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Fairchild Books, Inc. New York

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JEANNIE IRELAND Missouri State University

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Contents

Preface xv

1 Introduction to Design History 1

PART ONE: IN THE BEGINNING 23

2 Ancient Mesopotamian, Persian, and Egyptian Design 29

3 African Design 61

4 Minoan, Mycenaean, and Greek Design 69

5 Etruscan and Roman Design 101

6 Chinese Design 133

PART TWO: AFTER THE FALL OF ROME 155

7 Early Christian and Byzantine Design 161

8 Romanesque Design in Western Europe 187

9 Gothic Design 213

PART THREE: ENLIGH'FENMENT 239

10 Renaissance Design in Italy 245

11 Renaissance Design in the Iberian Peninsula and Central Europe 273

12 Renaissance Design in the Low Countries and England 297

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11.

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VII

vIII HISTORY OF INTERIOR DESIGN

PART FOUR: NEW HORIZONS 323

13 Latin American Design 329

14 Continental European Design in Colonial America 343

15 English Design in Colonial America 369

PART FIVE: POWER AND PRESTIGE 393

16 Baroque and Rococo Design 399

17 Neoclassical, Empire, and Greek Revival Design 429

PART SIX: THE MODERN WORLD 453

18 Design of the Industrial Revolution 459

19 Twentieth-Century Eclectic Design 481

20 Japanese Design 499

21 Twentieth-Century Design to Mid-Century 515

22 Twentieth-Century Design from Mid-Century 531

Glossary 543

Endnotes 575

Resources 577

Credits 583

Index 589

r

Preface xv

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

TO DESIGN HISTORY 1

Technologies Associated with Buildings 1 Food-Getting Technology 2 Spanning Space 4 Columns 6

Architecture 6 Defining Architecture 9

Conditions of Architecture 9 Significance of Architecture 11 External Influences on Architectural

Design 12 Architectural Style 13

Interior Design 13 Furniture 14 Ornament 14

Application of Color orPattern 14 Ornamental Motifs 18 Patterns 21

Drawing from the Past 22

Part One: In the Beginning 23 CHAPTER 2: ANCIENT

MESOPOTAMIAN, PERSIAN, AND

EGYPTIAN DESIGN 29

Mesopotamia (4500-539 BC) 30 Mesopotamian Arts and Design

Techniques 31 Mesopotamian Architecture 32 Mesopotamian Interiors 37 Mesopotamian Furniture 37

The Persian Empire (559 BC-C. 1600 AD) 38 Egypt (3500-1100 BC) 40 Egyptian History 41

Egyptian Religion 41 Egyptian Arts and Design Techniques 41 Egyptian Architecture 46

Extended Contents

Egyptian Interiors 56 Egyptian Furniture 56

Uncovering the Past 59

CHAPTER 3: AFRICAN DESIGN 61

African History 61 Islamic Influence 62 The Gold Trade 62 European Influence 62 African Architecture 62 Religious Structures 63 Palaces 65 Earth as a Building Material 66

African Design Influences 67

CHAPTER 4: MINOAN, MYCENAEAN,

AND GREEK DESIGN 69

Crete (3000-1200 BC) 69 Minoan Religion 70 Minoan Arts 70 Minoan Architecture 70 Minoan Interiors 73 Minoan Furniture 74

Mycenae (c. 1600-1104 BC) 75 Mycenaean Motifs 75 Mycenaean Architecture 75 Mycenaean Furniture 77

Greece (776-146 BC) 78 Greek History 78 Greek Art Periods (1000 BC to 31 BC) 78 Greek Advancements in Knowledge and

Technology 79 Greek Religion 79 Greek Motifs 80 Greek Arts 80 Greek Architecture 83 Domestic Architecture 93 Greek Interiors 95 Greek Furniture 95

A Transcendent Culture 99 IX

X HISTORY OF INTERIOR DESIGN

CHAPTER 5: ETRUSCAN

AND ROMAN DESIGN 101

The Etruscans (c. 700 - c. 300 BC) 101 Etruscan Architt;cture 102

The Romans (509 BC - 476 AD) 105 ' History and Expansion 105 Roman Advancements in Design 105 Religion 109 Arts and Design 109 Roman Architecture 111 Roman Interiors 126 Etruscan and Roman Furniture 128

The Changing Face of the Empire 131

CHAPTER 6: CHINESE DESIGN 133

Chinese History 133 Dynasties 134 Chinese Technological Developments 136

Paper, In~ and Printing 136 Porcelain 136

Chinese Design 137 Chinese Motifs and Symbolism 137 Spirituality and Architecture 138

Chinese Architecture 139 Chinese Building Materials 139 Chinese Structural Forms 140 Chinese Plans: The Four Basic

Elements 141 City Walls and Gates 11-3 Shrines 144

Buddhist Temples 145 Chinese Interiors 146 Chinese Furniture 147

Furniture Ornamentation 148 Chinese Lacquer 148 Basic Furniture Construction 149 Chinese Furniture Forms 149 Miscellaneous Furniture Pieces 149

Seating Units 149 Tables 152 Storage Furniture 152 Beds 152

How the West Was Won Over 153

Part Twa: After the Fall afRame 155 CHAPTER 7: EARLY CHRISTIAN AND

BYZANTINE DESIGN 161

Early Christian Architecture 162 Basilican Churches 162

Centrally Planned Buildings 163 The Byzantine Empire 164

Byzantine History 165 Byzantine Arts and Design 168 Byzantine Architecture 171 Byzantine Interiors 177 Byzantine Furniture 177

Byzantine Influence in Russia 178 Russian Painting 179 Russian Architecture 179

"The Rise ofIslam (632-1800) 180 Mosques 183 Interiors 184

Out of Splendor into Darkness 185

CHAPTER 8: ROMANESQUE DESIGN

IN WESTERN EUROPE 187

Characteristics of Medieval Society 188 Monasteries 188 Feudalism 189 Commerce 189 Pilgrimages 190 Crusades 191 Features of Medieval Europe 192

Romanesque Arts and Design 193 Romanesque Sculpture 194. Romanesque Metal Work 194 Romanesque Motifs 194

Moorish 196 Moorish Architecture 196

Proto-Romanesque Architecture 197 Asturian Design (Eighth-Tenth

Century) 197 Anglo-Saxon Design (Sixth-Eleventh

Centuries) 197 Carol£ngian (Late Eighth-Tenth

Century) 198 Romanesque Architecture 199

Romanesque Castles 201 Romanesque Cathedrals and Churches 204 Romanesque Openings 206 Romanesque Domestic Architecture 207

Romanesque Furniture 207 Chests 208 Seating Furniture 209 Tables 210 Beds 210

Out of Darkness into the Light 211

CHAPTER 9: GOTHIC DESIGN 213

Gothic Europe 213

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Windmills 214 Gothic Arts and Design 215

Gothic Representational Art 215 Gothic Crafts 215 Gothic Motifs 216

Gothic Architecture 218 Characteristics of Gothic Architecture 219 Cathedrals and Churches 224 European Variations 226 Secular Buildings 228 Domestic Architecture 228 Openings 230

Gothic Interiors 231 Gothic Furniture 232

Seating Units 234 Chairs 234 Storage Furniture 235 Tables 237 Beds 237

Enlightenment 237

Part Three: Enlightenment 239 CHAPTER 10: RENAISSANCE DESIGN

IN ITALY 245

Characteristics of the Renaissance 245 Humanism 246 Development of the State 246 Social Changes 247 Economics 247 Explorations 247

Advancements in Knowledge and Technology 248

Gunpowder 248 Printing 248

Arts and Crafts 249 Representational Art 250 Sculpture 250 Crafts 252

Motifs 253 Italian Renaissance Architecture 253

Monumental Architecture 257 Churches and Memorials 258 Palazzi and Domestic Buildings 259 Openings 261

Italian Renaissance Interiors 262 Floors 263 Walls 264 Ceilings 265 Stairs and Fireplaces 265

Italian Renaissance Furniture 266 Chests 267 Seating Units 268 Tables 270 Beds 270 Mirrors 271

Sharing the Beauty 271

EXTENDED CONTENTS xl

CHAPTER 11: RENAISSANCE DESIGN

IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA AND Cl

CENTRAL EUROPE 273

The Spread of the Renaissance 273 Humanism 273 Mechanism of Change 274 An Emigration of Culture 274

The Renaissance in France 274 French Renaissance Architecture 277 French Renaissance Furniture 279

The Renaissance in Spain 283 Spanish Artistic Periods 284 Spanish Motifs and Decorative

Techniques 284 Spanish Renaissance Architecture 285 Domestic Buildings 285 Interiors 288 Spanish Renaissance Furniture 289 . Portuguese Furniture 292

Central European and German Renaissance Design 292

Russian Renaissance Design 294 On Both Sides of the English Channel 295

CHAPTER 12: RENAISSANCE DESIGN

IN THE Low COUNTRIES AND

ENGLAND 297

The Low Countries 297 Advances in Painting 298 Renaissance Architecture of the Low

Countries 298 Renaissance Furniture of the Low

Countries 300 Renaissance England 300

The Tudor Era 301 The Elizabethan Era 303 The Jacobean Era 303 English Artistic Periods 303 Motifs 305 English Renaissance Architecture 306 English Renaissance Interiors 313 English Renaissance Furniture 314

Widening Horizons 321

xII HISTORY OF INTERIOR DESIGN

Part Four: New Horizons 323 CHAPTER 13: LATIN AMERICAN

DESIGN 329

Mesoamerica 329 Cultures of Mesoamerica 329 Mesoamerican Architecture 332

South America 337 Incan Architecture 337

Arrival of the Spanish 338 Spanish Conquest and Colonialization 338 Spanish Colonial Architecture 338 Modern Architecture in Latin America 340

