高三英语第二阶段复习的

目标、内容和教学方法研究南开大学附中 张少华

第一部分

第二阶段复习的指导思想、内容和目标

一 . 第二阶段复习的内容和目标

1. 内容： 1 ）巩固并扩大第一阶段词汇复习的成果，

继续扩充词汇量，落实相关词汇知识。 2 ）巩固第一阶段语法复习的成果，并不

断提高在语篇中的应用能力。 3 ）题型训练：完形填空 阅读理解 书面表达

2. 目标： 1 ）词汇目标 对一般同学的要求： ① 常用词在语篇中能熟练地做出反应 ② 《新课标》中的其他词，在语篇中结合上下文，

能准确地理解。 ③ 常见的构词法知识以及其他词汇知识在语篇中

能熟练地运用。 对英语成绩优秀的同学的要求： 除熟练掌握《新课标》中的全部单词外，要求见

一个，记一个。 2 ）把已经复习过的语法知识转化成在语篇中灵活

运用的能力。

3 ）培养学生的题型能力 ① 使学生了解各大题型的命题意图、要求

及特点。 ② 形成适合学生个人特点的解题能力和技

巧。 ③ 提高做题的速度和熟练程度。

二 . 第二阶段复习的指导思想 高考命题的基本思路是在语篇中考查学生运

用英语的能力。影响学生在语篇中运用英语能力的因素主要有：

词汇 1. 语言因素 语法

2. 逻辑思维能力

根据近几年高考命题的趋势，逻辑思维能力的考查力度似乎有减少的迹象。

在教学实践中，影响大部分学生完形填空和阅读理解得分率的主要问题是“看不懂”或“看不准”——这仍然是语言因素造成的。

三 . 高考试题中词汇问题所涉及的具体内容 1. 词汇量的积累； 2.“ 一词多义”的问题； 3. 构词法的问题； 4. 介词的问题。

1. 词汇量的积累： 《新课标》在词汇量方面带来的影响： （ 1 ）量的增加给学生记忆带来的困难。 （ 2 ）词汇量的增加使得命题的约束减少，

尤其是完形填空和阅读理解篇目的选择，更是在很大程度上解除了枷锁。

关于词汇问题： 1. 充分认识词汇积累在学生题型能力形成过

程中的关键作用，下大工夫、调动一切教学手段，抓好词汇的积累。

2. 在语言的运用中巩固词汇复习的成果。 3. 无论什么复习内容，每节课都要有明确否

认词汇复习目标。

教学实例：（ 2010 年天津卷 完形填空）• Robert Moody, 52, is an experienced police officer. Much of his

work involves dealing with 16 an gang ( 团伙 )problems in the schools of his community. Knowing that many kids often 17 trouble, he decided to do something about it. So in 1991 he began to invite small groups of kids to go fishing with him on his day 18 .

• Those fun trips had a(n) 19 impact. A chance encounter in 2000 proved that. One day, 20 working security at a school basketball game, Moody noticed two young guys 21 .He sensed trouble between them. 22 one of them headed toward Moody and gave him a hug. “I 23 you. You took me 24 when I was in fifth grade. That was one of the 25 days of my life .”

• Deeply touched by the boy’s word, Moody decided to create a foundation （基金会） that 26 teenagers to the basics of fishing in camping programs. “As a policeman, I saw 27 there was violence, drugs were always behind it. They have a damaging 28 on the kids,” says Moody.

• By turning kids on to fishing, he 29 to present an alternative way of life, “When you’re sitting there waiting for a 30 ,”he says, “you can’t help but talk to each other, and such 31 can be pretty deep.”

• “Talking about drugs helped prepare me for the peer（同龄人） pressures in high school,” says Michelle, 17 who 32 the first program. “And I was able to help my little brother 33 drugs.”

• Moody faces 34 in three years, when he hopes to run the foundation full-time. “I’m living a happy life and I have a responsibility to my 35 to give back,” Moody says.” If I teach a kid to fish today, he can teach his brother to fish tomorrow.”

• 16. A. drinking B ． drug C ． security D ． smoking• 17. A. ran into B ． got over C ． left behind D ． looked into• 18. A ． ahead B ． away C ． off D ． out• 19. A ． immediate B ． damaging C ． limited D ． lasting• 20. A ． once B ． while C ． since D ． until• 21. A ． quarreling B ． complaining C ． talking D ． cheering• 22. A ． Slowly B ． Suddenly C ． Finally D ． Secretly• 23. A ． understand B ． hear C. see D ． remember • 24. A ． fishing B ． sailing C ． boating D. swimming ．• 25. A ． quietest B ． longest C ． best D ． busiest • 26. A ． connects B ． introduces C ． reduces D ． commits• 27. A ． where B ． unless C ． as D ． whether• 28. A ． impression B ． burden C ． decision D ． impact• 29. A ． asked B ． intended C ． pretended D ． agreed• 30. A ． solution B ． change C ． bite D ． surprise• 31. A ． concerns B ． interests C ． conversations D ． emotions• 32. A. participated in B. worked out C. approved of D. made up• 33. A. misuse B. avoid C. tolerate D. test• 34. A. unemployment B. challenge C. competition D. retirement• 35. A. team B. school C. family D. community

教学实例 (2009 年天津卷阅读理解 D 篇）： Next time a customer comes to your office, offer him a cup of coffee. And

when you’re doing your holiday shopping online, make sure you’re holding a large glass of iced tea. The physical sensation( 感觉 ) of warmth encourages emotional warmth, while a cold drink in hand prevents you from making unwise decisions—those are the practical lessons being drawn from recent research by psychologist John A. Bargh.

