E T H I C S I N A N A G E O F T E C H N O L O G Y

The Gifford Lectures 1989-1991Volume 2

Ian G. Barbour

HarperSanFranciscoAn Imprint of HarperCoUinsPublisher

-

.

ISBN 5-89647-020-7

:

:

:

:

: .

"The Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences"

< ' -

U "Translation Project" ,

4 w (OS- Budapest) " "(OSIAF-Moscow).

"Ethics in an Age ofTechnology" HarperCollinsPubfehers, Inc. (USA).

This translation of Ethics in an Age ofTechnology by Ian G. Barbour originally publishedin English is published by arrangement with HarperCollinsPubfehers, Inc. (USA).

,

,

.

, , -

, -

. ,

, .

, ,

- .

Ian G. Barbour, 1998 - . , 2001

xi xiii .\.. xvii

.

1

. 3I. 4

1. 42. 63. 10

II. 121. 122. 153. 19

III. 201. 202. 213. 26

IV. 30

. 33I. 34

1. , 362. 373. 40

II. 421. 432. 463. 49

III. S31. 532. 57

VI I

/. 572. 583. 59

3. 611. 622. 633. 644. 67

IV. 69

. 71I. 72

1. 722. 76

II. 801. , 802. 833. 87

III. 911. 922. 953. 98

IV. 102

.

105

. 107I. 107

1. 1092. 111

II. 1161. 1202. 125. 129

III. 1351. 1352. 140

1. 1402. 1423. 143

I

IV. 1451. 1452. 148

V. \. 151

. 153I. 154

1. 1542. 157

1. 1572. 1583. ; 160

II. 1621. 1632. 167

1. 1682. 1693. 170

3. 170III. 175

1. 1752. 181

IV. 1841. 1852. 1893. 191

V. 193

. 196I. 198

1. 1982. 2033. 207

II. 2101. 2112. 2143. 217

III. 2211. 2212. 224

IV. 2291. 229

VIII I

2. 2333. 236

V. 238

.

241

. 243I. 243

1. 2431. 2442. 245J. 2464. 247

2. : 248 2482. 2503. 2514. 2525. 253

3. 2551. 2552. 256J. 258

II. 2591. , 2592. 265

/. 2652. 2663.

2673. 268

3. 271III. 274

1. 275/. 2 752. 2773. 2 79

2. 2813. 2854. 287

V 290

IX

. 292I. 292

1. 2922. 297

1. 2982. 2993. 3004. 301

3. 303II. 307

1. 3072. 3123. 316

III. 3191. 320

1. 3202. , 3203. 321

2. , 3243. 328

IV. 3 31

. 334I. 335

1. 3352. 3373. , 342

II. 3471. 3472. 352

III. 3561. 3562. 3603. 364

1. 3642. 3653. 3664. 367

369

,

.

, , ,

(Robin Cameron, Nigel Dower,David Fergusson & Michael Partridge).

,

,- , -

. , , , -

(Deane Barbour, Nigel Dower, Frederick Ferre, EdwardLangerak, Carl Mitcham, Robert Russel & Roger Shinn). . , ,

, , (Gene Bakko,John Barbour, Peter Hartel, Chuck Huff, Roger Kirchner, Ernest Simmons &Norman Vig).

-

, -

.

. , ,

,

(NewYork: Praeger Publishers, 1980). , ,

.

, , .

XIII

- . -

: - . ,

, -

.

,

.

,

, -

. , , -

. ,

, , -

, , -

.

, -

.

,

, . , ,

, - ,

,

, -

,

.

, , -

, . -

, -

, -

.

,

. ,

1

,

, ,

,

,

( , ), , , -

, -

. -

, -

. - -

,

, .

. -

,

.

.

-

, , -

. -

, ,

.

,

, -

-

.

,

,

. -

, -

, , -

.

-

.

. -

,

. -

,

.

-

.

- , -

XV

- -

,

. -

, -

.-

-

.

-

,

.

-

, -

. ,

-

.

.

28 2000 .

t I XVII

,

. -

,

. XVIII , -

. -

, -

, -

. ,

.

80- , - , -

(ExxonValdez) ,

.

, , , .

-

,

. , -

, -

- . -

.

, -

.

. -

. -

. -

- ,

. ,

. -

.

, ,

. 1992 ,250 , - . ,

- .

,

.

:

1. , . - , - ,

; - . , -

, ,

,

. -

()\ , , -

, . -

,

, 10 . -, .

, ,

. ,

.

, -

.

2. . ,

.

, , -

. -

, , -

. -

,

,

, . -

; .

.

1 , , ( -

) , . - . .

X I X

-

, 50 .

3. . - - , .

.

, -

, -

.

-

,

- ,

, , . -

, -

.

, , -

, -

. -

-

, -

.

4. . , - , -

. -

, .

, ,

. -

,

-

. , -

.

, -

, . -

, , -

. ,

.

,

( ).

5. . , - ,

, -

. ; -, - . , -

- , -

. , -

,

-

, , , -

.

, , -

. , -

, -

, . ,

, -

, , -

.

-

-

.

6. . - ? .

.

-

, -

. , -

- -

. -

, - . -

,

.

. -

,

.

-

, .

, : , ( , - , ), , - ( , 2 -

2 participatory freedom, -

(), , . ..

, ,

, -

, . - . .

X X I

). -: 3, - . , -

.

-

, -

, , -

-

. , , -

- ,

, , -

. -

.

-

- , -

. ( ) - -

, , -

, -

,

. ( ) , ,

. -

, ; -

. ( ) - , - -

, ,

, -

. -

, ,

. -

, .

, , -

, -

, , -

.

. -

, , - -

3 -

() , , - . , ,

( )

. - . .

I I

( -

); , ; .

.

, -

, -

-

.

,

-

. -

: , - , , , -

, .

-

.

3

, , ,

, -

.

1

.

2

, , -

,

.

. .

3

.

-

, , . -

, , , -

. , ,

, ,

. , ,

, -

,

, 4.

1 Charles Susskind, Understanding Technology (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973), p. 131

1 John Zerman and Alice Carnes, eds., Questioning Technology (Santa Cruz, CA: New Society

Publishers, 1991), p. 217.3 S. Lewis, The Abolition of Man (New York: Macmillan, 1965), p. 69.

* ,

, . Albert H.Teich, ed., Technology and the Future, 5th ed. (NewYork: St. Martin's Press,1989), and Carl Mitcham and Robert Mackey, eds., Philosophy ondTechnotogy (NewYork Free Press, 1972).

~

4 I

: , . -

. ,

,

. -

; - , , , , -

. ,

,

. -

,

.

5.

.

, -

, , -

.

(, - ), ( , - , ). -

, .

, , -

.

.

-

, -

, . -

.

1. , , -

,

5 , Arnold Pacey in The Culture of

Technology (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1983), p. 6. , , ( , ), , . (Frederick Ferre, Philosophy of Technology (Engle-wood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1988) , ,

.

1. . , ,

.

,

. .

. -

, -

.

. ,

.

2. . - , , -

, .

. -

, ,

, -

. -

, -

. ,

,

.

6.

3. . - . -

, -

.

, ,

.

, -

, , ,

.

. ,

, ,

. ,

,

.

