EFFICIENCY OF BIO AND CHEMICAL FERTILIZATION IN PRESENCE OF HUMIC ACID ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF

CARAWAY By

Gomaa, A .O. and Youssef, A.S.M.Hort. Dept. , Fac. Agric., Moshtohor, Benha University , Egypt.

ABSTRACT Two field trials were carried out during 2005/2006 and 2006/2007

seasons at the Experimental Farm of Agric Fac., Benha Univ., to study the effect of bio-fertilization, chemical fertilization and humic acid on vegetative growth, seed yield, essential oil and its main components as well as chemical constituents of caraway plants. Treatments were; control (without fertilization), full bio-fertilization applications methods as seed soaking, soil drench and seed soaking+soil drench and control (without fertilization), full chemical fertilization, full humic acid and half chemical+ humic acid.The most important results can be summarized as follows.

All application methods of bio-fertilizer (seed soaking, soil drench and seed soaking+soil drench) significantly succeeded in enhancing all the studied traites of caraway plants i.e., plant height, stem diameter, number, fresh and dry weights of branches/plant, number, fresh and dry weights of leaves/plant, number of umbels/plant, seed yield/plant, seeds oil percentage, total chlorophylls (a&b), carotenoides and total carbohydrates, especially with the seed soaking+soil drench treatment.

Additionally, all the studied treatments of chemical fertilization and humic acid improved all the studied traites of caraway plants when compared with untreated plants (control) in both seasons. However, the treatment of half chemical+ humic acid statistically produced the highest values of the most studied parameters as compared with the other treatments. GLC analyses for oil components revealed the presence each of Carvone , Hydrocarbons, Limonene, Carveol, Dihydrocarvone, Y-Terpinene and Linalool in the volatile oil of caraway seeds and exhibited that all the tested treatments succeeded in increasing the main component of the volatile oil (Carvone) especially in plants fertilized with half chemical fertilization+humic acid enriched with bio-fertilizer at the seed soaking+soil drench treatment. Generally, bio- fertilization with chemical fertilization and humic acid can minimize chemical NPK fertilizers to half of the used dose, so decreases the environmental pollution, saves the high cost of chemical fertilization and produces high essential oil quality. Conclusively, it is preferable to fertilizer caraway plants with the treatment of half chemical fertlization + humic acid combined with bio-fertilizer as seed soaking+soil drench to achieve the best results regarding vegetative growth, seed yield, seed essential oil % and chemical composition of caraway plant.Key words.

Caraway, fertilization ( bio and chemical), humic acid, vegetative growth, seed yield, essential oil.

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INTRODUCTIONCaraway (Carum carvi, L.) plants is a perennial plant, belongs to Family

Umbilliferae, many species of the Family Umbilliferae usually used in dried state or as fresh herb, as a household remedies or as medicinal ingredients. Among those Family Umbilliferae plants, aromatic plants containing volatile oils represent an important source of the national income of Egypt for local consumption and export. One of the most important plants containing volatile oil is caraway fruits and its oil is used medicinally as carminatives, mild stomachic, antispasmodic, as a tonic in the treatment digestive disorders. Dried fruits are widely employed for flavoring bread, cake confectionery cheese and kinds of food products. The odor and flavor of medicinal seed plants are due to its essential oil (Guenther, 1961).

Recently, unconventional efforts are used to minimize the amounts of chemical fertilizers which applied to medicinal and aromatic plants in order to reduce production cost and environmental pollution without reduction of yield. Therefore, the trend now is to introduce nitrogen fixing gene into the plant or inoculation of seed with associative N fixing bacteria .

Bio-fertilizers are reasonably safer to the environment than chemical fertilizers and play an important role in decreasing the use of chemical fertilizers. Consequently, it causes a reduction in environmental pollution. Soil inoculation with micro organisms may lead to increase soil available nitrogen and consequently increase formation of metabolites which encourage the plant vegetative growth and enhance the meristematic activity of tissues to produce more branches. Also, N-fixers synthesize stimulatory compounds such as gibberellins, cytokinins and IAA that act as growth regulators (Sperenat, 1990 and Dadarwal et al., 1997).

Several workers studied the response of various medicinal and aromatic plants to nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The role of bio-fertilizers containing symbiotic or non symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in augmenting vegetative growth characters, yield and yield components, essential oil productivity and/or chemical composition (including chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids and/or N, P and K leaf percent and content) was revealed by Kandeel et al., (2001) on fennel, Nofal et al., (2001) on Ammi visnaga, Abdou and El-Sayed (2002) on caraway, Safwat and Badran (2002) on cumin, Abd El-Kader and Ghaly (2003) on coriander, Badran and Safwat (2004) on fennel.

