بسم الله الرحمن بسم الله الرحمن الرحيمالرحيم

ChimeraChimera

األجنة األجنة دمج دمج

Introduction

The word of Chimera meaning with the Greeks is a

fictional animal form his lion's head and body goats and monster

tail, but at the present time is a mixing of cells from more than

one embryo in the early stages of embryonic development. A

method by which to produce embryo or organism made up of

more than parents and so-called term in genetics:-

A genetic animal or Tetra Parental animal or Allophonic.

A sculpture of a chimera on the Piazetta in Venice

Historical view:

The work of Chimera in mammalian embryos was

done in more than one type of species such as in mice by

Tarkowski in 1961 and Mintz in 1962 then in Rat by Nicholas

& Hall in 1940 and Mayer & Fritz in 1974 and in rabbits by

Gardner & Mayer in 1974, and in sheep by Tucker and his

staff in 1974. (Carole Fehilly and Steel Willadsen(1982)( they fuse sheep and gaot).

This work not done only in mammals but carried out in birds

also.

Chimera production methods

Aggregation of- خل"""ط جنينين 1

embryos

Blastocyst- حق""ن البالس""توال بخالي""ا جني""ن آخر 2

injection

�ط جنينين 1� Aggregation- خل

of embryosIs the integration or mixing of two embryos at a certain

stage of cleavage in the same phase and the first time been used

by Tarkowski in 1961 and Mintz in 1962 where he was mixing

two embryos in 8 cell stage, then cultured in medium for 24

hours ,later formed one Blastuola from two embryos with one

inner cell mass tissue (ICM), then the blastuola was transferred

to the uterus of another female, and produced mixture progeny

formed from different strain Figure (78).

Blastula injection- حقن البالستوال 2Used by Gardner in 1968 to 1978. Where injected

specific embryo cells in the other embryo in blastuola stage.

After the merger of the cells injected with the inner cell mass of

the recipient blastuola and then transfer to the uterus of another

female.

ص"ورة م"ن تح"ت المجه"ر لعملي"""ة حق"""ن الدقي"""ق لخلي""ة م""ن كتل""ة الخالي""ا الداخلية، جنين فأر أس"ود ف""ي مفلج""ة (بالس""تيوال)

جنين أبيض.

الص"""ور للفأ"""ر المدم"""ج (الكيميرا)، وق"""د ظهرت البق"ع اال"بيضاء أص"لها م"ن الخالي"""ا المحقون"""ة ف"""ي

المفلجة.

التميز الجنسي أثناء دمج األجنة

Sexual differentiation in chimeric embryos

xx م�ع جني�ن يحم�ل xyترى عن�د دم�ج جني�ن يحم�ل ماذا سوف يكون جنس الجنين الناتج؟

To answer this question, some researchers have had to

explain this phenomenon during the integration of embryos, it is

expected that you get half of the embryos that have been

incorporated carry xx / xy genes, or to be sterileعقيم , but it is

striking that most of the integration in mouse embryos which

produced offspring is not sterile not sterile and does not involve

hermaphroditeخناث , they be either male or female (though carry

xx / xy in cells)

There are two possibilities to explain this

phenomenon, is that the sex cells formed in sex organ that sex

xx / xy, they will die later and do not produce eggs xx but

produces sperm xy because these cells xx will enter meiosis

and disappear later, therefore it is expected in these types

integration of the embryos to have a greater proportion of

males than females. Krystof Tarkowski has examined the non-

sterile males resulting from the merger and actually found that

bone marrow cells which contain chromosomes xx / xy, But

Beatrice Mintz found an equal proportion of male and female

in embryos that have been merged.

Different embryos integrate

An integration of two embryos from a particular gender

with embryo from other gender, such as sheep with goats or wild

mouse with house mouse.

It must be the placenta tissue formed from embryo cells

consisting of cells of receiving the same mother.

فق"د ت"م مثال دم"ج جني"ن ماع"ز م"ع خروف حي"ث ت"م زراع"ة ذل"ك ف""ي إحدى اإلناث ولك""ن لك""ي تت""م هذه العملي""ة فعن""د دم""ج الجنيني"ن الب"د م"ن دمجه"م م"ع جني"ن آخ"ر يحم"ل نف"س النس"يج

لتكوي""ن المشيم""ة م""ن نوع األ""م Trophoblastالغذائ""ي المنقول إليها حتى ال يتم رفض الجنين المنقول.

8 فلجات م""ن ماع""ز م""ع جني""ن خروف 8فعن""د دم""ج جني""ن فلجات أ""و حق""ن خالي""ا م""ن جني""ن ماع""ز مثال م""ع بالس""تولة خروف الب"د م"ن زراع"ة هذا الجني"ن ف"ي الخروف حت"ى ال يت"م تكون المشيم"ه م"ن جن"س جني"ن الماع"ز فيت"م الرف"ض . لق"د

Carole Fehillyقام ك"ل م"ن كارل فهل"ي وس"تيل ويلدسن (and Steel Willadsen م"ن جامع"ة كام"بريج بإنتاج مدم"ج (

م ع""ن طري""ق حق""ن 1982الكيميرا (الخروف-ماع""ز) عام كتل"ة الخالي"ا الداخلي"ة لجني"ن ماع"ز ف"ي طور البالس"توال لجني"ن الغن"م ث"م ت"م زراع"ة ذل"ك ف"ي النعجة. س"لوك الحيوان يماث"ل الماع""ز لكن""ه يفض""ل الرع""ي م"ع الغن""م، جن""س خالياه الت""ي مص"درها الغن"م ذك"ر لك"ن جن"س خالي"ا الت"ي مص"درها الماع"ز غي"ر معلوم وق"د اس"تطاع أ"ن يلق"ح الغن"م لك"ن ل"م يفل"ح م"ع

الماعز.

التحلي""ل األلكتروليت""ي لبالزم""ا الس""""ائل المنوي يحم""""ل كال النوعي"ن لك"ن غالب"ا م"ن الغن"م

).80(الشكل فم"ن هذه التجارب يتض"ح أيض"ا أن"ه يمك"ن دم"ج أكث"ر م"ن جني"ن م"ع بع"ض إلنتاج جني"ن واح"د مثال يعتم"د عل"ى الص"فات الوراثي"ة الداخل""""ة ف""""ي إنتاج الدم""""ج فيص""بح الجني""ن مثال ذو س""ت

Hexa paternalأباء chimera

ES cell: HM1129P2/Ola (Aw/Aw, pTyrc-ch/pTyrc-ch)

ES cell: 129/SvJ X 129S1/00090

Blastocyst: C57BL/6 (a/a, C/C)

(: ص�ورة لخلي�ط مدم�ج أ�و كيميرا م�ن 80)الشكل ( ت�م (Geepماع�ز وخروف يس�مى قي�ب

إنتاجه من دمج جنين ماعز مع خروف.

Embryos integrate applications: األجنة دمج تطبيقات

1- Such technologies provide new genetic material useful in

cellular genetic studies.

2- Useful in studies of molecular and injection some genes with

fetal cells, or to correct some genetic mutations.

3- Preserve the animals threatened with extinction.

4- Overcome some deadly genetic diseases.

5- Also useful in applied studies to monitor the development of

embryos and composition.

6- Useful in biotechnology applied to the production of some

antibiotics