Derivative Design 341

CHAPTER 14: CONTINENTAL

EUROPEAN DESIGN IN COLONIAL

AMERICA 343

Exploration and Exploitation of the New World 343

The Spanish in North America (1492-1850) 344

Materials Used by the Spanish 344 Spanish Architecture in North

America 345 Interiors of Spanish Colonial Buildings 354 Spanish Colonial Furniture 355

The French in North America (1534-1763) 355

French Construction Methods 356 French Architecture in Colonial

America 356 Interiors of French Colonial Buildings 358

The Dutch in America (1609-1664) 358 Materials Used by the Dutch 359 Dutch Architecture in Colonial

America 360 Interiors of Dutch Colonial Buildings 362 Dutch Colonial Furniture 363

The Swedish in North America (1638-1655) 364

The Pennsylvania Germans in North· America (1683-1800) 364

Pennsylvania German Houses 365 Motifs Used by Pennsylvania Germans 366 Pennsylvania German Furniture 366

The British Are Coming 367

CHAPTER 15: ENGLISH DESIGN

IN COLONIAL AMERICA 369

History of English Colonial Design in the Americas 369

Early English Settlement 370 Effects of Religion on American

Colonization 370 Differences in the Colonies 371

Architecture in English Colonial Areas in the Americas 372

S' Effects of Climate on Structures 372 Materials 373 Domestic Plans 373 New England Colonial Houses 374 Differences Between Early Northern and

Southern Homes 377 Nonresidential Architecture 377 Openings 378

Interiors of English Colonial Buildings in the Americas 378

American Jacobean Furniture 380 Chests 381 Other Storage Furniture 382 Stools 382 Chairs 382 Tables 385 Beds 386

William and Mary Period in America (1690-1730) 387

William and Mary Architecture 387 William and Mary Furniture 387

Living the Good Life 391

Part Five: Power and Prestige 393 CHAPTER 16: BAROQUE AND Rococo

DESIGN 399

Baroque Architecture 400 Churches 403 French Baroque 404 Spanish and Portuguese Baroque 406 Baroque in CentralEurope 407 The Netherlands 408 Baroque in Russia 408 England and America 408 Openings 409 Interiors 410 Baroque Furniture 412

Regence in France (1700-1730) 418

1 !

Rococo Design 418 Rococo Interiors 419 Rococo Furniture 421 Queen Anne and Chippendale

Furniture 426 Rediscovering the Past-Again 427

CHAPTER 17: NEOCLASSICAL,

EMPIRE, AND GREEK REVIVAL

DESIGN 429

Development of the Neoclassical Style 429 Neoclassical Architecture (co 1750-1850) 429 Neoclassical Interiors 431

Louis XVI Style in France 431 Development of the Empire Style 433

French Interiors 433 Neoclassical Style in Italy 434 Georgian and Adam Styles in Great

Britain 434 Adam Style 436 Greek Influences 436 Regency in England 437

English Interiors 437 Neoclassical Styles in America 438

American Federal Style 439 Jeffersonian Style 440 Greek Revival Style (1820-1850) 440

Neoclassical and Biedermeier Styles in Germany (1815-1848) 441

Neoclassical Furniture 442 . Louis XVI Furniture 443 Directoire Furniture 445 Empire Furniture 447 English Furniture of the Neoclassic

Period 449 American Neoclassic Furniture 450

Industrialization Takes the Lead 451

Part Six: The Modern World 453 CHAPTER 18: DESIGN IN THE

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 459

The Industrial Revolution 459 The Expositions 460

Effects of Technology on Architecture 460 Bessemer Process 461 Elevator Brake 461 Tools for Working with Wood 461 Nails 462 Cast-Iron Stoves 462

EXTENDED CONTENTS XIII

Chicago Style 462 Architectural Styles of the Nineteenth

Century 463 Gothic Revival (1820-1870; in America

1840-1860) 464 Victorian Architectural Styles 467 Openings 472

Victorian Interiors 472 Victorian Furniture (1840-1900) 474

New Furniture Pieces 475 Styles afVictorian Furniture 476 Michael Thonet's Invention 477 Miscellaneous Victorian Furniture 479

Rediscovering Simplicity 479

CHAPTER 19: TWENTIETH-CENTURY

ECLECTIC DESIGN 481

Late Nineteenth- and Early TwentiethCentury Monumental Styles 481

American Classical Revival (1895-1950) 481

Italian Renaissance Revival (1890-1935) 482

Chateauesque (1890-1910) 483 Beaux Arts Style (1880-1920) 483

European-Based Revival Styles 484 Tudor Revival, Elizabethan Revival,

Jacobean Revival, and the Cotswold Cottage (1890-1940) 485

Mission, Spanish Colonial Revival, and Pueblo Revival 486

The Arts and Crafts Movement 487 A Question of Quality 487 Values of the Arts and Crafts

Movement 489 Arts and Crafts Interiors 489

English Arts and Crafts Furniture 490 Craftsman Style (1897-1930s) 491

Craftsman-Style Architecture 492 Art Nouveau (1892-1910) 493

Art Nouveau Interiors 496 Art Nouveau Furniture 496

The Times, They Were a Changing 497

CHAPTER 20: JAPANESE DESIGN 499

Japanese History 499 Proto-Historic Period 499 Historic Period 500

Japanese Architecture 501 Shinto Architecture 504 Buddhist Architecture 505

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XiV HISTORY OF INTERIOR DESIGN

Castle Architecture 506 Shinden (Ninth-Twelfth Centuries) and

Shoin Dwellings (1336-1573) 508 Tea Houses 508 Modern Japanese Architecture 509 Japanese Domestic Buildings 510

Japanese Interiors 510 Japanese Furniture 511 Screens 511 Chests (Tansu). 511 Traditional Pieces 512 8'

Other Furniture Forms 513 Influencing the West 513


DESIGN TO MID-CENTURY 515

Stronger Materials, New Possibilities 515 Expanding Interiors 515 Switching on the Electricity 516 Designs for a Better World 516

Early Twentieth-Century American Home Styles 517

Prairie Style (1889-1920) 517 American Foursquare (1895-1930) 519 Modernism (1910-1940) 519 Bauhaus (1919-1933) 520 De Stijl (1917-1931) 521 Art Deco (1920-1939) 522 International Style (1930-present) 524 Art Moderne (1920-1950) 525

Homes for the Masses 526 Common Interiors for Every Style 526

The Interior Designer 526 Elsie de Wolfe 527 Ruby Ross Wood 527

Eleanor McMillen Brown 527 Dorothy Draper 527 Interior-Designed Interiors 527 Furniture for the Masses 528

The Rise of Technology 529


DESIGN FROM MID-CENTURY 531

Architecture of the Mid-Twentieth Century 531

Skyscrapers of the Mid-Twentieth Century 531

California Architecture in the Mid-Twentieth Century 532

Postmodern Architecture 533 Innovative Forms 534 Classical Revival 536 Deconstructivism 537 Futurism 538 Domestic Buildings 538

Furniture of the Mid-Twentieth Century 539

Contemporary Furniture 539 Mid-Twentieth-Century Chairs 540 Varieties of the Sixties and Seventies 541 Seventies Neoclassicism 541 The Memphis Style 541

Glossary 543 Endnotes 575 Resources 577 Credits 583 Index 589

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A Abacus, 47, 131

Ablaq techniques, 182

Acerra, 129

Acropolis, 83

Acroteria, 85, 86

Adam styles, 434-438, 436

Adobe

Mesopotamian, 32

puddled, 139

Aediculae, 261, 261

Aedicule, 125

Aesthetics, 10-11

nomadic shelter, 4, 4

structure, 8

Africa

architecture, 62-63

earth as building material in, 66, 66-67

palaces, 65, 65

pyramids, 65

religious structures in, 63, 63-65

African design, 60, 61-67 European influence on, 62

gold trade and, 62

influences, 67

Islamic influence, 62

Agora,83

Agriculture, 3

Akkadians, 30

Ambones, 206

Ambulatory, 163

America, colonial

climate and architecture in, 372, 372-373

colony differences in, 371

Continental European design in, 342,

343-367

Dutch architecture in, 360-364, 361

Dutch in, 358-364

English architecture in, 372-378

English design in, 369-391

English design in, history of, 369-371

English interior design in, 378-380, 379

exploration/exploitation of, 343-344

French architecture in, 356-358, 357

French in, 355-358

New England colonial houses, 374-377

Pennsylvania Germans in, 364-367, 365

religion and, 370-371

Spanish architecture in, 345-355

Spanish in, 344-355

Swedish and, 364

William and Mary period in, 387-391

American Classical Revival, 481, 481-482

American design

Baroque in, 408-409

furniture of Neoclassical, 450-451,

450-451 Gothic revival in, 464-467, 465-466

Neoclassical styles in, 438-441, 439

twentieth-century, 517-526

American Federal style, 439, 439-440

American Foursquare, 519

American Jacobean furniture, 380-387

Amorini,110

Amphithalamos, 94

Amphitheaters, Roman, 120,120

Anchor bent frame, 359

Andron,94

Andronitis, 94

Angel bed, 426

Angles pilasters, 307

Anglo-Saxon design, 197-198

Animal forms, 20, 20-21

addorsed, 39, 39

imaginary, 21, 32

Mesopotamian, 32

Ankh,44

Ankle, 292, 413

Annulets, 86

Antefixae, 86, 86

Anthemion, 80, 80

Anthropomorphic forms, 21, 36, 36

proportions, 10-11

Apadana, 39, 40

Appadana, 183

Applique, 16,16

Apse,112

Christian, 162

Apsidoles, 176

Aqueducts

Byzantine, 166,167

Roman, 108

Arabesques, 21

Arca ferrata, 129

Arcae, 129

Arches, 4-5

cantilever, 4, 5

centering, 106

corbelled, 4

depressed, 221

diaphragm, 199

Florentine, 254, 254

Index

four-centered, 221, 221

horseshoe, 197

Mesopotamian, 33

pointed, 219-221

Renaissance, Italian, 254, 254, 256

Roman, 106, 106, 113

spandrel,206

terminology, 5

triumphal, 117-118

Tudor, 307, 307 Architecture, 6-9, 11. See also Domestic

architecture; Military architecture;

Monumental architecture; specific types

of architecture

conditions, 9-11

defining, 9-13

design, external influences on, 12-13

history, 9

nineteenth century styles of, 463, 463-464

power and, 11

Seven Wonders of the World, 11

significance, 11

social concerns and, 12-13

style, 13

technology and effects on, 460-463

Architektron, 84

Architrave, 85

Arena, 120

Armadio, 268, 268

Armoire, 236

Armoire a deux corps, 283

Arqueta, 290

Arrangement, 7

Arris,86

Art(s)

Byzantine, 168-171

Egyptian, 41-45

English periods of, 303-305

Greek, 80-81

Mesopotamian, 31-32

Minoan,70

Renaissance, Italian, 249-253

representational Byzantine, 168

;epresentational Renaissance, 250

Romanesque, 193-195

ArtDeco,522-52~ 522-524

furniture, 524,524

interiors, 523-524,524

Art Moderne, 526, 526

Art Nouveau, 493-497, 494~495

furniture, 496-497, 497 589

I 'I ~y 11 ..