Many studies were executed to explore the effectiveness of phosphorein bio-fertilizer (phosphate dissolving bacteria) on different vegetative growth traits, seed yield and essential oil productivity of some medicinal plants. In this respect, Soliman (1997); Ibrahim (2000); Abd El-Kader and Ghaly (2003); Badran et al., (2003) and Abdou et al., (2004), they showed that phosphorein bio-fertilizer succeeded in enhancing vegetative growth parameters, seed yield and essential oil productivity of Nigella sativa , fennel , coriander , anise and fennel plants, respectively.

Many researchers have reported the nutritional requirements of macronutrients for some plants. in this concern, Al-Fayyad et al., (2002) on Colchicum spp, Thomas et al., (2002) on Curcuma longa, Kozera and Nowak (2004) on Silybum marianum, Ashorabadi et al., (2003) on Foeniculum vulgare, Lee et al., (2005) on Chrysanthemum boreale and Niakan et al., (2004) on Mentha piperita. They concluded that NPK fertilizers had an important physiological and biochemical functions on structure of photosynthetic pigments, metabolism of carbohydrates and protein. These effects were observed with significant increase in vegetative growth, seed yield and essential oil content of the different plant species. The nutritional requirements of (NPK) for Umbilliferae Family and other plants were reported by many researchers. In this concern, El-Sakov et al., (2001) worked on some medicinal and aromatic plants, Kozera and Nowak (2004) on Silybum marianum, Ashorabadi et al., (2003) on Foeniculum vulgare, Niakan et al., (2004) on Mentha piperita ,

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Lee et al., (2005) on Chrysanthemum boreale, Gomaa and youssef (2007); on fennel and lovage plants concluded that NPK fertilizers had an important physiological and biochemical functions on structure of photosynthetic pigments, metabolism of carbohydrates and protein and these effects were observed with significant increase in growth, vegetative and seed yield and essential oil content of the different plant species.

Many investigators indicated that humic acid as an organic fertilizer could be applied as fertilizers, conditioners or both together. Humic acid materials increase soil organic matter, particularly for the sandy soils in Egypt, and hence improve the physical, chemical and biological properties. Consequently, the availability of nutrients for plants as well as soil characteristics should be improved, El-Ghozoli (2003) on faba bean plants; El-Ghanam and El-Ghozoli (2006); Sayed et al., (2007) on valencia orange and El-Sharkawy (2007) on guava.

The present study is conducted to measure the usefulness of supplementing bio-fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium mineral besides, humic acid materials on growth, yield and essential oil of caraway plants and to minimize consuming chemical fertilizers

MATERIALS AND METHODSTwo field experiments were conducted at the Experimental Farm and in the Laboratory

of Horticulture Department Faculty of Agriculture at Moshtohor, Benha Univ., during 2005/2006 and 2006/2007 seasons to study the influence of bio-fertilization, chemical fertilization and humic acid and their combinations on vegetative growth, seed yield , essential oil productivity and some chemical constituents of caraway plants.

Caraway seeds were obtained from Floriculture Farm, Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha Univ. Seeds were sown in clay loam soils on mid November in both seasons in plots (1x1 m) containing two rows (50 cm. inbetween) every row contains two hills (50 cm. apart).

Mechanical and chemical analyses of the experimental soils are presented in Tables (a) and (b), mechanical analysis was estimated according to Jackson, (1973), whereas chemical analysis was estimated according to Black et al., (1982).

Table (a): Mechanical analysis of the experimental soil.

Parameters Unit Seasons2005/2006 2006/2007

Coarse sand % 5.28 5.54Fine sand % 15.97 16.63Silt % 27.66 25.72Clay % 51.09 52.11Textural class ------ Clay loam Clay loam

Table (b): Chemical analysis of the experimental soil:

Parameters Unit Seasons2005/2006 2006/2007

CaCO3 % 1.97 2.11Organic matter % 1.97 2.10Available nitrogen % 0.81 0.89Available phosphorus % 0.51 0.57Available potassium % 0.70 0.85E-C M mhos/cm 1.33 1.53pH -------------- 7.65 7.73

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Bio-fertilizer treatments.Caraway seed were inoculated with a mixture of nitrobein + phosphorien contained

efficient strains of nitrogen fixing bacteria namely, Azotobacter chroococcum + phosphate dissolving bacteria (Bacillus megaterium var phosphaticum) which supplied by the Department of Microbiology, Agric.Res.Center, Giza was used in this study as biological activators. The strains were characterized by a good ability to infect its specific host plant and by its high efficiency in N-fixation and phosphate solublizing.

