveloba ki _ ara. Cveni momavali da, garkveuli

TvalsazrisiT, Cveni gadarCena, imazea damokidebuli,

SevZlebT Tu ara saTanado globaluri mmarTvelobis

Seqmnas. es sxvadasxva sferos exeba: globaluri daT-

boba da birTvuli iaraRis gavrceleba yvelaze aSka-

ra magaliTebia, Tumca imave kategorias ganekuTvneba

terorizmis safrTxe da infeqciuri daavadebebi, aseve

globaluri finansuri bazrebi. 2008 wlis finansuri


krizisis Semdeg mxolod finansuri bazrebis stabili-

zacia da gadatvirTva sakmarisi ar aris. Cven xelaxla

unda SevqmnaT globaluri finansuri sistema, romel-

mac kraxi ganicada. radganac es gaazrebuli maqvs, ar

SemiZlia, rom araferi gavakeTo am problemebis gada-

saWrelad. swored aq moqmedebs Cemi movaleobis Seg-

rZneba.

ori mTavari prioriteti maqvs. pirveli piradia, meore

ki Cems fondebs exeba. pirovnul doneze Cemi mTavari

interesi Cemi konceptualuri CarCos ganviTarebaa, ro-

melsac privatulad, Cems gonebaSi vqmnidi. marTalia,

Cems wignebs, statiebsa da sajaro gamosvlebs farTo

auditoria hyavs, magram didad aravin damxmarebia da

bolo dromde arc komentarebi mimiRia vinmesgan, ris

gamoc Zalze nela miviwevdi win. finansuri bazrebis

Sesaxeb Cemma mosazrebam daainteresa hej-fondebis war-

momadgenlebi da praqtikuli saqmianobiT dakavebuli

sxva pirebi, magram isini Teoriul diskusiebSi iSvia-

Tad monawileoben, amitomac maTgan komentarebi ar mim-

iRia. ekonomisti mecnierebi da, nawilobriv, finansuri

sistemis maregulireblebi refleqsiurobis Teorias

mizanimarTulad ar miiCnevdnen an akninebdnen mas. in-

glisis bankis mmarTvelma mervin kingma Cemi Teoria ise

daiwuna, rom arc ki ganuxilavs.

finansurma krizisma yvelaferi Secvala. mervin kingma

Zireulad gadaxeda Tavis mosazrebebs da aRiara, rom

finansuri bazrebis arastabiluroba endogenuria da

ara egzogenuri. refleqsiurobas sajarod dauWira


mxari finansuri stabilurobis saagentos (FSA) xelmZ-

Rvanelma, lordma adair ternerma. aseve moiqca alan

grinspenic, Tumca mxolod pirad suabarSi. pol volk-

eri uwinac Cemi megobari da mxardamWeri iyo, axla ki

kidev ufro davuaxlovdiT erTmaneTs.

kategorulad vewinaaRmdegebodi aSS-is xazinis mdivan

henk polsonis gegmas, romelic sajaro fondis (TARP)

saSualebiT bankebis daxmarebas da problemuri aqtive-

bisgan maT gaTavisuflebas gulisxmobda. vamtkiceb-

di, rom gacilebiT ukeTesi iqneboda am fuliT arse-

buli xvrelis amovseba da bankebis kapitalis Sevseba.

mWidrod vTanamSromlobdi demokratiuli partiis li-

derebTan kongresSi TARP-is Sesaxeb kanonis Sesacvle-

lad, raTa SesaZlebeli gamxdariyo am fulis gamoyeneba

sawesdebo kapitalSi wilebis SesaZenad. sxva ideebic

mqonda, romelTa ganxorcielebis imedi momeca, rode-

sac obama prezidenti gaxda. maT Soris iyo ipoTekuri

sesxebis sistemis Zireuli reforma. Tumca ase ar mox-

da. „fainenSal taimsSi“ statiebis seria gamovaqveyne,

magram obamas administraciisgan TiTqmis araviTari

gamoxmaureba ar mimiRia. lari samerss prezidentis

ekonomikur mrCevlad mis daniSvnamde ufro xSirad

vesaubrebodi, vidre daniSvnis Semdeg. CemTvis yvelaze

didi imedgacrueba is iyo, rom Tavad prezident oba-

masTan veraviTari piradi kavSiri ver davamyare.

