, . . V . , . , , , , . (VIII-XIII .) : . [footnoteRef:1] ( - ) . . : 1. ( ); 2. ( ). : 1. , . () ; 2. , -. ( ) ( ). . , , . [1: .]

XII , , , . , .. . , : . . , . : , , , .. , , , . . , . . . , , . : . , . : (/ , I-VI .), (- , VIII-IX .), ( , XI-XII .), ( , XII .), ( , XII .), ( , XIII .). . (. vita activa), , (. vita contemplativa). , , , (, , , , , ) - ( , , ). () . ( ) . , - . , , - . () , . , , . , . , -- . : - (XII .) , , - (1170-1220 .) (XII-XIII .), - (XII .) . (. ) . , . , . . , , , , . , , . Memento vivere (, ). Carmina burana. , , . , () , : ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( , ), ( , ), ( ), (; , ). . (1209-1229 .) . , (.. ). , , , , , . , . / , , , . , . . XII-XIV , - , () . , . . (.), (.). , . , . , , , .. , , - . (.) (. ), . , , . , . , , . . , XI - . Chansons de geste.

V XIII . V XI . - - V . 1066 , , ( ). XI . - , . - . , , . VI . , , . , - , , . , . , . I . V , - . - - , . , , - . , - , , , , -, , . VI , X . - . . . - , , , , , , . , . . - - - - . , . . . . , . , - - . . . , () . . - "". "" VIII , X . . . "" . , - . . . , .

, , , , - . _ _ VIII-IX X . VI , . , , _ _ _ , . . , , , . 3182 , , .

. , - . , , , , . , , . , X , XI , , , 10161035 . , XI , , , 1000 . , : . , , , , . , , () . , , (1563) . , , , , . , 1753 , 1973 . XVIII , , (Ashburnham) . 1731 , 23 , , , . , , , . (. . Beowulf , ) , , . . VIII , , . XI , 1731. 2 , - , . . ( 50 ) , , , , , . , , . , , , : , ,, . , . : , , . - . , , , , . . . , , , , , , , , -. , . . ( , _ .) . , , _ . , , , , . . - , , , . , . -. . (, ) - , . . . . , . : . . , . . . , . , . , . , . . , . . . . . . , , . - . . . . . , , . . , . . . . , . . , , , . . . . , . . , . . . . , . . . . , , , . . , . , . . , . , . , , . , . . . . , . . , . . , . , . . , . , , . . . , , . . , . , . . . , : _ . . , . , _ , , . . , , . , , . , . . , , . . . , , . , . . . . , . , , , , , . _ , , . 7 - , . , . , . , , , , , , , . . , , , . . , , , , , . , . , , , , , . . , , . . . , , . , , , , . , , , . , . . . , , . , . , , , . . , , , , , , . , . . , . , , ... . . , . , , , . , , , , , . , , , . . , . , . , , , . . , . , . , . . . , . . ( ) . . . , . , , . , . , . . , . . , . , . . . , . : , . . . , . . . . . . . , . . , , , . , , , ... , . . . , , . , , . . . : , , , . , . , , , . . . , , . , , . , . , , , , , , . , , . , . , , . , . , , , , . . , , , . , -7 , . , , , , , . : , , -6 , ? , ? , , . , , , , , . , . - , , , . , , , -. , . , , . , , , , , , - , . , , , , . , . , . . , , , , , , . , , . , ... , , - , . , - , . , , , . , . , , - . , ., , , , . , . , , . , . . , , , , . , , , . ~

. XIII . XIV , XV . , , , . . ( (XIV )), , . , . , , , . , , . . , . , , , . : , , . , . , , -, , , , . , , . , , , . . , , . , . . . . , , , , () (.Robin Hood), , (1377). . ( 1420). 1495 ; 36 . . , . , . . 1957 (. ). . . , , , . , , XII , . , . , XV . , , . , . , , -, - , , , . , , , () . . , , , , ( ). , , , , . , XIV XV , XIV . ( ) , . . , , : , , , , , , . , , , . , - , , , . - , , .. , - , . : , , , , . . , , : , . , . , , , , , , , . . , , _ . . . , , : , , . . , . , . : (, , ) . , , , XIII .

.

-14 , , . - , , . , , , , . , , , , , . . -, . : 1370- , , . , , , , . . , , , , , , , .