Bio-fertilizer treatments were applied by three methods as follow:1- Seed soaking: Seeds of caraway plants were washed with water and air-dried, thereafter the seeds were soaked in cell suspension of the mixture of nitrobein and phosphorien (1ml contains 108 viable cell) for 30 min. Gum arabic (16 %) was added as an adhesive agent prior to soaking. The inoculated seeds were air dried at room temperrture for one hour before sowing. 2- Soil drench: the plants received the suspension of bio-fertilizer three times after 30, 45 and 60 days from planting as a soil drench at the rate of 1000 g per fed.3- Seeds soaking " as in the first method " + soil drench " as in the second method ".

Chemical fertilizer treatment.The plants were fertilized with full chemical fertilizer as a recommended dose;

nitrogen fertilizer (NH4 NO3) was added at the rate of 90 Kg N/fed., calcium superphosphate (15.5 % P2O5) was added at the rate of 30 Kg P2O5 and potassium sulphate (48.5 % K2O) at the rate of 60 Kg K2O/fed. as it added in three equal doses at 30, 45 and 60 days after sowing (El-Khyat and Zaghloul, 1999).

Humic acid treatment.The plants received humic acid treatment i.e. 2g/L three times after 35, 50 and 65 days

from planting as a soil drench (1L/plant). Humic acid was obtained from soil, water and Environment Research Institute, Agric. Research Center, Giza, Egypt.

Elementary analysis of humic acid. Elementary analysis of purified humic acid was carried out in order to determine the

percentage of total carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen and sulfur (Table, c). total organic carbon of humic acid sample was determined using potassium dichromate method and O-phenanthroline as an indicator (Jackson, 1973). Total nitrogen was determined by the use of micro Kjeldahl method (Sposito et al., 1976). Hydrogen was determined using dry combustion, it was oxidized to water which was absorbed by calcium chloride and weighed (Karrer, 1950). Sulfur was determined using barium chloranilate method (Beaton et al., 1968). Oxygen was calculated by difference (Goh and Stevenson, 1971).

Table (c): Elementary composition of humic acid extracted from biogas manure.C%

N%

C/N ratio

H%

O%

S%

C/Hratio

C/Oratio

O/Hratio

N/Hratio

49.6 1.85 26.8 7.15 37.3 4.1 6.93 1.33 5021 0.26

Experimental layout.

This experiment was set up in a split plot design with three replicates. The main plot was assigned by four bio-fertilizer treatments (1000 g per fed.) i.e. control (without bio-fertilizer), seed soaking, soil drench and seed soaking + soil drench, whereas, the sub plot

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was devoted to four treatments i.e., control (without chemical fertilizers or humic acid), full chemical fertilization; full humic acid and half chemical fertlization+ humic acid.

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Data recorded.At the beginning of flowering stage, the following measurements were recorded; plant

height (cm.), stem diameter (cm.) number, fresh and dry weights of branches/plant (g), number, fresh and dry weights of leaves/plant (g), besides total chlorophylls (a&b) and carotenoides were determined in the fresh leaves of caraway plants after one month from the last treatment according to the method described by A.O.A.C. (1980). The percentage of N,P,K, and total carbohydrates was determined in the dry leaves during flowering stage,where total nitrogen were determined using the modified MicroKieldahl method according to A.O.A.C. (1980). While total carbohydrates percent was determined according to Dubois et al., (1956). At harvesting time the following measurements were recorded; number of umbels, seed yield per plant (g.), seed oil percentage. The essential oil of each treatment was extracted by hydro-distillation according to Guenther (1961). The GLC analysis of the oil was carried out using Gas chromatograph, (Hewlett packard GC. Model 5890) equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID). A fused silica capillary (HP-5), (30 m length x 0.53 mm internal diameter (i.d.) x 0.88 um film thickness) , was used for the separation in the GC. The identification of the different constituents was achieved by comparing their retention times with those of the authentic samples.

