بسم الله الحمن الرحيم
description
Transcript of بسم الله الحمن الرحيم
![Page 1: بسم الله الحمن الرحيم](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051622/56815051550346895dbe517b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
بسم الله الحمن الرحيم
Biodiesel From Edible & Inedible Biodiesel From Edible & Inedible OilsOils
( 2( 2nd nd Biofuel Generation ) Biofuel Generation )
Presented byPresented by
Prof. Dr. Abdel-Rahman Saleh Ferwanah
Chemistry Department
Faculty of Science
Al-Azhar University-Gaza
2010
![Page 2: بسم الله الحمن الرحيم](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051622/56815051550346895dbe517b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Palm oil Coconut OilBabassu Oil Rapeseed OilSoybeans OilsSunflower OilCotton Seed Oil
1-Edible Oils such as:1-Edible Oils such as:
2-Inedible Oils such as:2-Inedible Oils such as:Jatropha OilCamelina OilAlgae Oil
![Page 3: بسم الله الحمن الرحيم](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051622/56815051550346895dbe517b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Palm Oil Plantation
![Page 4: بسم الله الحمن الرحيم](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051622/56815051550346895dbe517b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Palm Oil Trees & Seeds
![Page 5: بسم الله الحمن الرحيم](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051622/56815051550346895dbe517b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5Palm oil from Ghana with its natural dark colour visible, 2 litres
Palm oil block showing the lighter colour that results from boiling
Palm Oil & Oil Block
![Page 6: بسم الله الحمن الرحيم](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051622/56815051550346895dbe517b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Coconut Trees & Fruits
![Page 7: بسم الله الحمن الرحيم](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051622/56815051550346895dbe517b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
BabassuTrees & Fruits
![Page 8: بسم الله الحمن الرحيم](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051622/56815051550346895dbe517b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Rapeseed Plant, Plantation & Seeds
![Page 9: بسم الله الحمن الرحيم](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051622/56815051550346895dbe517b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Soybeans Plant, Plntation & Seeds
![Page 10: بسم الله الحمن الرحيم](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051622/56815051550346895dbe517b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Oasis in the desert: Jatropha cultivation can halt soil erosion, increase water storage in the soil and transform barren expanses into lush, productive land.
Jatropha Trees & Seeds
D.Fairless ,Nature 2007 , 449,652-655
![Page 11: بسم الله الحمن الرحيم](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051622/56815051550346895dbe517b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Pushpito Ghosh tops up a vehicle that has covered 48,000 kilometres powered only by jatropha biodiesel.
D.Fairless ,Nature 2007 , 449,652-655
![Page 12: بسم الله الحمن الرحيم](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051622/56815051550346895dbe517b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Jatropha Trees & Seeds
![Page 13: بسم الله الحمن الرحيم](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051622/56815051550346895dbe517b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Drip Irrigation of Jatropha
![Page 14: بسم الله الحمن الرحيم](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051622/56815051550346895dbe517b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Grow even on marginal/saline/acidic/alkaline soils and slopy lands.
Develop without much care and irrigation.
Suit even dry-land farming and survive drought.
Provide live hedge for farms to arrest the menace of stray cattle.
Generate rural employment for cultivation, seed collection and processing.
Need hardly any application of pesticide.
Generate net income for 35-40
Improve soil fertility throughout their life-cycle.
Provide fuel wood after 50 years’ life-span.
Possess medicinal as well as other multiple uses.
Create green cover for long term ecological benefits.
Enhance energy security for the country (biodiesel)
The cogent reasons for cultivation of Jatropha
![Page 15: بسم الله الحمن الرحيم](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051622/56815051550346895dbe517b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Camelina Plant, Plantation & Seeds
![Page 16: بسم الله الحمن الرحيم](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051622/56815051550346895dbe517b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Algae Ponds & Photosynthetic Reactors
Natural Algae Pond
![Page 17: بسم الله الحمن الرحيم](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051622/56815051550346895dbe517b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Algal fuel growing in open ponds in Israel
Artificial Algae Ponds
![Page 18: بسم الله الحمن الرحيم](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051622/56815051550346895dbe517b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Algae Photosynthetic Reactors
![Page 19: بسم الله الحمن الرحيم](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051622/56815051550346895dbe517b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Algae Commercial Production
GreenFuel's high yield algae farms recycle carbon dioxide from flue gases to produce biofuels and feed, reducing net carbon dioxide production as waste becomes profit. Harvesting algae for biofuels enhances domestic fuel production while mitigating CO2.Why expensively sequester CO2 when it can be profitably recycled
![Page 20: بسم الله الحمن الرحيم](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051622/56815051550346895dbe517b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
C18:0C18:0C18:0
C18:1 - C16:0
- -
C16:0
C18:1C18:1 C16:0
Triglycerides
1,3-diglyceride
1-monoglyceride
Triglycerides
Glycerol Oleic Acid
Glycerides
A Zamora,Scientific Psychic, 2005
![Page 21: بسم الله الحمن الرحيم](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051622/56815051550346895dbe517b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
(note: g/m2/day is the harvest rate of the algae and % TAG is the percentage of triglycerides )
A chart showing various feedstocks and their potential oil yield per acre.