4. . , , - -

. (, ,' Emanuel Mesthene, Technological Change: Its Impact on Man and Socitty (New York: NewAmerican Library, 1970).

"1 I

..) , .

, -

. -

,

. , , ,

,

, . ,

, -

, .

-

. , ,

,

-

. , , - -

-

. -

, -

, ,

. , -

, , -

. -

, , .

2. , -

.

. -

,

, , , -

, . ,

7. ,

-

, , -

, , , -

, . -

, . -

, . XIX XX -

7 Melvin Kranzberg, Technology the Liberator, in Technology at the Turning Point ed. William

Pickett (San Francisco: San Francisco Press, 1977). . Charles Susskind, UnderstandingTechnology.

1 I /

, -

6.

, .

, -

, . -

, ; (, , ). - , .

- ,

. -

; - , -

, . ,

, , -

, 9. -

,

10.

, ,

, ,

.

, - , - -

.

. ,

, , .

,

. , -

- ; -

. -

, , , -

11.

, ,

, .

- ,

8 Emanuel Mesthene, Technology as Evil: Fear or Lamentation? in Research in Philosophy and

Technology, vol. 7, ed. Paul Durbin (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1984).' Daniel Bell, The Coming of Postindustrial Society (New York: Basic Books, 1973).1 Buckminster Fuller, The CriticolPath (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1981); Herman Kahn et al.,The Next 200 Years (New York: William Morrow, 1976); Alvin Toffler, Future Shock (New York:Bantam, 1971) and The Third Wove (New York: William Morrow, 1980).11

Samuel Florman, The Existential Pleasures of Engineering (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1977)and BlamingTechnology:The Irrational Search for Scapegoats (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1981).

"1 I

12

. -

, -

. -

, . -

,

- . -

, . -

,

13.

, ,

. , -

,

.

.

14. -

,

:

, .

, -, . -

, , , .

, .

.

, , , -

15.

. -

, -

.

,

. -

,

16. ,

, -

. , , -

1 Florman, B/aming Technology, p. 183.

1 3 . Alvin Weinberg, Technology Replace Social Engineering, in Technology and the

Future, ed.Teich.1* Samuel Florman, Science for Public Consumption: More Than We Can Chew? Technology

Review 86 (April 1983): 12-13.1 5

Florman, Bloming Technology, p. 193.1 6

Harvey Cox, The Secular City (New York: Macmillan, 1965), and The Responsibility of theChristian in a World of Technology, in Science and Religion, ed. Ian G. Barbour (NewYorlc Harper& Row, 1968).

7 7

.

17. -

; -, ,

.

- ,

, , -

, .

, -

, ,

*. ,

.

, , ,

-

, . -

, .

, -

-

18.

- , -

. -

-

, . -

. , -

. , -

, ,

. -

, ,

, .

- , ,

.

,

, .

-

* . -

* ( - ) , ,

. . - . .

17W. Norr is Clarke. S. J., Technology and Man:A Christian Vision, in Science and Religion,ed. Barbour.1 8

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, The Future of Man, trans. Norman Denny (New York: Harper &Row, 1964), chaps. 8, 9, and 10. . The Place of Technology in a General Biology ofMankind and On Looking at a Cyclotron, in The Activation of Energy (New York: HarcourtBrace Joyanovich, 1971).

1 1 1 ) 1

, -

. -

. , -

. -

, -

,

. , , -

. -

.

, -

, ,

,

.

3. ,

.

-, -

, .

,

. , -

, , ,

. -

25 . ,

40- , 60-. - ,

.

. , -

,

, -

.

-, -

, . -

.

(. ). , . -

, -

, . -

,

. -

, , , , -

~

1 1

- . ,

, -

.

-,

. -

; -

. , , - ,

, -

, ,

.

. -

,

.

, ,

.

-, , -

, . -

,

. , , , , -

. , -

1979 ., 1986 . , , -

. -

- , -

. , -

,

,

.

,

,

, .

-, ,

. , -

; , , . , , -

, . -

,

-

- -

. ,

, . , -

- , .

, -

,

, .

, , --

. -

, -

. , 1933 . , : - - . , -

, -

19. , -

, -

. , , -

- . -

, , - .

-

, , ,

. -

,

, . -

. -

, , -

. , , , -

, ,

, -

.

II. ,

. -

, -

.

1 . -

20.

1. . - , -

. -

19 George Wise, Science and Technology, Osiris, 2d sen, 1 (1985): 229-246.

., , Lewis Mumford.The Myth of the Machine, vol. 1 .Technics and Human Develop-ment, and vol. 2,The Pentagon of Power (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1967 and 1969).

I \ J

, -

. -

,

.

. -

. -

. ,

, , -

, -

.

2. . , , ,

. -

-

; . , , -

. ,

, . -

-

. -

, -

, -

.

3. . - -

. -

,

.

, ,

. , -

-

*. -

,

.

4. . - , -

. , ,

, -

. , -

, , , -

.

-

, ,

. - . .

,

1 4 1

. -

. -

, , ,

, ,

. , -

.

5. . - *. ,

(. . - . - . .). , -

. , -

-

.

-

- , ;

.

,

, ,

, , , -

-

, . ,

, , ,

.

,

, -

21.

. -

-

-

. , -, -

. -

* ,

, ,

, -

( , - ) , , . - . .

21 Studs Terkel, Working (New York: Pantheon, 1972); Robert Schrag, Ten Thousand Working Days(Cambridge: MIT Press, 1978), William A. Faunce, Problems of an Industrial Society, 2d ed. (NewYork. McGraw-Hill, 1981).

I 10

70- , , -

, -

.

, , -

, -

22.

2. -

,

, , . - -

, ,

, ,

, . , -

. ,

. -

. -

.

- -

, . -

, -

. -

, . , -

.

, ,

.

,

, -

,

, 23

.

, -

, -

, -

, . ,

, , , -

22 Theodore Roszak, The Making of a Counter Culture (New York: Doubleday, 1969), and Where

the Wasteland Ends (New York: Doubleday, 1972); . Ian G. Barbour, Science, Religion, andthe Counterculture, Zygon 10 (1975): 380-397.2 3

Jacques Ellul.TneTechno/og/ca/ Society, trans .J.Wilkinson (New York: Knopf, 1964); TheTechnological System, trans.J. Neugroschel (New York: Continuum, 1980), and The Technological8/uff, trans. G. Bromiley (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990).

~~7\ 1 6 1

24.

, -

- ,

. ,

- , -

, -

, - -

. ,

. ,

, , -

.

- , ,

, -

25.

, -

. -

.

-

.

. -

.

, ,

, .

: -

26. ,

. -

,

.

, , -

,

. -

, , -

, ,

Darrell Fasching, The Dialectic of Apocalypse and Utopia in the Theological Ethics ofJacques Ellul, in Research m Philosophy and Technology, vol. 10, ed. Frederick Ferre (Greenwich,CT:JAl Press, 1990).25 Langdon Winner, Autonomous Technology (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1977) and The Reactor andthe Whale (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986).26

Hans Jonas, The Imperative of Responsibility: In Search of an Ethics for the Technological Age(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), p. x.

I 1 /

. -

-

. , , -

, . -

- , ,

, . ,

-

( ), (-, , , ).

, -

27.

-

, , ,

, - ,

.

