معايري النجاح التنظيميو

ثنائياته الكربى

رسائل يف الفقه السياسي

حممد بن املختار الشنقيطي

ȤȱǘȶȲȱ ǦșɀȦƮ ȧɀȪƩǟ ȜɆƤ

ǦȲȆȲȆȱǟ ȻǾȽ ȸȵ ǿǼȍ

ميسال

اإللعامل

ض اينه

لن بي

غرقل

وعقي

شرلب

ال بق إ

ȯǠǤȩǙ Ǽ

ȶƮ

20

09

ميسال

اإللعامل

ض اينه

لن بي

غرقل

وعقي

شرلب

ال بق إ

ȯǠǤȩǙ Ǽ

ȶƮ

20

09

ǧǠɅɀǪǶƫǟ

6.......................ɄȶɆȚȺǪȱǟ dzǠDzȺȱǟ ƘɅǠȞȵ7 .......................... ǦȹȿȀƫǟ ǿǠɆȞȵ :ɍȿǕ8 ........................ ȬȅǠȶǪȱǟ ǿǠɆȞȵ :ǠɆȹǠǭ9 ..................... ǦɆȱɎȪǪȅɍǟ ǿǠɆȞȵ :ǠǮȱǠǭ 9 ........................ ǢɆȭȀǪȱǟ ǿǠɆȞȵ :ǠȞǣǟǿ

10 ................... ǡǠȞɆǪȅɍǟ ǿǠɆȞȵ :ǠȆȵǠǹ11 ...................... ǦɆǣǠƶɋǟ ǿǠɆȞȵ :ǠȅǻǠȅ13...........................ǦɆȶɆȚȺǪȱǟ ǧǠɆǝǠȺǮȱǟ15 ............................ ǼȎȪƫǟȿ ȰȮȊȱǟ17 .......................... ȷɎȝɋǟȿ ǿǟȀȅɋǟ22 ............................ ǻǟǼǪȵɍǟȿ ȨȶȞȱǟ25 ......................... ȋɀȎƪǟȿ ȳɀȶȞȱǟ30 ............................ ǦɆȱǟȂȞȹɍǟȿ ȂɆȶǪȱǟ37 ............................ ǥǿǻǠǤƫǟȿ ȳǟȂǪȱɍǟ40 ............................ ȸɅǠǤǪȱǟȿ ǥǼǵɀȱǟ43 .............................Ȱȍɀȱǟȿ ȰȎȦȱǟ

5

مقدمة

ǼǝǠȪȱǟ ǦɅȀȪǤȝ ɂȲȝ ȤȩɀǪǩ ǦɅǻȀȥ ǦǤȽɀȵ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ ǼȞɅ Ɓ ȷɀȲȵǠȞȱǟ ǯǠǪƷ Ǽȝǟɀȩȿ ȯɀȍǕ ȼȱ ǠǺȅǟǿ ǠȶȲȝ ǴǤȍǕ Ȱǣ ÛǻȀȦȱǟ

ȸȝ ǦȦȲǺǪȵ ȰǝǠȅɀǣ ȸɅǼȱǟ ǦȵǼǺȥ ÛǠŏǠȞɆǪȅǟ ƂǙ ȳɎȅɌȱ ȼȹǕ Ȭȱǽ ȸȵ Ǖɀȅɉǟ Ȱǣ ÛƙȮȶǪȱǟ ƂǙ ǻɀȪɅ ȸȱ ȔɅȀȦǩ ǠȽȀȎȝ ȨɆȪƠ ȸȵ ȴȾȖȺȪɅȿ Ûȼǩǟǽ ȸɅǼȲȱ ȃǠȺȱǟ ǦɅǗǿ ɂȲȝ ǠǤȲȅ ȀǭǘɅ

.ȼȱɎș Ž ȯǼȞȱǟ ǠȽǿǠǤǪȝǟ ȸȮƹ ÛɄȶɆȚȺǪȱǟ dzǠDzȺȲȱ ƘɅǠȞȵ ǦǪȅ ɄȲɅ ǠȶɆȥȿ

ÛǠȵɀȶȝ ǦɆȝǠȶǪDZɍǟȿ ǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǧǠȶɆȚȺǪȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȴȮǶȲȱ ǦƩǠȍ ȏȀȝ ȻɀȲǪɅ ÛǧǠɆȍɀȎƪǟȿ ȰɆȍǠȦǪȱǟ ȸȝ ȀȚȺȱǟ ȐȢǣ ȻǾȽ ǠȹȀȎǵ Ǽȩȿ .ɄȶɆȚȺǪȱǟ ȀȮȦȱǟ Ž ɁƎȮȱǟ ǧǠɆǝǠȺǮȲȱ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ǡǿǠDzǪȱ ǠȺǝǟȀȪȅǟ ɂȲȝ ǒǠȺǣ ǧǠɆǝǠȺǮȱǟ ȨȶȞȱǟ ÛȷɎȝɋǟȿ ǿǟȀȅɋǟ ÛǼȎȪƫǟȿ ȰȮȊȱǟ ɄȽȿ ÛȷǠƣ Ž ȳǟȂǪȱɍǟ ÛǦɆȱǟȂȞȹɍǟȿ ȂɆȶǪȱǟ ÛȋɀȎƪǟȿ ȳɀȶȞȱǟ ÛǻǟǼǪȵɍǟȿ

.Ȱȍɀȱǟȿ ȰȎȦȱǟ ÛȸɅǠǤǪȱǟȿ ǥǼǵɀȱǟ ÛǥǿǻǠǤƫǟȿفلنبدأ مبعايري النجاح التنظيمي.

معايير النجاح

التنظيمي

7

أوال: معيار املرونة

dzǠDzȺȱ ɂȝǻǕ Ȭȱǽ ȷǠȭ ÛǠɆȱǠȝ ǦȹȿȀƫǟ ɁɀǪȆȵ ȷǠȭ ǠȶȲȮȥ:ǦǭɎǭ țǟɀȹǕ ǦȹȿȀƫǟȿ .ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ

ȷɀȮɅ ȷǖǣ ÛȼȦǝǠșȿȿ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ ȣǟǼȽǖǣ ȨȲȞǪǩ ǦɆȦɆșȿ ǦȹȿȀȵ ǦɆȲȶȞȱǟ ȼȦǝǠșȿȿ ǦɆȲǵȀƫǟ ȼȥǟǼȽǕ ȐȞǣ ƘɆȢǩ ɂȲȝ ǟǿǻǠȩ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ ȤǝǠșȿȿ ȣǟǼȽǖǣ ǠƬǟǼǤǪȅǟȿ ÛǠȽȁǠƱǙ ǿǾȞǩ ȿǕ ǠȽȁǠƱǙ Ź Ɣȱǟ ȴɆȚȺǩ Ȱȭȿ .ȁǠƱɋǟ ǬɆǵ ȸȵ ȀȆɅǕ ȿǕ ǥǼɅǼƨǟ ȣȿȀȚȱǟ Ž ȴȽǕ ɄƍȺǤǩȿ ÛǦɆȲǵȀƫǟ ȼȥǟǼȽǕȿ ȼȦǝǠșȿ ȐȞǣ ȸȵ ǿȀǶǪȱǟ ȜɆȖǪȆɅ ɍ ÛǥƘȢǪƫǟ ȣȿȀȚȱǟ Ž ȼǩǠȹǠȮȵǙ Ȝȵ ǠȵǠDzȆȹǟ ȀǮȭǕ ȣǟǼȽǕȿ ȤǝǠșȿ ȸȵ ǿȀǶǪȱǟ ȷǕ ɂȲȝ .ǒɄȖǤȱǟ ǧɀƫǟȿ ǻɀȶƨǠǣ ȼɆȲȝ ȳɀȮƮ ɀȾȥ ȸȵ ǟǿȀƠ ƗȞɅ ɍ ÛǦɆȲȶȞȱǟ ȤǝǠșɀȱǟ ȐȞǣ ȿǕ ǦɆȲǵȀƫǟ ȣǟǼȽɉǟ

.ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ ǻɀDZȿ ǿƎȵ ɄȽ Ɣȱǟ ǠɆȲȞȱǟ ǧǠɅǠȢȱǟȿ ǛǻǠǤƫǟ ǦɆȲǹǟǼȱǟ ȼǩǟǒǟȀDZǙȿ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ ǦɆȺǤǣ ȨȲȞǪǩ ǦɆǝǟȀDZǙ ǦȹȿȀȵ ǟǿǻǠȩ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ ȷɀȮɅ ȷǖǣ .ȼǩǟǿǟȀȩ ǽǠơǟȿ ȼǩǻǠȩ ƘɆȢǪǣ ǦȲȎȱǟ ǧǟǽ ƂǙ ǻɀȞȎȱǟ ǡǠǣ ǴǪȦɅ ȷȀȵ ǡɀȲȅǖǣȿ ÛȀȆɆǣ ȼǩǻǠɆȩ ƘɆȢǩ ɂȲȝ ÛǦɆȎǺȉ ɍ ǦɆȝɀȑɀȵ ƘɅǠȞȵ ɂȲȝ ǒǠȺǣ ÛǠȾȺȵ ȯȿƕȱǟȿ ǥǻǠɆȪȱǟ ǽǠơǟ ɂȲȝ ǟǿǻǠȩȿ ÛȤȎȱǟ Ž ȧȂƢ ȿǕ ǥƘȆƫǟ Ž țǠȖȪȹǟ ȷȿǻȿ

.ǦȲȩȀȝ ȿǕ ǘȮȲǩ ȷȿǻ ǢȅǠȺƫǟ Ǩȩɀȱǟ Ž ǢȅǠȺƫǟ ǿǟȀȪȱǟ

8

ǧǠɅǼǶǪȱǟ Ȝȵ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ ɄȕǠȞǩ Ž ȰǮȶǪǩ ǦɆȲȶȝ ǦȹȿȀȵ Ɠǵ ÛǦȪǣǠȆȱǟ ǢɆȱǠȅɉǟ ɂȲȝ ǻɀƤ ȷȿǻ ÛƘȢǪȵ ǡɀȲȅǖǣ ǥƘȢǪƫǟ Ǽȩ ɄȑǠƫǟ Ž ǠȾǵǠƱ ȷǙ Ȱǣ .ɄȑǠƫǟ Ž ǠȽǟȿǼDZ ǨǪǤǭǕ ɀȱȿ ȸȵ ȰȲƪǟ ȰǹǼɆȥ ÛȀɅǠȢȵ Ȝȩǟȿ Ž Ǡŏ ǬǤȊǪȱǠǣ ǠɅȀȢȵ ǠȹǠɆǵǕ ȷɀȮɅ .ǦȦȱǠȆȱǟ ȻǻǠƭǕȿ ȼǩǠǵǠDzȺȱ ǦɆǶȑ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ ȔȪȆɅȿ ÛǡǠǤȱǟ ǟǾȽ

ثانيا: معيار التماسك ȼǵǠƱ ɂȲȝ ǦȺɅȀȩ Ȭȱǽ ȷǠȭ ÛɁɀȩǕ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ ȬȅǠƢ ȷǠȭ ǠȶȲȮȥ ǟǿǼȩ ȯǠȞȦȱǟ ȬȅǠȶǪȱǟ ǢȲȖǪɅȿ .ǧǠɅǼǶǪȱǟ ȳǠȵǕ Ȼǻɀȶȍ ǦɆȹǠȮȵǙȿ

:ǦǭɎǭ ǦɅȀȽɀDZ ǿɀȵǕ ȯɀǵ ɄȲǹǟǼȱǟ țǠƤɋǟ ȸȵ ǟƘǤȭ ɂƧɉǟ ȣǼƬǟ ɁɀǪȆȵ ɂȲȝ ɍ ÛȼǪȱǠȅǿȿ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ ǦȞɆǤȕ ıɃȀȚȹ ȀȵǕ ȼȹɉ ȰȾȅ ȀȵǕ ȬȱǾȥ- ǢȆǶȥ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ ǻɀDZȿ ǿƎȵȿ ǦȱǠȞȦȱǟ ȰǝǠȅɀȱǟȿ ÛǦɆȅǠȅɉǟ ǦɆȲǵȀƫǟ ȣǟǼȽɉǟ ɁɀǪȆȵ ɂȲȝ Ȱǣ

