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2 2002 11 70 * Village Life and Indigenous Resource Management in Savanna of West Africa HAYASHI Yukihiro * A survey of indigenous resources and knowledge in a rural area has been carried out in the northern Guinea savanna of Nigeria for eight years, as a prelude to development of sustainable management system for the local resources that can provide a vital energy for village life. The village surveyed was Yamrat, located in Bauchi State in the Republic of Nigeria. The villagers have much indigenous knowledge of resource management for maintaining food production and village life, among which knowledge of the management of soil fertility and weather forecasting seem to be particularly important. It can be said that the people depend on the ecological environment and indigenous knowledge for their livelihood. However, various problems such as population increase and depletion of resources also exist because of changes in the social and ecological environment. Should we conclude simply that local environment resources have touched the bottom? Is it not wise to try again to utilize such valuable resources more efficiently? This paper focuses on the results of a research project that was carried out to develop an integrated system that privileges local resources in order to sustain agricultural production and village society. 1 1994 1 (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture: IITA) (Systems Agronomist) * Department of International Development Studies, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences
Transcript of ¸ Ï 6 ` á y õ + r ô y ( Õ r  l ÿÀ T m ú þ y J · Ï û Ï y Ï 6 ` á ) V I õ õ @ 2 4...
2 2002 11
70
*
Village Life and Indigenous Resource Management in Savanna of West Africa
HAYASHI Yukihiro*
A survey of indigenous resources and knowledge in a rural area has been carried out
in the northern Guinea savanna of Nigeria for eight years, as a prelude to development
of sustainable management system for the local resources that can provide a vital energy
for village life. The village surveyed was Yamrat, located in Bauchi State in the Republic
of Nigeria. The villagers have much indigenous knowledge of resource management for
maintaining food production and village life, among which knowledge of the management
of soil fertility and weather forecasting seem to be particularly important.
It can be said that the people depend on the ecological environment and indigenous
knowledge for their livelihood. However, various problems such as population increase
and depletion of resources also exist because of changes in the social and ecological
environment.
Should we conclude simply that local environment resources have touched the
bottom? Is it not wise to try again to utilize such valuable resources more efficiently?
This paper focuses on the results of a research project that was carried out
to develop an integrated system that privileges local resources in order to sustain
agricultural production and village society.
1
1994 1 (International
Institute of Tropical Agriculture: IITA) (Systems Agronomist)
* Department of International Development Studies, Nihon University
College of Bioresource Sciences
71
IITA 1 (Bauchi
State) (Liman Katagun) (Yamrat) (Bajama)
3 IITA
1 3 IITA
30 2 3
1
30Km
2
72
94 3 95
94 8
2
(Igbo)
(Yoruba) (Hausa) (Fulani or Fulbe)
374
65 Otite 1990
(Bankal) (Bankalawa)
(Bantu)
500
(Kanuri Empire)
(Beri-Beri)
(Yanmal)
Imoagene 500 Ali Ghaji 1472-1504
Imoagene 1990: 7
Beri-Beri
73
(Sarkin Yamrat)
120 km2 33 5
2 3
(Guinea savanna)
(Sudan savanna) Jagtap and Ibiyemi 1998 15 km
12 1986-97
986.1 mm 33.0˚C 19.4˚C
87 744.6 mm 92 1229.4 mm 1
5 3 95 6 4 86 1
5
4
5 7 8 10
2 40˚C
1 1986-1997
86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97
(mm) 946.1 744.6 920.2 909.2 879.6 949.6 1229.4 1141.9 1174.3 961.7 1149.3 827.0 986.1
75 61 80 79 69 76 88 72 89 71 73 63 74.7
(˚C) 33.1 33.3 32.7 32.0 33.8 32.7 31.9 33.0 33.2 33.8 33.7 * 33.0
(˚C) 19.9 20.0 19.7 18.5 19.9 20.0 17.3 19.4 19.2 19.5 20.0 * 19.41) 6/4 5/19 5/18 5/31 5/7 5/23 5/20 5/18 5/22 5/3 5/9 6/2
40˚C