590 HISTORY OF INTERIOR DESIGN

interiors, 496, 497

Arts and Crafts Movement, 487-489

English, 490-491

interiors, 489-490, 489-491

quality and, 487-489

values of, 489

Arz,103 \

Assyrians, 30

Asturian design, 197

Ataurique, 184

Athenienne, 444-445

Atrio, 348, 348

Atrium

Etruscan, 104

Roman, 122, 122-124

Atrium corinthium, 123

Atrium displuviatum, 123

Atrium testidunatum, 124

Atrium tetrastylum, 123

Atrium tuscanicum, 123

Attic, 112

Aule,94

Aureole, 193

Axial,46

Aztecs, 331-332

architecture, 336

Azujelos, 197, 285, 285

B Ba, 152

Babylonians, 30-31

Bahut, 209, 235

Bai yan, 152

Bailey, 201

Baldachin, 52

Ball game, 330, 330-331

Ballflower, 217

Balnea,119

Bancos,209,289,355

Banes, 209

Banes a dos, 234

Banqueta, 289

Banquette~209

Barbican,Z03

Barcelona chair, 540

Bargeboards, 465,466

Baroque architecture, 400-402,400-410

characteristics, 403

churches, 403-404, 403-404

French, 405-406

Baroque design, 400-418

American, 408-409

central European, 407, 407

English, 408-409, 409

French,404-405

French interior, 411

furniture, 412-418

interior, 410-412

openings in, 409-410, 410

Spanish and Portuguese, 406-407

Basilican churches, 162-163

Basilicas, 116-117,118, 118-119

aisles, 118

apse,118

Christian, 162,162

clerestory, 118

nave, 118

pluteus, 118

tribunal, 118

Basilisks, 194

Bathra,97

Batten, 353

Bauhaus, 520-521

Bays, 206, 307

Beaux Arts style, 483, 483

Bed(s)

Baroque, 417-418

Chinese, 152-153,153

under eave, 386

Egyptian, 59, 59

Gothic, 237, 237

Jacobean, 386-387

Louis XVI, 444

Renaissance, English, 320-321, 321

Renaissance, Frehch, 283


Renaissance, Spanish, 292

Rococo, 426, 426

Romanesque, 210-211, 211

slaw, 396

standing, 320

stump, 320

trundle, 387

trussing, 211

William and Mary period, 391, 391

Bed of estate, 211

Begunki, 179

Bel etage, 279

Belfries, 350-351

Bell towers, 206, 206

Belt course, 439

Belvedere, 440

Bema, 176

Benches

Greek,97

Renaissance, English, 318-319

Bergere, 414

Berm,20l

Bessemer process, 461

Bible box, 317

Biedermeier styles, 441-442, 442

Bifore, 262

Bisellium, 130

Blanca,354

Block arid turning, 320

Blockfront, 426, 427

Board,207

Boiserie, 420

Bombe,423

Bonheur du jour, 416

o

Bonnet tops, 426

Borne, 475

Borning room, 376

Boss, 97, 219

Boston chair, 489

Boudeuse, 475, 475

Bouleuterion, 91

Boulle work, 413

Bousillage, 356

Brick

fired, 32-33

Mesopotamian molding of, 31, 31

Brise soleil, 341

Brown, Lancelot, 311

Brutalism, 533-534

Bucranium, 112, 112

Buddhism, Japanese architecture and,

505-506,505-506

Buddhist temples, 145, 145-146,146

Buffet, 236

Building technologies, 1-6

development of, 2

French colonial, 356, 356

Incan,337, 337-338

labor division and, 4

Mayan,2

Bultos, 350

Buon fresco, 73

Bureau, 415-416

Bureau a caissons latereaux, 445

Bureau a gradin, 416

Bureau bookcase, 416

Bureau en pente, 416

Bureau Mazarin, 416

Bureau plat, 416, 425

Bureau toilette, 416

Burghers, 213

Butsudan, 512

Byobu,511

Byzantine arts, 168-171

mosaics, 168-169,169

Byzantine design, 168-171

architecture, 171-176,172

chairs, 178, 178

columns, 172-173

crafts, 169-170,170

furniture, 177-178

interiors, 177, 177

motifs, 170-171,171

pendentives and squinches, 172,173

Russia influenced by, 178-180

Byzantine empire, 164-178

churches, 173-176, 174,176

history, 165-167

C

military architecture, 182, 182

religion, 166-168

social climate of, 166

Cabinet, Louis XVI, 445

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Cabinets particuliers, 420

Cabriole leg, 292, 413

Cabriolet, 444

Cadeira de sola, 290

Cage cup, 110,110

C?issons, 95

Caldarium, 119

California architecture, 532, 532

California Spanish style, 352-353

Camas,292

Cames, 216

Campaign furniture, 478-479

Campanario, 351, 351

Campanile, 206, 350,350

Canape, 414

Canopeum, 130

Cape Cod house, 375, 375-376

Capitals, 6, 6

Byzantine, 173,173

campaniform, 48, 48

Corinthian, 87, 87

Greek,89

historiated, 200

protomai,173

Renaissance, English, 315

Capsae, 129

Caquetoire, 281

Cardo maximus, 115

Carillon, 298-299

Carolingian style, 198-199

Cartonnage, 43

Cartonnier, 445

Carving

chip, 16,16

gouge, 17

incised,16

relief, 17, 17

scratch, 16,16

Caskets, 208

Cassapanca, 269-270

Cassettoncino, 425

/ Cassone nuziale, 267

Cassones, 235

Renaissance, Italian, 267, 267

Cassonetta, 267

Cast-iron stoves, 462, 462

Castles

gates, 201, 203

Japanese, 506-508,508

pseudo, 204

Romanesque, 201-204

spiral stairways, 204, 204

Cathedra, 129-130

Cathedral(s)