-

, . ,

, -

. -

,

. -

,

. , * -

. ,

-

, , ,

, , 28

.

.

, ,

. , -

,

- . ,

, ,

. , -

* (1834 - 1902): , - . - . .

2 7 Albert Borgmann, Techno/ogy and the Character of Contemporary Life (Chicago: University of

Chicago Press, 1984); Martin Heidegger, The Question Concerning Technology, trans. William Lovitt(New York: Harper & Row, 1977).2 8

David Kipnis, Techno/ogy and Power (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1990).

"

10 I

- .

, , - -

29. -

, -

. -

, . ,

, , .

, -

. , , -

, , -

, . , -

, . , . -

.

, . -

,

.

. , -

-

30. ,

, .-

,

, ; - , -

*. ,

31. -

- - , -

, .

, , -

,

32. . . ,

.

33.

* probleme mystere. - . .2 9

Langdon Gilkey, Religion and tht Scientific Future (New York: Harper & Row, 1970).3 0

Paul Tillich, The Person in aTechnological Society, in Social Ethics, ed. Gibson Winter (NewYork: Harper & Row, 1968).3 1

Gabriel Marcel, The Sacred in the Technological Age,Theology Today 19 (1962): 27-38.3 2

Martin Buber, I and Thou, trans. R. G. Smith (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1937).3 3

P. Hans Sun, Notes on How to Begin to Think about Technology in a Theological Way, inTheology and Technology, ed. Carl Mitcham and Jim Grote (New York: University Press of America,1984).

I 1 7

3. , , -, , -

,

, . -

-

, -

. , -

, (, - ), , - , , -

, ,

, -

. , -

. ,

, , -

-

. , ,

-

.

-, -

, .

, -

- .

, -

.

, -

.

-

. ,

, -

,

.

-, .

, -

. -

-

, . ,

, .

, , ,

.

3 4 Thomas Misa, How Machines Make History, and How Historians (and Others) Help Them

Do So, Science, Technology & Human Values 13 (1988): 308-331.

III.

, , , , -

.

, ,

, . -

, - . , -

. -

, -

. -

, ,

- . .

,

-.

1. , , -

.

, -

, -

,

.

, , -

, - , , -

, ,

-

. , -

, -

.

- , , -

. . -

, , -

.

-

, ,

- .

. -

-

, . -

, , -

,

,

. , -

I _ . 2 1

, , -

. , -

-

, , , -

.

. -

, , ,

.

-

. -

, -

. ,

, . -

, 60- -

, . 1975 . ,

. -

,

, . , -

,

-

. -

, -

2.

. , ,

, -

, -

. , -

. -

,

. , ,

. ,

- ,

, -

. -

,

, -

5 Arnold Pacey, Culture of Technology.

"1 I

.

, -

,

36.

.

,

, -

, . , -

-

, .

,

; -, -

. . ,

,

. , -

,

. ,

. , , ,

,

, , -

.

-

? , : , , -

, -

,

. , ,

, , -

, .

,

37.

,

. ,

- -

90- .

36 Victor Ferkiss, Technological Man and The Future ofTechnobgical Civilization (New York: George

Braziller, 1969 and 1974).37

Bernard Gendron, Technology and the Human Condition (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1977).

I 13

,

, -

. -

. -

- , -

,

.

, ,

-

. , -

-

. -

, -

38.

-

-

()3'. - , ,

, , -

, , -

40

.

, - , -

, , -

, ,

. -

, * . , -

, ,

, , ,

- . -

, ,

. ,

* (, ) , ; - ,

. .

.

38 Norman Faramelli, Technethics (New York: Friendship Press, 1971).3 9

J. Edward Carothers, Margaret Mead, Daniel McCracken, and Roger Shinn, eds., To Love or toPerish:The Technological Crisis and the Churches (New York: Friendship Press, 1972); Paul Abrechtand Roger Shinn, eds., Faith and Science in an UnjustWorld (Geneva:World Council of Churches,1980).*0 Thomas Derr, Conversations about Ultimate Matters: Theological Motifs in WCC Studieson the Technological Future, International Review of Missions 66 (1977): 123134.

1 I

. -

, ,

, .

,

. -

. -

, ,

41.

, -

, -

, .

,

, , ,

. ,

-

. -

,

,

42.

, -,

, .

, -

-

. , -

, - -

. -

. -

-

. , *

. -

.

,

*1 Egbert Schuurman, Technology and the Future (Toronto: Wedge Publishing, 1980), also TheModern Babylon Culture, in Technology and Responsibility, ed. Paul Durbin (Dordrecht,Holland: D. Reidel, 1987), and A Christian Philosophical Perspective on Technology, in Theol-ogy and Technology, ed. Mitcham and Grote. Stephen Monsma, ed. Responsible Technology: A Christian Perspective (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans,1986).n Roger Shinn, Forced Options: Social Decisions for the 21st Century, 3d ed. (Cleveland: Pilgrim

Press, 1991).

I

43. - .

-

. XIX , - , . -

, , -

-

, .

,

. . -

, - , -

, -

.

- .

, , -

. -

.

, , -

, ,

. ,

.

-

(, -, ).

; -. ,

- . ,

; , - , .

.

-

, .

, , - -

.

, ,

, , , .

-

. , ,

. -

-

V . Richard Niebuhr, Christ and Culture (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1951). . CarlMitcham, Technology as a Theological Problem in the Christian Tradition, in Theology andTechnology, ed. Mitcham and Grote.

~^~\ 26 I

.

, ( - ) , - . -

.

3. , ?

(. . 1).

:

_^

:

: / \

. 1. ,

J. . , , , ,

. -

, .

. ,

; - ,

.

2. . . , -

; - , -

, . , -

-

, ,

I _ _ Z /

. -

: - , , -

. ,

. -

, ,

, .

,

, -

. , -

, -

. -

. ,

-

. , , ,

, -

. ,

.

.

3. . , , ,

.

, .

-

. -

, , ,

, . -

,

-

.

, -

.

. ,

. ,

, -

. -

. -

,

,

41

. - ,

. , -

** Ferre, Philosophy of Technology, p. 44.

~| I

, . ,

, -

. : - ,

.

, -

, 45

.

,

,

.

,

,

, -

, .

.

. -

. - -

; - - . ,

XIX . , , -

, . .,

(, , , ) (, , . .). ,

. , ,

46.

:

, -

. -

- , , -

, ,

, 47

.

, ,

., , -

. , -

45 Wise, Science and Technology.

46 Trevor Pinch and Wiebe Bi|ker, The Social Construction of Facts and Artifacts: Or How the

Sociology of Science and the Sociology of Technology Might Benefit from Each Other, in TheSocial Construction of Technological Systems, ed. Wiebe Bi|ker, Thomas Hughes, and Trevor Pinch(Cambridge: MIT Press, 1987).47

John W. Staudenmaier, Technology's Storytellers (Cambridge: MIT Press, 198S), p. 165.

I _ _ 2.7

. -

, ,

, . , XIX -

. -

,

, -

.

.

, , ,

- . -

, -

, ,

, . -

.

,

. ,

, -

.

-

; - , , -

48.

- , -

.

, , ,

49. -

, -

,

,

50.

,

.

,

*8 Cynthia Cockburn, The Material of Male Power, in The Social Shaping of Technology, ed.