1340 , . . , , . 1359 . - (1337-1453). , . . - . . , , . . , . 1360 1 III- 16 19 ( , ). , , . , , , , , , , . , . , ... , . , , . , . , . , . , . - , , . , , - , , , , 1362 -, " ", - . . . , , , . , . , . , , , . , . 1367 . , . , , . . , . , . . . . , , . " ", . , . , , ... , . 1379 . 1386 . , , . . : " ". . . " " . , . , . . , , , . . , . . 1400 , " ", . . , . . . 1867 " ", .

600 . (. 1340-1400.) ,, (. 1387-1400 . ) (Middle English). , ll-XV- 1066 , - . , . , . ( , , . , , , .) , , . , , : womman may go now saufly up and down, in every bush or under every tree (Cheucer G. the conterburg tales, the wife of baths tale, ed. F.N. Robinson, London 1957. fragment I II, p 879/881). , , , . . , , - . , , . , . . , , . . ; , (three ladies of london), , (the pleasant and stately moral of the three lords and three ladies of london) (the cobblers proghecy), , , , . , : , .. , , . , , , , . , , , : , , . : , , , . , , . , (Jack Juggler) 1562 . , . . , , , , . 5 . , . , , , . , . . , . , , , , . , . , , . , . . , , , , - . , . , , , . - . , . , . , . , ; . , . , , , . , , , , , - . . , . , , , , ; , , ; . . , . , , . , . - . : , .- , , , , . , , . : , . : , - . . . - . , . , - -, , ; . , , , , , . : , . , , , , . , . , . , , . . , . , , , , , . . , . , , 1381 , .

. . , , . , . , , . 1116-1170 . II1164,, . , .

,, , . . . 1170 , ( . II- :,, .1170 . . II . , . , . 1385 . , I . 1369 17 . . . - . : , . : ( ) . . , - , . , . - . ( , , . ). . . , . - , , . : , , . . , ( .. .), . XV-XVI .. . . X , . . , . , . , , , , , , . . XV . , , , . , . , . , , , . , , , , . , , , , , . , . . , . , , (greed is the root of all evil)., , , , . , ( ), . , , , , , . , , . , , , , , , , , . , , (God banished Adam and Eve from Paradise to live lives of misery and toil because they were gluttons. Everything was fine in the Garden of Eden as long as Adam didnt eat anything, but they got kicked out when he ate the forbidden fruit on the tree), , , . , , , , , , , : -,- ,- , , . ( 11.12; 16.16). .. , , . , , , , , ( ) . . - . , -. , , , . , , , , . , , , . , , . , , - . . , - , . . , , , . , . , . , . , , , . . , . . , , , , . , , , , . , , , , , . . , , , . : , , , -,, , . . , , , - . , , , , , , , , . , . . :( , ),( , ),( , , ),( ),( ),( ),( , ), ( . : They lived gluttonous lives of sin, worshipping the ways of the devil. They cursed and swore like sailors and would tear the blessed Lords body to pieces with their foul language and by using His name in vain). , , , . , , . , .

; IV- , 1628-1630 . . . , , . 1671 . 1680 . , , . . Htel de Bourgogne, . XVII - . (Hotel de Bourgogne, Le Marais, La Troupe de Moliere, La Comedie-Fransaise. L Opera)4 . _ , _ , _ - , _ - . 1630_1660 : : - 3 , , , .

, . , , . , . , , , , . . -. , , , , , , . , , , , , . . , . . , , ; , , , . , , . , , , , , , , , . , , , . , , . , , . . , ( ) , , . , . , . , , , , , - . , , , . , , . . , , . , , . . , , , , . - . -16 . . , . , , . : , , . . , : , , . , , . , , , , . , , , : , , . : , , , . , , . , (Jack Juggler) 1562 . , . . , , , , . 5 . , . , , . , . , , . , . , : (the woman in the moon). efue, , , , , , .. , , . , . , 1591 : Cynthia: come, my Lords, let us in you Gyptes and Pythagores, if you cannot content yourt selves in our court to fall from the rain follies of philosophers to such virtues as are here practised, you shall be entertained according to your deserts: for Cynthia is no stepmother to strangers. Pythagores: i had rather in Cynthiass court spent ten years, than in greece on hour. Gyotes: And i chose rather to live by the sight of Cyntia than by possessing all Egypt. ( Lyly J. Endimion, 1591. English comedy, Allan Rodmay p.89). , , , , , . , . , . , , . , , . . , . , , , -, -. , XVII . , . , , , , . , , . . , , 3 : , . - , . , . , , , . . , . , , . - , . . . , comedia del arte, , . , , , . , . . , , . . , . , . , - . . , , ; . . . , . , , , , . , , , . , . , . , , . timber, or discoveries: nor is the moving of laughter always the end of comedy; that is rather a fowling for the peoples delight, or their fooling. for as Aristotle says rightly, the moving of laughter is a fault in comedy (Rodway Allan,English comedy, 1975.p.105). , 1610 . , . , , . growth an structure: the general mixture of farce and irony is here almost chaucerian, if not shakeperean ( Ashley H. Thorndike, english comedy. p. 170). , , . , . , , , , . . , . . , . , . , , , . , . , . , . . , , , . , , . , . - , - , . , , . , - . . , : no one has been obliged to accept all of his tenets or meyhods in order to admire his general servise to letters. he endeavored to make the acted drama worthy of a high place in literature and he is also kneely interested in improving the practice of the stage. he not only knew the classical drama better then any of his contemporaries , he tried to adapt intelligently and not slavishly its principles and rules to the peculiarities of the english theatre ( Ashley Thorndike, english comedy. p.190). , , , , , .