Psychologists have known that one person’s perception( 感知 ) of another’s “warmth” is a powerful determiner in social relationships. Judging someone to be either “warm” or “cold” is a primary consideration, even trumping evidence that a “cold” person may be more capable. Much of this is rooted in very early childhood experiences, Bargh argues, when babies’ conceptual sense of the world around them is shaped by physical sensations, particularly warmth and coldness. Classic studies by Harry Harlow, published in 1958, showed monkeys preferred to stay close to a cloth “mother” rather than one made of wire, even when the wire “mother” carried a food bottle. Harlow’s work and later studies have led psychologists to stress the need for warm physical contact from caregivers to help young children grow into healthy adults with normal social skills.

Feelings of “warmth” and “coldness” in social judgments appear to be universal. Although no worldwide study has been done, Bargh says that describing people as “warm” or “cold” is common to many cultures, and studies have found those perceptions influence judgment in dozens of countries.

To test the relationship between physical and psychological warmth, Bargh conducted an experiment which involved 41 college students. A research assistant who was unaware of the study’s hypotheses( 假设 ), handed the students either a hot cup of coffee, or a cold drink, to hold while the researcher filled out a short information form: The drink was then handed back. After that, the students were asked to rate the personality of “Person A” based on a particular description. Those who had briefly held the warm drink regarded Person A as warmer than those who had held the iced drink.

“We are grounded in our physical experiences even when we think abstractly,” says Bargh.

(2009 年天津卷阅读理解 D篇）

2. 高考试题中的“一词多义”的问题：

vt. 腾出、让出；节约、剩下

spare 多余的 (spare room)

adj. 业余的 (spare time)

备用的 (spare parts

• There was no point asking his parents, for he knew they had no money to spare.

• (2009 年北京卷，完形填空）• point: 用处• spare 动词； “节约、剩下：

• So she made it easy, placing cups in rooms where students could leave their spare coins……

• spare 形容词， “多余的”

• T. Bower designed a method for projecting an optical illusion （视觉影像） of a hanging ball. （ 2004 年高考试题北京卷， D 篇）

• project 动词，“发射，放映”。（用作动词重音在后面）

• 同样的情况在 2004 年的重庆卷中又出现了：

• Eight 13,500-watt projectors light the grand column of the fountain in the evening…… （ 2004 年高考试题重庆卷， A 篇）

• projector 名词， “发射器，放映机”。

更多的“一词多义”的例子：1 ） I remember how happy I was when I

saw the tray stand near the table.

stand: 架子、摊位 （ 2008 海南、宁夏、全国卷 完形填

空）2 ） In secret, she practiced Portia’s part,

memorizing the lines by repeating them over and over.

part: 角色 line: 台词

3 ） Tempers of both the tourists and the waiters had risen to meet the situation, making it a rather quarrelsome environment.

meet: 满足、对付 （ 2006 海南、宁夏、全国 II 完形填

空）4 ） I left Freda’s house that day, wondering

about the nature of my relationship with my clients.

nature: 本质、本性 （ 2006 辽宁卷 完形填空）

5 ） Several days later I received another postcard, this one delivering about Mabel’s cousin.

deliver: 陈述、发表 （ 2006 年全国卷 II, 完形填空）6 ） But Wilkin’s and Franklin’s relationship

was a lot rockier than the celebrated teamwork of Watson and Crick.

rocky: 动摇的 （ 2009 浙江卷， 阅读理解 B ）

7 ） Most governments and many organizations will not process written complaints if they do not bear the writer’s signature. The absence of a signature tells us that the writer cannot be too serious and therefore does not deserve a reply.

（ 2009 年江西卷，阅读理解 D 篇）

process: 对……起诉（处理）complaint: 原告；申诉bear: 提供

单选试题中的一词多义问题：例一：2007 年天津卷单选试题 :

14.The final score of the basketball match was 93-94.We were only ________ beaten.

A. nearly B. slightly

C. narrowly D. lightly

3. 高考试题中的构词法知识问题：1 ） Due in part to old inefficient batteries, Heli

os finished fourth---- out of four---- in its kind, the sun-powered class.

（ 2004 年全国卷 II, 阅读理解 C ）2 ） Every issue contains usable articles such as

“Style Lab”, in which wearable clothes are mixed and matched on non-models and the “Eat-right Road Map”, with tips on how to eat properly.