Donald McKenzie and Judy Wajcman (Milton Keynes, England: Open University Press, 1985).*' Roslyn Feldberg and Evelyn Nakano Glenn, Technology and Work Degradation: Effects ofOffice Automation on Women Clerical Workers, in Machina Ex Deo: Feminist Perspectives onTechnology, ed.Joan Rothschild (New York: Pergamon Press, 1983); . CherisKramarae, Anne Machung, Technology and Women's Voices, ed. Cheris Kramarae(New York and London: Koutledge & Kegan Paul, 1988).5 0

Cynthia Cockburn, Machinery of Dominance: Women, Men, and Technical Know-How (London:Pluto Press, 1985).

1 I

.

, ,

.

. ,

- ,

, -

.

IV. , -

( ), .

- , -

.

, -

. , -

, - . -

- -

, , ,

. , -

, , ,

. -

, -

.

, ,

,

.

. , -

, .

-

. -

, -

.

-

, -

. - -

, .

, , -

, . -

,

, ,

.

31

, -

. -

.

1. . - . ,

. ,

. , -

-

-

, , . ,

-

. ,

-.

, ,

. -

, .

2. . .

. ,

, - -

. -

. ,

,

. , , .

, -

, . -

. -

. , -

; - , , .

, . -

, ,

, , , -

, .

3. . , , -

.

. -

,

.

, ,

-

,

, - .

" H I

,

, , -

,

. : , - ,

?4. .

,

, -

, -

. -

, .

,

, -

.

- ; , - , , -

.

-

; . , , -, .

, . -

.

,

,

. -

, - , .

,

, . ,

.

,

, .

.

, -

, .

, , - -

, . -

, -

, , -

.

-

-

.

.

:

- ... ,

,

.

1

... , - :

, -

.

6:8

? , -

, ?

, . -

.

, ,

, - ,

. -

,

.

. , -

1 Edward . Wilson, On Human Nature (Cambridge: Harvard University Press), p. 167.

2 John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971), p. 11.

1 I

-

,

. -

,

.

, , -

3.

, ; - . -

-

,

, . -

,

. ,

. -

.

I. , . -

, . , -

,

. , ,

.

, -

. , -

,

.

-

*,

, -

.

, -

(, - ,

-

). - , , -

* restrict (, ). - . .3 Kurt Baier and Nicholas Rescher, eds, Values and the Future (New York: Free Press, 1969), chaps.

1 and l;Will iam Frankena, Value and Valuation, in Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Paul Edwards(New York: Macmillan, 1965).

I ^ J 0

, . , -

-

,

. , ,

, , .

, - -

, - -

-

4.

,

. -,

- - -

; *

. -, .

-

, , , -

. -, -

, -

.

, ,

, , -

, , -

, 5.

.

-

( , , ), .

.

, , -

, -

6.

, -

.

, -

. -

* - . .

4 Loren Graham, Between Science and Values (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981).

5 Stephen Toulmin, How Can We Reconnect the Sciences with the Foundations of Ethics? in

The Roots of Ethics, ed. Daniel Callahan and H.Tristram Engelhardt (New York. Plenum Press,1981).6 David Dickson, The New Politics of Science, 2d ed. (Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1988).

, . -

,

. , -

, , -

.

1. , , , ,

. -

. ,

, , , ,

. ,

, . -

-

, ,

7. -

, -

, , -

, 8.

, , -

.

, . -

; - , , -

. -

.

, .

, -

,

9.

, -

, 10

.

, -

, . ,

7 Jacob Bronowski, Science and Human Values (New York: Julian Messner, 1956). .

Bentley Glass, Science and EthicalValues (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1965),chap. 3.8 Robert Merton, The Sociology of Science (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973).

9 Andre Cournand and Michael Meyer, The Scientist's Code, Minerva 14 (1976): 79-96;

Robert S. Cohen, Ethics and Science, in Science,Technology, and Freedom, ed. W. H.Truitt and T.W. G. Solomons (Boston: Houghton Miffiin, 1974).1 0

Jerome Ravetz, Scientific Know/edge and its Social Problems (New York: Oxford University Press,1971), chap.11.

^

5/ , . -

.

: , , -

, , . -

.

- , -

,

.

, -

, -

.

, -

. , -

.

,

, ". -

,

12.

, ,

, , -

13. ,

,

; - , .

, ,

, -

, .

2. -

. , . . -

,

.

, -

. , , -

. -

1 1 . Richard Niebuhr, Radical Monotheism and Western Culture (New York: Harper & Brothers,

1960), chap. 6 and essay 4.1 2

Michael Polanyi, Science, Faith and Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1946).13 William Broad and Nicholas Wade, Betrayers of the Truth: fraud and Deceit in the Halls of Science(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982).

" - | JO I

, , -

, , ,

14.

- -

. , .

, ,

. ,

.

() , , ,

.

, , -

,

. ,

.

, -

,

. . . .. -

, -

.

, ,

, .

, , ,

15. ,

, , , -

, . ,

, 16

.

, -

. , -

, - -

*. . . , , -

, . -

* - , -

, , , : ; : . . . .

1^ Julian Huxley, Evolutionary Ethics (London: Oxford University Press, 1943); H.Waddington,

The Ethical Animal (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967).1 5

G. G. Simpson, The Meaning of Evolution (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1949), chap 10;Theodosius Dobzhansky, The Biological Basis of Human Freedom (New York: Columbia UniversityPress, 1956).1 6

George Williams, Huxley's Evolution and Ethics in Sociobiological Perspective, Zygon 23(1988): 383-408.

I

, ,

, ,

, ,

.

, . -

, -

, , ,

; , .

, , -

17.

,

, ,

. , -

, -

,

. , , - -

-

, -

, , , .

18.

,

. . . , -

, -

, ,

.

. -

: -

19

.

, -

.

-

,

. -

, ,

17 A. G. N. Flew, Evolutionary Ethics (London. Macmillan, 1967),Anthony Quintan, Evolutionary

Ethics, in Biology and Personality, ed Ian Ramsey (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1965).18

Thomas Nagel, Morality as an Autonomous Theoretical Subject, in Morality as a BiologicalPhenomenon, ed Gunther Stent (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1980)19

Edward O.Wilson, On Human Nature, p. 167.

4 0 l

, -

, . -

, ,

, -

.

20.

-

, ,

.

- , -

. , -

, , -

, .

. ,

- , ( ) , -

21. -

- , .

, , , -

, .

, - ,

, , ,

, . -

.

, - () ; , ( ) -... , , -

, 22

. , -

, ,

-

. : , - , -

, . -

, -

.

3. , -

, . , -

2 0 . Harbour, Religion in the Age of Science, chap. 7

Richard Alexander, The Biology of Moral Systems (New York: A/dme De Gruyter, 1987).J 1

Michael Ruse, Response to Williams: Selfishness Is N o t Enough, Zygon 2S (1988): 416. Michael Ruse, Taking Darwin Seriously (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986), p. 253.

~

I 41

-

. :

1. ( ): , , .2. ( ): .

3. ( ): , , .4. ( ): , , .5. ( ): , .

, ; - ,

. -

,

.

. -

; - . -

, ; - -

23.

-

. ,

. ,

,

. , -

; , .

, . -

.

, -

, ,

, , -

-

. , , -

, .

, -

, -

, .