.ȣǟǼȽɉǟ ȬȲǩ ȨɆȪǶǪȱ ǠȾɆȺǤǩ ɄȢǤȺɅ Ɣȱǟ ȬȲǩȿ .ǠȍǠǺȉǕȿ ǧǠɆǵɎȍȿ ɎȮɆȽ :ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ ǥǻǠɆȩ ȴȚȝǕȿ ȬȅǠȶǪȲȱ ȸȵǠȑ ƎȭǕ ƎǪȞǩ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆȲǹǟǼȱǟ ǦɆȝȀȊȱǟ ɄȽ

.ǥǼǵɀȲȱ ȳǠǵ ȨȦǪȵ ǧǠǤɆǩȀǪȱ ǠȪǤȕ ǦɆȲǹǟǼȱǟ ǧǠȥɎƪǟ Ȱǵ ȰǝǠȅȿ ȼDZɀǪȱǠǣ ǨȪȲȞǩ ǒǟɀȅ ı ǧǠȥɎƪǟ ȬȲǩ ǒǟɀǪǵǟ ȸȮƹ ǬɆƜ ÛǠȾɆȲȝ Ž ǠȩǠȪȊȹǟ ȀǭǘɅ ɍ ÛȷȀȵ ɄȶȲȅ ǡɀȲȅǖǣ ıǥǻǠɆȪȱǠǣ ȿǕ ǥƘȆƫǠǣȿǕ

.ȼǪȾDZȿ Ž ǠȥǟȀƲǟ ȿǕ ÛȼǩƘȆȵ Ž ǟȀǮȞǩ ȿǕ ÛȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ ȰȮɆȽ

9

ثالثا: معيار االستقاللية ǦɅǿǠǤǪȝǟ ǦɆȎǺȉȿ ɃɀȺȞȵ ȷǠɆȭ ȴɆȚȺǪȲȱ ȷɀȮɅ ȷǕ ȼǣ ǻǟȀƫǟȿ ɍ ǬɆƜ Ûȼȱ ǦȹɀȮƫǟ ǦɆȝǠȶǪDZɍǟ ɁɀȪȱǟȿ ǻǟȀȥɉǟ ȸȝ ǥȂɆȶǪȵ ɍȿ ÛɁɀȪȱǟ ȸȵ ȻƘȡ ɂȲȝ ȼǪɆȲȝǠȥ Ž ɍȿ ȻǻɀDZȿ Ž ȤȩɀǪɅ ȣǟǼȽɉǟ ǦȵǼƪ ǠȅƋȀȮćȵ ȷɀȮɅ Ȱǣ .ǠȾȺȵ ɃǕ ǦȵǼƪ ǥǟǻǕ ȷɀȮɅ ǨȝǠȖǪȅǟ ȿǕ ȼǩǻǠɆȩ ǨȝǠȖǪȅǟ ǠȶɆȚȺǩ ȷǙ .ǜȊȹćǕ ǠȾȲDZǕ ȸȵ Ɣȱǟ ǠȾƩǠȎƫ ȻƘǺȆǩ -ǦȪǤȕ ȿǕ ǦȾDZ ȿǕ ǦȲɆǤȩ ȿǕ ǥȀȅǕı ǦɆȝǠȶǪDZǟ ǦǞȥ ɍ ..ǜȊȹǕ ǠȾȲDZǕ ȸȵ Ɣȱǟ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ȼǪȱǠȅǿ ǡǠȆǵ ɂȲȝ ǦȍǠƪǟ

.ǦɆȱɎȪǪȅɍǠǣ ȼȦȍȿ ȸȮƹ ǦɆȝǠȶǪDZɍǟ ɁɀȪȱǟȿ ǻǟȀȥɉǟ ȼǪƠ ɃɀȒȺɅ ȰȪǪȆƫǟ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǠȥ ɁɀȪȱǟ ȬȲǩ ȿǕ ǻǟȀȥɉǟ ȬǞȱȿǕ ȰȎƷ Ǽȩȿ .ȼȥǟǼȽǕ ƗǤǩȿ ȼǪȵǼƪ ǠȞǤǩ ȷɀȮɅ Ȭȱǽ ȸȮȱ ÛȼǪɅǟǿ ǨƠ ǒǟɀȒȹɍǟ ǒǟǿȿ ȸȵ ǧǟȀƣ ɂȲȝ ǟǽǚȥ .ȼǪȱǠȅǿ ȨɆȪƠ Ž ȼȵǼȪǪȱ ǦɆȑȀȝ ǦDzɆǪȹȿ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ ȣǟǼȽɉ ȴɆȚȺǪȲȱ ǦȹƍɀȮƫǟ ǦɆȝǠȶǪDZɍǟ ɁɀȪȱǟ ȿǕ ǻǟȀȥɉǟ ȣǟǼȽǕ ǨǶǤȍǕ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ ĆǼȪȥ ĊǼȪȥ ÛǠƬ ǦȆȥǠȺȵ ȿǕ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ ȣǟǼȽǕ ȧɀȥ ǦDZǿǻ Ž

.ǦɆȱɎȪǪȅɍǟ ǿǠɆȞȵ

رابعا: معيار الرتكيب ȰȶȊɅȿ .ǠȾǤȞȊǩȿ ǠȾȝɀȺǩȿ ȰȭǠɆƬǟ ǦȦȝǠȒȵ ȼǣ ǻǟȀƫǟȿ ǠȾȺɆǣ ȰȎȦȱǟȿ ÛǦɆȶɆȚȺǪȱǟ ǧǟǼǵɀȱǟȿ ƖćǤȱǟ ƙǣ ȂɅǠȶǪȱǟ ǢɆȭȀǪȱǟ ÛǠȾȺɆǣ ǠȶɆȥ ȷȁǟɀǪȱǟȿ ȰȵǠȮǪȱǟ Ȝȵ ÛǠɆȥǟȀȢDZȿ ǠɆȦɆșȿȿ ǠɆȵȀȽ

10

ǢɆȭȀǪȱǠȥ .ȐȞǣ Ž ǠȾȒȞǣ ȴȮƠȿ ÛȐȞǣ ƂǙ ǠȾȒȞǣ ǻǠȺǪȅǠǣ ÛȋǠǺȉɉǟ ȸȝ ǦȲȪǪȆƫǟ ǦɆǩǟǾȱǟ ȼǪɅɀȽ ǒǠȺǣ ɂȲȝ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ ǼȝǠȆɅ ɍ Ɣȱǟ ǦɅǿǠǤǪȝɍǟ ȼǪɆȎǺȉ ǼɆȭǖǩȿ ÛȻǿǟȀȶǪȅǟȿ ȻǿǟȀȪǪȅǟ ǼɆȕɀǩȿ ȿǕ ÛȄȅǘȵ ȴɆȝȁ ǻɀDZȿ ɂȲȝ ǠőƘȆȵ Ž ɍȿ ǠȽǻɀDZȿ Ž ȤȩɀǪǩ ȷɀȲɆƹ ȸɅǾȱǟ ǥǻǠȪȲȱ ɄȶɆȚȺǪȱǟ ǢɆȭȀǪȱǟ ȧȿȀɅ ɍ Ǽȩȿ .Ǽǝǟǿ ȰɆDZ ǦDZǟǾȆȱǟ ȸȵ ȯǠǵ Ž ȴőǠȶɆȚȺǩ ȷɀȪǤćɆȥ ÛǦȺȶɆƬǟȿ ǻǟǼǤǪȅɍǟ ƂǙ ȷɀȵǼƸ Ǡȵ ǿǼȪǣ ǒɍǘȽ ȸȮȱ .ǠȾɆȥ ȴȮǶǪȱǟ ȸȵ ȴȾȺ ƍȮƹ ǦȕǠȆǤȱǟȿ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ ȷɀȦȞȒɅ ȴŒǚȥ ÛǢɅȀȪȱǟ ɁǼƫǟ ɂȲȝ ǦɆȎǺȊȱǟ ȴȾǪȖȲȅ

.ǼɆȞǤȱǟ ɁǼƫǟ ɂȲȝ ǦȆȅǘȶȭخامسا: معيار االستيعاب

ȨɆȆȺǩ ƂǙ ǦDZǠƩǠǣ ȃǠȆǵɋǟ ɄȽ ȴɆȚȺǩ ɃǕ ǒǠȺǣ ȸȵ ǦɅǠȢȱǠȥ ȣǼȽ ɀƲ ǠȾǤɅɀȎǩȿ ÛǠȽǼɅǼȆǩȿ ǠȽǼɆȉȀǩȿ ÛǦɆȝǠƤ ǻɀȾDZ ǢǤȆǣ ÛǠȾǺȅǠȺǩ ȿǕ ǠŏǿǠȒǩ ȿǕ ǻɀȾƨǟ ǼɅǼǤǩ ǢȺƟȿ ÛȫȀǪȊȵ țǠȖǪȅǟ ǟǽǚȥ .ȴȡǠȺǩ ȿǕ ȨɆȆȺǩ ȷȿǻ ȷǠȮƫǟ ȄȦȹ ɂȲȝ ǻǿǟɀǪȱǟ Ǽƶ ǬɆƜ ÛȴȽǻɀȾDZ ƙǣ ȨȆȺɅȿ ÛȻǒǠȒȝǕ ǢȝɀǪȆɅ ȷǕ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ ȿǕ ȈɆȶȾǪȱǟ ȿǕ ƏȢȱǠǣ ȃǠȆǵǙ ȷȿǻ ǢȅǠȺƫǟ ȼȹǠȮȵ ȴȾȺȵ Ȱȭ ǡǿǠȒǩ ȷȿǻȿ Ûȼȹȿǻ ȸȵ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ ǿɀȵǖǣ ǡǿǼȱǟ ǒǠȪȥǿ ǿǠǮǞǪȅǟ ȻǠƟɍǟ Ž ƘȆɅ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ ȷǕ ɂȲȝ Ȭȱǽ ȯǻ ÛǠȾǺȅǠȺǩ ȿǕ ǻɀȾƨǟ ȴȾǪȪǭ ǒǠȒȝɉǟ ȐȞǣ ǼȪȥȿ ÛȄȮȞȱǟ ǫǼǵ ǟǽǙ ǠȵǕ .ǴɆǶȎȱǟ ǦȪǮȱǟ Ž ȌȪȺȱ ȿǕ ÛȣǟǼȽɉǠǣ ȷǠƹɋǟ Ž ȤȞȒȱ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ Ž

11

..ǼȾƨǟ ȼɆDZɀǩ ǒɀȅ ȿǕ ÛƏȢȱǠǣ ȃǠȆǵɋǟ ǻȀDzƫ ȿǕ ÛǥǻǠɆȪȱǠǣ Ž ɄȝǠȶƨǟ ǼȾƨǟ ȼɆDZɀǩ ɂȲȝ ǥǿǼȪȱǟ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ ǥǻǠɆȩ ǧǼȪȥ ǟǽǙȿ ȄȦȹ ɂȲȝ ǻǿǟɀǪȱǟȿ ǸȅǠȺǪȱǟȿ ǡǿǠȒǪȱǟ ǻǠȅȿ ÛȳǠDzȆȹǟȿ ȨȅǠȺǩ ȬǤǩȀɅ ǕǼǣ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ ȷǕ ɂȲȝ ȯǼɅ ƑȲȅ Ȁȉǘȵ Ȭȱǽ ȷǚȥ ..ǻǿɀƫǟ ȷǠȭ Ɣȱǟ ǦɅǻȀȦȱǟ ǧǠȩǠȖȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǼɆȩ ƂǙ ȯɀǶǪɅȿ ÛȼǪȱǠȅǿ ǼȪȦɅȿ