（ 2004 年全国卷 III, 阅读理解 D ）

3 ） Nowadays, the socialization of the child in the United States is a two-way transaction(事务） between parent and child rather than a one-way. (2008 年福建卷， 完形填空）

“ize” 动词后缀，“使 ······ 化”； “ ization”名词后缀 modernization globalization

4 ） People like parrots, always treating them as nothing more than pets or valuable “collectables” (2009 湖北卷，阅读理解 B)

此句中 collectables 的后缀阿扁 able 的意思是“适合 ······ 的”

5 ） Second, the U.S. and Europe should abandon their policies of paying partly for the change of food into biofuels. (2008 上海卷，阅读理解 B)

词素 bio 的意思为“生物”

6 ） It is possible that one good thing to arise from downturn will be a generation that’s financially wiser and better equipped to manage their money through times of economic uncertainty.

(2009 年山东卷，阅读理解 D)

4. 高考试题中的介词问题：1 ） 高考试题中的介词 against ： ①Against the flow of the new words, many Japa

nese are turning back to the study of their own language.

(2003 全国高考试题 ；阅读理解 D)

against ：“对照”

②She rested herself against a post close to the track.

(2009 年宁夏、海南、全国卷 I; 阅读理解 D)

against: “倚着、靠着”

2 ）高考试题中的介词 over ： ① An unusual story of human effect over the c

enturies, Fermat’s Last Theorem will delight specialists and readers alike.

（ 2003 年高考试题； 阅读理解 C 篇）

② Weeks passed and the excitement over the coming Christmas grew into restlessness until the last day of school before the holiday break.

(2009 年山东卷；完形填空） over: “ 在 ······ 期间”

③ We kicked over a log and the fish just came crowding out.

(2009 年全国卷 II; 完形填空） over: “翻转”

④ Further studies of the fish may tell how animals changed over time.

((2009 年宁夏、海南、全国卷 I; 阅读理解 C 篇 )

over: “跨越”

3 ）高考试题中的其他介词 ： ① During the trip, you can rest on the deck, e

njoying yourself in the games rooms and in evening dance to our musical team.

(2009 年宁夏、海南、全国卷 II; 阅读理解 D 篇 )

to: “ 合着” ② He had realized that the word: “One of six to eig

ht” under the first picture in the book connected the hare in some way to Katherine Aragon, the first Henry VIII’s six wives.

(2003 全国高考试题 ；阅读理解 D)

of : “ 在 ······ 中”

③ The next day Jenna went to see Mrs. Biden about being on the school newspaper.

(2008 年天津卷， 完形填空） on: “参加”； “是 ······ 的成员”

④ Upon its ringing everyone would run for their coats and go home.

(2009 年山东卷； 完形填空） upon = on = as soon as

四 . 关于语法知识在语篇中的应用问题： 1. 学生对语法知识的基本理解不等于能够

在语篇中灵活运用。实践证明，这两者之间存在很大的距离。培养学生在语篇中运用所学语法知识的能力，是第二阶段复习的重要目标之一。

2. 在语篇中所运用的语法知识有其独特的侧重点，不同于单选试题。

语篇中的语言结构知识问题主要有： 1 ）各类从句的运用 2 ）后置定语的问题 3 ）相关的句子成分被分割的问题 4 ）复杂的句子结构问题

1 ）各类从句的运用：（ 2010 年 四川卷，阅读理解 A 篇） I grew up in a house where the TV was seldom turned on an

d with one wall in my bedroom entirely lined with bookshelves, most of my childhood was spent on books I could get hold of. In fact, I grew up thinking of reading as natural as breathing and books unbelievably powerful in shaping perspectives (观点 ) by creating worlds we could step into, take part in ， and live in.

With this unshakable belief, I, at fourteen, decided to become a writer. Here too, reading became useful. Every writer starts off knowing that he has something to say, but being unable to find the right ways to say it. He has to find his own voice by reading widely and discovering which parts of the writers he agrees or disagrees with, or agrees with so strongly that it reshapes his own world. He cannot write without loving to read, because only through reading other people’s writing can one discover what works, what doesn’t and, in the end, together with lots of practice, what voice he has.

Now I am in college, and have come to realize how important it is to read fiction ( 文学作品 )． As a law student, my reading is in fact limited to subject matter—the volume ( 量 ) of what I have to read for classes every week means there is little time to read anything else. Such reading made it all the clearer to me that I live in a very small part in this great place called life. Reading fiction reminds me that there is life beyond my own. It allows me to travel across the high seas and along the Silk Road, all from the comfort of my own armchair, to experience, though secondhand, exciting experiences that I wouldn't necessarily be able to have in my lifetime.

2 ）后置定语的问题： And there is a growing need for new writers t

rained to create the $3billion worth of children’s books bought each year…plus stories and articles needed by over 650 publishers of magazines for children and teenagers.

(2009 年北京卷，阅读理解 B ）

3 ）相关的句子成分被分割的问题 Due in part to old, inefficient batteries, Helios f

inished fourth—out of four —in its kind, the sun-powered class.