N. Hodge,Scientific Psychic, 2005
![Page 22: بسم الله الحمن الرحيم](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051622/56815051550346895dbe517b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Common Fatty Acids
A Zamora,Scientific Psychic, 2005
![Page 23: بسم الله الحمن الرحيم](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051622/56815051550346895dbe517b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Fatty acid composition of some common edible fats & oils
A Zamora,Scientific Psychic, 2005
![Page 24: بسم الله الحمن الرحيم](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051622/56815051550346895dbe517b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Transesterfication Vegetable Oils
U.Schuchardt, R. Sercheli, R. M. Vargas, J.Braz. Chem. Soc., 1998, 9(1), 199-210
![Page 25: بسم الله الحمن الرحيم](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051622/56815051550346895dbe517b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Mechanism of the base-catalyzed transesterification of vegetable oils
U.Schuchardt, R. Sercheli, R. M. Vargas, J.Braz. Chem. Soc., 1998, 9(1), 199-210
![Page 26: بسم الله الحمن الرحيم](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051622/56815051550346895dbe517b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
The following sonochemical effects can be observed in chemical reactions and processes:
increase in reaction speed,
increase in reaction output.
more efficient energy usage.
switching of reaction pathway,
performance improvement of PTC.
avoidance of phase transfer catalysts.
use of crude or technical reagents.
activation of metals and solids.
increase in the reactivity of reagents or catalysts.
Hielscher ultrasonic technology
Ultrasonic Reactor
Processing of Vegetable Oils Using Ultrasound
![Page 27: بسم الله الحمن الرحيم](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051622/56815051550346895dbe517b/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Biodiesel Conversion Using Ultasonication
![Page 28: بسم الله الحمن الرحيم](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051622/56815051550346895dbe517b/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Biodiesel Conversion Using Ultasonication (continuous
processing)
![Page 29: بسم الله الحمن الرحيم](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051622/56815051550346895dbe517b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Biodiesel Powered
Commercial Jet Flights
![Page 30: بسم الله الحمن الرحيم](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051622/56815051550346895dbe517b/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Virgin Airlines: First Biodiesel Test Flight
Feb. 25, 2008 Virgin Atlantic flew for 40 min. Boeing 747-400 from London to Amsterdam with one engine partially powered by palm oil (20% Coconut & Babassu) oils, & 80% regular jet fuel (kerocene).
Autopia from wired .com
![Page 31: بسم الله الحمن الرحيم](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051622/56815051550346895dbe517b/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Dece. 30, 2008 Air New Zealand, Boeing 747-400 burned a 50-50 blend of regular jet fuel and a bio-version made of jatropha -and the first jet to use biofuel refined from a non-food crop.
Green Gold in Shrub
SciAm.com
![Page 32: بسم الله الحمن الرحيم](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051622/56815051550346895dbe517b/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Jan. 07/2009 Continental jet 516-a two engiene Boing 737-800 took off today in Houston with one of its two engines powered by a 50-50 blend of jet biofuel (Jatphora & Algae) and petroleum-based kerosene completed two hours test flight.
U.S. Biofuel Flight Relies on Weeds and Pond Scum
SciAm.com
![Page 33: بسم الله الحمن الرحيم](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051622/56815051550346895dbe517b/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
JAL Flight Brings Aviation One Step Closer to Using Biofuel
Jan. 30, 2009, Japan Airlines demonstated successful biodiesel test flight using mainly camelina . JAL jet 747-300 used in the test flight 50% blend biodfuel and jet fuel A .It was also the first demo flight using acombinaion of three sustainable biofuels made of (84% camelina, 16% jatropha and less than 1% algae).
JCN: Japan Cooperate News
![Page 34: بسم الله الحمن الرحيم](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051622/56815051550346895dbe517b/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Acknowledgment
• I would like to thank:
• 1. Dr. Hany Farwanah for sending via e- mail over 30 research papers.
• 2. Dr. Mohammed Ferwanah for typing and organizing this lecture.