-- . . , . 1590 , . - , , . . , , . . , . , . , , , . , - . . , : , , , , , . . -18 , : " , , , , . , , ." , , - . , , . : , ( ) , , . . , - . , "" , , . . . . -- 1564 26 , , , , - . 1576 , . , , , , . 1582 , 18 , , . : , 11 . 1592 1612 , I- (1558-1603), I- (1603-1625) . , 37 . 1592 . , , , . , . 1593-94 , , . , . , " " , . , - , . 1595 " ". , , " " " " , . " ", ( . , ). " IV"- , , , . I, , , " ". : "", "", " ", "" " ". , . .. " " , . " " "" . . " ". . 1599 , " " "" , . , . 6 . 1603 I. . . 1610 , , - . 1616 23 , , 52 , . , 1616 23 , . , , - , . , , . , , .. . , , " ". 1593-94 " " ( ) ,, , ( ). , . , , . . " ". , : , . ():Two loves I have of comfort and despiar, Which like two spirits do suggest me still: The better angel is a man right fiar,The worser spirit a woman color'd ill.To win me soon to hell, my female evilTempteth my better angel from my side,And would corrupt my saint to be a devil,Wooing his purity wiht her foul pride.And whether that my angel be turn'd fiend,Suspect I may, yet not directli tell;But being both from me, both to each friend,I guess one angel is another's hell:Yes this shell I ne'er know, but live in doubt,Till my bad angel fire my good one out.

, , . . 1564 . . . . , , , , . . , , , . , . , , . , . , , ,,, ,,, ,, ,, . , , . 1591 1601 , , , . : , . III. 1602-1608 . . . : , , . ( - 150 , .) 4 (1608-1612). , . . . , , , : --, , _ , . , , , - . , _ -, , , . , , . . . - ,, , , ,, . . : ,, .. , , ? ,, _ _ . , , , , , . , . ,,, (1601 .) . , . , , , , . , . , , . . . , , , . , , . , . . . . .

:, ., ., ., ., ., ,, ,, .., , ., ... ., ., ., ., , , , , , , .

. - , , , : , , , , , , , , ,

, (. . The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke) . . 1599-1601 . , , , . , , . , 4042 29551 . - . , . , First Quarto (Q1), Second Quarto (Q2), First Folio (F1). , . , XIII - , XVI , , Ur-Hamlet-. "Gesta Danorum"- . 1200 , . . , . , . . , . . ( , ). , . ( ). : ? ? , . : .... , .... . ( ). . : ( . . . , , , . , . . . , ). . . . . . . ( ) , . , . ( , ). , . . . . . , . . . . , ; . . . . . : , , , . . . . , 3 , . , . . , . , . : ,, ... . , , , , , . , , , , ! . , , . . . . . ( ). , . , . . . , . , . ; . , , , , , , . , , . . . , , , . , . . ( ,, ) , , , , . : . , .... , , ,,. ,, , . , . , , , . , - . , .... . . , . ,, , ( ) . , , , . . . ,, , . , ,, , , , . , , . , , ,, , . . , , _ , , . , , ,, , . , , . , - , , . , , . , , , . . , , ,, VI, . , . ,, VI . ,, VI , . . ,, VI- , . , : , - . , , , ,,, . ,, , . , . , , : , , _ , , , , . , . . , , , , , , . , , . , . . ,, , , . - . : , _ . . , , , . , . , , . , , , , . 66- , , , . ,,. , . , (. , . ) 1603 . . , , , , .