（ 2004 年高考试题全国卷二， C篇）

You will find as you read the book that you just can’t keep some of these stories to yourself. You will share them with a friend.

(2005 年湖南卷单选试题）

They walked without an appointment into the outer office of Harvard’s president.

(2005 年福建卷， 完形填空）

4 ）复杂的句子结构问题 （一） Scientists have reported recently that the

world is heating up even faster than predicted only a few years ago, and that the consequences could be severe if we don’t keep reducing emissions(排放） of carbon dioxide(CO2)and other greenhouse gases that are trapping heat in our atmosphere.

(2009 年福建卷，阅读理解 E 篇） 注意：两个并列连词 and;

三个由 that引起的从句

复杂的句子结构问题 （二） FHWA spokesman Doug Hecox says reasons

for the change include an aging population that needs more time to cross, health-conscious Americans walking more, children encouraged to walk to prevent to getting overweight and high gas prices pushing people to walk instead of drive.

include后四个并列的宾语都带有各自的后置定语 ---- 并列和后置定语的问题交织在一起。

（ 2009 年四川卷，阅读理解 D 篇）

结论： 在语篇的理解中，语言因素是解决学生能

准确地“读懂”的问题；而“读懂”又是做对试题的基础。

因此，对高考几个主要题型的复习仍需不断提高词汇能力和语法知识运用能力。

然后，才是解决不但读懂了文章还要做对试题的问题。

第二部分

高考题型复习的教学研究

1. 完形填空题型研究 2. 阅读理解中的逻辑思维训练

3. 英语书面表达的教学要点

1. 完形填空题型研究

（一）　　　完形填空题型的基本特点及近年来的命题趋势 1 ）完形填空的试题意图。 2) 完形填空的试题特点。 3 ）近十年来各地高考命题的动向。

1) 完形填空的试题意图。2003 年版《高考试题说明》对完形填空的试

题意图做了明确的表述：

“ 考查考生在阅读理解的基础上对词汇知识的综合运用能力”。

完形填空意在考词汇。因此，只要词汇功夫差，就不可能有较高的正确率。

What was ___9___ to be a stopgap(权宜之计） trip turned into a new life. I kept travelling between London and here and felt ___10___than I had in months.

9. A. said B. prove

C. supposed D. judge

10. A. smarter B. higher

C. firmer D. lighter

Paul understood that and never ___14___ me.

14. A. left B. pushed

C. surprised D. interrupted

（ 2011 年，四川卷完形填空）

学生在这些题上容易出错误的根本原因， 是抓不住正确选项的意思：

be supposed to 应该、被认为 light 轻松地、愉快的 push 推动； 逼迫

完形填空考查词汇知识的典型例子： A young man was ready to graduate from

college. For many months he had ________ a beautiful sports car in the dealer’s showroom.

A. expected ( 学生误选） B. enjoyed

C. admired D. owned

（ 2009 年辽宁卷完形填空）

expect ：期待、期望； 预料、预计 admire ：钦佩、羡慕；想要、喜欢

2) 完形填空的思维特点

　虽然完形填空同听力、单选、阅读理解在形式上都是“四选一”，但解题时的思维方式截然不同：

①听力、单选、阅读理解中的绝大多数试题是“选对错”

② 完形填空的大部分试题是“选最佳”

3 ）近年来全国各地高考命题的动向

　①选用的短文边叙述边议论。　②叙述中频繁地插入心理活动的描写。　③少数省市选用说明文或议论文做完形填

空的素材。

建议：采用分类训练的方法，便于学生掌握各类体裁的不同特点。

（二）学生在完形填空中的常见错误 分析

1) 学生做题时没有整体理解的意识，思考问题的范围太窄，思维的焦点只局限在填空所在的句子，甚至只盯着填空的前后几个词。

Jenna, a popular girl from Westwood Middle School, had graduated first in herclass and was ready for new challenge in high school. However, high school was different. In the first week, Jenna went to tryouts( 选拔

赛 ) for cheerleaders( 拉拉队队员 ). She was competing against very talented girls, and she knew it would be difficult for her to be selected. Two hours later, the judge read a list of the girls for a second tryout. Her heart sank as the list ended without her name. Feeling ___6___, she walked home carrying her schoolbag full of homework. Arriving home, she started with math. She had always been a good math student, but now she was___7___. She moved on to English and history, and was relieved to find that she didn’t have any trouble with those subjects. Feeling better, she decided not to worry about math for the time being. The nest day Jenna went to see Mrs. Biden about being on the school newspaper. Mrs. Biden wasn’t as enthusiastic as Jenna. “I’m sorry, but we have enough writer for the newspaper already. Come back next year and we’ll talk then.” Jenna smiled weakly and left. “Why is high school so different?” she sighed. Later in math class, Jenna devoted herself to figuring out the problems that had given her so much trouble. By the end of class, she understood how to get them right. As she gathered her books, Jenna decided she’d continue to try to fit in at her new school. She wasn’t sure if she’d succeed, but she knew she had to try. High school was just as her mom had said: “You will feel like a small fish in a big pond instead of a big fish in a small pond. The challenge is to become the best fish you can be.”