ekonomisti mecnierebis damokidebulebis cvlileba

bevrad ufro damakmayofilebeli iyo. maTma umravle-


sobam aRiara, rom gabatonebulma paradigmam marcxi

ganicada, amitomac mzad iyvnen, rom sabaziso varaudebi

gadaesinjaT. anatol kaleckis winadadebas davTanxmdi,

rom gavmxdariyavi axali ekonomikuri azrovnebis in-

stitutis sponsori, romlis misia akademiur da samTav-

robo wreebSi efeqtiani bazris hipoTezisa da racio-

naluri molodinebis Teoriis monopoliis damsxvreva

iyo. Sevkribe gamoCenili ekonomistebis jgufi, romel-

Sic nobelis premiis ramdenime laureati Sedioda. isini

enTuziazmiT Sexvdnen Cems winadadebas. SevqmeniT sabWo,

romlis Tavmjdomarec jozef stiglici gaxda. Cemi

megobari da yofili kolega rob jonsoni axali ekono-

mikuri azrovnebis institutis prezidentad dainiSna

da STagonebiT savse lideri aRmoCnda. pirveli semi-

nari, romelic kembrijis kings kolejSi gaimarTa(sadac

jon meinard keinsi moRvaweobda), Zalze warmatebuli

gamodga.

Tanasponsoric vipove jim bolsilis saxiT, romelic

bleqberiSi moRvaweobiT aris cnobili. axla kidev erT

sponsors veZebT, romelic dafinansebis erT mesameds

gaiRebs. vfiqrob, rom es aucilebelia institutis da-

moukideblobis uzrunvelsayofad, radganac me spon-

soris garda, alternatiuli paradigmis avtoric var.

es Cinebul SesaZleblobas momcems, rom Cemi konceptu-

aluri paradigma ganvaviTaro, Tumca misi ganviTarebis

SesaZleblobis zRvarsac vxedav. Cems asakSi ekonomi-

kuri modelirebis swavla Znelia, gansakuTrebiT imis


gaTvaliswinebiT, rom maTematikaSi Zlieri arc axal-

gazrdobaSi viyavi. aseve mainteresebs globaluri reg-

ulirebisa da saerTaSoriso savaluto sistemis sakiTx-

ebi. Tumca, rodesac am sakiTxebs vuRrmavdebi, vxvdebi,

rom maT detalebSi Cafloba Cemi SezRuduli droisa da

energiis araswori gamoyeneba iqneboda. radganac axla

sxvebTan erTad muSaoba SemiZlia, bevrad ufro pro-

duqtiuli viqnebi, Tu koncentrirebas zogad suraTze

movaxden.

refleqsiuroba da procesebi, romlebic Tavdapirve-

lad damatebiTi xelSewyobis gareSec mimdinareobs,

magram sabolood marcxisTvisaa ganwiruli, gavlenas

politikazec axdens da finansur sistemazec. nayofier

Secomebs igive dinamika axasiaTebs, rac finansur buSt-

ebs. ucnaur msgavsebas vxedav buSis da obamas adminis-

traciebs Soris, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini politiku-

ri speqtris sapirispiro polusebs warmoadgenen. orive

prezidentma bumisa da kraxis sqema gaimeora, romelsac

finansur bazrebze vxvdebiT xSirad. amis safuZvelze

zogadi Teoria jer ar Semiqmnia, Tumca amis saSualeba,

SesaZloa, axla momeces.

* * *

swored amasTan aris dakavSirebuli Cemi mTavari pri-

oriteti Ria sazogadoebis fondebisTvis: ris gakeTe-

ba SegviZlia Ria sazogadoebis SesanarCuneblad da

gasaZliereblad? vfiqrob, rom Ria sazogadoeba mTel

msoflioSi safrTxeSia. cxadia, rom Ria sazogadoebas


safrTxe yovelTvis emuqreba da adamianebma mudmivad

unda gamoxaton TavianTi erTguleba am ideis mimarT,

raTa Ria sazogadoeba gadarCes, magram vSiSob, rom axla

ufro axlos varT marcxTan, vidre warsulSi.