-, -

, -

. , , , -

, , -

Abraham Maslow, Toward a Psychology of Being, 2d ed (Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1968), andMotivation and Personality (New York. Harper & Row, 1970).

"1 I

. -

, . , -

,

, .

-,

. , - ,

.

- - , -

, -

, -

.

, ,

. - -

, ,

,

-

.

-, , -

. -

, -

,

, -

.

-

. -

, -

.

-

.

. ,

, ,

.

I I . ,

. -

.

. -

, ,

,

.

1. ,

. -

,

, .

, -

.

-

. -

: , - .

, -

24. -

, -

, -

.

, - -

.

.

. ,

, , -

; ,

. ,

, , -

.

, . - , -

. , , -

, .

. -

, ? -- .

? , - , ,

2 J. S. Mill, Utilitarianism (1863; reprint New York: E. P. Dutton, 1914); J. J. Smart and Bernard

Williams, Utilitarianism: For and Against (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1973); AmartyaSen and Bernard Williams, eds. .Utilitarianism and Beyond (New York: Cambridge University Press,1984).

~\ 4 4 I

? , - - , -

. ,

, . -

,

.

: , .

,

. -

, , -

, - . -

, , -

, - -

.

, -

.

-

.

, -

. -

- , -

, -

. - ,

, -

. ,

, 25

.

,

, , -

, -

, .

, -

.

,

. -

. , -

, -

. , ,

,

IS William Frankena, Ethics, 2d ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hal 1,1971).

I 4

, ,

, .

. . -

, - , -

, . -

, , ,

., -

, ( . deon - , ). ,

,

. ,

- -

, . -

, -

. , -

,

. , -

, , , . -

,

; -

26.

, ,

, , . -

-

. -

.

.

. ,

, -

. -

. , , -

.

, . -

, .

, 27

.

, -

(, -) .

i 6 . Frankena, Ethics, chap 2.

27 W. D. Ross, The Right and the Good (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1930).

"I I

- , .

-

,

. , -

, ; , .

, ,

(, -). - ( , - ). , -

.

( - - , -

), , .

2. ,

. ,

.

( ) . -

-

. -

,

-

. ,

,

18.

.

-

, -

. -

, -

, . -

-

, , -, , -

,

2 8 Nicholas Rescher, Distributive Justice (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1966); Hugo Bedau, ed.,

Justice and Equality (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1971).

I 4 /

29.

.

, ,

-

. -

,

, .

, ?

? , -

, .

, - -

,

( , - ), . , - , -

; - .

, -

. - -

-, . , -

, -

, ; - -

, .

,

; , . -

, , -

,

, , 30

.

.

,

. , . -

, -

, ,

-

29 Arthur Okun, Equality and Efficiency (Washington, DC: Brookings Institute, 1975).

30 John McHale and Magda McHale, basic Human Needs (Houston: University of Houston

Press, 1977).

I I

. -

. , ,

, , .

,

:

1. - ,

.

2. : ) - , , ) - ,

31.

, -

(-, , ) . - , ,

, -

, . ,

, , - -

. ,

, , -

, , . -

, -

.

, ,

, , -

, , .

-

. - ( ) - , . , -

.

, ,

.

,

. -

, , ,

. ,

.

, -

3 1 John Rawls, A Theory of Justice, p. 83.

I I

32. -

, . ,

, -

, , -

:

33.

, ,

.

, -

? , , -

? -,

.

- , -

, ,

.

( , -), , , . .

3. ,

.

, -

. , -

, .

: z. , . -

,

, 34

.

- :

. -

*

* . - . .

3 2 Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (New York: Basic Books, 1974).

3 3 Brian Barry, The Liberal Theory of Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973); Norman

Daniels, ed., Reading Row/s: Critical Studies in a Theory of Justice (New York: Basic Books, 1974). . Charles R. Beitz, Political Theory and International Relations (Princeton: Princeton Uni-versity Press, 1979).3 4

Joel Feinberg, Social Philosophy (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1973), chap. 1; P. H.Partridge, Freedom, Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Paul Edwards.

7 7 I

.

-

.

-

,

-

. , , ,

, .

- ,

. -

. , -

.

- . -

- . -

, -

. - , -

- . -

- ,

.

. -

-

; .

, .

, -

.

. - -

, , -

, .

-

, (- ), - , ( ).

,

. -

, , -

. , -

-

,

. -

, -

,

, . - ,

- ,

. ,

90- , .

,

, ,

-

. , , -

-

. -

,

, .

, , -

,

, .

1. . -

. -

,

, ,

-

. -

-

.

,

,

.

. , , -

-

, ,

-

- , , ,

, , , -

. . -

, , -

, ,

. -

"1 I

, -

,

.

.

2. . -,

.

. ,

, , -, -

. ,

.

,

, , -

. -

, ,

, ,

. ,

.

3. , . , -

, , -

, , , -

,

. -

.

-

, , . ,

; - ,

-

. -

-

. -

. -

.

. -

, -

, .

, -

.

I 1

: , .

, -

, . -

(, , - ). - , ,

. , -

- ,

.

III. , -

, -

, . -

- ,

- , -

. . -

-

,

.

, -

, ,

, . , , ,

, ; : , , , , , ( 7:19). , , - ,

. -

, , -

. -

; - .

1. - -

.

, .

-

; - ; -. , -

- -

, ,

"541

60- . .

, -

35.

. -

, -

, , . -

, , -

.

, , -

.

: - , - , .

(, , -) (, -). . , -

-

36.

, ,

. ,

, -

. ,

, , . ,

, ,

, , .

, , ,

, , -

. , -

, . (-, ,

.) - , - ,

. ,

, -

. , -

-

, , -

35 . Richard Niebuhr, The Responsible Se/f (NewYork: Harper & Row, 1963); Edward L Long.ASurvey of Cnnsban Ethics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), chaps. 3-10, and A Survey ofRecent Christian Ethics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), chaps, 1-3.3 6

Alasdair Maclntyre, After Virtue, 2d ed. (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1984);Stanley Hauerwas, Chorocter and the Christian Life (San Antonio:Trinity University Press, 197S).

|

,- ,

, 37

.

- .

, -

.

, . -

. ,

. -

, , -

( , ). , -

, . -

, -

, . ,

, . ,

-

, - -

. , -

, -

. -

, -

- , -

, .

.

,

. , -

, - . ,

- , .

, ( ) - . , .

-

.

-

. , , -

, .

, , -

, -

38.

37 George F. Thomas, Christian Ethics and Moral Philosophy (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons,

1955), chaps. 20-22; L Harold DeWolf, Responsible Freedom: Guidelines for Christian Action(New:Harper & Row, 1971);Roger Shinn, Forced Options, 3d ed. (Cleveland:Pilgrim Press, 1991).3 8

Paul Lehmann, Ethics in a Christian Context (New York: Harper & Row, 1963), and The Trans-figuration of Politics (New York: Harper & Row, 1975).

"I I

,

.

, , -

.

,

.

-

. , -

, . ,

-

.

, , -

. , - , -

,

. , -

. , -

.

,

39.

,

, , ,

, -

. -

. -

. , -

.

, ,

-

, ,

-

.

.

, -

-

,

-

. -

-

. -

, .