6. A. strange B. happy

C. awful D. lonely （学生的错误选项）

要想得出正确的结论必须具备两个条件： ① 知道 awful 的意思是：令人不愉快的。 ② 理解全文的主旨大意： Jenna 到了新学校后，在新的环境和竞争中所遇到的挫折以及从不适应到逐渐适应的心里过程。

7. A. struggling B. improving

C. working D. complaining( 错误选项）

缺乏整体理解意识的教学实例（二） Alfred Nobel became a millionaire and chan

ged the way of mining, construction, and warfare as the inventor of dynamite(炸药 ).On April 12, 1888, Alfred’s brother Ludwig died of heart attack. A major French newspaper mistook his brother for him and carried an article announcing the death of Alfred Nobel. “The merchant of death is dead,” the article read. “Dr. Alfred Nobel, who became ___3___ by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before, died yesterday.” Nobel was upset

to find out not that he had died, but that, when his time was up, he would be thought of only as one who profited from death and destruction.

3. A. famous ( 学生错选） B. sick

C. rich D. pleased

分析： ① 文章引用报刊的话意在说明舆论对诺贝尔的看法——制造死亡的商人，并没有把他当作知名人士。

② 第一句： Alfred Nobel became a millionaire

2 ）由于解题方法不对导致的错误 尤其是文章后面的内容决定前面的选项时，最容易出现此类错误。

I was a single parent of four small children, working at a low-paid job. Money was always tight, but we had a ___1___ over our heads, food on the table, clothes on our backs, and if not a lot, always enough. (2008 年，辽宁卷）

A. roof B. hat

C. sky （学生误选） D. star

学生选 sky ，并认为“虽然生活不富裕，但头顶上依然有一片自己的蓝天。”

错误的原因分析：根本没有考虑后面的内容——用排比的方式表示在物质上尚且过得去。

3) 没有建立“最佳”的思维方式，在下结论前缺少比较的思维过程。

When I entered Berkeley, I hoped to earn a scholarship. Having been a Straight-A student, I believed I could take tough subjects and really learn something. One such course was World Literature given by Professor Jayne. I was extremely interested in the ideas he presented in class.

• When I took the first exam, I was shocked to find a 77, C-plus, on my test paper, for English was my best subject. I went to Professor Jayne, who listened to my arguments but remained unmoved.

• I decided to try harder, although I didn’t know what that meant because school had always been easy for me. I read the books more carefully, but got another 77. Again, I __ 42__ with Professor Jayne. Again, he listened patiently but wouldn’t change his mind .

• A. quarreled B. reasoned• C. bargained D. chatted

学生认为选择 quarrel 无可争议，而且前面还出现了 argument 。

错误分析： ① 不理解上述几个词的准确意思 argue: 争论、争辩 quarrel ：争吵 reason ： 理论（动词）；据理力争 ②缺少比较的思维过程，因此就没有最佳的意

识。

最佳思维的又一个例子： After that Christmas, David and I became good

friends and I never forgot the meaning__20___ behind the little empty box set on my desk.

A. from ( 学生误选） B. behind

C. over D. towards

（ 2009 年山东卷）

比较：来自小空盒的意义 小空盒背后的意义 最佳思维模式的关键，是培养学生建立

“比较”的思维过程。

4 ）帮助学生建立品味“主谓关系”和“动宾关系”合理性的语言思维逻辑。

完形填空的选项设计以实词为主， 20 个填空中的动词和名词通常占半数以上。

培养学生每遇动词或名词时养成品味“主谓关系”和“动宾关系”的思维习惯，认真考虑：

主谓搭配合理 动宾搭配合理

主谓关系搭配合理的教学实例（一） After five years of poor job, I fell in love with

a very nice middle-class girl. It was the best ___39___ that could have happened to me.

(2005 年安徽卷） A. support B. happiness

C. surprise D. thing

分析： 不仅要考虑哪个选项最适合被 best修饰，而且还要考虑哪个选项最适合充当后面定语从句的主语。

动宾关系搭配合理的教学实例（一） Parents and coaches in particular should act

as better examples for children. They also need to teach children better ___13___. They should not cheer when children win or act aggressively. (2008 年上海卷，阅读理解）

A. techniques B. means

C. values D. directions

分析：

A. 技术 (动宾搭配合理）

B. 方法、手段 （合理）教给孩子们更好的 C. 价值观 （合理） D.方向、指导 （不合理）结论： ① 选 D的同学没有“动宾搭配合理”的思维。 ② 选 A、 B的同学缺乏整体理解，因为全文

的主题是论述“体育道德”，而非体育技术。

2. 阅读理解中的逻辑思维训练 1）概括能力培养的教学实例 2）推断能力培养的教学实例

逻辑和语言都同人类的思维密不可分： 语言是思维的工具；逻辑是思维的规律。

因此当我们运用语言这门工具进行思维时，逻辑问题是不可避免的。以前的高考单选试题也曾考过逻辑问题：

We all write ______, even when there’s not much to say. (NMET94)

A. now and then B. by and by

C. step by step D. more or less

Do you always understand the direction on a bottle of medicine? Do you know what is meant by “Take only as directed?” Read the following directions and see if you understand them.

