BACTERIA & VIRUSES. BACTERIA PROKARYOTIC in 2 of 3 Domains 1. Eubacteria 2. Archaebacteria.
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Transcript of BACTERIA & VIRUSES. BACTERIA PROKARYOTIC in 2 of 3 Domains 1. Eubacteria 2. Archaebacteria.
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BACTERIA
PROKARYOTIC in 2 of 3
Domains1. Eubacteria2. Archaebacteria
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EUBACTERIAARCHAEBACTERIA
LARGERMORE VARIETIESCELL WALL
CONTAINS PEPTIDOGLYCAN
SOME HAVE DOUBLE CELL MEMBRANE
NO PEPTIDOGLYCAN
MEMBRANE LIPIDS DIFFERENT
SOME DNA SEQUENCES MORE SIMILAR TO EUKARYOTIC CELLS THAN TO EUBACTERIA
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Identification
SHAPE
CELL WALL COMPOSITION
MOTILITY
METHOD OF OBTAINING ENERGY
PROKARYOTES
EUBACTERIA
CYANOTROPHIC
HETEROTROPHIC
ARCHAEBACTERIA
HELIOTROPHS
THERMOTROPHS
METHANOGENS
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SHAPES
1. BACILLI
1. RODS
2. COCCI
1. BALLS
3. SPIRILLA
1. CORK-SCREW
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Anaerobes Aerobes
I. ObligateI. Cannot tolerate
oxygenII. Faculative
I. +/- oxygen
Obligate Oxygen required
Oxygen Tolerance
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Binary Fission
asexual reproduction
trigger: growth reaches 2x
http://www.classzone.com/books/hs/ca/sc/bio_07/animated_biology/bio_ch05_0149_ab_fission.html
Growth & Reproduction
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Conjugation
Exchange of DNA thru hollow bridge that forms between 2 bacteria
Increases genetic diversity
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0072835125/126997/animation6.html
Growth & Reproduction
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Endospore Formation
Used when environmental conditions unfavorable
Dormancy can last years
Growth & Reproduction
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Importance of Bacteria
1. DECOMPOSERS2. NITROGEN FIXERS3. INDUSTRIAL USES4. SYMBIOSIS in HUMANS
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TRANSFORMATION of BACTERIA
During transformation a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell becoming a permanent component of the cell’s genome.
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PLASMIDS
SMALL CIRCULAR PIECE OF DNA
NATURALLY FOUND IN SOME BACTERIA
CONTAINS DNA THAT PROMOTES REPLICATION
HAS GENETIC MARKER
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PLANTS ANIMALS
CAN REMOVE CELL WALL & CELL MAY SPONTANEOUSLY TAKE UP FOREIGN DNA
OR INJECT PLASMIDS INTO CYTOPLASM
GENES CAN BE REPLACED
EUKARYOTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION
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Pathogens
disease-causing agents
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Bacterial Infections
Louis Pasteur 1st to prove bacteria can cause disease
bacteria produce illness in 1 of 2 ways:1. directly damage host cells or tissues2. release toxins (poisons) that then circulate
throughout body interrupting homeostasis
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Preventing Bacterial Disease
vaccines: preparation of killed or weakened pathogens that prompts the immune system of the organism to produce immunity to the disease should they ever come in contact with it
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Treating Bacterial Infections
antibiotics: compounds that block reproduction of bacteria or kill them
availability of antibiotics (since ~WWII) has been 1 of major reasons life expectancy increased dramatically during the 20th century
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Controlling Bacterial Growth
heat sterilization: destroys bacteria by heating equipment used on patients to ~ 125 ◦C using either moist heat or dry heat
disinfectants: chemical solutions that kill bacteria, overuse in homes (antibacterial soaps) increase chance of resistance
food processing: food stored @ lower temperatures stays fresher longer because it decreases the bacterial reproductive rate; cooking food before consumption also kills bacteria
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VIRUSES
NON-LIVING MADE OF A PROTEIN COAT (CAPSID) SURROUNDING NUCLEIC ACID
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Bacteriophage Tobacco Mosaic Virus
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Influenza Virus Rhinovirus
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Lytic LysogenicCell infected with 1
virusTakes over host cell
metabolismMake many copies of
nucleic acid & capsids assemble
Cell bursts (lysis) releasing many copies of virus
Cell infected with 1 virus
Its DNA inserts into bacteria’s loop of DNA
Replicates as that cell goes through cell division
2 Types Viral Infection
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Animations
http://www.bio-alive.com/animations/virology.htm
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Viral Disease in Humans
viruses make you sick by disrupting homeostasis in tissues and cells of your body
viruses cannot be treated with antibioticsbest protection is prevention
Vaccines : measles, mumps, chicken pox, influenza, HPV
treatment: once sick symptoms treated often with OTC products, some anti-viral meds available
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Viral Diseases in Animals
viruses produce serious animal diseaseexamples: hoof-and-mouth (or foot-and-
mouth), BPV, swine flu, bird flu
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Viral Disease in Plants
threat to agricultural plantsbecause plant cells surrounded by a cell wall
the plant viruses have a more difficult time infecting cells
many plant viruses have adaptations that allow them to enter damaged cells (small tear in a leaf means some cells damaged)
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VIRUSES / CELLS
COPY FIGURE 19-11 FROM PAGE 483 OF BOOK ONTO PAGE 113 of notebook
Draw a virus and a bacteria of your choice, label their parts and write a 2 paragraph reflection on what you have learned about bacteria & viruses.