Statistical analysis.The obtained data in both seasons of study were subjected to analysis of variance as a

factorial experiment in split plot design. L.S.D. method was used to difference means according to Snedecor and Cochran (1989).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONI- Effect of bio and chemical fertilization in presence of humic acid on

vegetative measurements of caraway plantsI-1- Plant height (cm).

The results in Table (1) clarify that all chemical and organic treatments i.e., full chemical, humic acid and half chemical+ humic acid statistically increaed plant height of caraway plants in both seasons, and the superiority was for full chemical fertilizer. In addition, all application methods of bio-fertilizer i.e., seed soaking (ss), soil drench (sd) and seed soaking+soil drench (ss+sd) succeeded in increasing plant height, especially the application method of ss+sd. However, all combinations between the studied factors increased plant height when compared with control. In this respect, the combined treatment between full chemical fertilizer and bio-fertilizer applied by ss+sd method gave the highest values of plant height in both seasons. These results are in agreement with El-Khyat and Zaghloul (1999) on caraway, Kandeel (2004) on Ocimum basilicum, El-Sayed et al., (2002) on spearmint and majoran Niakan et al., (2004) on Mentha piperitea; Mostafa (2006) on chamomile plants; El-Maadawy (2007) on Amaranthus tricolor, Gomaa and youssef (2007) on fennel plants and Badran et al., (2007) on cumin.

I-2- Stem diameter (cm).Data in Table (1) show that all treatments of chemical,organic, bio-fertilizer and their

combinations affected caraway stem diameter in both seasons. However, the highest values of stem diameter was obtained by using the combined treatments between half chemical+ humic acid enriched with bio-fertilizer applied by sd method in both seasons as compared with other combination and control. The aforementioned results of stem diameter was in parallel with those obtained by El-Khyat and Zaghloul (1999) on caraway; Kandeel (2004) on Ocimum basilicum; Niakan et al., (2004) on Mentha piperita; El-Sayed et al., (2002) on spearmint

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and majoran; El-Maadawy (2007) on Amaranthus tricolor; El-Maadawy and Moursy (2007) on jojoba; Gomaa and youssef (2007) on fennel and Badran et al., (2007) on cumin.

I-3- Branch parameters.Data presented in Table (2) indicated that all tested treatments of chemical and

organic fertilizer improved branches parameters of caraway i.e., number, fresh and dry weights of branches per plant as compared with control in both seasons and the superiority of half chemical + humic acid treatment. Also, all application methods of bio-fertilizer led to enhancement branches parameters especially the application method of ss+sd in case of the number, fresh weight of branches per plant, whereas the dry weight of branches per plant the application method of sd showed its superiority in this concern. Generally, all combinations between all the studied variables increased the values of branches parameters in both seasons. Generally, the combinations of half chemical+ humic acid treatment showed to be the most effective one for inducing the highest values of branches parameters, followed in descending order by the combinations of full chemical treatment. These results are in agreement with El-Khyat and Zaghloul (1999) on caraway; Kandeel (2004) on Ocimum basilicum; El-Sayed et al., (2002) on spearmint and majoran; Niakan et al., (2004) on Mentha piperitea; Mostafa (2006) on chamomile plants; El-Maadawy (2007) on Amaranthus tricolor; Gomaa and youssef (2007) on fennel and Badran et al., (2007) on cumin.

I-4- Leaf parameters.Data in Table (3) reveal that leaf parameters i.e., number, fresh and dry weights of

leaves per plant were greatly increased by using all tested treatments of chemical and organic fertilizer especially the treatment of full chemical fertilizer followed by the treatment of half chemical + humic acid with non-significant differences between them in both seasons. Additionally, the application method of ss + sd showed to be the most pronounced one for producing the highest values of leaf parameters in both seasons. However, all tested combinations between chemical, organic and bio-fertilizer succeeded in improving leaf parameters in both seasons. Generally, the highest values of number and fresh weight of leaves per plant were obtained by using the combined treatment between the full dose of chemical fertilizer and bio-fertilizer applied by ss+sd method, whereas the heaviest dry weight of leaves was recorded by using the treatment of full dose of chemical fertilizer accompanied with bio-fertilizer applied by ss method. The aforementioned results of vegetative growth measurements i.e. number, fresh and dry weights of leaves are in parallel with those obtained by Kandeel (2004) on Ocimum basilicum; Niakan et al., (2004) on Mentha piperitea; El-Sayed et al., (2002) on spearmint and majoran; Mostafa (2006) on chamomile plants; Gomaa and youssef (2007) on fennel and Badran et al., (2007) on cumin.