.ǠȽǼɅǼȆǩȿ ǠȽǼɆȉȀǩ ǥǟǻǕ

سادسا: معيار اإلجيابية ¡ȼȹȿǘȉ Ž ǥǿǻǠǤƫǟ ȳǠȵȁ ɂȲȝ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ ȘȥǠƷ ȷǕ ȼǣ ǻǟȀƫǟȿ ǼɆǵɀȱǟ ȰǹǼƫǟ ɀȽ ȬȱǾȥ .ȼȞȶǪƭ ǧǟǿɀȖǩ Ȝȵ ǦɆǣǠƶǚǣ ȰȝǠȦǪɅȿ ¡ǦǣɀȆƮ Ƙȡ ǦǪȡǠǤȵ ǧǟȀȦȕ ȷȿǻ ǠɆȞɆǤȕ ǟɀƴ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ ɀƴ ƂǙ ǦɆǣǠƶɋǟ ȳȂȲǪȆǩȿ .ȜȶǪDzƫǟ ȈȵǠȽ ɂȲȝ ǒǠȪǣȿ ǻɀƤȿ ȤȲơ ȷȿǻȿ ȈɅǠȞǪǩȿ ¡ȈǤȡ ȸȵ ȼȆǣɍ ǠȶȾȵ Ƙƪǟ ȜDzȊǩ ǦɆȞȩǟɀȱǟ ȸȵ ǟǿǼȩ Ƙȡ țƌȀȆǩ ȿǕ ¡ȃǠȺȱǟ ȸȵ ȃǖɅ ȷȿǻ ¡ȻƘɆȢǩ ȰDZǕ ȸȵ ȀȊȱǟ Ȝȵ Ȱȵǟɀȝ ƙȞɅ ǠȡǟȀȥ ȫȀǪǩ ɍȿ .ȜȶǪDzƫǟ ɂȲȝ ǯȿȀǹ ȿǕ ¡ȔǤȒȺȵ ǡȿǗǼȱǟ ǼȾƨǠǣ ȸȵǘǩ .ǷɀȅȀȱǟȿ ȸȮȶǪȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǦɆǤȲȆȱǟȿ ȀȊȱǟ ǯǿǼǪƫǟ ƘȆȱǠǣȿ ¡Ȁǭǘƫǟ ǨȵǠȎȱǟ ȰȶȞȱǠǣȿ ¡ǠȞȑǟɀǪȵ ȷǠȭ ǠȶȾȵ

.ǥǠȢǪǤƫǟ ǧǠɅǠȢȱǟ ȨɆȪƠ Ž ¡ȜȶǪDzƫǟ Ž ȤȞȒȱǟȿ ǥɀȪȱǟ Ȱȵǟɀȝ ǡǠȞɆǪȅǠǣ ɍǙ ǟǾȽ ȴǪɅ ɍȿ ǡǠȆǪȭɍǟ ȰǝǠȅȿȿ ¡ǥƘȆƫǟ Ž ǿɀȎȪȱǟȿ ȳǼȪǪȱǟ ǢȹǟɀDZȿ ¡ǴǪȦõǩ ǥȀȢǭ Ƀɉ ȻǠǤǪȹǟ Ȝȵ ¡ƘɆȢǪȱǠǣ ȜɅȀȆǪȱǟ Ȱȵǟɀȝȿ ¡ƘǭǖǪȱǟȿ

.ǴȺȆóǩ ǦȍȀȥ ȰȮȱ ȯɎȢǪȅǟȿ

12

ȏȀȞȹ ¡ɄȶɆȚȺǪȱǟ dzǠDzȺȱǟ ƘɅǠȞȵ ȐȞǣ ɂȲȝ ǦȱɎȕɋǟ ȻǾȽ ǼȞǣ ǧɎȒȞȵ ȰǮƢ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆȶɆȚȺǪȱǟ ǧǠɆǝǠȺǮȱǟ ȸȵ ȷǠȶǮȱ ǡǠȒǪȩǠǣ ȷɇǟ ȰȵǠȞǪȱǟ ȸȆǵ ɂȲȝ ȤȩɀǪɅȿ ¡ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǧǠȭȀǶȲȱ ǦɆȲȶȝȿ ǦɅȀȮȥ

.ǠƬǔȵȿ ǦȭȀǵ Ȱȭ ǿǠȆȵ ǠȾȞȵ

ȣ

الثنائيات التنظيمية

15

الشكل واملقصد

ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ǠȾȾDZǟɀǩ Ɣȱǟ ɄȶɆȚȺǪȱǟ ȀȮȦȱǟ ǧɍǠȮȉǙ ƂȿǕ ȷǙ ǿǠǭǓ ȸȵ ǠȾɆȲȝ ƗǤȺɅ Ǡȵȿ ¡ǼȎȪƫǟȿ ȰȮȊȱǟ ǦɆǝǠȺǭ ɄȽ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǦȲɆȅȿ ȼȹǕ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ Ž ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ Ž ȰȍɉǠȥ .ǦɆȲȶȝ Ž ȯɀǶǪǩ ǠȹǠɆǵǕ ȯǠȮȉɉǟ ȸȮȱ .ǼȾƨǟ ǼɆǵɀǩȿ ¡ȸɅǼȱǟ ǦȵǼƪ ȰȮȊȱǟ ǨǤǭǕ ǟǽǙ ǠȍɀȎǹ ¡ǼȍǠȪȵȿ ǧǠɅǠȡ ƂǙ ȃǠȺȱǟ ȷǠȽǽǕ ǼɅǼȞȱǟ ǨǤɆȍǕ Ǽȩȿ .ǥƎǪȞȵ ǦɆȺȵȁ ǥȀǪȦȱ ǙǼǤƫǟ ǦȵǼǹ Ž ǠǵǠƱ ɂȲȝ ȯǠȮȉɉǠǣ ǬǤȊǪȱǟ ǒǟǻ :ǒǟǼȱǟ ǟǾŏ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ȸȵ

.ȀȽǟɀƨǟ ȸȵ ȀǮȭǕ ȀȽǠȚƫǟ ɂȲȝ ȋȀƩǟȿ ¡ƙȵǠȒƫǟ ǡǠȆǵ ǬǤȊǪȱǟȿ .ǥƘȢǪȵ ǧǠǣǠDzǪȅǟ ȳȂȲǪȆǩ ǥƘȢǪƫǟ ǥǠɆƩǟ ȷǙ ȰȶȞȱǟ ȣȿȀșȿ ǙǼǤƫǟ ǦDZǠǵ ȸȝ ǠȾȦȲơ ǼȞǣ ǦɆȶɆȚȺǪȱǟ ȯǠȮȉɉǠǣ ȸȆǵǕ Ǽȩȿ .ǠȽǿɀȖǩȿ ǦȭȀƩǟ ɀƴ ɂȲȝ ɄȒȪɅ ¡ǻɀƤȿ ȤȲơ ȸȵ ǿȀǶǪȱǠǣ ȴȲȆƫǟ ǴȎȹ ǠȶȺɆǵ ȯǠǤȩǙ ǼȶƮ ȣɀȆȲɆȦȱǟ ȀȝǠȊȱǟ

:ȯǠȪȥ ¡ȤɆȆȱǟ ǡöȀȒƞ ǬǤȊǪȱǟȿ ¡ǼȶȢȱǟ ǦȥȀǹȁ

(Č)

78 ȋ ĶȰɅƎDZ dzǠȺDZķ ȷǟɀɅǻ :ȯǠǤȩǙ ǼȶƮ -1

16

Ȱǣ ÛǢȆǶȥ ǠɆȲȶȝ ɍǠȮȉǙ ǼȎȪƫǟȿ ȰȮȊȱǟ ǦɆȱǼDZ ǨȆɆȱȿ ƙǣȿ ÛǰȾȺƫǟȿ ǙǼǤƫǟ ƙǣ ǦȩɎȞȱǟ Ȅƹ ɃȀȽɀDZ ɃȀȮȥ ȯǠȮȉǙ ɄȽ ǟǾȽ Ž ȔȲǹ Ȱȭȿ .ɄȵɎȅɋǟ ȰȶȞȱǟ Ž ÛȰǝǠȅɀȱǟȿ ǧǠɅǠȢȱǟ

.ǦǞɆȆȱǟ ǦɆȲȶȞȱǟ ȼDzǝǠǪȹ ȼȱ ÛɃȀȮȥ ȣǟȀƲǟ ȼɆȲȝ ǢǩȀǪɅ ȰɆǤȆȱǟ ǼɆȆƟ :Ƒȹ ȸǣ ȬȱǠȵ ȼȺȵ ǿǾǵ ɃǾȱǟ ¬ǼɆȆDzǪȱǟ¼ ǒǟǻ ȼȹǙ ǥǻȿǼƮ ȯǠȮȉǕ Ž ȿǕ ÛȸɅǼȲƯ Ƙȡ ȋǠǺȉǕ Ž ǥǼȱǠƪǟ ǛǻǠǤƫǟ -ȤȅǕ ȰȮǣ- ȟǠȕ ǒǟǼȱǟ ǟǾȽ ȸȮȱ .ǠŒǠȮȵȿ ǠŒǠȵȁ ǻȿǼƜ ǥǼǝǠȦȱǟ ǸɅǿǠǪȱ ǠȾǪɅǗǿ Ž ǥȀȍǠȞƫǟ ǦɆȦȲȆȱǟ ǧǠȝǠȶƨǟ ȐȞǣ ȀȮȥ ɂȲȝ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ȐȞǣ Ȝȩǟȿȿ ǸɅǿǠǩ Ž ȀȑǠǵ ɀȽȿ ÛȤȲȆȱǟ ɄȢǤȺɅ» :ȯǠȪȥ ÛɄȆɆȦȺȱǟ ȼȚǵɍ Ǽȩȿ .ǠƬǠDZǿȿ ǠƬǠȮȉɉ ǠȾǪɅǗǿ Ž ...ǦȲɆȅȿȿ ǼȊǶȭ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟȿ ÛǦɅǠȡȿ ǼȪǪȞȶȭ ȸɅǼȱǟ ƙǣ ȨɅȀȦǪȱǟ ȸɅǼȱǟ ƙǣ ȰȍǠǵ ȔȲƪǟ ȷɉ ȸȮȱ ÛȻǼȪȺǣ ȯɀǤȪȱǟ ȸȮƹ ɍ ȸɅǼȱǟ ɄȢǤȺɅ ǟǾȱ ļ!!ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ ǼȪȹ ɍɀǤȪȵ ȄɆȱ ǠȒɅǕ ǿǠȍ ÛȴɆȚȺǪȱǟȿ ǦȅǿǠư Ž ȜɆȶƨǟ ȳǠȵǕ ȯǠDzƫǟ ǴǪȥȿ ÛȴɆȚȺǪȲȱ źǟǾȱǟ ǼȪȺȱǟ ȜɆDzȊǩ ǧǠȝǠȶƨǟȿ ȴȚȺȱǟ Ȱȭ ȼǣ ȣȀǪȞǩ ǨǩǠǣ ɃǾȱǟ ÛɄȞɆǤȖȱǟ ȨƩǟ ǟǾȽ

.(1) ȀȎȞȱǟ ǟǾȽ Ž ǡǟȂǵɉǟȿ

ǦȭȀƩǟ) ǡǠǪȭ ȸȶȑ ĶǖȖƪǟȿ ǦǣȀDzǪȱǟ ÛȀȎȵ Ž ȷɀȶȲȆƫǟ ȷǟɀǹɋǟķ :ɄȆɆȦȺȱǟ -1(259 ȋ (ǦɆȲǤȪǪȆȵ ǦɅǗǿ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ

17

اإلسرار واإلعالن

ǧǠȭȀǶȲȱ ǠɅǼƠ ȰȮȊǩ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆȆɆǝȀȱǟ ǧɍǠȮȉɋǟ ȸȵ Ȱȭ ǻȿǼǵȿ ÛȰȶȞȱǟ Ž ȷɎȝɋǟȿ ǿǟȀȅɋǟ ǦɆȒȩ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ȳǠȵɋǟ ǠȽǠȝǻ ȬȲǩ ɄȽ ȷǖȊȱǟ ǟǾȽ Ž ǦȞǝǠȊȱǟ ǥǼȝǠȪȱǟȿ .ǠȶȾȺȵ ǥɀȝǼȱǠȥ .¬ǦȭȀƩǟ ǦɅȀȅȿ ǥɀȝǼȱǟ ǦɆȺȲȝ¼ ǠȺǤȱǟ ȸȆǵ ǼɆȾȊȱǟ ȫȀƷ ǠȺɆǤȵ ǠȡɎǣ :ǦɆȺȲȝ ȷɀȮǩ ȷǕ Ǽǣ ɍ ǿɀȚȺƫǟ ǟǾȽ ȸȵ ȨɅȀȖȱǟ ȃǠȺȲȱ ƙǤɅȿ ÛǦȵɉǟ ǡɀȲȩ Ž ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǥȀȖȦȱǟ ȸȵǟɀȭ Ǽǣ ɍ ǦȭȀƩǟȿ .ǛȿǠȺƫǟ ȿǼȞȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǦDzƩǟ ȴɆȪɅȿ ÛƖȆƩǠǣ ǃǟ ƂǙ ÛƙȲȵǠȞȱǟ ǼȾƨ ǟȂɆȭȀǩȿ ÛǥɀȝǼȱǟ ȰǤȪǪȆƫ ǠȺɆȵǖǩ :ǦɅȀȅ ȷɀȮǩ ȷǕ