amjerad amerikis SeerTebul Statebze SevCerdebi,

radganac msoflios yvela kuTxis ganxilva Zalze

Sors wagviyvans. SeerTebuli Statebi daarsebis dRi-

dan demokratia da Ria sazogadoebaa. mosazreba, rom

erT dRes is SeiZleba aseTi aRar iyos, absurdulad mo-

Cans, magram es perspeqtiva sruliad realuria. 11 se-

qtembris Semdeg buSis administraciam teraqtebiT ga-

mowveuli realuri SiSi Tavisi miznebisTvis gamoiyena,

terorizmTan omis gamocxadebiT qveyana umaRlesi mTa-

varsardlis mxardasaWerad gaaerTiana, yalbi sababiT

daesxa Tavs erays, xolo teroristebis devnisas adami-

anis uflebebis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli standartebi

daarRvia.

terorizmTan omma maiZula, kidev erTxel davfiqrebu-

liyavi cneba „Ria sazogadoebis“ Sesaxeb. ufro adre,

yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi SeZenilma gamocdilebam mas-

wavla, rom daxuruli sazogadoebis ngreva avtomatu-

rad Ria sazogadoebas ar warmoSobs. es ngreva SeiZleba,

erTi SexedviT, usasrulod gagrZeldes, bolos ki axali

reJimi Svas, romelic Zvel reJims ufro hgavs, vidre Ria

sazogadoebas. amjerad ufro Rrmad davufiqrdi stu-

dentobis wlebSi karl poperisgan naswavl Ria sazoga-

doebis koncenfcias da masSi xarvezi aRmovaCine.


poperi amtkicebda, rom sityvis Tavisuflebisa da kri-

tikuli azrovnebis Sedegi ukeTesi kanonebi da realo-

bis ukeTesi gaazreba iqneboda, vidre nebismieri dogmis

pirobebSi iyo SesaZlebeli. mivxvdi, rom misi msjeloba

uTqmel varauds Seicavda, kerZod imas, rom demokrati-

uli diskursis mizani realobis ukeT gaazrebaa. uecrad

davinaxe, rom refleqsiurobis Cemi koncefcia eWvqveS

ayenebda poperis farul varauds. Tu azrovnebas kogni-

tiurTan erTad manipulaciuri funqciac aqvs, SenTvis

sasurveli kanonebis misaRebad realobis ukeT gaazreba

sulac ar aris saWiro. amis misaRwevad ufro mokle gzac

arsebobs: argumentebis SerCeviTad interpretireba da

sazogadoebrivi azriT manipulireba sasurveli Sede-

gebis misaRwevad. demokratiuli politikuri diskur-

sis ZiriTadi mizani arCevnebis mogeba da Zalauflebis

SenarCunebaa. poperis faruli varaudi, rom sityvisa da

azris Tavisufleba realobis ukeT gaazrebamde migviy-

vans, mxolod bunebis movlenebis SemTxvevaSia marTali.

amave varaudis gavrceleba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze

imis nawilia, rasac „ganmanaTleblobis Secdomas“ vu-

wodeb.

ise moxda, rom buSis administraciis politikurma mu-

Sakebma ganmanaTleblobis Secdoma Cemze bevrad adre

aRmoaCines. Cemnairi adamianebi, romlebic ganmanaT-

leblobis Secdomis msxverplni iyvnen, fiqrobdnen,

rom jorj oruelis wign „1984“-Si aRwerili propa-

gandis meTodebi mxolod diqtaturis pirobebSi iyo

Sedegiani. aRmoCnda, rom maT Cvenze meti icodnen.


cnobili memarjvene politikuri konsultanti frenk

lunci amayad aRiarebda, rom „1984“ saxelmZRvanelod

gamoiyena, rodesac efeqtian politikur lozungebs

qmnida. karl rouvi, rogorc amboben, amtkicebda, rom

realobis Seswavla ar sWirdeboda, radganac Tavad

SeeZlo realobis Seqmna. orueliseuli meTodebis

gamoyenebam respublikelebis propagandistul manqa-

nas politikur asparezze upiratesoba moapovebi-

na. meore mxare Seecada, rom maTTvis miebaZa, magram

simarTlis Ziebisadmi mdgradma midrekilebam xeli

SeuSala amaSi.