Gothic, 224-226, 225

Romanesque, 204-207

Caulicoli, 87

Cavetto,50

Cavo relievo, 42, 42

Ceilings, 265, 265, 266

Cella, 73

Celure,211

Cemetaries, Etruscan, 103,104

Certosina, 252

Chaffeuse, 281

Chair(s). See also specific chairs

Barcelona, 540

Boston, 489

Byzantine, 178,178

Chinese, 149-152,150-152

conversation, 414

Dante, 268-269

Eames, 540, 540

Easie, 385

Egyptian, 58, 58

Fiddle back, 426

Gentleman and lady, 475

Gothic, 234-235

Greek, 97, 97-98

Jacobean, 382-385,383

ladder-back,383, 384

library, 414

mid-twentieth century, 540-541, 540-541

monastery, 268-269

monk's, 319


slat-back,384

wainscot, 281,319,319, 383

wing, 414

Chair of estate, 210

Gothic, 235

Chair table, 382

Chaise, 444

Chaise a vertugadin, 281

Champleve, 110

Chancel, 197

Chantry chapels, 225

Chanyi, 151,151

Chapels, Chantry, 225

Chaplets, 226, 226

Chapter house, 189

Charlemagne, 187-188

Chased work, 43

Chateauesque, 483

Chateaux, 277, 277-279

interiors, 279

Chatones, 289

Chellac,15

Chests

Egyptian, 57, 57

Greek, 96-97

Jacobean, 381,381

Japanese,511-512,512

mule, 317, 317

nonsuch,316

Renaissance, English, 316, 316-317

Renaissance, Italian, 267-268, 267-268

Roman and Etruscan, 129, 129

Romanesque, 208-209

trussing, 208, 209

Chests on chests, 424

Chevron, 18

Chiaroscuro, 401

Chicago style, 462-643

Chigai-dana, 507

Chih,140

Chimney pots, 310, 310

China, 133-153

INDEX 591

architecture, 138-139, 139-144

architecture, features of, 146

building materials, 139

city walls, 143-144

drum tower, 144,144

dynasties,134, 134-136

gates, 142, 143-144

history, 133-134

shrines, 144,145

spirituality and architecture in, 138-139

technological developments, 136-137

trade routes, 136, 136

Chinese design, 132, 137-139

beds, 152-153,153

chairs, 149-152,150-152

courtyard, 143,143

elements, 140-143,141

furniture, 147-153

furniture, construction of, 149

furniture, forms of, 149

furniture, storage, 152

interior, 146-147,147

lacquering, 148-149

motifs, 137-138

plans, 141-143

structural forms, 140-141

symbolism, 137-138

tables, 152, 152-153

Chinoiserie, 413

. Chippendale furniture, 426-427

Christianity. See Early Christian architecture

Chuang, 153

Chii-che, 140

Chundeng, 152

Churches

Baroque, 403-404, 403-404

Byzantine, 173-176, 174, 176

Gothic, 218-219, 224-226,225

interiors, Romanesque, 205-206, 206

mision design, 348-350, 349-350

Renaissance, Italian, 258, 258-259

Romanesque, 205, 204-207

tetraconch, 176

Ciborium, 162,162

Cincture, 219, 219

Cinquefoils, 223

Circus, 119

Cista, 129, 129

Cists,72

City planning

Etruscan, 102-103

Greek,83


Incan,337

Roman, 115

City walls, Chinese, 143-144

Clapboard, 372

Classical revival, 536, 536-537

Clepsydra, 131

Climate,'lcolonial architecture and, 372,

372-373

Clocks, Rococo, 423

Cloisons, 43

Cloister, 189

Clos,283

Coffer fort, 267

Coffers, 95, 208, 235

Colonial revival style, 471-472

Spanish, 486-487, 487

Colonnades, 36, 377

Color, application of, 14-15

Column(s), 6, 6, 7

attic base, 86

base, 6, 6

Byzantine, 172-173

celatea,87

Chinese, 146, 147

decorative, 6, 7

doubled, 173

Egyptian, 46-47, 48

giant order, 257

Greek, 86-87, 89, 92

hathor, 49, 49

hermetic, 305

impost, 39, 39

lotiform, 49, 49

Mesopotamian, 33

Minoan, 72, 72

mosque, 183, 183

Norman, 200,200

palmate, 48, 48

papyrifortn, 48, 48

Persian, 39, 39

Roman, 113, 113-114

rows,89,90

shaft, 6, 6

shaft, Egyptian, 47

solominic,173

tent pole, 48, 48

triumphal, 117, 117-118

Commerce, Medieval, 189-190,190

Commode, 415, 424

Commode a encoignure, 425

Commode a vantaux, 425

Commode desserte, 445

Commode en console, 425

Comodini, 425

Compluvium, 104

Composite order, 115

Conchs, 176

Concrete, Roman use of, 107,107

Cone mosaics, 32, 32

Confidante, 475

Console table, 131

Baroque, 416-417, 417

Constantine,161, 161-162, 165

Contador,415

Conversation chairs, 414

Corbie,360

Corinthian order, 87, 87

Roman, 114,115

Corinthius, 124

Cornice, 85

Corona, 85, 170

Corps de logis, 405, 406 Corredor, 287

Cosmati, 263

Cotswold cottage, 485, 485

Couches

Greek, 99, 99

Roman and Etruscan, 130

Couchette, 211

Cour d'honneur, 406

Courtyard, Chinese, 143,143

Craftsman style, 491-492, 492

architecture, 492-493

interiors, 492-493, 493

Credence, 236,236

Credenza,236-237

Renaissance, Italian, 268

Crenellated battlements, 33

Crenels,33

Crepidoma, 86

Crest rail, 290

Cresting, 310

Crete, 69-75

palaces, 72-73

religion, 70

Cristallo, 253

Cromwellian furniture, 321, 321

Cross forms, 19-20

Crossette, 409

Crow-stepped, 360

Crucks,229

Crusades, 191-192

Cuadrangulo, 346

Cubicula, 124,124

Culina,124

Culture(s)

exposure to other, 13

food getting technology and, 2

Mesoamerican, 329-332, 330 Renaissance and eJ;lligration of, 274

structures and, 1

Cuneiform, 29, 29

Cupboard(s)

