Bacteria

What is a bacterium?

Archaebacteria: bacteria that lacks the peptidoglycan layer in its structure- Older (in time) bacteria◦ Live in oxygen free environment◦ Produce methane gas (methanogens)◦ Lives in EXTREME environments marshes, salty

environments, volcanoes

Eubacteria: Bacteria that DOES have the peptidoglycan layer in its structure. Common bacteria (E.coli, Streptococcus)

Diversity of Prokaryotes- Key Characteristics

Where Do Bacteria Live?

Eubacteria soil, in organisms

Archeabacteria harsh environments (hot springs, animal digestive tract, salty lakes, etc.)

Where do they live?

BACTERIA ARE PROKARYOTIC microorganisms that can be found everywhere

What is a bacterium? Structure

DNA genetic information for the organism

Cell Wall gives structure and shape.

Prevents osmosis form bursting the cell for the bacteria: Archeabacteria has NO peptidoglycan in the cell wall BUT Eubacteria does

Pili pointy structures that allow for

attachment to cells

Structures

Cytoplasm watery material that carries minerals allows for transport within the organism

Plasma membrane surrounds the organism. Allows for transport of material in and out of the organism

Ribosomes synthesizes (makes) protein

Structures Continued

Flagella aids in movement of some bacteria

Capsule sticky gelatin that some bacteria have. Helps in attachment and causing disease

Plasmid small circular piece of genetic material that contains a few genes

Flagella- whip like structure that aids in movement

Slime- slime layer on the outside that moves bacteria along

Spiral movement- propelling of the bacteria with a spiral movement

Movement of Bacteria

Circular coccus◦ Streptococcus

Rodbacillus◦ Clostridium botulinum

Spiral spirillum ◦ Spirillum volutans

Shapes of bacteria

Type of arrangement+type of bacteria= how they hangout

Arrangement◦ Diplo= in pairs◦ Strepto= in a chain◦ Staphylo= in clusters

◦ Example: Diplobacillus= rod shaped in pairs◦ Streptococcus= circular shape in chains Staphylobaccillus= rod shape clusters

How bacteria arrange themselves?

Binary FissionGenetic info is duplicated and bacteria splitsType of asexual reproduction

Bacteria Reproduction

Conjugation of Bacteria- “Sexual” Reproduction

•Genetic information is exchanged between two bacterial cells through a conjugation tube

•DNA is taken up by the plasmid

•Each bacterial cell can now divide.

Obligate Aerobes bacteria that USES oxygen for carrying out life processes

Obligate Anaerobes bacteria that DOES NOT use oxygen for carrying out life processes

Facultative Anaerobes bacteria that can live in an environment that can either have or not have oxygen

Adaptations in Bacteria- How they survive

Autotrophic

◦ Make it themselves with the help of light or inorganic matter and chemicals Chemoautotroph- An organism, such as a bacterium that

obtains its nourishment through the breakdown of inorganic chemical compounds. Ex: Sulfuric bacteria

Photoautotroph- an organism, such as bacteria that synthesizes its own food from inorganic substances using light energy Ex: Cyanobacteria

Bacteria Nutrition

HeterotrophicBreakdown food, dead or decaying matter

(organic matter). Decomposers Photoheterotroph= use light for energy , but still must

obtain food from another source Ex: Helicobacteria

Chemoheterotroph= use the breakdown of chemicals to generate energy but the source comes from another organism. Ex: Bacteria in our gut- E.coli

Bacteria Nutrition

Absolutely!!

Endospore structure◦ A small, rounded, thick-walled, resting cell◦ It contains the cell’s genetic material and some of

its cytoplasm.◦ It can resist freezing, heating, and drying, they

can survive for many years until the right conditions are present.

Can bacteria protect themselves?

Nitrogen Fixation- bacteria breaks down nitrogen in soil to make it usable for plants

Recycling of Nutrients- bacteria breaks down dead organic matter to return minerals back to the soil

Food and Medicine- cheese, yogurt (lactobacillus acidophilus), sour cream, saurkraut all have bacteria

Importance of Bacteria

Fuels some Archaebacteria produces methane gas

Symbiotic Relationships◦ E. Coli Vitamin K in Human Intestines

Importance of Bacteria

Spoil food Food poisoning because of undercooked

foods Producing toxins that harm living things

Things that are bad about bacteria

Bacteria attaches to our cells and release toxins that make us sick

Some are…Pneumonia Strep pneumonia

Anthrax Bacilli anthracis Whooping Cough Bordetella pertussis

Bacteria Causes Disease

Take antibiotics to kill the peptidoglycan of the bacteria◦ Pennicillin, streptomyocin, ampicillin, etc.

◦ Survival of Bacteria Many bacteria are now resistant to these

medications and can survive even if you do take them!! ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

What do we do if a bacteria attacks us?

Good and Bad of Bacteria

5 ways that bacteria are important are… 4 places where archaebacteria are found

are… 3 shapes that bacteria can be are… 2 diseases that are caused by bacteria are… 1way that bacteria are winning the war on

infection is…

5-4-3-2-1 Summary