propagandis meTodebma, romlebsac adamianebi gam-

iznulad Sehyavs SecdomaSi, SeiZleba Ria sazogadoeba

gaanadguros. nacisturi propagandis meTodebi Zalian

Zlieri aRmoCnda vaimaris respublikis dasamxobad. es

meTodebi amerikaSi gadmoitanes da kidev ufro daxve-

wes. marTalia, amerikaSi demokratias gacilebiT Rrma

fesvebi aqvs, vidre germaniaSi hqonda, magram, rogorc

buSis administraciam gviCvena, mizanmimarTuli tyu-

ilisgan arc is aris daculi. abstraqciis winaaRmdeg

omis warmoeba SeuZlebelia, Tumca terorizmis wi-

naaRmdeg omi dResac rCeba farTod damkvidrebul meta-

forad.

rogor unda daicvas Ria sazogadoebam Tavi Secodma-

Si Semyvani argumentebisgan? amis erTaderTi gza maTi

arsebobisa da maTi unaris aRiarebaa, rom adamianebis

Sexedulebebze zegavlenis gziT realobazec moaxdinon


gavlena. adamianebis azrovneba im realobis nawilia, ro-

melic adamianebma unda gaiazron, ris gamoc realobis

gaazreba bevrad ufro rTulia, vidre ganmanaTleblo-

bis epoqis filosofosebs warmoedginaT. maTi xedviT

goneba realobisgan damoukideblad arsebobs da im

faraniviTaa, romelic realobas anaTebs. es simarTlea

sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis SemTxvevaSi, magram

ara sazogadoebrivi procesebisa. unda viswavloT, rom

politikur diskursSi upiratesoba realobis Secnobas

mivaniWoT _ kognitiur funqcias da ara manipulaciurs.

sxva SemTxvevaSi, Sedegebi Cveni molodinis Sesabamisi ar

iqneba. poperma mocemulobad miiCnia, rom politikuri

diskursis mizani WeSmaritebis Ziebaa. sinamdvileSi es

ase ar aris, magram Cveni amocanaa, rom es sinamdviled

vaqcioT. is, rac poperis msjelobaSi faruli varaudi

iyo, pirdapir moTxovnad unda vaqcioT, raTa Ria sazo-

gadoebam gaimarjvos.

vfiqrobdi, rom damajerebeli argumenti mqonda Ria

sazogadoebis sasargeblod. SexedeT buSis politikis

Sedegebs: misi mizani iyo amerikis upiratesobis demon-

strireba, magram sruliad sapirispiros miaRwia _ amer-

ikis Zala da gavlena mkveTrad Semcirda. Cemi azriT,

es imis dasturi iyo, rom SexedulebebiT manipulire-

ba sakmarisi ar aris da unda vicodeT, Tu rogor aris

msoflio mowyobili sinamdvileSi. sxvagvarad rom vTq-

vaT, kognitiur funqcias upiratesoba unda eniWebodes

manipulaciur funqciasTan SedarebiT. es damatebiTi

moTxovnaa, romelic Ria sazogadoebis Cems definiciaSi


Sevitane. samwuxarod, amis Tqma ufro ioli iyo, vidre

gakeTeba da Cemma TiTqosda unaklo argumentma sazoga-

doebis ganwyoba ver Secvala. prezidenti buSi 2004 wels

meore vadiT airCies.

2008 wels prezident obamas arCeva msofliosTvis

mZlavri gzavnili iyo, rom aSS-s mkveTrad SeuZlia Ta-

visi kursis Secvla, rodesac xedavs, rom mcdar gzas

adgas. Tumca, es cvlileba droebiTi aRmoCnda: misi

arCeva da inauguracia misi prezidentobis zeniti iyo.

jer kidev prezident buSis meore vadiT arCevisas davr-

wmundi, rom amerikuli sazogadoebis problema mx-

olod misi liderebi ar iyvnen. amerikul sazogadoebas

ar surda pirquSi realobisTvis Tvalis gasworeba da

pirdapir ubiZgebda Tavis liderebs tyuilisken, radga-

nac maTgan iol pasuxebs iTxovda rTul problemebTan

gasamklaveblad.