almoner's, 317, 317

court, 317, 317

Gothic, 236,236

Hackensack,363

livery, 318, 318

Renaissance, English, 317-318, 317-318

Cupola, 257, 257

Curtains, 377

Curtibulum, 123

Cusps, 223

Cyclopean, 75

Cyma,85

Cymatium, 85

D Dansu,511

Dante chairs, 268-269

Dark Ages, 162

Davenport sofa, 529

De Stijl, 521-522,521-522

Deconstructivism, 537, 537

Decoupage, 423

Decumanus maximus, 115

Demicelure, 211

Demilune, 445

Demimetope,114

Deng,150

Deng' gua yi, 150

Dentil(s), 18,85

Design. See also specific types of design

architectural, external influences on, 12-13

derivative, 341

history of, introduction to, 1-22

Design motifs

Byzantine, 170-171,171

Chinese, 137-138

Egyptian, 43, 44

Gothic, 216-218, 217

Greek, 80, 82

Mesopotamian, 32, 34, 34

Minoan, 71, 71

Mycenaean,75,75

ornament/ornamentation, 18

Pennsylvania Germans, 366

Renaissance, English, 304-305, 305-306


Roman, 111,112 Romanesque, 194-195,195, 196

Spanish, 284-285

Desks, William and Mary period, 390-391

Desserte,445

Diaconicon, 176

Diao tian, 148

Diatreta, 110

Ding gui, 152

Diocletian window, 126

Diphroi,97 Diphros okladias, 97

Directoire furniture, 445-447, 446

Divan, 424

Divani da portego, 424

Diwan,182

Do, 505

Doma,51O Domestic architecture, 538

Egyptian, 54-56 English colonial, 373-374, 374, 375

i

( I

Gothic, 228-231, 229

Greek, 93-94

interiors, 37

Japanese, 5lO, 510 Mesopotamian, 37-38

Minoan,73

\ Renaissance, French, 279

Renaissance, Italian, 259-261,261

Renaissance, Spanish, 285-288, 286-288

Roman, 122-125

Romanesque, 207

Spanish colonial, 351-353, 352

I)omino,279,421

I)omus,122,122-124,123

I)omus de statio, 261

I)onjon, 201

I)oric order, 86

characteristics, 88, 88

Roman, 114

I)osseret, 173

I)ossiers, 234

I)ougong, 140-141,141

I)owels,85

I)rape~I)orothy,537

I)resser, 235-236

I)ressoir,235-236

I)rip mold, 466

I)romos, 33, 50 I)rop,376

I)rum,175


I)rum piers, 205, 205 I)uchesse,423

I)uchesse brisee, 423, 424

I)uchesse en bateau, 423

I)un,150

I)urability,9-lO

I)utch

in America, colonial, 358-364

materials used by, 359, 359-360

I)utch architecture

colonial America, 360-364, 361

openings in, 361

I)utch cross bond, 3lO

I)utch design

furniture in colonial, 363, 363-364

interiors in colonial, 362-363

I)utch tiles, 299, 299-300

I)welling tower, 230

E Eames chairs, 540,540 Early Christian architecture, 162-164

centrally planned buildings in, 163-164,

164

characteristics of, 164

Earpiece, 409

Ears, 125

Easie chair, 385 Eastlake, Charles Locke, 478, 479

Ebonized decoration, 380

Echinus,86

Economy, 8-9

Egypt

architecture, 46-59

architecture, domestic, 54-56,56

architecture, monumental, 46-54

arts, 40-45

history, 40-59

painting, 41-45

religion, 41, 41

sculpture, 42-43, 43

Egyptian design, 46-59 c;>

artistic periods, 40

columns in, 46-47, 48

furniture, 56-57, 57,58

interiors in, 56

materials, 46

motifs, 43, 44

openings, 56-57, 57

religion and, 44

techniques, 41-45

temples in, 47, 47-52

tombs, 52, 52-54

Egyptian Revival style, 50

Egyptian text, 29-30

Eiffel Tower, 461

Electricity, 516

Electrum, 46

Elements, 7-8

rhythm, 7-8

Elevations, 7

Elevator brake, 461

Elevators, external, 536,536

Elizabethan Era, 303

architecture, 308-311, 309,310 Elizabethan revival, 485

Emblemata, 127

Empire style, 433-434

furniture, 447-448, 447-449,476

Encaustic painting, 80-81

Encorado, 290

Enfilade, 125-126

Baroque, 4lO

England

Adam styles in, 434-438, 436

artistic periods, 303-305

Arts and Crafts, 490-491

colonial settlements, 370, 371

continental entity relationships with, 302

economics during Tudor Era in, 302

Elizabethan Era, 303, 308-311

Georgian styles in, 434-438, 435

Jacobean Era, 303, 311-312

Regency in, 437

Tudor Era, 301, 301-302,306-308

English architecture. See also Renaissance,

English

colonial America, 372-378

INDEX 593

colonial America, differences between

northern/southern, 377

domestic colonial, 373-374,374, 375

materials for colonial, 373


nonresidential colonial, 377-378, 378

openings in colonial, 378

Romanesque, 202

English bond, 3lO

English design. See also Renaissance design,

English

Baroque in, 408-409,409 colonial America, 369-391

colonial America, history of, 369-371

furniture of Neoc1assical, 449-450,

449-450

interior colonial, 378-380, 379

interior Neoclassical, 437-438, 437-438

Enlightenment, 239-321

map and, 240-241

Renaissance, Italian design, 244, 245-271,

246

timeline, 242-243

Ensayalada, 290

Entablatures, 72

Entasis,86

Escabelles, 234

Espejos, 354

Estofado, 285

Estrado, 285

Etruscan design, ·101-lO4

furniture, 128-131


materials, lO2, 102 Etruscans, lOl-lO4

architecture, characteristics, lO4

city planning, lO2-lO3

homes, lO3-lO4, 105 temples, lO3, 103 tombs and cemeteries, lO3, 104

Europe

America, colonial design and continental,

342, 343-367

Baroque in central, 407, 407 Medieval, features of, 192-193,193

Renaissance architecture in low countries

of, 298-300

Renaissance design in Central, 273-295

revival styles, 484-487

Eurythmy,8

Exedra,97

Exotic revival style, 468-469, 468-469

Exposition, 460, 460 Eiffel Tower and, 461

Extrados, 5,5

F Faces, 332, 332

FaYnce,43

Faldstool, 209-2lO, 209

If

I

I III


Fantasy buildings, 472

Fauces,124

Fauteuil,414

Fauteuil a la Reine, 423-424

Feng shui, 138-139

Feudalism, 189

Fiadores, 289

Fiddle-bac~chair, 426

Fir cone, 34, 34

Fireplaces

Baroque, 412


Flambeaux, 411

Flemish bond, 310

Fleur~de-lis, 70

Gothic, 217

Fleur-de-lys, 276, 276

Fleuron,87

Floors, Renaissance, Italian, 263-264

Flying buttresses, 221, 221-222

Fogon de campafia, 355

Foils, 197,223

Fondo d'oro, 170

Food getting technology, 2-4

Forbidden City, 142, 143

Form, 209

Forum, 116-119

Frailero,290

Fraktur, 267

France

Chateaux in, 277, 277-279

Louis XVI style in, 431-432, 431-432

Regence in, 418

Renaissance architecture in, 277-279

Renaissance domestic architecture in, 279

Renaissance furniture in, 279-283, 280

Renaissance in, 274-283, 275

Renaissance motifs in, 276, 276

Romanesque architecture, 202, 203

French

Neoclassical, 433-434, 434

in North America, 355-358

French architecture

American colonial, 356-358,357

American colonial, characteristics of, 358

Baroque, 405-406

domestic Renaissance, 279

Renaissance, 277-279

Romanesque, 202,203

French design

Baroque, 404-405

Baroque, interior, 411

construction methods, 356, 356

furniture in Renaissance, 279-283, 280

interior colonial, 358

motifs, 276, 276

Fresco secco, 42

Fresquera,290

Frigidarium, 119

Fulcrum, 130, 130

Funa-dansu, 512

Function, 10

Furniture, 14. See also specific pieces

American Jacobean, 380-387

Art Deco, 524, 524

Art Nouveau, 496-497, 497

Baroque design, 412-418

Byzantine, 177-178

Chinese, 147-153

Chinese, construction of, 149

Chinese, forms of, 149

Chippendale, 426-427

contemporary, 539, 539

Cromwellian, 321, 321

Directoire, 445-447, 446

Dutch colonial, 363, 363-364

Egyptian, 56-57, 57, 58

Empire, 447-448, 447-449

Etruscan, 128-131

geometric, 539-540,540

Gothic, 232-237, 234

Greek, 95-99, 96

Japanese, 511-513,513

Louis XVI, 443, 443-445

mass, 528-529

Mesopotamian, 37-38

middle-class, 528-529

mid-twentieth century, 539,539

Minoan, 74, 74-75

Mycenaean,77, 77-78

CJ

Neoclassical design, 442-443

Neoclassical design, American, 450-451,

450-451

Neoclassical design, English, 449-450,

449-450

Nineteenth century, late-, 484

ornamentation of, Chinese, 148

Pennsylvania Germans, 366, 366-367

primitive, 1

Queen Anne, 426-427

Renaissance, English, 314-321, 315

Renaissance, French, 279-283,280

Renaissance, in low countries, 300


Renaissance, Portuguese, 292

Renaissance, Spanish, 289-292

Rococo, 421-426

Roman, 128-131

Romanesque, 207-211

seating, Gothic, 234

seating, Romanesque, 209

Spanish colonial, 355, 355

Twentieth century, early-, 484

Victorian,474,474-479

Victorian, styles of, 476-479

William and Mary period, 387-391,

388-391

Furosaki byobu, 511

Fusuma, 507, 510

Futons,513

Futurism, 538, 538

G Gablets, 222

Gaines,293

Galerie, 278, 357

Garderobe, 236

Garrison house, 376-377, 377

Gate leg, 320

Gates

Chinese, 142, 143-144

postern, 203

Gejin,505

General Grant style, 469, 470

Genius, 109

Genkan,51O

Gentleman and lady chairs, 475

Geodesic domes, 534-535,535

Geometric forms, 18, 18-20

circleslcurves, 18-19

cross forms, 19-20

M<;sopotamian, 35,35

shapes, 18

Georgian styles, 434-438, 435

Germany. See also Pennsylvania Germans

Biedermeier style in, 441-442, 442

colonial America and, 364-367, 365

Neoclassical style in, 441-442, 443

Renaissance in, 292-294, 293

Romanesque architecture, 202

Getabako,51O

Ghorfa,66

Gilding, 15

Girandoles, 411

Glass

Gothic stained, 216,216

pier, 417

Roman, 110,110

Glyphs,86

Golden Mean, 253-254, 254

Golden Oak Furniture, 528

Golden section, 90

Gondola back, 290

Gothic architecture, 218-231

cathedrals, 224-226, 225

characteristics of, 219, 224

churches, 224-226, 225

domestic, 228-231, 229

Italian, 218, 218

openings, 230-231

Gothic arts, 215-218

Gothic crafts, 215-216

stained glass, 216, 216

tapestry, 216

Gothic design, 212, 215-218

beds, 237, 237

chairs, 234-235 European variations, 226-228, 227-228

furniture, 232-237, 234

furniture, seating, 234

furniture, storage, 235-237

interior, 231-232, 231-233

motifs, 216-218, 217

tables, 237

windmills, 214, 214-215

Gothic empire, 213-215, 214

Gothic revival, 464

American, 464-467, 465-466

furniture, 476, 476

Gothique troubadour, 476

Graneros, 355

Great Mosque of Dj en ne, 63-65, 64

Great Wall, 134-135,135

Greece, 78-79

architecture, 83-95

architecture, domestic, 93-94


architecture, orders of, 85-89, 88-89,

88-89

art periods, 78-79

arts, 78-81

athletic spaces in, 91-92

capitols, 89

city planning, 83

columns, 86-87, 87, 89, 92

history, 78

knowledge/technology advancements in,

79

moldings, 84, 84

openings, 94-95, 95

painting in, 80-81

pottery in, 81, 81

religion, 79-80

sculpture in, 81

stadiums, 91

structures, 83-85

temples, 85, 85, 90,91

theaters, 92-93, 93

tholoi, 90-91

Greek cross, 19

Greek design, 78-99

furniture, 95-99, 96


interior, 95

motifs, 80, 82

Neoclassical style and influence of,

436-437, 437

Greek revival style, 429, 430

American, 440-441, 441

Griffin, Greek, 82, 82

Grisaille,363

Groote kamer, 362

Grotesques, 21, 226

Ground plans, 7

Guadamicil, 285

Guadamicileria, 197

Guanmaovi, 150, 150

Guelph windows, 262, 262

Gueridons, 425

Guilloche, 34, 34

Greek, 82, 82

Guinea holes, 417

Gunpowder, 248

Gynaecceaum, 76-77

H Hackensack cupboard, 363

Hagia Sophia, 174, 174-175, 175

Half figures, 276, 276

Half-timbering, 103-104

Hall and parlar house, 373

Hall house, 373, 374

Hallenkirche, 205 CJ

Hammans, 184

Hashira, 505

Hearders,3

Helix, 19

Hemiglyphs, 86

Herm,109

Hibachi, 512

High-tech architecture, 535-536,535-536

Hijiki,505

Hippodrome, 92

Hirsashi, 505

Hittites, 36

Hogyo-zukuri, 505

Homes

Egyptian, 55-56, 56

Etruscan, 103-104,105

mass, 526

Minoan,73

Hond6,505

Hood mold, 207

Hoop back, 444

Horns of consecration, 71, 71

Hu chuang, 150

Hua zhuo, 152

Hua-kung,141

Huche,235

Hutch, 235

Hypaethral, 92

Hyphens, 426

Hypocaust, 108-109,109

Hypostyle hall, 51, 51

Hypotrachelion, 86

Iberian peninsula, Renaissance design in,

273-295

Iconostasis, 176

Ima,51O

Imbricated ornament, 35, 35

Impluvium, 94

Impost, 39, 173,173

Inca(s)

buildings, 337, 337-338

cities, 337

Incan architecture, 337-338

Industrial Revolution, 451

design in, 459-479

Ink, 136

Inlay, 15, 15

lapis lazuli, 31

INDEX 595

Innovative forms, Geodesic domes, 534-535,

535

Insulae, 115, 122

Intarsia, 15

Intercolumniation, 85

Interior design, 13-14,526-529

Art Deco, 523-524,524

Art Nouveau, 496,497

Arts and Crafts Movement, 489-490,

489-491

Baroque, 410-412

Byzantine, 177, 177

chateau, 279

Chinese, 146-147,147

church, Romanesque, 205-206,206

Craftsman style, 492-493, 493

Dutch colonial, 362-363

Egyptian, 56

English colonial, 378-380, 379

expanding, 515-516,516

French colonial, 358

Gothic, 231-232, 231-233

Greek, 95

interiors, 527-528

Japanese, 510-513

Mesopotamian, 37, 37

Minoan, 73, 73-74, 74

mosque, 184-185

Mycenaean, 76, 76-77

Neoclassical, 431, 433-434, 437-438,

437-438


Renaissance, Italian, 262-266, 263

Renaissance, Spanish, 288-289, 289.