.ƙƫǠȚȱǟ ǼɆȮȱ ǠɅǻǠȦǩȿ ȐȞǣ ȰɆƹ ǽǙ :ǦȱǻǠȞƫǟ ȻǾȽ Ž dzǠDzȺȱǟ ǟǼǣǕ ȰȾȆȱǟ ȸȵ ȄɆȱȿ ȃǕȀȱ ǠȺɆȵǖǩȿ ÛǦɆȝɀȺȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǠȍȀǵ ȓȀȦƫǟ ɄȦǺǪȱǟ ƂǙ ƙȲȵǠȞȱǟ Ž ɎȵǕ ÛǡǠȆǵ ƘȢǣ ǦɆȺȲȞȱǟ ƂǙ ȷȿȀǹǓ ȰɆƹȿ ÜȰȎǶǪƫǟ ȯǠƫǟ ÛǻɀȶƨǠǣ ȯȿɉǟ ɂǶȺƫǟ ɄȾǪȺɅ Ǡȵ ǟƘǮȭȿ .ǡǠȆǪȭɍǟȿ ȜȅɀǪȱǟ

.ǢɆȆǪȱǠǣ ƆǠǮȱǟȿ ȣȿȀȚȱǟ Ž ǿǟȀȅǙ ƂǙ ǯǠǪƷ ɍ ɄȵɎȅɋǟ ȰȶȞȱǟ ȷǕ Ȱȍɉǟȿ ȜɆȶƨǟ Ȩǵ ȸȵ ÛȜɆȶDzȲȱ ǦȝǠȊȵ Ƙǹ ǦȱǠȅǿ ȼȹɉ ÛǦɆȞɆǤȖȱǟ ǥɀȝǼȱǟ ȯɀƷ ɃȀȆȱǟ ȰȶȞȱǟ ȷǕ Ǡȶȭ ÛǠőǟȀƣ ƗDZȿ ǠȾɆȲȝ țɎȕɍǟ

.ǠȾǪȲĆƥ ȸȵ ȣȿǠǺƫǟȿ ȄDZǟɀƬǟ ȨȶȞɅȿ ÛĶǦƹȀDZķ ȼǤȉ ƂǙ

18

ƙȶȲȆƫǟ ǿǠɅǻ Ž ǥǼǝǠȆȱǟ ǻǟǼǤǪȅɍǟȿ ȀȾȪȱǟ ȣȿȀș ȸȮȱ ȸȵ țǻǟǿ ȷȿǻ ǿǠɅǼȱǟ ȻǾȽ ȴȮƠ ɃǾȱǟ ȴȭǠƩǟ ǒǟɀȽǕȿ ÛȳɀɆȱǟ ÛǦɆǝǠȺǮǪȅǟ ȣȿȀș Ȝȵ ɄǝǠȺǮǪȅɍǟ ɄȕǠȞǪȱǟ ȏȀȦǩ ..ȨȲǹ ȿǕ ȷɀȹǠȩ

.ȔɅȀȦǩ ȿǕ ȓǟȀȥǙ ȷȿǻ ȓɀǶǪȱǟ ȸȵ ǠǞɆȉ ȴǪƠȿ ȀȆȱǟ ǧɍǠƭ ƙǣ ȰȎȦȱǟ ɀȽ -ȴȲȝǕ ǃǟȿı ǼɅǼȆȱǟ ɃǕȀȱǟȿ ÛǦǤȲȍ ǦɅǻǠɆȩ ǥǟɀȹ Ž ǿǟȀȅɋǟ ȀȎƷ ÛȳǿǠȍ ɃǼǵ ȰȮȊǣ ȸȲȞȱǟȿ ȰȮɆƬǟ ȫćȀǪĆɅ Ż ÛǦȍɀȎƯ ȳǠȾƞ ǦȦȲȮȵ ǥǻȿǼƮ ǥȂȾDZǕ Žȿ ǻǼȝ ƎȭǕ ǡǠȞɆǪȅǟ ɂȲȝ ǟǿǻǠȩ ÛǠȑǠȦȒȥ ǠȞȅǟȿ ȳǠȞȱǟ ɄȭȀƩǟ Ȝȵ ȴȾȞȶƟ ȿǕ ÛǠȎȩǠȹ ǒɍȿ ȷɀȱǟɀɅ ȸɅǾȱǟ ȴȾɆȥ ȸƞ ÛȃǠȺȱǟ ȸȵ

.ǦɆǝȂDZ ǦɆȥȀș ȣǟǼȽǕ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǦȭȀƩǟ Ž ɄȽ ÛɂȶȚȝ ǧǟǻǠȥǙ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ǼɆȦɅ ǰȾȺȱǟ ǟǾȾȥ

:ǠȾȺȵȿ ÛȳɀɆȱǟ ǠȾɆȱǙ ǦDZǠƩǟ ȄɆȆȵ ɂȲȝ ǦȭȀƩǟ dzǠǪȦȹǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǡǠȆǪȭɍǟ ǦȶȾȵ ȰɆȾȆǩ ȸȱ Ǡȵ ɀȽȿ ÛǠȾȥǟǼȽǕȿ ǠȾǪȱǠȅǿ ȷɀȶȒƫ ȜȶǪDzƫǟ ȫǟǿǻǙȿ ÛȜȶǪDzƫǟ .ȧɎȢȹɍǟȿ ȄDZɀǪȱǟ ǒǟɀDZǕ Ž ǠȾȆȦȹ ȄǤƠ ǦȭȀǵ ɃǕ ȼȺȵ ȸȮȶǪǩ ǿǠȉǕ Ǽȩȿ .ȸɅȀǹɇǟȿ ǦȭȀƩǟ ƙǣ ǒǟǼȞȱǟ ȂDZǠǵ ȀȆȭ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǦȭȀǶȲȱ ȼǪȅǟǿǻ Ž ɃǼȺȥɉǟ ǡǠȽɀȱǟ ǼǤȝ ǿɀǪȭǼȱǟ ȼȹɀȥȀȞɅ Ǡȵ ǦȱǠǞȑ ȸȝ ǰǩǠȹ ǠȾǝǟǼȝǕ ǒǟǼȝ ǢǤȅ» ȷǕ ƂǙ ǦɆȹǟǻɀȆȱǟ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ȜɆƤ ɂȲȝ ȧǼȎǩ ǦȪɆȪǵ ɄȽȿ (1)«ȼǪȵǠǺȑ ɍ ÛǠȾȺȝ

.ȷȿƘǮȭ ǠƬ ȼǪǤȺɅ Ɓȿ ÛǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ Abdelwahab AL-Affendi: Studying my movement: 1- Social Sciences without cynicism (in: International

Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 23, 1991 p. 85)

19

ÛǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǦȭȀȞƫǟ Ž ɃǼƨǟ ȳǠȾȅɋǟ ȸȵ ǦȭȀƩǟ ƙȮƢ dzǠǪȦȹǟ ƘȢǣ Ƌȴȭ ɍȿ ÛƘǤȭ ɃȀȊǣ ȴȭ ȷȿǼǣ ȸȮƹ ɍ Ǡȵ ɀȽȿ

.ȼǣ ǻɀƶ Ǡƞ ƊȰȭ ȸȵ ǠȑȀȱǟȿ ÛȜȶǪDzƫǟ Ȝȵ ȰȝǠȦǩȿ ÛǦɆȡǠȖȱǟ ǦȺȲȞƫǟ ȀȽǠȚƫǟ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǦȭȀƩǟ ǿǟȀȅǕ ƙȵǖǩ ǨȦȲǩȿ ÛǦȭȀƩǠǣ ƙȎǣȀǪƫǟ ȸɅǼǤǪȆƫǟ ȳǠȮƩǟ ǦȩǠȕ ȣƕǪȆǩ Ɣȱǟ

. ǦɆȪɆȪƩǟ ǿǟȀȅɉǟ ȸȝ ȴȽǿǠȚȹǕ ǦɆȺȲȝ¼ ȯɀǵ ƙɆȵɎȅɋǟ ƙǣ ǦȱȿǟǼǪƫǟ ǦɅǼɆȲȪǪȱǟ ǥǼȝǠȪȱǠȥ

:ǠȾȩɎȕǙ ɂȲȝ ǨȆɆȱ ¬ǦȭȀƩǟ ǦɅȀȅȿ ǥɀȝǼȱǟ ǯǠǪƠ ǦȭȀƩǟ ǽǙ ÛɄȲȭ ȰȮȊǣ ǦȺȮư Ƙȡ ǥɀȝǼȱǟ ǦɆȺȲȞȥ ɍ ȸư ÛǠŏǠȖƝ ƙȥǼȾǪȆƫǟ ȐȞǤǣ ǦȍǠǹ ǧɍǠȎǩǟ ƂǙ ǠȹǠɆǵǕ Ǽǣ ɍ ǦɆȺɅɀȮǪȱǟ ǠȾƭǟȀǣ ȷǕ Ǡȶȭ ÛǠȺȲȝ ȴȾǪǤȕǠǺƞ ȴȾȞȩǟɀȵ ǴȶȆǩ ǒǠȺǤǣ ȨȲȞǪɅ Ǡư ÛȣɀȊȮƫǟ ɂȲȝ ȼƹǼȪǩ ȸ ćȆƷ ɍ Ǡȵ ȸȶȒǪǩ ȷǕ

.ǻǟǼǤǪȅɍǟ ǦǤȱǠȢȵȿ ȜȶȪȱǟ ǒǿǻ ɂȲȝ ǥǿǻǠȪȱǟ ǦɆȝɀȺȱǟ ɁɀȪȱǟ ȁǟȀǣǙ ƂǙ ǯǠǪƠ ɄȾȥ ÛȧɎȕǚɅ ǦǵǠǪȵ Ƙȡ ǦȭȀƩǟ ǦɅȀȅȿ ȷɀȹɀȮɅ ǥǠȝǻȿ ÛȜȶǪDzƫǟ ɁǼȱ ǠȾȽɀDZȿȿ ǠȽȁɀȵǿ ȷɀȹɀȮɅ ǥǻǠȩ ȯǼȞȱǟȿ ǦɅȀǶȲȱ ǠȾǪɅǗǿ ȸȝ ȷȿƎȞɅ ƙȲȑǠȺȵȿ ÛǠŏǠȖǹȿ ǠŒǠȆȱ

.ɄȝǠȶǪDZɍǟ ÛǒɍǘȽ ȔǣȀǩ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆȶɆȚȺǪȱǟ ȔǣǟȿȀȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȀǪȆǪȱǟ ƘȆȞȱǟ ȸȵȿ ȨɆȆȺǪȱǟ ȳǟȿǻȿ ÛȏȀȞǪȱǟȿ ǿǠȾǪȉɍǟ ȸȵ ȴȾȲȶȝ ȼȵȂȲǪȆɅ Ǡƫ ǟȀȚȹ

.ȴȾȍǠǺȉǕ ɂȲȝ ȀǪȆǪȱǟ Ȭȱǽ ȸȵ ȀȆȝɉǟȿ .ǒǠȪǪȱɍǟȿ

20

ǬɅǼƩǟ ȴȾȺȮȵɉ ǒɍǘȽ ȸȝ ǦȭȀƩǟ ǿǟȀȅǕ ǨȲ ĈȎćȥ ɀȱȿ ȫȀǶǪȱǟȿ ÛǿǠȮȥǕȿ ǛǻǠǤȵ ȸȵ ȼȹɀȲȶƷ Ǡƞ țǼȎȱǟȿ ÛȨɆȲȕ ȷǠȆȲǣ ǿǟȀȅɉǟ ɂȲȝ ȀȖǹ ɃǕ ȷȿǻ ǦɆȝǠȶǪDZɍǟȿ ǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȴȾȖȖƝ

.Ȭȱǽ ǒǟȀDZ ǦȭȀǶȲȱ ǦɅɀɆƩǟ ƖȞƞ ǦɅȀȅ ǨȆɆȱ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ȷǕ ǴȒǪɅ ǟǾȮȽȿ .ȬȱǾȭ ȷɀȮǩ ȷǕ ǦǶȲȎƫǟ ȸȵ ɍȿ ǥǿȿȀȒȱǟ ȸȵ ȄɆȱȿ ÛǦȶȲȮȱǟ ȷɀȮǩ Ǽȩȿ .ǠȾȺɆȵǖǩ ǠȾɆȲȝ Ǣƶ ǟǿǟȀȅǕ ǠȾɅǼȱ ȷǕ Ȁȵɉǟ Ž Ǡȵ Ȱȭ ǧǠǞɆȽ ȿǕ ȔȖǹ ȿǕ ǰȵǟȀǣ ȿǕ ȋǠǺȉǕ ȰȮȉ Ž ǿǟȀȅɉǟ ȬȲǩ ÛǥǻȿǼƮ ǟǿǟȀȅǕ ȸƍȵǘǩ ȷǕ ɀȽ ǦȭȀƩǟ ȸȵ ǡɀȲȖƫǟ ȷǙ .ǦȍɀȎƯ ǿǟȀȅɉǟ ȬȲǩ ȀȎǵ Ź ǠȶȲȮȥ .ȼȲDZ ȿǕ ȼȲȭ ȜȶǪDzƫǟ ǢȆǪȮǩ ȷǕȿ .ǠƬ ǠȺɆȵǖǩ ǼȉǕ Ȭȱǽ ȷǠȭ ÛǦɆȺȲȞȱǟ ȰȶȞȱǟ ǧɍǠƭ ȸȝ ǠȾȲȎȥȿ ǠȶȲȭ ÛǠȾȶȭ ȤȝǠȒǩȿ ȜȶǪDzƫǟ ɂȲȝ ǦȭȀƩǟ ǨǶǪȦȹǟ ǠȶȲȭȿ.ȔɆƮ ȀƜ Ž ǦȺɆȶǮȱǟ ǥǿǼȱǠȭ ÛǿǟȀȅɉǟ ȬȲǩ ɂȲȝ ȀǪȆǪȱǟ ȸȮȵǕ

ǦɆDZǟȿǻȁǟ ƗȞɅ ɍ ƗȲȞȱǟ ǠȾȲȶȝ ȸȝ ǦȭȀƩǟ ǿǟȀȅǕ ȰȎȥ ȷǕ ɂȲȝ ǿȿǠȺǩȿ ÛdzȀƢȿ dzȀȆǪȱ ÛǦȍǠƪǟ ǥȂȾDZɊȱ ȷǠȺȞȱǟ ȨȲȖǩ ÛǥǻǠɆȪȱǟ Ž ǦǣǠȩǿȿ ÛȰȶȞȲȱ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǦɆDzɆǩǟȀǪȅɍǟ Ȕǣǟɀȑ ȸȝ ǟǼɆȞǣ ÛȀȵǠȢǩȿ ɍȿ .ǫǿǟɀȭ ƂǙ ǦȭȀƩǟ ȳɀȶȝ ȀDzǪȥ ÛǦɅǿɀȊȱǟȿ ǦɅǾɆȦȺǪȱǟ ǥǻǠɆȪȱǟ ǼɆȾȊȱǟȿ ɃǼȺȆȱǟ ȸƥȀȱǟ ǼǤȝ ȳɀǵȀƫǟ ǿȿǻ ȯɀǵ ǟȀǝǟǻ ȯǼƨǟ ȯǟȂɅ ƂǙ ǦɅǿɀȆȱǟȿ ǦɅȀȎƫǟ ƙǪɆȵɎȅɋǟ ƙǪȭȀƩǟ ȀDZ Ž ǼɅǼǵ ȷǟȿȀȵ ȻǿǟȀȪǣ ǠƵɎȭ ȰȪǪȅǟ ǠȶȺɆǵ ÛǥƘȖƪǟ ǧǠȾDZǟɀƫǟȿ ȨȱǟȂƫǟ ȐȞǣ

.(Č)ȔǤȒȺȵ Ƙȡ ǠȝǠȥǼȹǟ ȜȥǼȹǟȿ ÛǦɆȝȀȊȱǟ ǥǻǠɆȪȱǟ ȸȝ :ȰȵǠȭ ǼƥǕ ȸȵ Ȱȭ ɁǼȱ ƙȦȲǪƯ ƙǪɅǗǿ ȀȚȹǟ ɃǼȺȆȱǟ ȸƥȀȱǟ ǼǤȝ ǿȿǻ ȯɀǵ -1

ĶȀȶȞȱǟ ǻǠȎǵķ : ɃǻǠȉ dzɎȍȿ ĶȣȿȀƩǟ ɂȲȝ ȓǠȪȹ Û ȷɀȶȲȆƫǟ ȷǟɀǹɋǟķ

21

ȔǤȒȺȵ ȀɅǼȪǩ ɀȽ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ȸȵ ǡɀȲȖƫǟ ȷǙ ǒǠȪǣǙ Ȝȵ ÛƾɅȀȊǣȿ ƾɆȦɆșȿ ǠȶȾȲȎȥȿ ȸȲȞȱǟȿ ȀȆȱǟ ǧɍǠDzƫ ǠȪȅǠȺǩ ȸȶȒɅ Ǡƞ ÛƙȱǠDzƫǟ ƙǣ ǦǵɀǪȦȵ ǦȍǠƪǟ ȯǠȎǩɍǟ ǧǟɀȺȩ Ž ǥǼǵȿȿ ÛȰȶȞȱǟ Ž ǠȕǠɆǪǵǟȿ ǠȺɆȵǖǩȿ ÛȼDZɀǪȱǟ Ž ǠȵǠDzȆȹǟȿ

.ǿǟȀȪȱǟȿ ǥǻǠɆȪȱǟ ȸȮƹ ɃǾȱǟ ɀȽ ȸȲȞȱǟȿ ȀȆȱǟ ǻȿǼƩ ȔǤȒȺƫǟ ȀɅǼȪǪȱǟ ǟǾȽȿ ƙǣȿ ǠȾȺɆǣ ȣɀƪǟȿ ǦǤɅȀȱǟ ȂDZǠǵ ȀȆȭȿ ÛǢDzƩǟ Ȝȥǿ ȸȵ ǦȭȀƩǟ ÛȜȅǟɀȱǟ ǠȾȞȶǪƭ Ž ǠȾȺȮƢ ɀȽ ɄDzɆǩǟȀǪȅɍǟ ǦȭȀƩǟ ȸȵǖȥ ÛǠȾȞȶǪƭ ȸȵ ȻǾǺǪǩ Ǡȵ ǠȵǕ ÛɎɆǶǪȆȵ ǟȀȵǕ ǠőȀȍǠƮ ȿǕ ǠƬǠȎǞǪȅǟ ǴǤȎɅ Ɠǵ

.ɄȮɆǪȮǩ ƙȵǖǩ ǻȀƭ ɀȾȥ -ȼǪɆƵǕ ɂȲȝı ǦɆȺȥ ǦɆȺȵǕ ƘǣǟǼǩ ǥƘǮȭ ǦɆȵɎȅǙ ǧǠȭȀǵ Ž ǨȖȲǪǹǟ ȸȲȞȱǟȿ ȀȆȱǟ ǧɍǠƭ ȸȮȱ ȳǠȵɋǟ ȷǠȭ :ǠȺȲȝ ȸȲȞȱǟ ɍȿ ÛǟȀȅ ȀȆȱǟ ȨǤɅ ȴȲȥ -Ȥȅɉǟ Ȝȵ ı ƙɅȀȮȆȞȱǟ ȐȞǤǣ ǼɆȊɅ ȤǶȎȱǟ Ž ǢǪȮɅ ǠȺǤȱǟ ȸȆǵ ǼɆȾȊȱǟ ȷǠȭȿ ıɃǻǠȉ dzɎȍ ǽǠǪȅɉǟ ȰǮȵ- ¬ȋǠƪǟ ȳǠȚȺȱǟ¼ ǥǻǠȩ ȸȵ ǦȦɆșɀǣ ȳɀȪɅ (ȼȆȦȹ ɃǻǠȉ ǽǠǪȅɉǟ ȰǮȵ) ǥǻǠȪȱǟ ȬǞȱȿǕ ȐȞǣ ǦȦɆȲƪǟ Ǧȱȿǻ Ž ȈɆȞɅ ȼȹǖȭȿ (Č)ȣɀȊȮȵ ȰȮȊǣ ÛǦǤ ĊȆƩǟ ǫǼǵ Ǽȩȿ .ȧȿǿǠȥ ȬȲƫǟ Ǧȱȿǻ ɍ ÛǡǠȖƪǟ ȸǣ Ȁȶȝ ȧȿǿǠȦȱǟ ǥɀȝǼȱǟ ȼȪȥ ȷɀȅǿǼɅ ȷǟɀǹɋǟ ȼɆȥ ȷǠȭ ɃǾȱǟ Ǩȩɀȱǟ Ž Ȭȱǽ ǡǿǠDzǪȱǟ ȬȲǩ ȜDZǟȀȹ ȰȾȥ !!ǦɅȀȆȱǟ ǠɅɎƪǟ Ž țȀȊȱǟ ȳɀȲȝȿ

ÝÝȼǩɍɀȪȵȿ ɄȑǠƫǟ ǦɅǗȀȱ ɁȀȅǕ ȰȚȹ ȳǕ ÛǥƘȎǣȿ ȌɆǶȶǪǣ

ĶȀȶȞȱǟ ǻǠȎǵķ :ȼǣǠǪȭ Ž ǿɀȵɉǟ ȻǾȽ ȸȝ ɃǻǠȉ dzɎȍ ǫǼƠ - 1

22

العمق واالمتداد ȨȲȞǪɅ ÛǠɆȲȶȝ ɍǠȮȉǙ ǥǻǠȝ ɄȝǠȶǪDZɍǟ ƘɆȢǪȱǟ ǧǠȭȀǵ ȼDZǟɀǩ ǥǟɀȺȱǟ ǦǣɎȍ ȸȶȒɅ ɃǾȱǟ ɄȦɆȮȱǟ ǒǠȪǪȹɍǟ ǰȾȺȵ ƙǣ ǿǠɆǪǹɍǠǣ ǥɀȩ ȜƤ ȸȵ ȸ ƍȮƹ ɃǾȱǟ ɄȶȮȱǟ ǼȊƩǟ ǰȾȺȵȿ ÛȰȶȞȱǟ ǦɆȝɀȹȿ Ž ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ȐȞǣ ƃǠȢǩȿ .ǦǤȱǠȢƫǟ ɂȲȝ ǥǿǻǠȩ ǦɅȀȊǣ ƂǙ ȯɀǶǪǩȿ ÛǦɆȞȩǟɀȱǟ Ȅǵ ǼȪȦǩ Ɠǵ ÛǦɆȝɀȺȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȋȀƩǟ

.Ǧȵɉǟ ƘȽǠƤ ȸȝ ǦǪǤȺȵ ǦȱȿȂȞȵ ǥɀȦȍ ǠȩǠȦǹǙȿ ǠǵǠƱ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ǡǿǠDzǪȱ ǒǟȀȪǪȅɍǟ ȯǼɅȿ ÛǻǟǼǪȵɍǟȿ ȨȶȞȱǟ ƙǣ ȷȁǟɀǪȱǟ ȯǠƭ Ž ǥǼɆȦȵ ȃȿǿǻ ǦȲƤ ɂȲȝ

:źɇǟ Ž ǠȾȲȶƱ Ž ȜǤǪƫǟ ɀȽ ɄȝɀȺȱǟ ɄǝǠȪǪȹɍǟ ǰȾȺƫǟ ȷɀȮɅ ȷǕ Ȱȍɉǟ ǡǠȎǪȹǟȿ ÛǯǽɀȶȺȱǟ Ƿɀȅǿ :Ȭȱǽ Ǽǝǟɀȥ ȸȵȿ .ȄɆȅǖǪȱǟ ǥȀǪȥ ȷɀȮǩ ȬȱǾǣȿ .ǿɀȵɉǟ ǼɆȱǠȪƞ ǧǠǤǭɉǟ ǧǠȪǮȱǟ ȫǠȆȵǙȿ ÛǥȿǼȪȱǟ Ž ȓȀȊȱǟ ɀȽ ǧǠɅǟǼǤȱǟ ǴɆǶȎǪȥ .ǒǼǤȱǟ ȸȵ ǦǤȲȍ ǒǠȺǤȱǟ ǥǼȝǠȩ