es Sexeduleba gamimyara iman, Tu rogor warimarTa

obamas prezidentoba. obama prezidenti finansuri

krizisis periodSi gaxda, romlis masStabic adamianebis

umravlesobas, misi CaTvliT, ar esmoda. Tumca imas ki

mixvda, rom amerikul sazogadoebas pirquSi realobis

danaxva ar surs, Tanac sakuTari qarizmisa mtkiced swam-

da. mas aseve surda partiul interesebze maRla dad-

goma da, rogorc Tavis saarCevno gamosvlebSi ambobda

xolme, amerikis „SeerTebuli“ Statebis prezidentad

gaxdoma. amitomac, misi winamorbedi administraciisT-

vis ramis dabraleba ar undoda da yvelanairad cdi-


lobda kritikisa da konfliqtis Tavidan acilebas. man

mimarTa meTods, romelsac akerlofma da Silerma „ndo-

bis multiplikatori“ uwodes TavianT gavlenian wignSi

„cxovelebis sulebi“. amitomac imdroindeli ekonomi-

kuri mdgomareobis realurze gacilebiT optimistu-

ri suraTi daxata im imediT, rom recesiis Serbilebas

SeZlebda. am taqtikis wyalobiT recesia imaze ufro

xanmokle da zedapiruli gamodga, vidre sxva SemTx-

vevaSi iqneboda, magram amave taqtikas katastrofuli

politikuri Sedegebi hqonda. ndobis multiplikato-

ri, sinamdvileSi, refleqsiuri ukukavSiris uwyveti

procesis erTi nawilia: adamianebis Sexedulebebze

pozitiur gavlenas SeiZleba pozitiuri ukukavSiric

hqondes Zireul realobasTan. Tu realoba molodinis

Sesabamisi ar aRmoCnda, ndoba imedgacruebad da brazad

gardaiqmneba. es refleqsiuri ukukavSiris procesis

meore nawilia da yvelaferi swored ase moxda.

eleqtoratma obamas recesiis Serbileba ar daufasa,

radganac ar icoda, Tu ra gaakeTa man. konfliqtisTvis

Tavis aridebiT obamam iniciativa opozicias dauTmo,

xolo opozicias TanamSromlobis motivacia ar hqonda.

respublikelebis propagandam xalxi daarwmuna, rom

finansuri krizisi mTavrobis warumateblobis Sedegi

iyo da ara bazris warumateblobisa. respublikelebis

narativis Tanaxmad, mTavrobis ndoba ar SeiZleba da

ekonomikaSi misi roli, romelic regulirebasa da ga-

dasaxadebis dawesebas moicavs, minimumamde unda Sevam-

ciroT.


respublikelebs seriozuli mizezi hqondaT, rom es

xazi aerCiaT: es iyo naxevarsimarTle, romelic maT

politikuri miznebis miRwevaSi uwyobda xels. gasak-

viri mxolod maTi warmatebis masStabia. amis erT-er-

Ti mizezi orueliseuli axalmetyvelebis Zalaa, aseve

sazogadoebis midrekileba, rom pirquS realobas Tva-

li ar gausworos.

erTi mxriv, axalmetyvelebisTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva

Zalze Znelia, radganac is TavisTavad winaaRmdegobriv-

ia, iseve rogorc, magaliTad, „foqs niusi“, romelic sa-

kuTar Tavs samarTlians da dabalansebuls uwodebs.

kidev erTi xriki mowinaaRmdegis dadanaSaulebaa iseT

qmedebaSi, romelsac Tavad sCadixar. ase magaliTad,

„foqs niusi“ brals mdebs, rom mediaimperias vakon-

troleb. daostatebul praqtikosebs ieriSi yovelTvis

oponentis yvelaze Zlier wertilze miaqvT, rogorc,

magaliTad, maSin, rodesac organizacia „sviftboutma“

jon keris, rogorc vietnamis omis veteranis, damsax-

ureba daayena eWvqveS. faqtebiT Tavs ver daicav, xolo

braldebis uaryofisas kidev erTxel imeoreb mas. amave

dros, braldebis ignorireba SeiZleba Zalze Zvirad

dagijdes, rogorc jon keris SeemTxva 2004 wlis arCev-

nebis dros.

meore mxriv, WeSmaritebis dadgenis mcdelobam mimzid-

veloba didwilad dakarga. rodesac realoba usiamov-

noa, iluziebi misgan Tavis daRwevis mimzidveli gzaa.