“To reduce pain, take two tablets (药片 ) with water, followed by one tablet every eight hours, as required. For night-time and early morning relief (缓解疼痛 ) take two tablets at bedtime. Do not take more than six tablet twenty-four hours.

For children six to twelve years old, give half the amount ( 量 ) . For children six years old, ask your doctor’s advice.

Reduce the amount if you suffer from restlessness or sleeplessness after taking the medicine.”

This text is most probably taken from a __________ . A. textbook B. newsreel C. doctor’s notebook D. bottle of medicine

The soybean( 大豆 ) is one of the world useful crops. It is already used in many different foods and in many industrial products. And scientists continue to find more uses for it.

American farmers grow about one thousand nine hundred million bushels ( 容量单位 ) of soybean each year. They earn eleven thousand million dollars for their crops.

In the United States, about twenty three million tons of soybean were fed to farm animals last year. More than five hundred sixty-five million bushels were exported. Soybeans are also used in different kinds of food eaten by humans.

Soybean oil is used to make cooking oil. It is the main substance (物质 ) used in salad oil. The soybean is used to make some baby foods, some meats, a kind of ice-cream, and beer.

Six years ago, American scientists developed a new kind of ink for use in printing newspapers. Traditional newspaper ink is made from petroleum(原油 ) oil. The traditional ink easily rubs off onto your hands and clothes. The new ink

contained thirty percent soybean oil, and it did not rub off easily. But, it cost seventy percent more than the old ink. So, few painters used it

Scientists now have developed another newspaper ink. This new ink contains only soybean oil and color dyes. It costs less than ink made from petroleum and the ink made from a petroleum and soybean mixture.

A government agriculture scientist said he believes the printing industry will use about one hundred million bushels of soybeans each year to make the new ink. Another team of government scientist is experimenting with another use for soybeans. The soybean food would be less costly than the food that farmers now feed to fish.

练习： The best title for this passage is ________ . A. Soybean and Our Life B. Soybeans C. Soybean and Newspaper Ink D. The Use of Soybean

Successful people in international business understand the cultures of other countries and learn to change their practices in different cultures. They understand the importance of avoiding business decisions based on misconceptions-mistaken ideas.

One cause of misconceptions is ethnocentrism, the belief that one’s own culture’s way of doing things is better than the way of other cultures. It’s ethnocentrism that leads to failure in international business. To avoid ethnocentrism, it’s necessary to study the different elements(组成部分 ) of culture: language, values and attitudes ,and customs and manners.

Language A knowledge of the local language can help international busin

ess people in four ways. First, people can communicates directly. Second, people are usually more open in their communication

With someone who speaks their language. Third, an understanding of the language allows people to infer meanings that are not said directly. Finally, knowing the language helps people to understand the culture better.

Values and Attitudes Values are people’s basic beliefs about the difference between right

and wrong, good and bad. An attitude is way of thinking or acting. Values and attitudes influence international business. For example, many people in the United States believe that chocolate from Switzerland is better than chocolate from other countries, and they buy a lot of it.

Customs and Manners Customs are common social practices. Manners are ways of acting

that the society believes are polite. For example, in the United States, it is custom to have salad( 色拉 ) before the main course at dinner, not after. It’s not acceptable to talk with food in mouth at table. Failure to understand the customs and manners of other countries will bring difficulty selling their products. Orange juice as a breakfast drink of an American company in France doesn’t sell well because the French don’t usually drink juice with breakfast.

What would be the best title for the text? ( 抓住中心词）

A. Misconceptions in Business B. Basic Beliefs in Business C. International Business Culture D. Successful International

Business

考查主旨大意的试题设计类型

• 1 ）按照概括范围的大小设计四个选项

• A. B.

• C. D.

• 2) 用偏离主题方向的手法设计干扰项

主题方向B

C

D

A

2）培养推断能力的教学实例 ① 推断的概念：根据文章中的已知信息，推测出文章中没有说出的未知信息。

② 推断的关键是根据试题的要求，准确抓住推理的依据；依据正确结论才能正确。

③ 考查推断的试题常用“ infer” 、 “ imply” 一类词语。

From Stanford we turned your attention north and slight west to San Francisco. We set off a quarter past eleven a.m. and before long a car travelling the 35 miles between the two places brought us terrible news of a city in ruins, with fires beginning at varies points, and water supply interrupted. I was fortunate enough to board the only train that got up to the city; fortunate enough also to escape in the evening by the only train that left it. This gave me and my brave female companion four hours of observation.

By midday, when we reached the city, the smoke was heavier and the terrible explosion had begun, but the troops, the police, and the firemen seemed to have set up order, dangerous neighborhoods were roped off everywhere and stationed with policemen, bars were closed, trucks or cars were forced into service, and everyone was at work who could work.