.ǧǠɅǠȾȺȱǟ dzǠƱ ǦǤȱǠȢƫǟ ǦȲǵȀȵ ǦȭȀƩǟ ȯɀǹǻȿ ȄɆȅǖǪȱǟ ǿɀȕ ȁȿǠƟ ǼȞǣ ǠɆǤȆȹ ɎȽǠȆǩ ɄȒǪȪɅ ɃǾȱǟ ɄȶȮȱǟ dzǠǪȦȹɍǟ ȸȵ Ǽǣ ɍ ÛǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ .ȃǠȺȲȱ ǦȵǠȝ ǦǞǤȞǩȿ ÛǦɆǣȀǪȱǟ ǧǟɀȺȪȱ ǠǶǪȥȿ ÛǦɅɀȒȞȱǟ ȓȿȀȉ Ž Ż ÛǟǽǟǾȥǕ Ƃȿɉǟ ȳɎȅɋǟ ǥɀȝǼǣ ȧǠǶǪȱɍǟ Ž ȃǠȺȱǟ ǕǼǣ Ǡȶȭ

.ǠDZǟɀȥǕ ǃǟ ȸɅǻ Ž ȴƬɀǹǼǣ Ȁȵɉǟ ɂȾǪȹǟ

23

ǻȀƭ ȄɆȱ ǻǟǼǪȵɍǟ ǰȾȺȵȿ ȨȶȞȱǟ ǰȾȺȵ ƙǣ ȂɆɆȶǪȱǟ ȷǙ ÛǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǦǤȱǠȢƫǟ ǿɀȕ Ž ȫǟǽȿ ȄɆȅǖǪȱǟ ǿɀȕ Ž ǟǾȽ :Ɨȵȁ ȂɆɆƢ ȼȱǠƭ ǻǟǼǪȵɍǟȿ ȨȶȞȱǟ ȸȵ ȰȮȲȥ .ȬȱǾȭ ɄȦɆșȿ ȂɆɆƢ ɀȽ ǠƴǙȿ Ž ǟǻǼȊǩ Ǡȶǝǟǻ ȳȂȲǪȆǩ ǦȍǠƪǟ ǦɆȭȀƩǟ ǥȂȾDZɉǟ ȐȞǤȥ :ȼǪǵǠȆȵȿ Ȱǣ ÛȬȱǽ ǯǠǪƷ ɍ ȼǪȞɆǤȖǣ ǠȾȒȞǣȿ ÛțɀȺȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǠȍȀǵȿ ÛȯɀǤȪȱǟ

.ȼȞȵ ɎȝǠȦǪȵ ȜȶǪDzƫǟ ɂȲȝ ǠǵɀǪȦȵ ȰȚɅ Ɓ ǟǽǙ ȨȺǪƸȿ ǿȀȒǪɅ ȸȝ ɄȲǺǪȱǟ ɄȢǤȺɅ Ɏȥ ÛǦɅȀȢȵ dzǠǪȦȹɍǟ Ʉȝǟȿǻ ȸȮǩ ǠȶȾȵ ǦɆȝɀȺȱǟ ǥȂȾDZɉǟ ȐȞǣ ǠȍɀȎǹȿ ÛȰȵǠȭ ȰȮȊǣ ɄȭȀƩǟ ȰȮɆƬǟ

.Ǡŏ ɄDzɆǩǟȀǪȅɍǟ ǦȭȀƩǟ ȼDZɀǩȿ ȰȶȞȱǟ ȰǤȪǪȆȵ ȔǤǩȀɅ Ɣȱǟ ȰȮȱ ǠȾǶǪȥȿ ǠȾȞɆȅɀǩ ȸȵ Ǽǣ Ɏȥ ȳǠȞȱǟ ȰȶȞȱǟ ǥȂȾDZǕ ǠȵǕ ȜȶǪDzƫǟ ǧǠȝǠȖȩ Ȱȭ ƂǙ ǦȭȀƩǟ ǡǠȖǹ ǡǠȆȺɅ Ɠǵ ÛǢȡǟǿ ƙɆȭȀƩǟ ǻǟȀȥɉǟ ǦȶȾȵ ȸȵ ǥȂȾDZɉǟ ȻǾȽ ȼɆDZɀǩ ɂȪǤɅȿ .ǠǣǠɆȆȹǟ ȸȆǵȿ ǦɆȝɀȺȱǟ ȴőƎƝ ǒɍǘȽ ȷɀȮɅ ȷǕ ɂȲȝ .ǠȾɆȥ ƙǮǤȺƫǟ ȴȮȱǟ ȼɆDZɀǩȿ ǥǻǠɆȩ ɂȲȝ ȸɅǿǻǠȩ ɁȀǹɉǟ ǥȂȾDZɉǟ Ȝȵ ȴȾȪɆȆȺǩ Ž ɃȀȆȱǟ ɄȭȀƩǟ ȰȮɆƬǠǣ ȗǠȦǪǵɍǟ ɄȝǼǪȆɅȿ .ȴŏ ȔɆǶƫǟ Ǡȵ ȰȮǣ ¬Ƀȁǟɀƫǟ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ¼ ǥȀȮȥ ȨɆǤȖǩ ƗȲȞȱǟ dzǠǪȦȹɍǟ Ǩȩȿ

.ɃǿǟǻǙ ȨɆȆȺǩȿ ǦɆȅǠɆȅ ǥǿǠȾȵȿ ǦɆȺȵǕ ǦȥǠȎǵ ȸȵ ȼǤȲȖǪǩ ȸȵ ǿɀȕ ɃǕ Ž dzǠǪȦȹɍǟ ǧǿȀȩ ǟǽǙ ǦȭȀƩǟ ɂȲȝ ƙȞǪɅ ȯɀǶǪɅ ɍ Ɠǵ ÛǦȾ ƍDZɀȵ ǦȖǹ ɂȲȝ ǒǠȺǣ Ȭȱǽ ȷɀȮɅ ȷǕ ÛǠȽǿǟɀȕǕ ƂǙ ǯǠǪƠ ÛǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǠȾǪɆDzɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ Ȝȵ ǠȵǠDzȆȹǟȿ .ƑȲȅ ǢɆȆǩ ƂǙ

24

ǦȍǠǹ ǦɆȝǠȶǪDZǟ ǥɀȩ ɂȲȝ ȻȂɆȭȀǩȿ ÛǦȺɆȞȵ ǧǠȝǠȖȩ ƂǙ ȼȾɆDZɀǩ ǯǠǪƠ ȿǕ ÛǠȾȥɀȦȍ Ž ǿǠȆƲǟ ȸȵ ƆǠȞǩ ǦȭȀƩǟ ȯǟȂǩ ɍ -ɎǮȵı

.ǦɆȝɀȺȱǟ ǠȾǪɆƵɉ ǠȾɆȥ ǡǠȆǪȭɍǟ ǦȦȝǠȒȵ ƂǙ ǦȭȀƩǟ ǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȣȿȀȚȱǠǣ ǻǟǼǪȵɍǟȿ ȨȶȞȱǟ ƙǣ Ǧȹȁǟɀƫǟ ȔǤǩȀǩ ȜȶȪȱǟ ȀȖǹ ȀȆƲǟȿ ÛǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǦɅȀƩǟ ǨǶɆǩǕ ǟǽǚȥ .ǦɆȺȵɉǟȿ ǦȦȝǠȒȵȿ ǦǶȺDZɉǟ ȔȆǤǣ ǻǟǼǪȵɍǟ ƂǙ ǦȝǿǠȆƫǟ ǨȺɆȞǩ Ɨȵɉǟ

.ǡǠȆǪȭɍǟ ƂǙ ȼDZɀǪȱǟ ȷǚȥ Ɨȵɉǟ ȜȶȪȱǟȿ ɄȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȨɆɆȒǪȱǟ ǻǠȅ ǟǽǙȿ ǠȺɆǪƢȿ ÛȸɅɀȮǪȲȱ ǠȪɆȶȞǩȿ ÛǧǟǾȲȱ ăǦȞDZǟȀȵ :ȳȁɎȱǟ ɀȽ ȨȶȞȱǟ :ǟǼǣǕ ǦȭȀƩǟ ȳǠȵǕ ǦǵɀǪȦȵ Ƙƪǟ ǡǟɀǣǕ ɂȪǤǩ ǟǾȮȽȿ .ȤȎȲȱ ȣȿȀș Žȿ ÛǻǟǼǪȵɍǟȿ ȜȅɀǪȱǟ ɂǶȺȵ ɀǶȺǩ ǦɅȀƩǟ ȣȿȀș ɄȦȥ

.ȂɆȭȀǪȱǟȿ ȨȶȞȱǟ ɂǶȺȵ ɀǶȺǩ ȀȾȪȱǟ

25

العموم واخلصوص

Ž ȤȲǪơ ǠȾȺȮȱ ÛǙǼǤƫǟȿ ȨȲȖȺƫǟ Ž ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ǼǶǪǩ ȜȶǪDzƫǟ ȣɎǪǹǟ ȸȝ ɎȒȥ ÛȸɅɀȮǪȱǟȿ ȴDzƩǟȿ ǦǣȀDzǪȱǟȿ ȀȶȞȱǟ ɁȀǹɉǟ ǧǠȞȶǪDzƫǟ ȸȝ ǦȭȀǵ Ȱȭ ȼȩǠȖȹ Ž ȫȀǶǪǩ ɃǾȱǟ Ȼɀƴȿ ÛɄȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȼȵǠȚȹȿ ÛŽǠȪǮȱǟ ȻǿɀȖǩȿ ÛǦɆƸǿǠǪȱǟ ȼǪɆȦȲǹ Ž

.ǦɆȝǠȶǪDZɍǟ ȼǪǤɆȭȀǩȿ ÛɃǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ÛȣɎǪǹǟȿ ȼǣǠȊǩ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ȻǾȽ ƙǣ ȷɀȮɅ ȷǕ Ǽǣɍ ȷǠȮȥ ƙǣ ȨɆȥɀǪȱǟ ȸȮƹ ȤɆȮȥ .ȋɀȎǹȿ ȳɀȶȝȿ ÛțɀȺǩȿ ǥǼǵȿȿ

Ý ǦɆDZǟȿǻȁɍǟ ȻǾȽ ɂȲȝ ǦǤǩȀǪƫǟ ǦɆȲȶȞȱǟ ǧǠɆȒǪȪƫǟ ǦɆȍɀȎƪǟ ƙǣ ȷȁǟɀǪȱǟ ɀȽ ǡɀȲȖƫǟ ȷǕ ǢɅǿ ȸȵ ȄɆȱ ǥȀȍǠȺƫǟȿ ǥɀǹɉǟ ǢDZǟȿȿ ÛǠɆȲƮ ƙȞǪƫǟ ǢDZǟɀȱǟ ƙǣ ÛǦɆƫǠȞȱǟȿ ǨȑǿǠȞǩ ǟǽǙ ȰȶȞȱǟ Ǡȶȥ ÛȼȪɆȪƠ ƘȆȞȱǟ ȸȵ ȷȁǟɀǩ ȼȺȮȱ .ǠɆƫǠȝ ǦȭȀǵ Ȱȭ ɂȲȝ ȷǕ ǠȺȱ ȀȾȚɅ ǠȺȽ ÝǧǠɅɀȱȿɉǟ ǨƥǟȂǩȿ ſǠȎƫǟ ȨȖȺƫ ǠǤɆȲȢǩ ÛȳǠȞȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȋǠƪǟ ǴDZȀǩ ȷǕ ǦɆȵɎȅǙ ǦȝǠƤ ȿǕ Ǽƶ ȀȵǕ ɀȽȿ .ǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǧǟǿǠȞȊȱǟ ȨȖȺȵ ɂȲȝ ÛǦȍǠƪǟ ǦɆȲȝǠȦȱǟ ȼǩƘȊȝ ǿǾȺɅ ȷǕ ƑȺȲȱ ƇȀȮȱǟ ȷǓȀȪȱǟ ȀȵǕ Ž ɄȝȀȊȱǟ ȼȲɆȍǖǩ

.ȴȾȵɀȩ ǿǟǾȹǚǣ ȴȲȞȱǟ ǦȲȶƩ ȻȀȵǕȿ ÛǒǟǼǪǣǟ ƙǣȀȩɉǟ ȷǕ ƂǙ ȰǝɍǼȱǟ Ȱȭ ƘȊǩ ǽǙ ÛǦɆȲȶȞȱǟ ǦǶȲȎƫǟ ȼɆȭȂǩ Ǡȶȭ ɂȲȝ ǼȊǵȿ ȴȭ ǦȲȮȊȵ ǨȆɆȱ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ǦȲȮȊȵ.ɄȲǶƫǟ Ȝȩǟɀȱǟ Ž ǦɆȲȝǠȥȿ ȤɆȭ ǦȲȮȊȵ ɄȽ Ȱǣ ÛƃȿǼȱǟ ɁɀǪȆƫǟ