Znelbedobis Jams, uprincipo manipulatorebi upi-


ratesobas floben imaTTan SedarebiT, vinc realobisT-

vis Tvalis gasworebas cdilobs. vaimaris respublikaSi

nacistebis propagandam warmatebas imitom miaRwia, rom

sazogadoeba omSi gancdili marcxiT damcirebuli da

ukontrolo inflaciiT dezorientirebuli iyo. ameri-

kulma sazogadoebam garkveulwilad msgavsi ram gamoi-

ara, rodesac jer 11 seqtembris teroristulma aqtebma

agrZnobina sikvdilis SiSi, xolo Semdeg finansurma

krizisma materialuri gaWirvebac moitana da SeerTebu-

li Statebis, rogorc msoflios dominanti saxelmwi-

fos, daRmasvlac daadastura. radganac SeerTebuli

Statebis daRmasvla da CineTis aRmavloba erTsa da

imave dros mimdinareobs, Zalauflebisa da gavlenis mx-

riv momxdari Zvra marTlac dramatulad gamoiyureba.

es ori tendencia _ pirquSi realobisTvis Tavis

aridebis survili da tyuilis meTodebis daxvewa _

jamSi imis mizezia, rom amerika Ria sazogadoebis moTx-

ovnebs veRar akmayofilebs. rogorc Cans, sazogadoeba

warmatebuli unda iyos, imisaTvis, rom Riad darCes.

ris gakeTeba SegviZlia, rom amerikaSi Ria sazogadoe-

ba SevinarCunoT da gavaZlieroT? pirvel rigSi, kargi

iqneba, Tu sazogadoeba imunitets gamoimuSavebs axal-

metyvelebis mimarT. imas, visac is nacistebis an komu-

nistebis mmarTvelobisas gamoucdia sakuTar Tavze,

masze alergiuli reaqcia aqvs, magram farTo sazoga-

doeba metad daucvelia.


amasTan, msurs amerikuli sazogadoeba davarwmuno, rom

pirquSi realobisTvis Tvalis gasworeba sasargeblo

iqneba. bedma gamiRima, rom nacistur okupacias araTu

gadavurCi, aramed iqidan gamarjvebulic gamovedi: ma-

maCemma sxva adamianebisTvis daxmarebis gaweva SeZlo, me

ki mas vexmarebodi. amis wyalobiT, pirquS realobasTan

Sejaxeba da TiTqosda gadauWrel problemebTan SeWide-

ba miyvars. „foqs niusis“ xelmZRvanelebma, rupert mer-

doqma da rojer ailsma, sworad gamomarCies, rogorc

maTi mowinaaRmdege. Tumca, meTodebi, romlebsac Cemze

TavdasxmisTvis iyeneben, nakleb Sedegiani aRmoCnda:

maTi tyuili gamJRavndeba da arc maTi meTodebi iqneba

warmatebuli.

Tumca, politikuri diskursis xarisxis gaumjobeseba

sakmarisi ar aris. aseve unda mivagnoT saWiro politi-

kasac Cveni qveynis realur problemebTan, umuSevrobis

maRal maCvenebelTan da qronikul sabiujeto da savaW-

ro deficitebTan gasamklaveblad. Statebisa da adgi-

lobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis dafinanseba kraxisken

miiwevs. respublikelebma dRis wesrigze kontrolis

mopoveba SeZles da mcdar mosazrebas amkvidreben, rom-

lis Tanaxmad yvelaferi mTavrobis bralia. demokrate-

bi iZulebuli arian, rom uimedo brZolaSi Caeban da

simarTlis meore naxevari daicvan.

saWiroa mdgomareobis xelaxla da safuZvlianad gaaz-

reba da, aseve, imis aRiarebac, rom naxevarsimarTles

yovelTvis Secdomisken mivyavarT. is, rom Seni oponen-

86 ჯორჯ სოროსი

ti cdeba, ar niSnavs, rom Tavad marTali xar. unda Seve-

guoT im faqts, rom arsebiTad arasrulyofil sazoga-

doebaSi vcxovrobT, sadac srulyofilebas verc bazari

miaRwevs da verc mTavrobis regulaciebi. Cveni amocana

is aris, rom naklovanebebi SevamciroT, raTa kerZo

sawarmoebmac da mTavrobamac ukeT imuSaon. magram vin

Seqmnis aseT dRis wesrigs? swred am gzavnilis mitana

minda rogorme sazgadoebamde.

ჯორჯ სოროსი - ფონდი ღია ... · · 2014-11-141 mamaCemma...

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Transcript of ჯორჯ სოროსი - ფონდი ღია ... · · 2014-11-141 mamaCemma...