It was indeed a strange sight to see an entire population in the streets busy as ants in an uncovered ant hill hurrying to save their eggs. The sidewalks were covered with well-dressed men and women, carrying precious things, or dragging big boxes to spots of greater temporary ( 暂时的 ) safety, soon to be dragged farther, as the fire kept spreading!

练习： When did the writer and his woman companion leave San Francisco? A. At 3:15 p.m. B. At 4:00 p.m. C. At midday. D. At 11:15 a.m.

3. 书面表达的教学研究 1 ）近年来高考作文试题的类型 2 ）从高考满分的学生作文看作文教学的方向。

3 ）学生作文中常见问题分析

11 ）近年来高考作文试题的类型）近年来高考作文试题的类型

① 完全限定内容的写作

2011 年全国大纲卷 : 假定你是李华，你所喜爱的 Global Mirror周刊创刊五周年之际征集读者的意见。请你根据以下内容给主编写一封信，内容主要包括：

1.说明你是该报的忠实读者 2. 赞赏该报的优点： 1 ）兼顾国内外新闻 2 ）介绍名人成功的故事 3. 提出建议： 刊登指导英语学习的文章

2011 年江西卷： 假设你是星光中学的李华，将参加主题为“ Let’s

Ride Bicycles” 的英语演讲比赛。请撰写一份演讲稿，主要内容包括：

1. 目前汽车带来的空气污染和交通堵塞等问题； 2. 骑自行车的益处，如节能环保，有利健康等。

参考词汇：低碳生活（ low-carton life ） 节能（ energy saving ） 注意： 1. 词数： 120 词左右；

2. 演讲稿开头和结尾已给出，请将其抄写在答题卡上且该部分不计入总词数。

② 部分限定内容的写作2011 年全国课标卷： 假定你是李华，正在一所英国学校学习暑期课程，遇到一些

困难，希望得到学校辅导中心（ Learning Center ）的帮助。根据学校规定，你须书面预约，请按下列要点写一封信：

1. 本人简介； 2. 求助内容；（没有具体内容的要求） 3. 约定时间； 4.你的联系方式： Email:lihua@126.com;Phone:12345678 注意： 1. 词数 100左右； 2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯； 3. 结束语以为你写好

2011 年陕西卷： 假定你是中学生李华。在一位名叫 TigerMom 的学生家长

的博客上，你看到如下内容。请你根据博客内容、写作要点和要求，给这位家长回复。

I’m the mother of a fourteen-year-old. I have a rule for my daughter: be among the top 5 students or get punished in one way or another. She has been doing very well in school, but some friends of mine keep telling me that I put too much pressure on her. Am I wrong?

写作要点： 1. 表明自己的看法； 2.陈述自己的理由（可举例说明）； 3. 提出至少两条建议 要求： 1.短文须写在答题卡的指定区域。 2.短文词数不少于 100

（不含已写好的部分）。 3. 内容充实，结构完整，语意连贯。 4. 书写需清晰、工整。

③ 无限定内容的写作 北京卷的开放作文开 “读写结合”之先河 You and your Australian friend Jim are visiting a city in China wher

e you see the street sculptures as shown below. You and Jim are discussing what the artist is trying to say. Now you are telling Jim how you understand this piece of art and what makes you think so.

( 北京卷 2006 年试题 )

(某市街头雕象 )

2011 年北京卷：请根据下面提示，写一篇短文。词数不少于 50 。 In your spoken English class, your teacher shows you the

following picture. You are asked to describe the picture and explain how you understand it.

结论： a) 近年来，在各地的试题中，“部分限定

内容”的写作有逐渐增加的趋势。 2011 年的全国大纲卷出现的苗头应该被视为对这一趋势的肯定。

b) “ 部分限定内容”试题的普及将产生两方面的影响—— 评分标准的变化和增加学生写作时的困难。

c) “ 部分限定内容” 写作应该在写作训练中得到充分的重视。

2 ）写作训练的目标： 因材施教是确定写作训练目标的基本原则。

应该为不同层次的学生设定不同的目标。最终使所有的学生都能得到提高。

① 一般目标：内容全面、语言正确。 ② 高级目标：布局、谋篇、立意、高水准的

语言（连贯、流畅、规范）。

3 ）高水准语言训练的教学实例

① 充分认识句子的主语作用。高考满分的学生作文： Whether we need the Labor Day Golden Week or n

ot depends on circumstances. However, views among students differ sharply as the following discussion.

Labor Day Golden Week invented in last decade, with its wide popularity for traveling and increasingly prosperous economy, is supported by nearly one third of the total students. They argue that along with the family reunion and the total relaxation both physically and mentally, “Holiday Economy” can be realized by family traveling and individual consuming.

Those who are against the long holiday account for sixty-seven percent, saying that the Labor Day Golden Week should be cancelled. Problems have arisen in many aspects, such as the crowdedness in resorts and the difficulty in purchasing train tickets. When it comes to the destruction of the ecosystem, it has a lot to do with the holiday. Further details should be carefully examined to limit the holiday economy.