26

ǠȾǪɆȲȝǠȥ ǦȭȀƩǟ ǢȆȮɅ ɃǾȱǟ ɀȽ ɄȲǶƫǟ ȴƬǟ ɂȲȝ ȂɆȭȀǪȱǟȿ ɂȲȝ ȷɀȮǪȅ ǦɆȶɆȲȩǙ ȿǕ ǦɆȱȿǻ ǥǻǠɆȪȱ ǦɆȞǤǩ Ȱȭȿ ÛǠȾǪɅɀɆǵȿ

.ɄȲǶƫǟ ȴƬǟ ǡǠȆǵ Ž ȷǠȮƫǠǣ ȃǠȆǵɋǟ ǧǼȪȥ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ȐȞǣ ȷǙ ǧǠɅɀȱȿɉǟ ȴȲȅ Ž ƘǤȭ ȰȲǹ ƂǙ Ȭȱǽ ɁǻǕ Ǽȩȿ ÛǠȾȺɆǣ ǧǠȩɎȞȱǟ ǠɆȶɆȚȺǩȿ ǠɆȅǠɆȅ ǠȦȞȑ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ȻǾȽ ȸȵ ǼɅǼȞȱǟ ǫǿȿǕȿ Û ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ȐȞǣ ȋȀǵ ǒǟǼȱǟ ǟǾȽ ȏǟȀȝǕ ȸȵȿ .ǠȺȵȂȵ ȸȝ Ǧǭȿǿɀƫǟ ÛǦɆȭȀƩǟ ȯǠȮȉɉǟȿ ȓǠƴɉǠǣ ŽȀƩǟ ǼɆȪǪȱǟ ɂȲȝ Ž Ɠǵ ǠȾǪȦȱǠƯ ɂȲȝ ǥǕȀƨǟ ȳǼȝȿ ÛǦǣȀDzǪȱǟ Ž ǦȪǣǠȅ ǧǠȭȀǵ ƙȞǪƫǟ Ȝȩǟɀȱǟ ȏȀȦɅ Ǡȵ Ž ǠȾȺȝ ȯɎȪǪȅɍǟȿ ÛǧǠɆǝȂƨǟ ȐȞǣ :Ǧȱɍǻ ǟǽ ɍǠǮȵ ɄȮȵ ȸȆǵ ǿɀǪȭǼȱǟ ǻǿȿǕ Ǽȩȿ .ȼɆȥ ȯɎȪǪȅɍǟ ǦɅǠŒ ȷǟǻɀȆȱǟ Ž ȷǟɀǹɋǟ ǦȭȀǵ ǻǟȿǿ ȸȵ ȐȞǣ ȯȿǠǵ ǼȪȥ ǦɅǿǠȶȞǪȅɍǟ ǦȖȲȆȱǟ ȸȵ ǟɀȲȎƷ ȷǕ ȸɅȀȊȞȱǟ ȷȀȪȱǟ ǧǠȺɆȞǣǿǕ ǒǠȊȹǚǣ ǠƬ dzǠȶȆȱǟȿ ÛȴȾǪɆȞȶƨ ƆɀȹǠȩ ȌɆǹȀǩ ɂȲȝ ǦɅȂɆȲȮȹɍǟ ǦȭȀǶȲȱ ǴȶȆɅ Ɓ [ɃȂɆȲȮȹɋǟ] Ƀǿǟǻɋǟ ƘǩȀȮȆȱǟ» ȸȮȱ ÛǠƬ ȀȪȵ ÛȀȎƞ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǦȭȀƩǟ ȸȝ ǠƬɎȪǪȅǟ ȸȲȞǩ Ɓ ǟǽǙ ÛǠƬ ǿǟǻ ǒǠȊȹǚǣ ǠȾǪȲǵ] ǦɆȝȀȊȱǟ ǧǼȪȥ ǬɆǵ Ûȳ1948 ǦȺǶƞ ȀƢ ǨȹǠȭ Ɣȱǟ ȷɎȝǙ ɂȲȝ ȷǟǻɀȆȱǟ ȴɆȚȺǩ ǗȀƶ Ɓ ǠȺȽȿ .[ǦƽǠȢȱǟ ǦɆȮȲƫǟ ǦȖȲȆȱǟ ȸȵ ǟǿǼȩ ȼȆȦȺȱ ǴɆǪɅ Ʉȭ ÛȰȩɉǟ ɂȲȝ ǦɆȮɆǪȮǩ ǦɆǵǠȹ ȸȵ ȼȱɎȪǪȅǟ

.(1) ǦȭȀƩǟ ǦɅȀǵ (1944-1969) ȷǟǻɀȆȱǟ Ž ƙȶȲȆƫǟ ȷǟɀǹɋǟ ǦȭȀǵ :ɄȮȵ ȸȆǵ ǿɀǪȭǼȱǟ -1

1982 ȓ 6 ȋ

27

ɄȵɎȅɋǟ Ʉȝɀȱǟ » ȷǖǣ Ȁȵɉǟ Ȭȱǽ ɄȮȵ ǽǠǪȅɉǟ ȰȲȝ Ǽȩȿ ǧǠDZǠɆǪǵǠǣ ȼȱǠȢȊȹǟ ȸȵ ȀǮȭǕ ÛǯǿǠƪǟ Ž ɃȀƶ Ǡƞ ɎȞȦȺȵ ȷǠȭ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ȰDZ ǠȾȺȵ ƆǠȞǩ ȯǟȂǩ ɍ ǥȀȽǠș ɄȽȿ .(1) ȰǹǟǼȱǟ

.Ȥȅɉǟ Ȝȵ ȳɀɆȱǟ Ɠǵ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǦǣǠDzǪȅɍǟ țɀȹ ǻǼƷ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǧǠȞȶǪDzƫǟ ȣɎǪǹǟ ȷǙ ǦɆȵɎȅǙ ǦȭȀǵ Ȱȭ ɂȲȝ ȏȀȦɅȿ ÛȜȩǟɀȱǟ ǧǠɅǼǶǪȱ ǦǤȅǠȺƫǟ ȰǝǠȅɀȱǟ ǿǠȮǪǣǟȿ ÛǠȾȞȶǪƭ ǧǠɆȍɀȎǹ Ȝȵ ǠȍɀȎƯ ɎȵǠȞǩ ȿǕ ÛȀɅǠȢȵ Ȝȩǟȿ Ž ɁȀǹǕ ǧɎȵǠȞǪȱ ǼɆȲȪǩ ȷȿǻ ÛȬȱǾȱ ǦȶǝɎƫǟ ȷǖȊǣ ȯǠȢȊȹǟ ȿǕ ÛȀɅɀƠ ȿǕ ȤɆɆȮǩ ȷȿǻ ǦǤȅǠȺȵ Ƙȡ ǦȲɆȅɀȱ ȰȪȹ

.ǦȺɆȞǪƫǟ ǠőǠǤDZǟȿ ȸȝ ȳǠȞȱǟ ƙȶȲȆƫǟ ȻǾȽ ȸȝ ǨȲȦȡ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ȐȞǣ ȷǕ Ȥȅǘƫǟ ȸȮȱ ǿɀǪȭǼȱǟ Șǵɍ Ǡȶȭ ı ɄȾȥ ÛɄȲȶȞȱǟ ǼɆȞȎȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǦȶȾƫǟ ȧȿȀȦȱǟ ǥǼǵɀȱ ǠȞǤǩ ı ǿɀȎǪɅ Û(ɃȀȚȹ ǼɅȀƟ) ɀƲ ɀǶȺǩ» - ǥǿǠȶȝ ǼȶƮ ɍ ÛǠȪȆȺȵ ǟǼǵǟȿ ǠȪȆȹ ȻǿǠɅǻ ĆȜȩǟȿȿ ȳɎȅɋǟ ĆȴĆȱǠȝ ıȳɎȅɋǟ ȸɅǻ ȣǟȀȝɉǟ Ž ȣɎǪǹɍǟ ɍȿ ÛǿɀȖǪȱǟ ǧǠɅɀǪȆȵ Ž ȧǿǟɀȦȱǟ ȣȀȞɅ

.(2) ǧǟǿɀȎǪȱǟȿ ǢȽǟǾƫǟȿ ǧǟǻǠȞȱǟȿ ȴȽȿ Ž ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ȬȲǩ ǨȖȪȅ ȷǕ ǦȲȦȢȱǟ ȻǾȽ Ȝȵ ǢDzȝ Ɏȥ ǢȝɀǪȆǩ ȴȲȥ ÛȧǿǠȦȱǟ Ȝȵ ȃǠɆȪȱǟȿ ÛȜȩǟɀȱǟ ȸȝ ǼȞǤȱǟȿ ÛǦȲǭǠȶƫǟ ɍɎǪǹǟ Ȭȱǽ ǠȾǭǿȿǕȿ ÛǠȾȺɆǣ ǠȶɆȥ ȋɀȎƪǟȿ ȳɀȶȞȱǟ ǢǩǟȀȵ ǠȵǠƢ

:ǼɆȲȪǪȱǟ ǒǟǻ ǠȾɆȲȝ ȻȀDZ ÛǦɆȲȶȞȱǟ ǧǠɅɀȱȿɉǟ ȴȲȅ Ž ǟƘǤȭ

152 ȋ (ȜDZȀƫǟ ȄȦȹ) :ɄȮȵ -1 ȸȶȑ) ĶǥȀȍǠȞƫǟ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ Ž ȰȲƪǟ ȀȽǠȚȵ ȸȵķ :ǥǿǠȶȝ ǼȶƮ .ǻ -2

(336 ȋ ǦɆȲǤȪǪȆȵ ǦɅǗǿ ÛǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǦȭȀƩǟķ :ǡǠǪȭ

28

Șȝɀȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǦȦȭǠȝ ǦɆȵɎȅǙ ǦȭȀǵ ȘǵɎƫǟ ȳǼȞɅ Ɏȥ ǬɆǵ ȸȵ ƘƝ ǠȾȞȶǪƭ ȷǕ ȴȡǿ ÛǦɅǻȀȦȱǟ ǦɆȭȂǪȱǟȿ ǦɆȪȲƪǟ ǦɆǣȀǪȱǟȿ ǧǠȞȶǪDzƫǟ ȸȵ ȻƘȢǣ ǠȅǠɆȩ ÛȳǠȞȱǟ ǨȶȆȱǟȿ ɄȩɎǹɉǟ ȳǟȂǪȱɍǟ ȷǠȭȿ .ȤȲȆȱǟ ǧǠȞȶǪDzƞ ǠȅǠɆȩ Ɠǵȿ ÛǥȀȑǠƩǟ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǒɍɀȱǟ ǒǠȺǣȿ ÛȳǠȞȱǟ ȳǠȚȺȱǟ dzɎȍǙ ƂǙ ȼDzǪǩ ȷǕ Ǡŏ ɁȀǵɉǟ ǦɆȲǤȩ ǧǠɆǤȎȝ ɂȲȝ ɍ ÛǦɆȵɎȅǙ ȄȅǕ ɂȲȝ ɄȝǠȶǪDZɍǟ

..ǦɆȲȽǠDZ ǻɀȊƩǟ ǥǿǠǮǪȅǟȿ ȴȶƬǟ ȏǠȾȺǪȅǟ ƂǙ ǦȥȀȎȺȵ ǦȭȀǵ ȿǕ ǴȲȍɉǟ ȷǠȭȿ ı ǥǻǠɅȁȿ ɄȦȮɅ Ǡȵ ɂȲȝ Ȭȱǽ ȸȵ ǨȲȎǵ Ǽȩȿı ÛȤȎȱǟ ȬȅǠƢȿ ǥǟɀȺȱǟ ǦǣɎȍ ɂȲȝ ȋȀƠȿ ÛȀȕǘǩȿ ȴȚȺǩ ȷǕ ǠƬ ÛǯȀƩǟȿ ȨɆȒȱǟ ǧǠȩȿɉ ǟǻǟǼȞǪȅǟȿ ÛǿǠǭǼȹɍǟȿ ǻǼǤǪȲȱ ǠǤȺƟ

