What is dibetes

Diabetes describes a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose (blood sugar), either because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both.

What happens if there is a problem with the production of insulin?

Glucose in blood is not able to go into the cells. The cells can’t meet energy needs and energy is

tried to be provided from ‘fat’ and protein’. Using ‘fat’ as the energy source results the

increasing of keton in the body.

With the usage of protein as energy source,the patient feels themselves tired and sluggish.

If blood glucose is to high,It is tried to be thrown away by kidneys so the patients begin to urinate so often.

As a result, the patients feel thirsty and start to drink a lot.

Types of dibetes

There are 4 major types of diabetes.1) Type 1 Diabetes2) Type 2 Diabetes3) Gestational Diabetes4) Pre-diabetes

Teyp 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and young adults. Only 10% of people with diabetes have this form of the disease.

In type 1 diabetes, the body does not produce insulin.

Patients with type 1 diabetes will need to take insulin injections for the rest of their life. They must also ensure proper blood- glucose levels by carrying out regular blood tests and following a special diet.

Type 2 diabetes

The body does not produce enough insulin for proper function, or the cells in the body do not react to insulin. Approximately 90% of all cases of diabetes worldwide are of this type.

Some people may be able to control their type 2 diabetes symptoms by losing weight, following a healthy diet, doing plenty of exercise, and monitoring their blood glucose levels.

However, type 2 diabetes is typically a progressive disease .

it gradually gets worse and the patient will probably end up have to take insulin, usually in tablet form.

Overweight and obese people have a much higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared to those with a healthy body weight.

The risk of developing type 2 diabetes is also greater as we get older.

Men whose testosterone levels are low have also been found to have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

GESTATIONAL DIABETES

This type affects females during pregnancy. The majority of gestational diabetes patients can control their diabetes with exercise and diet. Undiagnosed or uncontrolled gestational diabetes can raise the risk of complications during childbirth. The baby may be bigger than he/she should be.

Diabetes in Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia is one of the 20 countries of the IDF MENA region.

387 million people have diabetes in the world and more than 37 million people in the MENA Region; by 2035 this will rise to 68 million.

There were 3.8 million cases of diabetes in Saudi Arabia in 2015.

Diabetes in Saudi Arabia - 2015

Total adult population (1000s)

(20-79 years)18,546

Number of deaths in adults due to diabetes

25,527

Prevalence of diabetes in adults

(20-79 years)%( )20.5

Cost per person with diabetes (USD)

1,067.3

Total cases of adults (20-79 years) with diabetes (1000s)

3,806.4

Number of cases of diabetes in adults that are undiagnosed (1000s)

1,549.2

Saudi Diabetes & Endocrine Association (SDEA)

Mission - Supporting application of best practices of care and prevention of diabetes and Endocrine related diseases.

Vision- Empower people with diabetes and other Endocrine diseases to adopt healthy lifestyles 

Activities It has various clubs to promote sharing of knowledge and distribution of educational materials:1. Education Club  2. Endocrine club3. Dietitian Club4. A Women's Health Committee5. A Media Team to help the coverage and spread of its various activities: forums, workshops, and educational sessions. It is in the process of launching a Children's Diabetic Club as well as the Friends of Diabetics Club

CAUSES of DIABETES

Diabetes causes vary depending on your genetic makeup, family history, ethnicity, health and environmental factors.

There is no defined diabetes cause because the causes of diabetes vary depending on the individual and the type.

diabetes symptoms

Polyuria Weakness Polydipsia Fatigue Polyphagia weight loss (+) glucose in urine (glycosuria) nausea / vomiting

diagnosing

Random venous plasma glucose concentration . Fasting plasma glucose concentration. Two hour plasma glucose concentration.

SOME COMPLİCATİONS LİNKED TO BADLY CONTROLLED DİABETES

Eye complications - glaucoma, cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, and some others.