II- Fruit measurements.Data in Table (4) indicate that all tested treatments of fertilizer statistically affected

seed (fruit) parameters i.e., number of umbels per plant, seeds yield per plant and seeds oil percentage in both seasons. In this respect, the treatment of half chemical + humic acid scored the highest values in these parameters, followed in descending order by the treatment of full chemical fertilizer. In addition, all application methods of bio-fertilizer significantly increased the number of umbels per plant, seed yield per plant and seed oil percentage with superior for the application method of ss+sd in both seasons. However, all combinations between chemical and organic fertilizer and application methods of bio-fertilizer resulted in highly increments in the number of umbels per plant, seeds yield per plant and seeds oil percentage particularly the combinations of half chemical fertilizer + humic acid in both seasons. In general, the highest values of the above-mentioned parameters were registered by

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using the combined treatment between half chemical fertilizer + humic acid and bio-fertilizer applied by ss+sd method. These results are in accordance with the findings of El-Khyat and Zaghloul (1999) on caraway; Ashorabadi et al., (2003) on Foeniculum vulgare plant and Gomaa and youssef (2007) on fennel and Badran et al., (2007) on cumin.

II-4- Gas chromatograms of caraway seeds volatile oil distilled as affected by different fertilization treatments of NPK, humic acid and bio-fertilizer.

Data in Table (5) and illustrated in Figs (1 to 16) clearly indicate that GLC analysis of the volatile oil of seed caraway revealed the presence of Carvone, Hydrocarbons, Limonene, Carveol, Dihydrocarvone, Y-Terpinene and Linalool in all treatments. However, the main component of caraway seed volatile oil was Carvone. The lowest value of Carvone was observed in the control treatment as well as the highest recored of Carvone was obtained by the combined treatment between half chemical + humic acid enriched with bio-fertilizer applied by ss+sd method followed by the combined treatment between half chemical + humic acid supplemented with bio-fertilizer applied by sd method. These results are in accordance with the findings of Franz (1981), Cuellar et al., (1984), Malinsskas et al., (1985) and Hassan (1992) on chamomile plants ; Balbaa and Talaat (2007) on rosemary plants; Gomaa and youssef (2007) on fennel and Badran et al., (2007) on cumin.

III- Chemical composition determinations.Data in Tables (6 and 7) show that all investigated treatments gave an appreciable

increments in leaf total chlorophylls (a and b), carotenoids, total carbohydrates, N, P, and K contents in both seasons as compared with control. In this concern, all tested treatments of chemical and organic fertilizer significantly increased the afore-said parameters. Meantime, the treatment of half chemical + humic acid statistically induced the highest values of total chlorophylls (a and b), carotenoids, total carbohydrates, whereas the highest records of leaf N, P, and k content was observed by using the treatment of full chemical fertilizer. According to the effect of application methods of bio-fertilizer, it was found that the application method of ss + sd was effective to increase chemical composition determinations of caraway plants in comparison with the other methods. In general, all resulted combinations between the tested factors statistically increased leaf total chlorophylls (a and b), carotenoids, total carbohydrates, N, P, and K contents. However, the highest values of total chlorophylls (a and b), carotenoids, total carbohydrates were recorded by using the combined treatment between half chemical fertilizer + humic acid , whereas the greatest leaf N, P, and K content was registered by using the combined treatment between full chemical fertilizer and bio-fertilizer applied by ss + sd method. These results are in accordance with the findings of El-Khyat and Zaghloul (1999) on caraway; Kandeel (2004) on Ocimum basilicum; Niakan et al., (2004) on Mentha piperitea; El-Sayed et al., (2002) on spearmint and majoran; Mostafa (2006) on chamomile; El-Maadawy (2007) on Amaranthus tricolor; El-Maadawy and Moursy (2007) on jojoba; Gomaa and youssef (2007) on fennel; Badran et al., (2007) on cumin and Helal (2007) on sweet pea.

DISCUSSION1-Effect of chemical fertilization.

To interperete and evaluate the influence of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, concerned in this work , on improving the different tested vegetative growth parameters, yield component parameters and essential oil productivity of caraway plants , it was necessary to refer to the physiological roles of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in plant growth and development. Such three macronutrient elements are the common elements usually included in fertilizers (Cooke, 1982). Plant supplement with these macronutrients in form of fertilizers

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is important because the soil is usually in deficient of them due to plant removal leaching or they are not readily available for plants. Therefore , such addition of well balanced NPK fertilization quantities insured production of high fruit and oil yield of caraway plants.