3' . Richard Niebuhr, The Responsible Self; see also James Gustafson, Ethics in a TheocentricPerspective, vol. 2 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984).

\/

,

, , -

. , -

,

, .

,

. -

, , , -

. -

, -

,

, .

2. , , -

.

, , ,

.

, ,

, .

,

.

1. , -

. -

. -

- . -

. - ,

,

, . , ... ,

; , ... ( 25:35-36). -

, ( 10:33-35). , : -

.

.

, .

---

-

. , - , -

( -

I _>0 \

, , . .). ,

.

, ,

. ,

,

,

-

, .

2. ,

, : ...

( 3:19). - , . [] , - , ( 20:9-10). - . -

,

(1 4:11)40. -

, -

, . -

,

. -

, - -

. , , -

. ,

, , -

41

. -

, -

, , -

. -

.

-

,

.

, -

* Alan Richardson, The Bib/ico/ Doctrine of Work (London: SCM Press, 1952).^ Martin Luther, Works (Frankfurt am Main: Erianger, 1862-85) 5:100.

I J 7

- , -

. XX

, -

. , II -

42.

, ,

, . -

,

-

43.

, -

, .

, -

. , - ,

. ,

; - , .

, -

-

,

. , -

, -

, , -

. ,

,

- -

.

3. , , , -

, -

. , -

, : ... [ ] ( 28:11). -, , -

. :

... , ,

,

42 John Paul II, Laborem Exercens, Origins 11 (Sept 24,1981): 226-244.

*3 ., , Paul Abrecht, ed., Faith and Science in an UnjustWorld, vol. 2 (Geneva: Wor ld

Council of Churches, 1980), chap. 7; Howard Davis and David Gosling, W/7/ the Future Work?(Geneva: World Council of Churches, 1985).

~ ~ | 6 U I

, , : ', , ,

. ( 30:8-9)...

, -

: -! ( 10:23). , , , ( 12:34). 19 , (1 6:10). , - ,

. -

, -

-

.

. -

; . - -

. ; - ,

. - , -

- . -

-

. ; - , , -

. -

.

-

. , -

. ,

. , -

.

, -

, .

, -

, . -

(, - -

). -

.

, .

-

I I 61

, . -

, ,

, . -

, -

. ,

, -

. ,

, -

.

-

. -

, -

. ; .

, -

, . -

,

. - ,

-

. - ,

: , -

, .

, ,

,

. -

, , ,

,

.

-

. ,

, -

- , ,

, , . -

,

.

-

, .

3. -

. , -

, , , ; -

1 I

,

44.

1. , .

. -

: : ,

( 6:8). , - :

,

- .

, , ...

, , , - ! ( 2:67; 5:24).

- , -

. -

-

. ,

- . -

,

. , -

, , -

.

- . -

, -

. : ; , , -

, , ( 4:18). , , ,

, -

, , ,

. -

-

, ,

45. -

.

4 4 , ,

. Bruce Birch and Larry Rasmussen, The Predicament of the Prosperous (Philadelphia:WestminsterPress, 1978); DavidYoung, The Speed of Lave.'An Exploration of Faithfulness in a Technological World(New York: Friendship Press, 1986); and Robert Stivers, Hunger, Technology &' Limits to Growth(Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1984).4 5

Reinhold Niebuhr, An Interpretation of Christian Ethics (New York: Harper &: Brothers, 1935),chap. 6; George Thomas, Christian Ethics and Moral Philosophy, chap. 11.

. I I 0-3

.

, , -

.

, 6 % 3 %

46. -

, -

, , .

. , -

, , , , -

.

2. , , -

- .

-, .

, , -

. -

, ,

.

; - -

, .

.

-

.

, -

. , , ,

, -

. , ( 5:1),

, ,

. -

. -

, -

,

. , -

; -. -

,

XVIII - .