9 11 6 7 14 2 4 4 4 18 17 * 8.7
1) 5 mm 3 *
2
7474
Inselberg Lithosols
IITA 1993
8 33 (Falla)
Sarkin Yammar 2001 6 33
581 (Gida) 2 3
1
1 17.6
7.5 44.4
2 3
30
2 86-97 86-96
1
75
1999
396 ha
12.0 ha
20 ha 4 ha
4 5
4.1 ha
(Pearl millet) (Guinea corn)
6 23 14 48
32
2 1
3
3.1
10 1988-97
2 2
4 3
2 10 1988-97
21.4
79.6
0
10 1
35.7
Sorghum 79 74
Millet 57 43
Maize 64 43
Cowpea 14 57
Groundnut 86 43
2
76
1
1
8
1
2
10
Buchanan
and Pugh 1966; Okpoko A. I. and Okpoko P. U. 1999
5
2
(Fadama)
77
3.2
10 2 4.7
5 8
38
1 1
(Fulani)
1
1 3
2
78
pH
3
3
3.3
3
pH Total Ex.Cation(cmol(+)/kg)ECEC5) P2O5
(mg/100g) Zn
ppm BD4)
g/cm3 (H2O) (KCl) C(%) N(%) Na K Ca Mg
1) 5 7.46 7.36 1.68 0.17 0.58 0.96 10.20 1.5 13.2 2.57 22.7 1.45
5 6.04 5.82 0.58 0.06 0.18 0.18 2.74 0.5 3.7 0.89 2.9 1.512) 2 6.00 5.60 0.73 0.08 0.10 0.20 3.90 0.9 5.1 0.33 0.7 1.79
3) 2 3.80 3.40 1.70 0.14 0.40 0.20 7.80 1.9 11.6 0.01 2.9 *
1) 12 27 2) 7 3) 4) BD; Bulk Density
5) ECEC; (Ex. Base+Al+H)
*
3
79
11 4
Gao; Hausa (Faidherbia albida Acacia albida)
2
(fodder tree browse tree)
4
Hausa Latin
Bauree Ficus sycomorusBaushee Terminalia avicennioidesDanyan Sclerocarya birreaDorowa Parkia biglobosaGamjii Ficus ovataGao Faidherbia albidaKadanya Vitellaria paradoxumKakkara Acacia polyacantheKanyan Disopyros mespiliformisMaje Daniellia oliveriTsamiya Tamarindus indica
2 Gao (Faidherbia albida)
2
80
3.4
(Termite mound)
Baker 2000
3.5
16 5
8
8
3.6
Harmattan
3 4
81
2 3
40˚C
1990 95 96
1
1997 2001
2001
4
2
3.7
1 1 (Salle)
(hadj) (Hadji) 1
(Al hadji)
1 4
1 1 L 10 L 10 L
(Gongola)
1 10 L
2
82
1 148.9 L
60 250 L 1 13.2 L
7
5 m 8 m
1 m
12 1
89.8 kg 1 248.2 t
15 20 500 m 1 km
2001 3 5 km
10 kg
20 0.2 100 1
1994; Hayashi et al. 1996
8
(Kuka: Adansonia digitata) (Kaka:
Sida linifolia) (Zogall: Moringa oleifera)
15 20 (Dorowa,
African locust bean: Parkia biglobosa) (Dawadawa cakes)
(Kadanya, Shea butter tree:
Vitellaria paradoxum)
(Daidoya: Ocimum
basilicum)
83
4
2
84
Dakora 1996
Histop 1992:
Ch. 6
1998 3
3
85
2000
2001
Cassia mimosoides
11
(Suitability
index) Tian et al. 1995
Anogeisus leiocarpus Marke;
1999 Alward 1982 1 1.5 m
4
2001 6 90,000
cal 3
10 kg 1
2 3
33 m
500 m 23
1
2
86
2
3
4
4
87
1994 Tropical
Ecology Letters 17: 1-5.
Alward, R. 1982. Solar Cooker Manual, Technical Report T138. Brace Research Institute, Macdonald College of
McGill University, Quebec, Canada.
Baker, K. M. 2000. Indigenous Land Management in West Africa, An Environmental Balancing Act. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
Buchanan, K. M. and Pugh, J. C. 1966. Land and People in Nigeria. London: University of London Press.
Dakora, F. D. 1996. Using Indigenous Knowledge to Increase Agricultural Productivity in Africa. In Norman,H.,
Snyman, I. and Cohen, M. eds., Indigenous Knowledge and Its Uses in Southern Africa. Pretoria: The HSRC
Publishers, pp. 109-135.
Hayashi, Y., R. J. Carsky and D. O. Ladipo. 1996. Uses of Indigenous Tree Species Inselected Area in the
Northern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria, Nigerian J. Forestry 26 (1): 15-21.
Histop, D. 1992. Energy Options. An Introduction to Small-scale Renewable Energy Technology. Ch. 6 Biomass.
London: Intermediate Technology Publications.
IITA (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture). 1993. Research Prospective Annual Report. Ibadan: IITA,
pp. 7-9.
Imoagene, O. 1990. The Hausa and Fulani of Northern Nigeria, Know Your Country Series, Handbooks of
Nigeria’s Major Culture Areas Vol. 1. Ibadan: New-Era Publishers.
Jagtap, S. S. and Ibiyemi, A. G. 1998. GIS Database for Agricultural Research and Policy Analysis. Ibadan: IITA.
Okpoko, A. I. and Okpoko, P. U. 1999. Traditional Farming Practices in Nigeria. In Okpoko A. I. ed., Africa’s
Indigenous Technology, with Particular Reference to Nigeria. Ibadan: Wisdom Publishers Limited, pp. 54-66.
Otite, O. 1990. Ethnic Pluralism and Ethnic in Nigeria. Ibadan: Shaneson Limited.
Tian, G., Brussard, L. and Kang, B. T. 1995. An Index for Assessing the Quality of Plant Residues and Evaluating
Their Effect on Soil and Crop in the Sub Humid Tropics, Applied Soil Ecology 2: 25-33.
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