Nitrogen is essential for plant growth and development as a constituent of many amino acids, enzymes and energy transfer materials such as chlorophyll, ADP and ATP.Growing plants must have nitrogen to form new cells and the rate of growth then becomes very nearly proportional to the rate at which nitrogen is supplied. Photosynthesis can produce soluble sugars from CO2 and H2O but the process can not go on to the production of proteins. Thus, a severe shortage of nitrogen will halt the processes of growth and reproduction, (Bidwell, 1974). Besides, supplying the plants with adequate quantities of N at right time tends to increase cell number and cell size with an overall increase in the vegetative growth production (Thompsond and Troch, 1975).

Phosphorus which has been called the key to life is essential for cell division and for development of meristimmatic tissues and it is very important for carbohydrate transformation due to multitude of phosphorylation reaction and to energy rich phosphate bond (Lambers et al., 2000). Phosphorus in the cell becomes united with carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and other elements to form complex organic molecules. Cells can not divide unless there is adequate phosphorus to form the extra nucleus, so phosphorus deficiency causes stunting , delayed maturity and shriveled seeds. Phosphorus compounds are also essential for photosynthesis, the inter conversion of carbohydrates and related glycolysis, amino acid metabolism, fat metabolism and biological oxidation. Lack of phosphorus, therefore hampers metabolic processes, such as the conversion of sugars into starch and cellulose (Devlin, 1972).

Potassium is important for growth and elongation probably due to its function as an osmoticum and may react synergistically with IAA. Moreover, it promotes CO2 assimilation and translocation of carbohydrates from the leaves to storage tissues (Mengel and Kirkby, 1987).

The role of NPK fertilization on promoting vegetative growth characters, enhancing yield component parameters and increasing fruit yield and oil yield production as well as stimulating the photosynthetic pigments and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of caraway plants could be explained by recognizing their fundamental involvement in the very large number of enzymatic reaction that depend onNPK fertilization . NPK reflected directly on increasing the content of chlorophyll a,b and carotenoids as well as NPK % and content in the leaves were indirectly the cause for enhancing the augmenting of all other vegetative growth traits, yield components and finally fruit as well as oil yield production of caraway plants.

2-Effect of bio-fertilization. A- N-fixing bacteria:

The use of N-fixing bacteria (netrobein) as a bio-fertilizer product containing nitrogen fixing bacteria, e.g. Azotobacter and Azospirillum was found to have not only the ability to fix nitrogen but also to release certain phytohormones of gibberellins and indolic nature which could enhance plant growth absorption of nutrients and so on photosynthesis process (Hegde et al., 1999) Microorganisms used as bio-fertilizers may affect their host plant by one mechanism or more such as nitrogen fixation production of growth promoting substances or organic acids, enhancing nutrients uptake or protection against plant pathogens (Hawaka, 2000) Also, N-fixers synthesize stimulatory compounds such as, gibberellins, cytokinins and IAA. They act as growth regulators, which increased the surface area per unit of root length and were responsible for root hair branching with an eventual increase in the uptake of nutrients from the soil (Sperenat, 1990 and Dadarwal et al., 1997).

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B- Phosphate dissolving bacteria.The use of Phosphate dissolving bacteria (phosophorein) as a bio-fertilizer product

containing very active phoshphate dissolving bactcria has proved is efficiency in enhancing different aspects of plant growth and development of many plant species including medicinal and aromatic plants. Establishment of astrong root system is related to the level of available phosphate in the soil (Abou El-Hassan el al., 1993). phosphate dissolvers or vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae and silica bacteria are capable of converting tricalcium phosphate to monocalcium phosphate ready for plant nutrition (El-Gibaly et al., 1997; Ali et al., 1987; Abd-Alla 1998 and Hawaka, 2000). Phosphate also increased mineral uptake and water use efficiency (El-Awag et al., 1993).Under the Egyptian soil conditions, Abo El-Nour et al., (1996) and El-Sheekh, (1997) mentioned that using phosphorein with or instead of mineral – P apparently increased the available phosphate fertilizer concentration in the soil and plants.