^ Estimation of Human and Financial Resources Devoted to R & D at the World and RegionalLevel, UNESCO Publication CSR-S-7,1979.

~~~\ 6 4 I

-

.

, .

.

, -

. -

,

.

-

. , -

, , -

, *.

-

. -

, ; ,

,

. :

, -

47

.

, -

.

. ,

,

- -

- , . -

-

, , -

- .

3. ,

, . ,

. ( ) , .

( , -, , .) -

.

* -, , ,

() , . - . .4 7

Reinhold Niebuhr, The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness (New York: CharlesScribner's Sons, 1944), p. xi.

I

, . -

, - -

, -

.

() .

, ,

.

. -

,

.

-

, ,

,

.

, -

-

.

- - ,

,

. -

,

.

,

-

-

. XX , - - , .

-

,

-

. -

,

,

. -

, -

*.

* ,

. - . .

4 8 Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, trans. Talcot: Parsons (1930;

: New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1958); R. H. Tawney, Religion and the Rise ofCapitalism (New York: Harcourt Brace 8c Co., 1926).

"!

, -

, .

, -

.

- , -

, , -

. 1970- , - ,

. , -

,

'". , -

-

. -

.

.

, -

. ,

.

, -

,

, -

. -

, -

. -

, ,

- -

, , -

.

, -

,

.

-

(), . ; -, ,

. , ;

,

*' Donella H. Meadows, et aL, The limits to Growth (New York: Universe, 1972).

^ 6/

. , ,

.

, (UNDP), - , -

: ( - ), .

19- , 5 0. -

- -

,

, -

51.

, -

52.

: -? ? , .

4.

,

,

.

-,

53. -

. - ,

, .

.

.

, -

. -

,

. ,

50 United Nations Development Program, Human Development Report 1990 (Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 1990).51

Alan Durning,Ending Poverty,in State oftheWorld 1990, ed.Lester Brown (NewYork:W.W.Norton, 1990), p. 151.52

Herman E. Daly and John B. Cobb, jr., For the Common Good: Redirecting the EconomyToward theCommunity, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future (Boston: Beacon Press, 1989). . Yusuf Ahmad et al., eds., Environmental Accounting for Sustainable Development (Washington, DC:World Bank, 1989); David Pearce et al., Blueprint for a Green Economy (London: EarthscanPublications, 1989).53 C M . Barbour, Religion in an Age of Science, pp. 204-209.

"] I

. -

, -

.

, -

. -

. ,

. , , -

. - -

, -

, -

. ,

, -

, , -

, .

-, - -

.

,

. -

,

, . -

.

, -

-

.

.

.

: - , -

. -

-

,

. -

,

.

.

, -

. ,

, ,

,

. , , -

I

, .

-

, .

-

. ,

, ,

, -

, ,

. -

, , -

, ,

. ,

.

,

, - -

. , -

, -

, -

. .

, -

. , , -

. -

. -

, -

.

. -

.

.

, .

, ,

. ,

. -

, . ,

, . -

. , , -

. ,

, -

,

.

IV. , -

,

,

~^] / U I

. ,

. ,

. -

, -

, .

,

, -

-

. , ,

. -

, ,

. -

.

, ,

,

. -

, -

, .

, ,

-

-

.

, , -

. -

; - . ,

-

, -

. -

-

. ; , .

, -

, , -

, .

, ,

.

1

,

.

- -

- .

7

-

, -

- .

3

, .

, .

, -

? , .

. - -

, -

. , ,

.

1 Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac (New York: Oxford University Press, 1949), p. 25.

2 John Passmore, Man's Responsibility for Nature (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1974), p. 187.

3 Lynn White, Jr., The Historic Roots of our Ecologic Crisis, Science 155 (1967): 1206.

~ 7 2 i

I. -

, . -

, -

. -

, -

, *.

1. , -

, , XVII XVIII . , , -

. , -

, -

, . - ,

,

, 4.

,

. , , -

, . -

. .

, - , ; - , -

, ,

. , - ,

. ,

- , - . -

, .

-

, -

5.

XIX , .

* ,

, .. ,

. -

environmental , , ,

. - . .

4 J. Dijksterhuis, The Mechanization of the World Picture (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961).5 . William Leiss, The Domination of Nature (New York: George Braziller, 1972)

I -.- /5

.

-

.

, .

, -

, , ,

. , -

, -

, -

, - .

, . -

XVIII - XIX , -

. , -

, , -

. - , ,

. -

, . -

, . -

, ; , -. -

, . , -

, 6.

-

. -

, , ; , . , -

, ,

.

, ,

, -

; . (-, , ), , - . , -

7.

6 Marjone Nicolson, Mountain Gloom and Mountain Glory (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1959);

Hans Huth, Nature and the American (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press,1957), chap. 3.7 Henry David Thoreau, Wo/den (1854; reprint, New York: W.W. Norton, 1951); Roderick Nash,

Wilderness and the American Mind, 3d ed. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), chap. 5.

"I I

-

. ,

: - , - , - - , - , - .

-

, - . -

, , -

. , -

, , -

. ,

; , -. , -

, , 8.

, XIX XX , . -

, -

, . ,

,

.

, - ,

. ,

- .

, , ,

. -

, .

, -

. , -

- -

-

.

-

.

,

, - . -

,

.

, .

8 Carolyn Merchant, The Deoth of Nature: Worn en, Ecology, and the Scientific Revolution (New York:

Harper & Row, 1979); Susan Griffin, Woman and Nature (NewYork: Harper & Row, 1978); KarenWarren, Feminism and Ecology: Making Connections, Environmental Ethics 9 (1987): 320;Judith Plant, ed., Healing the Wounds:Tbe Promise of Ecofeminism (Santa Cruz, CA: New Society,1989).

^~ I /

(1962) -

. 1970- , , , -

, , .

9.

XX 10:1. .

() . , , -

,

. -

: - .

2. . -, . -

, -

, ,

. , , ,

.

- , -

.

3. . - -, . -

-

. -

( - ). - - ,

, -

, .

4. . - , -

. ,

, -

.

9 Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1962); Carroll Pursell, ed.. From

Conservation to Ecology.The Development of Environmental Concern (New York: T.Y. Crowell, 1973);Samuel Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987).10 G.Tyler Miller, Living in the Environment, 4th ed. (Belmont, CA:Wadsworth, 1985); Charles H.Southwick, Global Ecology (Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 1985); Eugene Odum, TheEmergence of Ecology as a New Integrative Discipline, Science 195 (1977): 1289-1293.

1 I

; , , .

, -

.

, -

. -

,

, , .

.

. -

, -

11. -

, , -

( ). , -

. ,

(. ), - ,

, .

2. , -

1949 ., . ,

, -

.

.

, , -

, . - -

,

. -

, , - . -

, ,

, ,

.

,

, , -

-

1 1 Donella . Meadows et al.,The Limits to Growth (NewYork: Universe, 1972); Edward Goldsmith

et al., Blueprint for Survival (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972).

I -jn / /

. , . -

, -

. :

-

. ,

( ... ) , - , .

12.

-

, .

. ,

- ,

, - .

-

, . , - ,

, , -

13

. ,

, - ,

. , -

-, . -

,

,

, . ,

- , -

, - , .

, -

, -

. , -

, . -

, , -

. ,

. , -

, ? - -

! , - .

, 14

.

12 Aldo Leopold, Sand County Almanac, pp. 224-225.

1^ .

Holmes Rolston III. Is There an Ecological Ethic? Ethics 85 (1975): 93-109. Cf. HolmesRolston III, Environmental Ethics: Duties to and Values in the Natural World (Philadelphia: TempleUniversity Press, 1988), p 232.

1 I

.

, , -

- *. , ,

, , . -

-

, , , , -

15

. , ,

.

, : , -

, -

. ,

, , ,

, . -

, .

, , , -

16

.

.

( ) . ,

, -

...17

. ,

, , -

.

, . , ,

, -

-

, .

, -

.

* nonsentient (, ), sentientce . , ( ) sentientce , . . ,

, ,

, . - . .

1 5 J. Baird Callicott, Animal Liberation: A Triangular Affair, Environmental Ethics 2 (1980): 319.

16 J. Baird Callicott, Hume's Is/Ought Dichotomy and the Relation of Ecology to Leopold'sLand Ethic, Environmental Ethics 4 (1982): 174. . Animal Liberation1 7

Bill Devall and George Sessions, Deep Ecology (Salt Lake City: Peregrine Smith Books, 1985),p. 67

I - ,

/ 7

,

18. -

: - . -

- , ,

? , -, -

19. -

, -

. , -

-

, , , - --

20. , ,

,

,

, -

. ,

21.

, , -

,

22. -

,

.

, , -

. , ,

-, -

, -

, 23

.

, , -

- -

. , -

1" Robin Attfield, The Ethics of Environmental Concern (New York: Columbia University Press,

1983)19

J. Baird Callicott, Conceptual Foundations of the Land Ethic, in Companion to A Sand CountyAlmanac, ed Calhcott (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987).20

Don Marietta, Ethical Holism and Individuals, Environmental Ethics 10 (1988): 251-258.21

