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Do NowDo Now1.1. How many bones are in a adult humanHow many bones are in a adult human2.2. The two divisions of the human SkeletonThe two divisions of the human Skeleton3.3. Three types of muscleThree types of muscle

Voluntary and examplesVoluntary and examples

4.4. The types of Joints The types of Joints With examplesWith examples

5.5. What is the difference betweenWhat is the difference betweenTendonsTendonsLigamentsLigamentsCartilageCartilageMusclesMuscles

                      

Get out your notebook.

What is Locomotion?

                      

Chapter 14Chapter 14 Human LocomotionHuman Locomotion

Chapter 14

Human Locomotion

In humans, locomotion involves the interaction of:

1. Bones 2. Cartilage 3. Muscles 4. Tendons 5. Ligaments

36-1a The Skeleton:

1. Support the body

2. protects of body (internal) organs

3. Anchorage and Leverage for muscles

4. Stores mineral reserves

5. Bone marrow produces blood cells

Parts of the Skeleton

206 total Bones Axial Skeleton: Axial Skeleton: skull/cranium, spinal skull/cranium, spinal column/backbone, ribs and column/backbone, ribs and the breastbone/sternumthe breastbone/sternum

Appendicular Skeleton: arms, legs,scapula, clavicle, pectoral and pelvic girdles.

36-1b Structure of Bones

Composed mainly of calciumMade up of living bone cells and connective fiber tissue

Periosteum: Hard outer layerHaversian Canals: network of tubes that contain blood vessels and nerve

Osteocytes: mature bone cells

Bone Marrow

Found in hollow cavities of boneThese hollow cavities are known as the Haversian canalsProduce:

*red blood cells *white blood cells *platelets

Spongy bone

Compact bone

Periosteum

Bone marrow

Haversian canal Compact

bone

Spongy bone

Osteocyte

Artery

VeinPeriosteum

Figure 36-3

The Structure of Bone

Bone

Skull

Sternum

Ribs

Vertebral column

Metatarsals

Metacarpals

Phalanges

Clavicle

Scapula

Humerus

RadiusPelvisUlnaCarpals

Femur

Patella

Fibula

TibiaTarsals

Phalanges

Axial Skeleton

Appendicular Skeleton

The Skeletal system

OssificationThe process by which cartilage gradually changes into bone

Ex: In humans, the skeleton of an embryo is made up of mostly cartilage. By adulthood, most of this cartilage changes into bone by the process of ossification

Ossification

(II) Cartilage

Unlike bone, cartilage is flexible and elastic

Found at joints, nose, and ear

Absorbs shock

Do Now

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Bones

Label the diagram

Joints

Where bone meets bone in an organism

Types of Joints1. Immovable joint

2. Ball-and-socket joint

3. Hinge joint

4. Gliding joint

Ball-and-Socket Joint

Hinge Joint

Pivot Joint

Saddle Joint

Clavicle

Ball-and-socket joint

ScapulaHumerus

Femur

Patella

Hinge jointTibia

Fibula

Humerus

Radius

Pivot joint

Ulna

Metacarpals

CarpalsSaddle joint

Figure 36-4 Freely Movable Joints and Their Movements

Section 36-1

Muscle

Tendon

Femur

Patella

Bursa

Ligament

Synovial fluid

Cartilage

Fat

Fibula

Tibia

Figure 36-5 Knee Joint

Section 36-1

Immovable Joint

Bones that are tightly fitted together

Ball-and-Socket Joint

Can move in all directions

Ball-and-Socket Joint

Hinge Joint

Permits back and forth motion

Gliding Joint

Provides limited flexibility in all directions

Do Now 2/9

What are the

Three types of muscle?

(III) Muscles

Three types of muscle:

Skeletal muscle

Smooth muscle

Cardiac muscle

Skeletal MuscleVoluntary (can be controlled)Involved in locomotionAttached to boneStriated in appearance (striped)Function as antagonistic pairs

Skeletal Muscle

Skeletal Muscle

Antagonistic PairsMuscles work as opposites

Ex: 1. Bicep contracts

then triceps relaxes 2. Triceps contracts

then the bicep relaxes

SummaryWhen the bicep contracts, the arm bends upward (flexes) and therefore the bicep is known as a flexor When the triceps contracts, the arm extends outward and therefore the triceps is known as an extensor

Smooth MuscleSmooth and not striated in appearanceInvoluntary (cannot move)Found in:

-walls of digestive organs

-walls of arteries and veins

-walls of internal organs

Smooth Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Found only in the heart

Striated in appearance

Involuntary

Cardiac Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Found only in the heart

Striated in appearance

Involuntary

(IV) Attachments

1. Ligaments- connect bone to bone

2. Tendons- connect muscle to bone

Tendon

                                                       

        

FACT:Investigated football injuries among children and adolescents, and the findings have been remarkably consistent: * 40% of all football injuries are from sprains and strains ** 25% from contusions (bruises)*** 10% from fractures****the remainder primarily from concussions and dislocations. These percentages are fairly constant throughout a variety of age ranges. Distribution tends to be quite consistent: *50% involve lower extremities *30% involve upper extremities.

The Knee

 Schematic view of a dislocation of the patella

Apprehension Test

The Knee

Torn ACL

Muscles SpecialistsMuscles Specialists

Locomotion Hokey Pokey

Tibia/fibula in

Get Ready

Tibia/fibula out

Tibia/fibula in

(V) Disorders of Locomotion

1. Arthritis- inflammation of the joints

• Osteo:• Rheumatoid:

2. Tendonitis- inflammation of a tendon, usually where it is attached to the bone

(V) Disorders of Locomotion

Sprains:????