Rococo, 419-421, 420,422

Roman, 126-127

Spanish colonial, 354-355

Victorian, 472-474, 473

Inter~ational style, 524-525,525

Interstices, 356

Intrados, 5, 5

Ionic order, 86-87

characteristics, 88, 88-89

Roman, 114

Irimoya-zukuri, 505

Isho-dansu, 512

Islam

African design and, 62

rise of, 180-185

Italian Villa style, 467, 467-468

Italianate style, 467-468

Italy

Gothic architecture in, 218, 218

Neoclassical style in, 434

Renaissance design in, 244, 245-271

Romanesque architecture in, 202,203

Iwan,39


Izakomary, 294

J Jacobean Era. See also American Jacobean

furniture

architecture, 311-312, 311-312

chests, 317, 317


Jacobean revival, 485-486

Jails, 12, 12-13

Japan

Edo period, 501

historic period of, 500

history of, 499...:.501

influence, 513

Meiji period, 501

proto-historic period of, 499-500

Samurai period, 500-501

Japanese architecture, 501-510, 502-503 Buddhist, 505-506, 505-506

castle, 506-508,508 characteristics of, 504

domestic, 510, 510 modern, 509, 509-510

Shinden, 508

Shinto, 504-505

tea houses, 508-509, 509

Japanese design, 498, 499-513,500 Japanese interior design, 510-513

furniture, 511-513,513

Japanning, 15,422-423

Jeffersonian style, 440, 440

Jergas, 354

Jetties, 230

Jewel work, 380

Ji tai shi an, 152

Jia zi chuang, 153, 153

Jinja, 501

Jodan, 508

Jogyo-do, 505

Juno,109

K Kachel6fe!1, 230, 230 Kaidan-dansu, 512

Kakebuton, 513

Kando, 506

K'angs, 152, 153

Kas, 363, 363

Kasbahs,66

Katana-dansu, 512

Ke hui, 148

Keel,181

Keep, 201, 201 shell,201

Keystone, 4-5, 5

Khekhers, 55

Kibotos,96

Kidan,505

Kinon rack, 513

Kirizuma-zukuri, 505

Klini, 99, 99

Klismos,97

Kloosterkozyn, 362

Knee, 292, 413

Knockdown, 479

Knot gardens, 310

Kodo, 505

Koilon,92

Kokoshniki, 180

Kondo,505

Kotatsu, 512-513

Kotatsu kakebuton, 513

Kraal,67

Kuruma-dansu, 512

Kurusi-dansu, 512

Kylikeia, 99

Kyodai,513

Kyosoku, 512

L Lacca povera, 423

Laconicum, 119

Lacquering, 14-15

Chinese, 148-149

Ladder-back chair, 290

Jacobean,383,384

Ladrillos, 347-348

Lancet, 231

Lantern, 257, 257

Laratrium, 109

Latin America

derivative design, 341

design, 329-341

modern architecture in, 340, 340 tropical climate planning in, 341

Latin cross, 19

Laurel crown, 83, 83

Layettes, 282

Leaning Tower of Pis a, 10,10 Lectern, 177-178

Lecti,130

Lectica, 130

Lectus adversus, 122

Lectus cubicular, 130

Lepel borties, 363

Letti,270

Library chairs, 414

Lion Gate at Mycenae, 75, 76

Lit a colonnes, 283

Lit a la Duchesse, 426

Lit a la Polonaise, 426

Lit clos, 444

Lit de repos, 283

Lit en house, 283

Liu, 152

Load calculations, 9-10

Load-bearing construction, 32

Loggias, 256

Lohan chair, 151, 151

o

Lombard bands, 200, 200

Long gallery, 278

Elizabethan, 309, 309 Lopers, 291

Lotus flower, 35, 35

Louis XVI style in France, 431-432, 431-432

furniture, 443, 443-445

Lowboy, 390

Lucunaria, 95

Lunette, 20, 304

Luohan chuang, 153

Lu-tou, 140, 140, 141

M Ma, 510

Macella, 115, 117

Machicolation, 203

Madrasa, 184

Majorca chair, 290

Majura,513

Maki-e,511

Makura, 512

Malahide Castle, 204, 204 Maltese cross, 19

Manaras, 184

Manchettes, 444

Manta de techo, 355

Map(s),24-25, 324-325,394-395

Enlightenment and, 240-241

after fall of Rome and, 156-157

modern world, 454-45.5

Marquetry, 15

Martyrium, 163

Maru,507

Mascaron, 276, 276

Mashrabiyyah, 182. See also Mesherabijeh

Mass housing, 526

Mastaba, 52,52

Masu, 505

Materials

African architecture, 63

building, 12-13

Chinese building, 139

Dutch,359, 359-360

earth as building, 66, 66-67

Egyptian, 46

Egyptian furniture, 57

English colonial architecture, 373

Etruscan, 102,102 Mesoamerican building, 332

Mesopotamian building, 32-33

Persian design, 39

Roman, 113

Spanish, 344-345, 345

twentieth century, 515

Mausoleum, 164,164

Mayan(s),331 architecture, 334-336, 334-336

palaces, 335, 335-336

Mayan vault, 332

.~.,

McMillen Brown, Eleanor, 537

Medieval society, 188-192

commerce, 189-190,190

features of European, 192-193,193

feudalism, 189

Rilgrimages, 190-191,191

Megaron,73

Memorials, Renaissance, Italian, 258, 258-259

Memphis style, 541

Mensae delphicae, 131

Mensae vasariae, 131

Merlons, 33, 33

Mesas, 291

Mesherabijeh, 196. See also Mashrabiyyah

Mesoamerica,329-336


architecture, monumental, 332-333,

332-333

Aztecs, 331-332

cultures of, 329-332, 330 Mayans,331

Olmecs, 331, 331

religions, 330

Teotihuacan,331

Mesopotamian design, 29, 30-38

adobe brick, 32

architecture, 32, 32-33



arts, techniques for, 31-32

building materials, 32-33

cone mosaics, 32, 32

furniture, 37-38

inlay, 31, 31

interiors, 37, 37

motifs, 32, 34, 34

religion and,30

techniques for, 31-32

Metal work, Romanesque, 194

Metopes,86

Mi-clos, 283

Mid-century design, 515-541

architecture from, 531-538

California architecture, 532, 532

chairs, 540-541, 541

furniture, 539,539

Postmodern architecture, 533

Mihrab, 183, 185

Military architecture, Byzantine empire, 182,

182

Minarets, 184

Minbar,184

Minka,51O

Minoan architecture, 70-73

characteristics, 73

domestic, 73

interior, 73, 73-74,74

Minoan arts, 70

Minoan design, 69-75

columns, 72, 72

furniture, 74, 74-75

motifs, 71, 71

Minstrel gallery, 228-229

Miradors, 197

Mirrors, Renaissance, Italian, 271

Misiones,347-351

belfries, 350-351

church design, 348-350, 349-350

complex, arrangement of, 348

Mission style, 486

Mitesaki, 505

Mizuya-dansu, 512

Modernism, 519-520, 520

Mokoshi, 505

Molding(s), 17

bed, 85

Greek, 84,84

Monasteries, 188-189,189

Gothic, 218-219

Romanesque, 205, 205 Monastery chairs, 268

Mondrian, Piet, 521-522

Monk's table, 318

Monumental architecture

Egyptian, 46-54

Greek, 90-93

Mesoamerican, 332-333, 332-333

Mesopotamian, 33-36


Moorish architecture, 196-197

Mosaics

Byzantine, 168-169,169

Roman, 126, 126-127

Mosques, 183, 183-184

interiors, 184-185

Motte and bailey, 201, 201 Mouse tooth, 360

Moya,505

Mudejar, 196, 197

Mullions, 222

Multifoil, 223

Muqarnas, 181,181

Musalla, 183

Mycenae, architecture, 76-77

Mycenaean design, 75-78

furniture, 77, 77-78

interior, 76, 76-77

motifs, 75, 75

N Nagamochi,511

Naijin,505

Nails, 462

Nanguan mao yi, 151

Naos,51

Narthex,163

Naturalistic designs, 20, 20 animal, 20, 21

human form, 21

imitation, 20

plant, 20-21

stylized, 20

Nature-derived forms, 20-21

Nave, 162

Necks, 377

INDEX 597

Neoclassical architecture, 429-432

characteristics of, 430

Neoclassical design, 429

French, 433-434, 434

furniture, 442-443

furniture, American, 450-451, 450-451

furniture, English, 449-450, 449-450 interiors, 431, 433-434, 437-438, 437-438

Italian, 434

Neoclassical style

American, 438-441, 439

German, 441-442, 443

Greek influence on, 436-437, 437

Neoeclectic,538

Netherlands design, Baroque in, 408


Nicho,350

Niello, 169, 170 Nijiri-guchi, 509

Nile, 40

Nimbus, 193

Nineteenth century architectural styles, 463,

463-464

Nineteenth century design

late-,481-484

late-, furniture of, 484

Noeud,417

Nogging,229

Nomads

aesthetic of shelters for, 4, 4

shelters, 3

technology, 3

Nomen-dansu,512

Nubian pyramids, 64, 65

Nulling,304,305

o Obelisk, 50

Octagon house, 466-467, 467

Odanoma, 508

Odeum,119

Oeci,124

Oecus,94

Oecus Aegyptus, 124

Oecus Cyzicenus, 124

Oecus tetrastylos, 124

Ofuro,51O

Ogee, 181

Ogive,223

Olmecs, 331, 331

Openings

Baroque design, 409-410, 410 Dutch colonial, 361

Egyptian, 56-57, 57

English colonial, 378

"

t


Gothic, 230-231

Greek, 94-95, 95

Renaissance, English, 312, 312-313

Renaissance, Italian, 261, 261-262,262

Roman, 125-126

Romanesque, 206-207, 207

Spanish colonial, 353, 353

Victorian: 472

Opisthodomos, 90

Orchestra, 92, 93

Order, 6-7

Orders, Romanesque, 194,207

Organic design theory, 518-519

Oriels,307, 307-308

Ormolu,413

Ornament/ornamentation, 14-21

colorlpattern application and, 14-15

furniture, Chinese, 148

motifs, 18

Roman,127, 127-128,128

surface depth changes and, 15-18

Oshiire, 513

Osiride pillar, 49, 49

Ostium, 122, 123

Ottoman, 475

Outshot house, 376

p

Pagoda, 145

Paifangs, 144

Painting

Egyptian, 42

encaustic, 80-81

Greek, 80-81

Renaissance, 298

Russian, 179

Palace(s)