Arne Naess, The Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movement, Inquiry 16(1973): 95-100; A Defence of the Deep Ecology Movement, Environmental Ethics 6 (1984):265-270.22

CM. Barbour, Religion in an Age of Science, chap. 723

CM. Eric Katz, Organism, Community, and the Substitution Problem, Environmental Ethics7 (1985): 241-256.

- 1 o U I

, . ,

. ,

- , , ,

. ,

, , -

. , -

, -

.

II. ,

,

, .

, , -

,

, . ,

,

, .

? - , -

.

1 . ,

, ,

, .

-

, -

. ,

. , , , -

. -

, .

, -

, -

. , -

. -

, , , , -

. -

. -

-

: ,

24

. , -

- -

. , ,

. , -

,

,

-

25.

, ,

.

. -

, ,

. ,

,

. , , -

, .

, -

, -

.

,

, . -

- -

, , .. -

, , -

. - .

, XIX ( , - ), .

, , -

,

26.

- -

.

,

. -

24 Passmore, Man's Responsibility for Nature.

25 William Frankena, Ethics and the Environment, in Ethics and Problems of the 21st Century, ed.

. . Sayre and . . Goodpaster (Notre Dame: University ofNotre Dame Press, 1979).Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, chaps. 3, 4, 5, and 8; Holmes Rolston,

Environmental Ethics, chap. 1; Max Oelschlaeger, The Idea of Wilderness: From Prehistory to the AgeEcology (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991).

~

/. I

- ,

, . ,

, -

- , -

. , ,

27. -

,

, , -

, .

, -

..

,

. -

.

, -

-

. , -

, ; , . -

- ,

28

. ,

-*

, -

29.

- -

. - ,

, -

. -

,

,

.

, ,

. -

* - (Sierra Club), , -, (sierra , , ). . .2 7

Mark Sagoff, On Preserving the Natural Environment, Yale Law Journal 84 (1974): 205-267, and The Economy of the Earth: Philosophy, Law, and the Environment (Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1988).2 8

Sigurd Olson,The Spiritual Significance of Wilderness, in Voices for the Wilderness, ed. WilliamSchwarz (New York: Ballantine, 1969); Linda Graber, Wilderness as Sacred Space (Washington,DC: Association of American Geographers, 1976).2 9

Kent Gill, Preservation and Recreation, Sierra Club Bulletin 60 (Feb. 1975): 15.

I O J

, ,

(. ). - . , -

, -

, ? , - ,

30.

, ,

. ,

. -

, ,

.

, ,

, -

, ,

.

2 .

.

, ,

. ,

. 10 -

, .

-

. -

? -

. -

,

,

, 31

.

, . . , ,

, -

(, ), 30

William Godfrey-Smith, The Value of Wilderness, Environmental Ethics 1 (1979): 309-319;David Ehrenfeld, The Conservation of Non-Resources, American Scientist 64. (1976): 648-656. , , , .3 1

. John Black, The Dom/non of Man (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1970), chap. 8.

4 I

, . -

( ),

32.

, 7. -

, -

.

, -

; , . , -

,

. ,

, -

,

,

33.

,

. ,

, , .

, -

. , 100 -, 50 , 7 % . - , . -

,

, -

. . -

,

.

, -

. ,

-

, , -

. -

.

, .

, -

. ,

32 J. J. . Smart and Bernard Williams, Utilitarianism: For and Against (New York: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1973), pp. 62-67.3 3

Martin Golding, Obligations to Future Generations, MonistSf) (1972): 85; R. J. Sikora andBrian Barry, eds.. Obligations to Future Generations (Philadelphia:Temple University Press, 1978);Ernest Partridge, ed., Responsibilities to Future Generations (Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1981).

I O J

, -

. , -

, -

( , - ,

-

)34. , -

. -

,

, 35

.

, , ? , ,

. , -

,

, , -

.

, ,

,

36.

-

.

, - , , ,

, -

. - -

, , , -

, , .

,

, .

. ( , ) , , -

,

.

34 Peter Wenz, Ethics, Energy Policy and Future Generations, Environmental Ethics 5 (1983):

195-210; Derek Parfit, Energy Policy, and the Further Future: The Social Discount Rate, inEnergy and the Future, ed. Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown (Totowa, NJ: Rowman andLittlefield, 1983).35

John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971); Ronald Green,Intergenerational Distributive Justice and Environmental Responsibility, Bioscience 27 (1977):260-265; D. Clayton Hubin, Justice and Future Generations, Philosophy and Public Affairs 6(1976): 70-83.36

R. Routley andV. Routley, Nuclear Energy and Obligations to the Future, Inquiry 21 (1978):133-179.

:~]

( ) (- , ),

37.

, -

, -

, ,

. ,

- , ., ,

, -

,

. -

,

. ,

. -

, -

, - 38

.

1970 . -, . -

,

,

. 1900 1970 . ( ) -. 70- 80- , -, .-

- .

,

,

-

. -

-

. , 90 % - 10 % - , ,

, 39

.

, ,

. -, -

3 7 . Williams, Discounting versus Maximum Sustainable Yield, in Obligations to Future

Generations, ed Sikora and Barry.

38 Brian Barry, Intergenerational Justice in Energy Policy, in Energy and the future, ed MacLeanand Brown. . Attfield, Ethics of" Environmental Concern, chap. 10.3 9

Talbot Page, Conservotion and Economic Efficiency (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,1977), chap.9.

, .

-, ( ), -. ,

, - -

, , , -

, -

, .

, -

. , -

.

. ,

-

,

. -

, -

, , -

, . -

, -

, , -

, ,

40. , ,

, , -

.

-

, ,

. -

, -

, . -

; , . -

*,

.

3. , -

? - , , -

? - , ?

* ,

(, , . .). - . 4 0

Brian Barry, Intergenerational Justice, in Energy and the Future, ed. MacLean and B r o w n -

8 7

~~| 0 0 I

, -

?, ,

, , -

, . -

-

,

. ,

, -

.

,

, . -

, , -

,

. XIX .

,

''1.

. -

. ,

, -

( - ). , - , , -

. , -

, -

( , - )42. , , - . -

, , ,

, .

-

. -

,

. -

, , -

. 1985 .

4 1 Smart and Williams, Utilitarianism, p 67 .Tom Regan and Peter

Singer, eds, Animals Rights and Human Obligations (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1976);TomRegan, The Cose for Animal Rights (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1983)n Peter Singer, Animal Liberation (New York: New York Review, 1975).

[ ^ 07

, -

, -

-

.

, -

.

,

(, , - -

) , , -

43.

-

, .

. , -

, ,

. , -

, ,

. -

44

. ,

.

, ,

, -

45. -

, ,

. -

, -

. , ,

, 46

.

,

, ,

, .

,

,

?

43 Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Alternatives toAnimal Use in Research, Testing,

and Education (Washington, DC: GPO, 1986); Committee on the Use of Laboratory Animals inBiomedical and Behavioral Research, Use of Laboratory Animals in Biochemical and BehavioralResearch (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1988).44

Kenneth Goodpaster, On Being Morally Considerable, Journal of Philosophy 75 (1978):308-325.4 5

Donald Scherer, Anthropocentrism, Atomism, and Environmental Ethics, EnvironmentalEthics 4 (1982): 15-24.4' Attfield, Ethics of Environmental Concern.

I V U I

, -

, .

-

. -

, ,

, -

, . -

, ,

- , .

, - ,

47.

, -

. -

.

. -

,

, .

,

. -

, ; , .

-

. , -

, . ,

, -

. ,

-

. ,

, 48

.

-

, ,

. - , ,

. -

, ,

. -

,

. ,

, - .

47 . 8 Barbour, Religion in on Age of

Science.48 John B. Cobb.Jr., /s /tToo Late? (Beverly Hills: Bruce, 1972) John B. Cobb.Jr., and David Griffin,Process Theology (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1976), chap. 9; John B. Cobb, Jr., ProcessTheology and Environmental Issues, Journal of Religion 60 (1980): 440-458.

I

| I 7 I

-

.

, ,

. ( - , -

, .) ,

49.

-

, , ,

. ,

, , -

.

, . , -

,

. ,

,

50

. ,

-

51.

, ,

. ,

. -

, -

, , -

, , . -

, ,

. ,

,

, .

III. ,

.

. . , ,

*" Charles Birch and John B. Cobb, Jr, The Liberation of Lift (Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress, 1981), chap. 5, Daniel Dombrowski, Hartshorne and the Metaphysics of Animal Rights (Al-bany: State University of New York Press, 1988).50

Susan Armstrong-Buck,Whitehead's Metaphysical System as a Foundation for EnvironmentalEthics, Environmental Ethics 8 (1986): 241-269.51

Jay McDamel, Christian Spirituality as Openness to Fellow Creatures, Environmental Ethics8 (1986) 3346, and Of God and Pe^cans.ATheology of Reverence for Life (Louisville: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1989)

"1 I

.

1. -