: : ., . ., ., ., , ., ., ., ., ., ., ., ., ., , , , , . ,, . , . . . ,, . , : , ! , , .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . ( )

1870 (.Romeo and Juliet)- - , . , , , . ( .) . . . . , . . . , , . , . ( 14 . ). . . . :,, , , , . . , , ; : ,, , ... . , . . . . , , . , . , . . . . . . . . , , . , . . . . , , , . . . , . . , . , . 24 . , . . . , , . . . . . . . , . , . . . : ,, . . .

SONNET 1 Caesar, when that the traitor of Egypt, With th' honorable head did him present, Covering his gladness, did represent Plaint with his tears outward, as it is writ; And Hannibal, eke, when fortune him shut Clean from his reign, and from all his intent Laughed to his folk, whom sorrow did torment, His cruel despite for to dis-gorge and quit. So chanceth it oft, that every passion The mind hideth, by colour contrary, With feigned visage, now sad, now merry: Whereby if I laughed, any time or season, It is for because I have n' other way To cloak my care, but under sport and play. Cesar, when that the traytor of Egipt, With thonorable hed did him present, Covering his gladnes, did represent Playnt with his teres owteward, as it is writt ; And Hannyball, eke, when fortune him shitt Clene from his reign, and from all his intent Laught to his folke, whom sorrowe did torment, His cruel dispite for to dis-gorge and qwit. So chaunceth it oft, that every passion The mind hideth, by color contrary, With fayned visage, now sad, now mery : Whereby if I laught, any tyme or season, It is : for bicause I have nother way To cloke my care, but under sport and play.

73 , -. , , . , , . , ! XVIII , , , ; . , , , , , , , .

, . XLIX , _ , , .

, , , , .

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, , , , , , . , , !... . LXI , ? , ?

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(, ) 3 . (). . -. ( ) . . , . .:,,... , . , . . . . , . - , . : . . , . . , . . - . . , , - . - . . . - . . . . () . . , . ( , ...) , . . , , . . . , () . . , , . . ( ). . . - . . . () . ( - ). , , . . - . , ,, . ( - ) . . ( ). . , . . . :,, , ... . , . , . - . . . , , . (). , . . , . , , , . , . , , . , . . , . . , . ( ). . . . . .

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. . . . , . . , . . . - . , . , , , . ( ) ,, , : ,,. : ,, ,, ... , , . . . , , . , - . . . ( ). . (- , , ) - . . , , . . , . . . , , . , . . . , . . . . - . : , , , . ( - ). , 1000 . , - , , .: ,, ... - , . . : ,, -, - . . , . , . (malkolm) .

XVIII - 1731 24 26 (Daniel Defoe). (Daniel Foe). , , . , . - . XVIII , . . XVIII - . - - ; . , 1649 I . , -, , . 1688 , . . XVII - - , (.. ). , . , , , , . , . , . , , - . . : - -. , , . - . , , , . , - , . , .XVIII - . , , . . , : , , . , , . , . , . XVIII - : . 1688 -XVIII - 30- . , . , , .

, , . . , , , . . , - , : , .. , - . ; , . , , 1719 . 1601 , , . . , , . . . , , . , . , , . , III-, III (1689-17020 . , (1702-1714) , , . , - . , . 1709 1 , -- ( ), 650 , (Alexander Selkirk), . . . , , , 97 , 4 . . 1676 , . . , . , . 1703 , . , . . 1704 . 1704 . -- . , , , . . . . , ... , ... , , , , , . . . 4 ...1709 1 , - . . ., , , . . - . , . . .. 4 , . , ... 1717 . . . , . 16 . . . ... 1721 13 , , . , . . . . 1863 , 4 , , , . 1966 , , , 97 ... , , , ... . , , , , , . , , . , , 28 ; , ; , . : , . : , , . , , , . , , , .

, , , . , , . , . , , , , , . , . - . . , . . 1719 . , - , . : , , . , . . : , . : , , .

, , , . . , . , . . . . XVIII - . : , , , , , , , . . , , . , . ; , , , , , , . , , . . . , , - . ; , , . , , . , : , , , . , . , - . , . , . . , , , , , , . , , , , , . , . , . , .

- , . . .