3- Effect of organic fetilizers (humic acid).When organic manures added as a fertilizer, it led to decrease soil pH which in turn

increasing solubility of nutrients for plant uptake, in some cases organic materials may act as low release fertilizer. Recently, on the way of sustainable agriculture with minimum effects, the use of humic acid as natural soil amendments is recommended to replace the soluble chemical fertilizers. They improve the structure of weak-structured sandy soils and increase their water holding capacity. Also, they improve soil fertility, and stimulate root development, induce active biological conditions and enhancing activities of micro-organisms especially those involved in mineralization (Graves et al., 2004).

It has been shown that humic acid can produce materials that may affect plant growth such as substances acting as plant hormone analogues or growth regulators. Also, increasing microbial populations resulting from humic acid activity in the soil may have influenced plant growth indirectly. Soils treated with humic acid had a significantly greater microbial biomass than soils that received inorganic fertilizer only. There is a very substantial body of evidence demonstrating that microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and algae resulting from humic acid are capable of producing plant growth regulators (PGRs) such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene and abscisic acid in appreciable quantities (Frankenberger and Arshad, 1995).

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العربي الملخص

حمض وجود في والكيماوي الحيوي التسميد تأثيرالهيوميك

الكراوية ومحصول نمو علي

يوسف محمد سعيد أحمد و جمعة عثمان أنورالبساتين الزراعة –قسم بنها –كلية مصر –جامعة

الزراعة كلية البساتين بقسم الزينة بمزرعة الدراسة هذه أجريتعامي خالل بنها من 2006/2007 & 2005/2006جامعة كل تأثير لدراسة وذلك

وحمض الكيماوي التسميد من مختلفة مستويات تحت الحيوي التسميدإضافة طرق ثالث استخدام تم حيث الكراوية وإنتاجية نمو علي الهيوميك

الرئيسية ( القطع في وضعت الحيوي التسميد إلي) Main plotمن باإلضافةوحمض الكيماوي التسميد من معامالت أربع وأيضا الكنترول معاملة

تحت القطع في وضعت حيث الكنترول معاملة إلي باإلضافة الهيوميك). Sub plotالمنشقة (

: يلي فيما عليها المتحصل النتائج أهم وتتلخص ) الزراعة قبل البذور نقع معاملة الحيوي التسميد معامالت كل

مع الزراعة قبل البذور نقع ومعاملة النبات بجوار التربة إلي إضافة ومعاملة ( تحت القراءات كل تحسين إلي أدت النبات بجوار التربة إلي إضافة

اإلضافة مع الزراعة قبل البذور نقع معاملة خاصة الكراوية لنبات الدراسةالكيماوي التسميد معامالت جميع أن وجد كما النبات بجوار التربة إلي

وذلك الكراوية لنبات النمو صفات من حسنت قد الهيوميك وحمض . الكنترول بمعاملة بالمقارنة

) التسميد جرعة نصف التسميد معاملة أن النتائج أوضحت كما ( بالنسبة+ القيم أكبر أعطت الهيوميك حمض جرعة نصف الكيماوي

. عامة وبصفة المعامالت بباقي المقارنة عند وذلك الدراسة تحت للقياساتيقلل أن يمكن الهيوميك وحمض والكيماوي الحيوي التسميد استخدام فإنالبيئة تلوث من يقلل وبذلك النصف إلي الكيماوي التسميد استخدام من

مع الكيماوي السماد استخدام نتيجة العالية التكلفة تقليل إلي باإلضافة. الطيار والزيت البذور من النباتات إنتاجية وزيادة عالية جودة إعطاء

جهاز بواسطة التحليل نتائج بينت لبذور )GLC(كما الطيار للزيت : اآلتية المكونات وجود الكراوية , Carvoneنباتات Hydrocarbons, Limonene,

Carveol, Dihydrocarvone, Y-Terpinene and Linalool جميع أن وجد كمالمركب المئوية النسبة زيادة إلي أدت الطيار Carvoneالمعامالت الزيت في

. الكراوية نبات لبذورالكراوية نباتات تسميد يوصي فإنه الدراسة هذه نتائج علي وبناء

) مع الزراعة قبل البذور نقع الحيوي التسميد بين المختلطة بالمعاملة+ ) ( الكيماوي التسميد جرعة نصف مع النبات بجوار التربة إلي اإلضافة

( للنمو جودة وأفضل النتائج أفضل علي للحصول الهيوميك حمض جرعةلنباتات الكيماوي والمحتوي الطيار والزيت البذرة ومحصول الخضري

الكراوية.

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