African, 65, 65

Egyptian, 55

11ayan, 335,335-336

11inoan, 72-73


Summer, 142

Palace of Knossos, 69, 70, 72

Palace of Per se po lis, 40

Palaistra, 91

Palampores,313

Palanquins, 129

Palazzi,259, 259-261,260

Palenque architecture, 335

Palisade, 201

Palmette, 34, 34

Panache, 417

Panchetto, 268

Panel(s),21

Pantheon, 121,121

Pantiles, 360, 360

Papelera, 291

Paper, 136

Paradises, 181

Parcel gilt, 444

Parcheman, 305, 314

Pargetry, 314, 314

Pargework,314

Parlor stand, 529

Parterres, 279

Pastas, 94

Pastiglia, 252

Pastophoria, 197

Pastoralists, technology, 3

Patent furniture, 479

Paterae,94

Patio, 286-287

Pattern(s), 18,21

application of, 14-15

band,21,22

counterchange, 21

diaper, 21

Pediment, 85, 86

broken, 111, 111

open, III

Peinure-vivantes, 402

Penasco, 353, 354

Pendentives, Byzantine, 172,173

Pennsylvania Germans, 364-367,365

furniture, 366, 366-367

houses, 365, 365-366

motifs,366

Pepper pot towers, 308

Peribolus, 90

Peripteros, 121

Peristylium, 124

Persian design, influence of, 40

Persian empire, 38-40,39

Persiana, 196

Perspectives, 7

Egyptian painting and, 42, 42

Piano nobile, 257

Piece-sur-piece, 356

Pied de biche, 389

Pier glass, 417

Pier tables, 417

Piercing, 17

Pierrotage, 356

Piers, 222

Pietre dure, 252

Pilastrade, 113

Pilgrimages, 190-191,191

Pilotis, 341, 519

Ping, 149

Pintie, 353

Pinyonet, 285

Pishtaq, 181-182

Pithoi,72

Placets, 234

Placita, 351

Plant forms, 20, 20-21

Plate tracery, 206

Plaza, 347

Polis,78

Poppy head, 217

Porcelain, 136-137,137

Porta, 115

Portales, 347, 347

Portcullises, 53, 203

Porte cochere, 230, 278

Portico, 94

Porticulis, 116, 116

Portugal

Baroque, 406-407

Renaissance furniture in, 292

Portula, 115

Post and lintel, 4

Postern, 115

Posticum, 121

Postmodern architecture, 533, 533

Poteaux et piece coulissante, 356, 356

Poteaux-en-terre, 356

Poteaux-sur-sole, 356

Pottery, Greek, 81, 81

Pouf,475

Pozzetto, 424

Prairie style, 517-518, 517-519

Predella, 270

Presbytery, 206

Presidios, 346, 346-347

Printing, 136

Renaissance, Italian advancements in,

248-249

Prodigy houses, 307

Prodomos, 76

Pronaos,51

Proportions

of human body, 10-11

pleasing, 7

Propriety, 8

Propylon, 84

Propylum, 120

Prothesis, 176

Prothyron, 94

Pueblo revival, 487, 487

Pueblos, 347

Puente,291

Pulpits, 206

Puncheon, 353

Pylons, 47-51, 51

Pyramidion, 50, 53

Pyramids, 28

Nubian, 64, 65

tombs, 52-53,53

Pyrtaneium, 94

Pyxis, 129

Q Qibla, 183

Qin ping tuo, 149

Qing style, 151

Quadrantura, 402

Quadriga, 117

Quanyi,151

'-~'. if '~

, ! 1

Quatrefoils, 223

Queen Anne furniture, 426-427

Queen Anne style, 470-471

Quincunx,176

Quire, 198

\R Rails, 232

Ramada,3,3

Ranch style, 538

Ratona, 29l, 291

Reeding,47

Refectory table, 270, 270

Regence,418

Regency in England, 437

Rejas, 227, 354

Religion. See also Buddhism, Japanese

architecture and; Chapels, Chantry;

Churches; Early Christian architecture;

Temples

African, 63, 63-65

~yzantine, 166-168

Chinese architecture and, 138-139

colonial America and, 370-371

Egyptian, 41, 41,44

Greek, 79-80

Mesoamerican, 330

Mesopotamian, 30

Minoan,70

Roman, 109

structure design and, 13

Reliquaries, 169

Remate, 351

Renaissance

culture emigration during, 274

French, 274-283, 275

humanism in, 246, 273-274

mechanism of change during, 274

painting, 298

Spanish, 283-292

spread of, 273

Renaissance architecture

French, 277-279

in low countries, 298-300

Spanish, 285, 287

Renaissance design

Central European, 273-295

furniture in French, 279-283, 280

furniture in low country, 298-300

furniture in Spanish, 289-292

German, 292-294, 293

Iberian peninsula, 273-295

interior, Spanish, 288-289, 289

in low countries, 297-300

motifs in French, 276, 276

Russian, 294, 294

Renaissance design, English, 295, 295, 296,

300-321

beds, 320-321, 321

furniture, 314-321, 315

furniture, storage, 317-318, 317-318

Interior design, 313-314

motifs in, 304-305, 305-306

openings, 312, 312-313

Renaissance design, Italian

beds, 270-271

ceilings in, 265, 265, 266

chests, 267-268, 267-268

churches and memorials, 258, 258-259

floors in, 263-264

furniture, 266-271

interior, 262-266, 263

Italian, 244, 245-271,2460

motifs, 253-262

openings, 261, 261-262,262

seating units, 268-270, 269

stairs and fireplaces in, 265-266

tables, 270, 270, 271

walls in, 264-265


architecture in, 306-313

Elizabethan Era, 303, 308-311

Jacobean Era,303,311-312

revival, 486, 486

Tudor Era, 301, 301-302,306-308

Renaissance, Italian

architecture, 8,251, 253-262,254

architecture, domestic, 259-261,261

architecture, monumental, 257

artists, 249-253

arts and crafts, 249-253, 251

characteristics of, 245-248, 246

economics in, 247

explorations during, 247-248

High,256

knowledge/technology advancements in,

248-249

Late, 256-257

palaces, 249

palazzi, 259, 259-261, 260

revival, 482-483

social changes in, 247

state development in, 246-247

Renaissance revival furniture, 478, 478

Repousse, 43

Reredos, 227

Ressaut, 117, 117

Retable, 206

Retrochair, 226

Rinceau,21

Riven, 208

Riwaq, 183

Rococo architecture, characteristics of, 420

Rococo design, 399-400, 418-427

furniture, 421-426

interior, 419-421, 420,422

Rococo revival furniture, 477, 477-478

Roman design, 105-131

advancement in, 105-109

arch, 106,106, 113

arts and, 109-127

column, 113, 113-114

concrete use in, 107,107

furniture, 128-131


glass and, 110,110

interior, 126-127

materials, 113

motifs, 111,112

INDEX

ornamentation, 127, 127-128,128

Romanesque architecture, 197-207, 199

Arab Norman, 202, 203

castles, 201-204

cathedrals, 204-207

characteristics of, 202, 203

churches, 205, 204-207

churches, interiors, 205-206,206

domestic, 207

English,202

French, 202, 203

German, 202

influence, Moorish, 196-197

Italian, 202, 203

Norman, 202

openings,206-20~207

Spanish, 202, 203

Romanesque arts, 193-195

metal work, 194

sculpture, 194,194

599

Romanesque design, 186, 187-211, 193-195

beds, 210-211-, 211

chests, 208-209

furniture, 207-211

furniture, seating, 209

motifs, 194-195,195, 196

tables, 210

Romanesque revival style, 470, 471

Romans, 105-131

expansion, 105

history, 105

Romayne work, 304, 305

Rome

amphitheaters, 120, 120



architecture, orders of, 113-115

basilicas, 118, 118-119

baths, 119

circus, 119

city planning, 115

empire, connecting, 107-108,108

fall of, after the, 155-237

forum, 116-119

heating, 108-109

openings, 125-126

religion, 109

temples, 120-122

theaters, 119

water supply/drainage systems in, 108

Rondavels, 67


Roofs

building technology, 4

Gothic, 222

hammer-beam, 222

Rosettes, 18,34,34

Rostrum, 116

Rowell,170

Royal port\l, 215

Running dog, 71, 71

Russia

architecture, 179-180,180

Baroque in, 408, 408

Byzantine influence on, 178-180

painting, 179

Renaissance design in, 294, 294

Rustication, 255, 255

S Saber legs, 448

Sabots, 423

Salas,348

Saltbox house, 376, 376

San cai ti jui, 152

Santa Maria del Fiore, 255, 255-256

Santas,285

Santos,354

Sardivan, 183

Sashikake, 505

Savonarola chairs, 268-269, 269

Scaena frons, 119

Scagliola, 252

Scarab, 45

Scoop, 304, 305

Scraffito, 252

Screens, 149, 149

Japanese, 511

passage, 229

shoji, 509, 510

Sculptural roof forms, 534, 534

Sculpture

Egyptian, 42-43, 43

Greek, 81

Renaissance, Italian, 250, 250-252

Romanesque, 194, 194

Seating furniture. See also Chair(s); Couches;