,, -

. XVIII , , . , , . , , , - , . , . , , . (. romant - ) . , , , . . , , , , , , , -. - , , , . , , , . . , , , . (1788-1824) - , , , (1792-1822) - , ... (1771-1832) -

: , , . , . , , , , . , . , . . , . , , , , , . . , . , ""- , , , . , : . , , , , . ""- , . . .. , , . . . . , , , . , , , . , , . ; ) . : " , , ", .. , . . . , . ) . . . . , . , . ) . .. ( , , ) ; ( ) ; ( , , ) . , . . _ libert, fraternit, galit, . - .

. () . () , . , . , , . , , .. . .. , . . , . , . . , . . . , , , , . , , , , . . . . "romantic" 1650 , . , . , , , , , , ., , . , : , , . -. , , , , , . , . . , ,, , , ." ?"(). . . . () . XVIII XIX . , , , . , . :

, 1802 , , . , . : . . . , , . , , , - :

, , , , . , , . XIX - XX - , , ( ) , , , , , - . , , . (Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet; - 15 , 1771 21 , 1832), , . ( ). . : ( ), , XVI (). , , , . , , . "Ivanhoe", "Rob Roy", "The Lady of The Lake", "Waverley", "The Heart of Midlothian" "The Bride of Lammermoor". "" - . -12 , " " . , - " . , , , . , . : . , ; _ , , ... . , , . . . , , . -, , , , . . , , , . - . , , . , , () . , , . , . . , . . .

, . XIX , . - . ; , . - , . - . . , . , . , . . . . , . , . . - . - . , , . , , . , , . , . -, , , , - , . , , , , , , , . , 1788 22 . , . , 1798 , , 10 . , , , , , . . . . , . , , , , . , . , , , , , , , . , , . 1805 , . , , , , . ( ) . 1806 (Fugitive pieces) . . , . . 1809 22 , , , , ( ), ( ) , , . . . , , . , . . , . , , , , , . 1813 . - , . 1815 . , , - . 1815-1816 . , . . . 1817- 1820-1821 . . , . . . 1823 - , 19 . : Jo lascio qualche cosa di caro nel mondo . , , : , . . , 1824 . 1813-1816 ("", " ", "", "", " ", ""). . , , - , , . . " " 1814-1815, . - , , ; - "" 1817, , , , ; , . . "" (1821); , . 1817 (" "(1817), "" (1818); " " (1816-1817); " , ", "", " " ( 1821); ("", 1818; " ", 1821; " ", 1822 ). . , . , , . , . . , . , , , IV . . . , . : , , , , . . , . . , , , . , , , , . . . , , . , . . , . , . , . . , . . , . . , . , . . , , , , , . ; . . , . , . , , , , , . 1816 , , , , , . . , , . . , , . , . , , . - , . - . , , . , , . - . , , . . , , . , , . . -, - . , , . , , , , . , . , , , , . . II . . - , . , . , . . . , , . . . . . . -19 . (1870) . , . . -4 , , . . - : , . 18 , I , ... , , III , . " " ( 1818), , . , , . . , , . , , . . , , - . , . , . , . , , . , . - . , , , : , - , (-18 - 80- ), , , . . . , , . . . , , II, .

. - : , , , , , . . English Bards and Scotch Reviewers- , . , . . , . , , , . . , XIX . , , , GEORGIA - . , . , . . , , . : . . . , . , 1816-17 , 1717 . , - , . , , , - , ,- . , , , !!!

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1832 21 , (Sir Walter Scott). XIX . . . , ( ). , ... . 1802 - . . , . . , , . . , , , , , , . , , ... , . (Sir Walter Scott) 1771 15 . , . . 12 , . , . . , , , , , . . - . , - , ... , , . . , ... , . , , . . , . , , , , .1792 , . . , . . , ... , , , , ... 1825 . , . . , , . . . , , , . 1832 21 . "" - . -12 , " " . - , (1771-1832) . . - . , , - : . , ( )- , , , - , ; , , - !.. , , , ,, ,, , : - , , , ! , , . , ,, , ( , ) - , , , , , ? , , , , - , . , . , . , , , , . , , - , - , . , , , .. : -", !.. , , ; , ..- , , , , , !, , ,, , ; , , , . , ,-- !...,.,...,,. 1786, 1789-1792.,,.,.,. 1791-,.1797. . : ( ), , XVI ().1830 , , 1832 . , , , . , , . "Ivanhoe", "Rob Roy", "The Lady of The Lake", "Waverley", "The Heart of Midlothian" "The Bride of Lammermoor".147