Foot complications - neuropathy, and sometimes gangrene which may require that the foot be amputated

Heart problems - heart disease when the blood supply to the heart muscle is diminished

Hypertension - common in people with diabetes, which can raise the risk of kidney disease, eye problems, heart attack and stroke

Mental health - uncontrolled diabetes raises the risk of suffering from depression, anxiety and some other mental disorders

Hearing loss - diabetes patients have a higher risk of developing hearing problems

Gastroparesis - the muscles of the stomach stop working properly Stroke - if blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood glucose levels

are not controlled, the risk of stroke increases significantly

DIABETES TREATMENT

Prevention and treatment often involve : physical exercise, being a normal body weight. Healthy diet

BELOW ARE SOME DIABETES Misconceptions People with diabetes should not exercise – not

true!! Exercise is important for people with diabetes, as it is

for everybody else. Dıabetes patients should discuss exercise with their

doctors before starting the exercise. Fat people always develop type 2 diabetes

eventually - this is not true. Being overweight or obese raises the risk of becoming

diabetic, they are risk factors, but do not mean that an obese person will definitely become diabetic.

Children can outgrow diabetes - this is not true. Nearly all children with diabetes have type 1;

insulin- producing beta cells in the pancreas have been destroyed. These never come back. Children with type 1 diabetes will need to take insulin for the rest of their lives, unless a cure is found one day.

Only older people develop type 2 diabetes - things are changing.

A growing number of children and teenagers are developing type 2 diabetes due to the explosion in childhood obesity rates, poor diet, and physical inactivity

If you have diabetes you cannot eat chocolates or sweets - people with diabetes can eat chocolates and sweets if they combine them with exercise or eat them as part of a healthy meal.

Diabetics cannot eat bread, potatoes or pasta - people with diabetes can eat starchy foods. However, they must keep an eye on the size of the portions.

Diabetes diets are different from other people's - the diet doctors recommend healthy nutrition's; healthy for every body .Meals should contain plenty of vegetables, fruit, whole grains, and they should be low in salt and sugar, and saturated or trans fat.

DIAGNOSIS

1. Fluid Volume Deficit

related to:osmotic diuresis (hyperglycemia).

2. Imbalanced Nutrition, Less Than Body Requirements

related topoor nutrition intake.

3. Risk for Infection

related to:high glucose levelsreduction in leukocyte function.

DIAGNOSIS

4. Knowledge Deficit:

related to: lack of information.

5. Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity

related to:immobilizationneuropathy.

6. Activity Intolerance

related to:physical weakness.

Discharge Goals

1-Homeostasis achieved. 2-Causative/precipitating factors

corrected/controlled. 3-Complications prevented/minimized. 4-Disease process/prognosis, self-care needs, and

therapeutic regimen understood. 5-Plan in place to meet needs after discharge.

Nursing Interventions

Establish rapport Lifestyle Self Management Nutrition and Exercise Ascertain understanding of individual nutritional

needs Discuss eating habits and encourage diabetic diet as

prescribed by the Doctor Teach Foot Care Checking Your Blood Sugar

Take and record vital signs Encourage expression of feelings and anxieties Assess response to activity Assess muscle strength of patient and functional

level of activity. Discuss with patient the need for activity Take and record vital signs Monitor the temperature

States with the highest prevalence of diabetes rates (2014)

1.the Marshall Islands 37.1 %

2. Micronesia 36.3 %

3. Tukeal 29.6 %

4. Kiribati 26.4 %

5. Cook Islands 25.5 %

6. French Polynesia 24.4 %

7. Saudi Arabia 23.9 %

8. Vanuatu 23.7 %

9. Nauru 23.3 %

10. Kuwait 23.1 %

Definition:Science of drug effect on human body and

its role in disease treatment.

Material:Active compound.

Efficacy:Effective according to the dose.

Action:Short term.

Side effect:May be.

Cost:4000 SR annually.*Expensive

Acceptance:More accepted.**

Definition:Using education as a tool for disease

prevention or treatment.

Material:Large verity of methods.

Efficacy:More effective than drugs.

Action:Long term.

Side effect:None.

Cost:50 SR annually.*cheap

Acceptance:Less accepted.**

Educology Pharmacology

*The National Saudi Diabetes Registry 2004. **Diabetic Medicine Vol 24, 1997 .