Strains:?????

(V) Disorders of LocomotionReplacement Surgeries:Knee

Replacement Surgeries: hip

Hip dislocations

Hip dislocations

The most common cause is motor vehicle collisions (6). The typical mechanism is thought to be due to an unrestrained, front seat occupant of the vehicle striking their knee against the dashboard at the time of a sudden deceleration.

Da End!

Treatment

Treatment of an ACL injury begins with proper recognition of the injury. There are still a few times when an ACL tear is misdiagnosed. Rehabilitation begins immediately after the injury. Initial rehab should include ice, gentle knee motion, quad setting, straight leg raising, and protected weight bearing. The worst thing that can be done is to not move or use the knee. When the ACL ruptures, the knee fills with blood, becomes stiff and painful. Gentle motion will help to milk the blood out of the joint to improve pain and function. When the knee is not moved the blood in the joint becomes clotted and sets up like Jell-O. When this occurs, motion becomes more painful and the removal of the blood takes longer.

Torn ACLIf the knee joint has been injured, we loose the ability to perform these functions properly. In the case of the ACL tear, the knee will feel unstable, and give out. The old phrase “Trick Knee” is most often associated with and ACL-deficient knee. When walking or climbing, the knee will suddenly “give out,” usually to the side, and the individual falls to the ground.

Rehabilitation

The early phase of the recovery is protected to guard against the new ligament pulling loose from the screws that hold it in place. As with any fracture, the bone hole must fill in with new bone before the rehab can become too aggressive. This process takes about six weeks.

• The second six weeks of the controlled rehab revolves around more complex activities. The activities include complex balance, lateral motion, and greater strength. Activities such as slide board, a progressive running program, one-leg leg press, and balance with very unstable footing can be used.

• Near three months post-op the controlled rehab ends, and the patient continues rehab on his/her own. It is very important to continue strengthening the leg during this time. Between three and six months the repaired ACL is at its weakest point. During the first three months the tissue has very limited blood supply and is degrading. The body slowly brings the new blood vessels into the area but not fast enough to stop the degradation process. The athlete must be aware of this so that he/she does not re-tear the ACL. Rehab should continue while avoiding cutting and pivoting.

SurgeryThe surgical treatment for ACL ruptures can be performed in one of three ways. One method of repair is to use a patellar bone-tendon-bone graft. This technique utilizes the middle one-third of the patellar tendon with an attached piece of bone from the patella and tibia. This bone-tendon-bone graft is then used to replace the damaged ligament. Another surgical method utilizes a graft taken from the hamstring tendons. The hamstring tendon is used to replace the torn ACL in the same manner. The third surgical procedure utilizes a patellar bone-tendon-bone graft from a cadaver donor. This procedure is most often used in people who have returned from  a previously reconstructed ACL. In all three of these procedures, drill holes are made in the Tibia and Femur where the ACL originates. The new ligament is passed through the holes and held in place with interference screws.

Bones #1

Cranium: houses and protects the brain..

Bone #2

Backbone- consists of 33 bones called vertebrae

Bone #3

Vertebrae: are separated from each other to by discs of cartilage.

Bones #4Pectoral Girdle:

consists of the shoulder blades and collar bones. It connects the arms and spine.

Bone #5

Hip bones: are the same as pelvic bones.

Bones #6

Chest cavity: the area enclosed by the sternum , ribs and backbone.

Bones #10Pelvic Girdle: is

made up of the hip bone or pelvic bones , and connects the legs and spine.

Skulls:

Skeletons

Do Now 1/16:Grab a scan-tron

Get out you index cards from

Chapter 14: Locomotion

Skeletons 2

Muscle pictures

More musclesCardiac muscles is

found in the heart.Tendons: skeletal

muscles are attached to the bones by strong fibers connective tissue.

Extensor:when the triceps muscle extend the joints.

Boo Hoo Mr. Rizzo is Boo Hoo Mr. Rizzo is going to be out…..going to be out…..

What is a Hallux Rigidus?

What is a Cheilectomy?

Hallux RigidusHallux Rigidus

Hallux Rigidus is a degenerative-type arthritis condition that affects the large joint at the base of the great toe.  A degenerative arthritis is a condition which results from wear and tear on the joint surface over time.   The condition may follow an injury to the joint or, in some cases, may arise without a well defined injury.

What could happen????

In some cases, bone spurs form on the top of the joint and can bump together when the big toe bends upward, or extends.  This causes a problem when walking, because the big toe needs to bend upward when the foot is behind the body, getting ready to make the next step.  The constant irritation when the bone spurs bump together leads to pain and difficulty walking.

What does a bone spur look like?

Ouch Shoes Hurt!!!

Lets see those X-rays, PleaseNormal Damaged Goods

How can we fix Mr. Rizzo’s foot?

. . . . MR. RIZZO

. . . . . TOE

Cheilectomya procedure that simply removes the bone spurs at the top of the joint so that they don't bump together when the toe extends.  This allows the toe to bend better and reduces the amount of pain with walking. 

Cutting out the bone spur.This is a

rated “G” surgery.

Holy Toe !!!!!Drilling into the bone to develop future cartilage.

The good stuff!!!! SurgeryThe good stuff!!!! SurgeryTo perform a Cheilectomy, an incision is made along the top of the joint.  The bone spurs that are blocking the joint from extending are identified and removed - from both the bones that make up the joint.  A little extra bone may be taken off to ensure that nothing rubs when the Hallux is raised.  The skin is closed and allowed to heal.

Rest and Recuperation!!!

Ice and Elevate for 48 hours

Watch my soaps

Eat Ice cream, lots of Ice Cream

Play on the computer

Do nothing but be lazy