经过专题教学后的学生作文：试题： 假设你是晨光中学的高中生李华。你校拟

选拔一批优秀学生，利用暑期到晨曦希望小学为学生辅导英语。你希望参加此活动。请根据以下提示，用英语给校评选组写一封申请信：

1. 对此活动的认识（如对本人、学生级社会的益处等）

2. 个人优势（如性格、独立生活能力、语言能力等）

3.你的计划（如怎样进行辅导等

学生的习作：Dear Sir or Madam,

I’m Li Hua from ClassOne, Senior Two.

I’d like to take part in the activity which will help the students of Chenxi Hope School with their English in the Summer holiday. I’m a student who is warm-hearted. Also, I’d like to be independent and being able to speak fluent spoken English is another advantage of mine. I have made a plan of the activity. Vocabulary is the most basic ability of English. So we must let the student remember as many English words

As possible. On the other hand, grammar should not be ignored. Teaching them some easy grammar is another way to improve their English.

In my opinion, this activity is not only good for me, but also a benefit to the society. All of us can get o lot from it.

对比分析 2011 年安徽卷的参考答案：My Approach to Difficulties in Learning

As high school student, we run into on difficulty after another in the process of learning. Everyone has their own way to deal with them. Here I would like to share mine.

When I am faced with a difficulty, I usually choose to refer to relevant learning materials or Web pages. In this way, I can not only work it out but also improve my ability to overcome problems all by mtself.

However, when it is something beyond my competence, I turn to my classmates or teachers for help. Sometimes I also ask my parents for advice. As a result, I have made steady progress in my studies.

题目要求这篇作文必须从第一人称的角度布局谋篇，但是否就意味着所有的句子都用第一人称呢？

可以让学生试着改动几处主语， 以解决主语单调的问题。

② 学生作文中的汉语干扰“汉语干扰”教学实例 ( 一 )

“ 大约有 300名学生参加了这次运动会。” 学生常写成： There were about three hundred students tak

e part in the sports meet.

修改也很简单，将和汉语对应的 there were 去掉，再改正时态即可：

About three hundred students took part in the sports meet.

①

“汉语干扰”教学实例 ( 二 )

学生习作摘录 :Whether the Beijing Zoo should be moved out of the ci

ty, let the people decide.

分析 :学生的汉语思维就已经产生了错误。“北京动物园是否迁出这坐城市，让人民决定。”汉语中可以将宾语提前以示强调，但通常使用“把”字，因此，作为书面语言，应该修改为：

“把北京动物园是否迁出的问题留给人民决定”

建议将学生的作文修改为： Whether the Beijing Zoo will be moved out of

the city should be decided by the people.

③ 学生作文中的语句连贯、过度自然的 问题

教学实例（一）学生习作： Some of the students support the idea that the

Beijing Zoo should be moved out. They say too many visitors usually cause traffic jams. Secondly, if the park is moved to the suburb, the animals will live better. The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing, wider streets will be built to meet the needs of the games.

问题分析： 读过这段文字后的感觉是内容松散，意

思的表达缺乏逻辑上的因果关系和连贯性。 虽然没有语言错误，但难以给人以语言的美感。

其次， Secondly, if the zoo is moved to the suburb, the animals will live better. 一句，也犯了同样的思维错误，令读者无法理解动物园的迁出同动物生活的更好之间有什么必然的联系。

修改建议：1.Some of the students support the idea that th

e Beijing Zoo should be moved out for the following reasons: Firstly……

Secondly,…… And finally,……

2. 把 if the park is moved to the suburb, the animals will live better 一句修改为：

if the park is moved to the suburb, the

animals will have much more space and

live better

④学生作文中的语言逻辑问题：教学实例： In my view, I’d like to work in a team, beca

use working in a team can not only share my ideas with others but also know what other people’s thought about the same question.

because从句的主语是 working in a team; 作 share 的主语尚且可以，作 know 的主语绝对不符合语言逻辑。

修改办法：在 but also后加 make me

⑤ 学生在部分限定内容或无限定内容的作文中的审题和立意问题

（以 2006 年广东卷的学生作文为例）

2006 年广东卷： 根据以下图画，写一篇英语短文，描述今昔通讯方式的变化，

以及这些变化给人们生活带来的影响。 注意： 1．词数： 100 左右 2 ．生词：通讯： communicate (with sb·)vi.

communication （ n ．） 互联网： the Internet

（ n. ）

The Changing Means of Communication As the development of science, people‘s means of com

munication have greatly changed. In the past, people communicated with each other by letters which were not punctual time. People always had to wait for a while during the process of sending letters, which was not convenient to them. However, people were pleased to receive and send letters ， for they enjoyed the long-time wait and the excitement of reading letters, which was an unforgettable experience to people.

At present, people have many ways of communication, such as sending e-mails, chatting online and so on. These means bring us so much convenience that people all over the world…… However, more and more people start to communicate with each other by the means of chatting online which makes people have few chances to have a face to face conversation.

问题：红色字体部分同文章的主题是否切合？

欢迎交流： zhanghome_cn@hotmail.com