Stools

Baroque, 414, 414

Gothic, 234

Renaissance, French, 281, 281

Renaissance, Italian, 268-270, 269

Renaissance, Spanish, 289-290

Rococo, 423-424

Romanesque, 209

William and Mary period, 388, 388-389

Second Empire style, 469, 470

furniture, 477

Secretaire a abattant, 425

Secretaire en dos d'ane, 416

Sedia, 269, 269

Sediolum, 129

Sekkaidan, 507

Sella curulis, 129, 129

Sella gestatoria, 129

Sellae, 129,129

Seqt,46

Serekh, 54-55,55

Serpentine, 423

Settle, 234, 318

Jacobean, 384

Seventies neoclassicism, 541

Sgabello,268,269

Shaping, 17,17

Shatyor, 294, 294

Shawbty,52

Shikibuton, 513

Shikinen-sengu, 505

Shimashira, 506

Shingle style, 471

Shiro,507

Shitomido, 507

Shodana, 513

Shoin,508

Shoji screens, 509, 510

Shonk,367

Show-frame chair, 475

Shrines, Chinese, 144,145

Shugui,152

Shutter dogs, 362

Sideboard, 236

Siege courant, 414

Siege meublant, 414

Silla,290

Sillon de caderas, 290, 290

Sillon de cajon, 290

Skene,92

Skyscrapers, 531-532,532

Sleigh bed, 475

Slipper chair, 475

Slopes, 317

Smalti,168

Solia, 130, 130

Solium,130

Soportales, 348

Sotto in su, 402

South America, 337-341

o

Spanish colonial architecture, 338-340,339

Spanish conquest!colonialization of,

338-340

Space

enclosed, 2

open, 2-3

Spain

artistic periods in, 284

decorative techniques in, 284-285

materials used by, 344-345, 345

motifs, 284-285


Renaissance furniture in, 289-292

Renaissance in, 283-292

South American conquest!colonialization

by, 338-340

Spandrels, 206

Spanish architecture

California style, 352-353

colonial, 338-340, 339

colonial buildings, openings in, 353,353

colonial, characteristics of, 353

colonial style, 352, 352

domestic, 351, 351-353

influence, Moorish, 196-197

interior colonial, 354-355


Renaissance, 285

Renaissance, characteristics of, 287

Renaissance domestic, 285-288,286-288

Renaissance interior, 288-289,289

Romanesque, 202, 203

territorial style, 352

Spanish design

Baroque, 406-407

colonial revival style, 486-487, 487

furniture, colonial, 355, 355

furniture, Renaissance, 289-292

motifs, 284-285

Spanning space, 4

post and lintel, 4

Specula, 131

Sphinxes, 43, 43, 50

Greek, 82,82

Spirals, 19, 19

stairways, 204, 204

Splat,281

Splint, 389

Split spindles, 208

Springline, 5,5

Springpoint, 5, 5

Squab, 385

Squinch,40

Byzantine, 172, 173

St. Basil's Cathedral, 180,180

Stabadia, 130

Stain, 14

Stairs, Renaissance, Italian, 265-266

Stairways, Baroque, 412

Stereo bates, 90

Stick style, 469-470, 470

Stiles, 232

Stippone, 415, 415

Stoae,91

Stonehenge, 8

Stools

back, 234

close, 234

Egyptian, 57, 58

Greek, 97

Jacobean, 382

joint, 234


Storage furniture. See also Cupboard(s)

....,:·,.···1 :J! I)'

I

, If!

INDEX 601

Baroque, 415-416, 416 prie-dieu, 237 rusticated, 8 I";:

Chinese, 152 Renaissance, English, 319-:320, 320 Thakos,97 iI " "

Gothic, 235-237 Renaissance, French, 283 Thalamos, 94

Greek, 99 Renaissance, Italian, 270, 270, 271 Theaters

Jacobean, 382 Renaissance, Spanish, 291, 291-292 Greek, 92-93, 93

Renaissance, English, 317-318, 317-318 Roman and Etruscan, 130-131 Roman, 119

Renaissance, French, 282, 282-283 Romanesque, 210 Thermae, 119

Renaissance, Spanish, 290-291 William and Mary period, 389 Tholoi,77

Rococo, 424-425 Table a l'Italienne, 270 Greek, 90-91

Roman and Etruscan, 131 Table dormant, 237 Thonet, Michael, 477, 477

William and Mary period, 389-390, 390 Tablero, 332, 332 Thrones, Byzantine, 178,178

Strapwork, 276, 276 Tables a ecrire, 416 Thronoi, 98, 98

Stretchers, 38, 38 Tablier,21O Thrown, 319

box, 57 Tablinum, 124 Thrust, 5,5

String courses, 256 Tabouret,318 Thyron,94

Elizabethan, 308, 308 Tabularium, 117 Ti hong, 148

Structures Taenia, 85 T-iao or, 141

aesthetics of, 8 Tainoya, 508 Tierra,354

Chinese, 140-141 tallboy, 390 Tierra marillo, 354

Greek, 83-85 Talud, 332, 332 Timeline(s), 26-27, 326-327, 396-397

primitive, 1, 1 Tamagaki, 504 Enlightenment and, 242-243

religion and design of, 13 Tana,508 after fall of Rome and, 158-159

space defined in, 1~2 Tang, 144,144 modern world, 456-457

Studiolo, 260 Tang xiang, 152 Tipi,3

Stumpwork, 380 Tansu,511 Tnag hua an, 152

Stupa,145 Tapestry, Gothic, 216 To, 505

Stylobate, 86 Taquilli6n, 291 Tokonoma, 507, 508

Subsellium, 130 Taruki,505 Tombs

Sudare,507 Tateana,501 Egyptian, 52, 52-54,54 • Summer beams, 374 Tea houses, 508-509, 509 Etruscan, 103, 104

Summer Palace, 142 Technology. See also Building technologies pyramid, 52-53,53

Sun disk, 44 architecture and effects of, 460-463 Tomoe,510

Sussex chair, 491 rise of, 529 Tondi,109

Suzuri-dansu,512 Tejas,347 Torii,504

Swastika, 19-20 Telamon, 109 Tou-kung, 140-141,141

Swedish architecture, colonial, 364 Temenos,46 Toupie,446

Swedish, in North America, 364 Greek, 90 Towers, 298-299, 299

Symbolism, Chinese, 137-138 Tempera, 80 pepper pot, 308

Symmetry, 8 Temples Tracery, 216

Buddhist, 145, 145-146,146 bar, 222

T Egyptian, 47, 47-52 Gothic, 222-223

Ta, 153 Etruscan, 103,103 Trachelion, 86

Tabako-bon, 513 Greek, 85, 85, 90, 91 Transept, 163

Tabernae, 117 Mesopotamian, 36 Trapezophoron, 131,131

Tablas,355 Roman, 120-122 Travois,3

Rococo, 425, 425 Templon, 162 Tree motif, 35, 35

Table(s). See also Chair table Templum, 120 Tree oflife, 34, 34

alter, 153, 153 Tenjo,505 Trefoils, 223

Baroque, 415-417 Tenju,507 Trenails, 232

Chinese, 152,152-153 Tenshukaku, 507, 508 Trespoli,425

counter, 320 Teotihuacan,331 Triclinium,124

draw top, 237 architecture, 334 Triforium,205

Egyptian, 58-59 Tepidarium, 119 Triglyphs, 86

Empire, 448-449 Terrazzo, 263 Tripos,131

falling, 320 Tesserae, 95 Trompe l'oeil, 264, 264

Gothic, 237 Tester, 211 Tronecas, 346

Greek, 98, 98 Testudo, 121 Trumeau, 206

Jacobean, 385-386, 386 Tete a tete, 475 Trundle bed, 387

Louis XVI, 444-445, 445 Tetrapylons, 115 Trunks, Romanesque, 208

f-monk's, 318 Texture, 7-8 Truss, 5

t


form, 39

Tsuitate, 511

Tudor Era, 301, 301-302

arches, 307, 307 architecture, 306, 306-308

Tudor revival, 484-485

Tudor rose, 304

Tumuli,103

Turkey work, 380

Turning, 17,17

Tuscan order, 114,114

Twentieth century design, 515-541

early-, 481-484

early-, furniture of, 484

eclectic, 481-497

Tympanum, 85, 86

U Udjat, 44

Uraeus,45

v Vargueno, 291

Vault(s)

arcuated, 106

barrel, 106

corbelled, 53

cross, 106

dome, 106

groin, 106,106, 199,200

Mesopotamian, 33

quadrant, 199

quadripartite, 220

ribbed, 219, 219-220

Romanesque, 199,200

sexpartite, 220

stellar, 220

tunnel,106

Velarium, 120

Veneering, 15

Ventanas, 354

Vergeboards, 465

Vernis martin, 423

Vestibulum, 122

Victorian architectural styles, 467-472

Victorian design

furniture, 474, 474-479

furniture, new, 475

furniture, styles of, 476-479

interiors, 472-474, 473

openings, 472

Villae,116

Vis a vis, 475

Vitrine, 445

Vitruvian scroll, 71, 71

Vitruvius Pollio, Marcus, 6-11

Volutes, 87

Voussoirs, 4, 5

Voyeuse,414

W Wachseinlegen, 363

Wainscot chair, 281

Jacobean, 383

Wall-pillar, 407

Walls, Renaissance, Italian, 264-265

Watadono, 507

,Water leaf motif, 82, 82

Wattle and daub walls, 54

Weatherboards, 373

"Well building," 6-9

Westwerk, 198

Whatnot, 475

Wheel,223

Whitewashing, 14

William and Mary period in America, 387-391

architecture, 387

furniture, 387-391,388-391

Windmills, 214, 214-215

Window(s)

bay, 231

blind,257

Diocletian, 126

Guelph, 262, 262

oriel,231

rose, 223,223

Window of appearance, 55

Windsor chairs, 427, 427

Wing chairs, 414

de Wolfe, Elsie, 537

Womb chair, 540,540

Wood, Ruby Ross, 537

Wood, tools for working with, 461-462

Wright, Frank Lloyd, 517-519

Writing till, 282

x Xian zhou, 152

Xiang qian, 149

y Yagura, 507

Yan ji, 152

Yang, 148

Yeserfa, 197

Yin and yang, 139

Yosemune-zukuri,505

z Zaguan, 287

Zanjas, 347

Zeni-dansu, 512

Zhedievl,150

Zhuan lun hing chang, 152

Ziggurat, 33, 33

Zuiwengyi, 151-152

-,"--~

I !. , i

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