..ȴȆƩǟ ȳɀɆȱ ǟǻǟǼȝǙȿ ÛǠȽǼȲǣ Ž ǦɆǤȆȹ ǦɅȀǵȿ ǠDZǟȀȦȹǟ ǨȥǻǠȍ ǦȭȀǵ ȿǕ ɃǾȱǟ Ɨȵɉǟ ȄDZǠƬǟ ǠȾƋȲȊȥ ÛǦɅȀȆȱǟ ȣɀȾȭ Ž ǦɆȦǺǪȵ ǨȲȚȥ ȷǕ ǠƬ ƂĊȿɉǟ ȷǠȭȿ .ɁȀǹǕ ǧǠȭȀǵ ǡǿǠƟ ȸȵ ȼǩǻǿɀǪȅǟ ɎȵǕ ÛǡǠȖƪǠǣ țǼȎȱǟȿ ǥɀȝǼȱǟ ȤɆǮȮǩ Ž ǦǵǠǪƫǟ ǦɅȀƩǟ ȰȢǪȆǩ

..Ƙǹɉǟȿ ȯȿɉǟ ȷǠȽȀȱǟ ɀȽ ɃǾȱǟ ȜȶǪDzƫǟ ǡǠȆǪȭǟ Ž Ž ǨȱǠȢȥ ȀȽǠȚȱǟ ɄȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǯǟȀȦȹɍǟ ǠȽȀȡ ǦȭȀǵ ȿǕ Ɓȿ ÛǒǠDZɀƬǟ ǦȾDZǟɀƫǟ ƂǙ ǨȞȥǼȹǟȿ ÛǦɆȶȮȱǟ Ǡőɀȩ ȸȝ ƘǤȞǪȱǟ ɍ Ɣȱǟȿ ÛȜȶǪDzƫǟ Ž ǦȶȮǶǪƫǟ ǦɆȝɀȺȱǟ ɁɀȪȲȱ ǠǣǠȆǵ ǢȆƠ

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ćȰǤȩ ȸȵ ȸȮǩ Ɓȿ .ȀǮȭ Ǡȶ ĊȾȵ ǠǞɆȉ ȰȾȲȾƫǟ ȴȮȱǠǣ ǠȾǪǤȱǠȢȵ ƗȢǩ .ǻǠȾȖȑɍǟȿ ȜȶȪȱǟ ȀȖǹ Ǡŏ ǕǿǼǩ ǦɆȝɀȹ ǥɀȩ ǒǠȺǤȱ ǨȖȖǹ Ǽȩ ȰǤȪǪȆȵ ǻǼő ÛǻǠȪǵɉǟȿ ǒǠȵǼȱǟ ȸȵ ǠǵǻǠȥ ǠȺƣ ǦDzɆǪȺȱǟ ǨȹǠȮȥ

..ȼȲȍǕ ȸȵ ȜȶǪDzƫǟ ǻɀDZȿȿ Ȱǣ ÛǥɀȝǼȱǟ ǧǟɀȵɉǟ ǦȱǻǠƭȿ ÛǼǝǠȪȞȱǟ dzɎȍǙ ɂȲȝ ǦȦȭǠȝ ǦȭȀǵ ȿǕ ɍȿ ǦɆȝǼǣ ȧȀȥ ȼɆȥ ǼDZɀǩ ɍ ȜȶǪƭ Ž ÛȴőǠȥǟȀƲǟȿ ȴȾȝǼǣ ȯɀǵ ǦɆȞǤǪȱǟȿ ǿǠȶȞǪȅɍǟ ǡǿǠƠ ȷǕ Ǡŏ Ƃȿɉǟ ȷǠȭȿ .ǦɆȵɎȭ Ȥǝǟɀȕ ǼȅǠȦȱǟ ɄȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȳǠȚȺȱǟ dzɎȍǙ ƂǙ ɂȞȆǩȿ ÛǦȺɆȊƫǟ ǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǡǟɀǣɉǟ ǴǪȦɅȿ ÛǦɆȲȽǠƨǟ ȣȀȝȿ Ǧǭǟǿɀȱǟ Əȡ ɂȲȝ ȄȅǖǪɅ ɃǾȱǟ

..ǠȾǪȵǟȀȭ ǟɀȺȾǪƹȿ ǠőȿȀǭ ǟɀǤȾȺɆȱ ÛǦȵɉǟ ǒǟǼȝǕ ȳǠȵǕ ǦȝĆȀȊćȵ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ȷǕ ɀȽ ǦɆDzȾȺƫǟ ǛȿǠȆƫǟ ȻǾȽ Ȱȭ Ž ǢǤȆȱǟȿ Ɓȿ ÛǠȾȺɆǣ ȋɀȎƪǟȿ ȳɀȶȞȱǟ ǢǩǟȀȵ ǢȝɀǪȆǩ Ɓ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǠȾȞȩǟȿ ȸȵ ȜǣǠȹ ǿɀȎǩ ɂȲȝ ǒǠȺǣ ǦɆȲȶȞȱǟ ǠőǠɅɀȱȿǕ ǠȾȺȵ Ȱȭ ǻǼƠ Ȝȩǟɀȱǟ ȸȝ ǦȲȦȢȱǟȿ ÛǦɆȺȽǾȱǟ ǥǿɀȎȲȱ ǿǠȆǞǪȅɍǟ Ɠȵ Ƃǚȥ .ȈɆȞƫǟ

!ÝƙȞǪƫǟ

30

التميز واالنعزالية ǰȵǟȀǣ ƇǼȪǩȿ ȂɆȶǪȱǟ ȸȵ ǒɄȉ ƂǙ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ǯǠǪƠ .Ǧȵɉǟ ȷǖȉ dzɎȍɋ ǢȱǠȢȱǟ ȀȮȦȱǟȿ ǼǝǠȆȱǟ ȣȀȞȱǟ ȸȝ ǦȦȲǪƯ ǠȽǻǠȩ ɄȑĆȀȵ ȄDZǠȽ ƂǙ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ȐȞǣ ǼȺȝ ȯɀƠ ȂɆȶǪȱǟ ȸȮȱ ǥƘȅ ȃǿǼɅ ɃǾȱǟȿ .ȜȶǪDzƫǟ ȈȵǠȽ ɂȲȝ ǒǠȪǤȱǟȿ ǦɆȱǟȂȞȹɍǟ ƂǙ ıɄȵɎȅɋǟ ɄDzȾȺƫǟ ȀȮȦȱǟ ȜǤȺȵ ɄȽȿı ȴȲȅȿ ȼɆȲȝ ǃǟ ɂȲȍ ƑȺȱǟ Ž ȷǠȭ ǼȪȥ .ɄȑĆȀƫǟ ǿǾƩǟȿ ǦǤɅȀȱǟȿ ȄDZɀǪȱǟ ǟǾȽ ȰǮȵ Ǽƶ ɍ Ž ȷɀǩȿǠȦǪɅ ÛƙȺȵǘƫǟ ȸȵ Ɠȉ ȣǠȺȍǕ ǥɀǤȺȱǟ ȳǠɅǕ ǦȺɅǼƫǟ ȜȶǪƭ ÛǼȎǪȪƫǟ ȴȾȺȵȿ ÛȼȆȦȺȱ ƁǠȚȱǟ ȴȾȺȵ ÛȴȽǟɀȪǩȿ ȴŒǠƹǙ ɁɀǪȆȵ ȼȲDZ ȿǕ ȼȲȭ ȜȶǪDzƫǟ ȸȮȱ .ǃǟ ȷǽǚǣ ǧǟƘƪǠǣ ȨǣǠȆȱǟ ȴȾȺȵȿ ǢȽ ƘȦȺȱǟ ȀȦȹ Ɠȶȥ Ûȼȱ ƙȮȶǪȱǟȿ ȸɅǼȱǟ ǥȀȎȹ Ž ǠȭǿǠȊȵ ȷǠȭ ÛȧǠȦȺȱǟ ȣȿȀȞȵ ȨȥǠȺȵ ɍǙ ȴȾȺȵ ȤȲǺǪɅ ȸȮɅ Ɓȿ ÛȼǝǟǼȺȱ ȜɆȶƨǟ ȸɅǾȱǟ ǦǭɎǮȱǟ ǦȎȩ ǨȹǠȭ ȬȱǾȱȿ .ȻǿǾȝ ƂǠȞǩ ǃǟ ȰǤȩ ǿȿǾȞȵ ȿǕ .ȫǟǾȹǓ ƙȺȵǘƫǟ ȜȶǪDzƫ ǦȵǼȍ -ȴȾɆȲȝ ǃǟ Ǧǣɀǩ ȰǤȩ ı ǟɀȦƍȲ ćǹ ǡɀȹǽ Ž ȴȲȅȿ ȼɆȲȝ ǃǟ ɂȲȍ ƑȺȱǟ ǡǠǶȍǕ ȐȞǣ Ȝȩȿ Ǽȩȿ ǼȆɅ ȿǕ ÛȜȶǪDzƫǟ ȈȵǠȽ ɂȲȝ Ȭȱǽ ȴȾȲȞƶ ȷǕ ȷȿǻ ÛǒǠȖǹǕȿ ǟȿǼȾȉ ȸư ƙȺǭǟ ȷǕ ȴȲȞȹ ȷǕ ɄȦȮɅȿ .ȸɅǼȱǟ ǥȀȎȺȱ ȴȾȵǠȵǕ ǡǠǤȱǟ (Č)ȿȀȶȝ ȸǣ ȷǠȶɆȞȹ ǠƵȿ ÛȬȱǽ ǼȞǣ Ȁȶƪǟ Ǽǵ ȴȾɆȲȝ ȴɆȩǕ ǟǿǼǣ

.ǠȶȾȺȝ ǃǟ Ʉȑǿ (č)ȷɀȞȚȵ ȸǣ ǦȵǟǼȩȿ

6/2488 ɃǿǠǺǤȱǟ ǴɆǶȍ -1 8/315 ɄȪȾɆǤȱǟ ȸȺȅ -2

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ȳǼȝȿ ÛȂɆȶǪȱǟ ȄDZǠȽ ǥȀȖɆȅ Ž ǥƎȞƫǟ ǦȲǮȵɉǟ ȸȵ ȰȞȱȿ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǦȝǠȶƨǟ ǦǣȀƟ ÛǻǟǼǪȵɍǟȿ ȨȶȞȱǟ ƙǣ Ǧȹȁǟɀƫǟ Ž dzǠDzȺȱǟ :ƙȶȆȩ ǠȾǝǠȒȝǕ ȴɆȆȪǩ ǦȝǠȶƨǟ ǧǻǠǪȝǟ ǼȪȥ .ȷǠǪȆȭǠǣ Ž

ȸȵ ȷɀȲȮȊǪɅȿ ÛȷɀȶȚǪȺƫǟ ǒǠȒȝɉǟ ȴȽȿ :¬ȷǠȭǿɉǟ¼ ÛȳɎȅɋǟ ȴɆȱǠȞǪǣ ȰȵǠȮȱǟ ȴȾȵǟȂǪȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǟɀȺȽȀǣ ȸɅǾȱǟ ȃǠȺȱǟ ǥɀȦȍ ɂȲȝ ǧǠǤǮȱǟ ǥɀȩ ɂȲȝ ǟɀȺȽȀǣȿ ÛǥǼɅǼȵ ǥǼȵ ǦȝǠȶƨǟ Ž ǟɀȶȚǪȹǟȿ

.ǥǻǠɆȪȲȱ ǒɍɀȱǟ Ȩȶȝȿ ǙǼǤƫǟ ȷɀȦȕǠȞǪɅ ȸɅǾȱǟ ÛȷɀǤȆǪȺƫǟ ǒǠȒȝɉǟ ȴȽȿ :¬ȷɀȪȦǪƫǟ¼ ƙȲȽǘȵ ȴȽǟȀǩ ɍ ǥǻǠɆȪȱǟ ȸȮȱ ÛǠŒȿȀȍǠȺɅȿ ǦȝǠȶƨǟ ȀȮȥ Ȝȵ ȸȵ ǒɍɀȱǟ ȿǕ Ʉȝɀȱǟ ȿǕ ȸɅǼǪȱǟ Ž ȌȪȺȱ ǟȀȚȹ ÛǦȲȵǠȮȱǟ ǦɅɀȒȞȲȱ

.(Č)ǠȽȀȚȹ ǦȾDZȿ Ƀǻȿǻɀƫǟ ǦȵɎȞȱǟ ȋȀǵ ƂǙ ȴɆȆȪǪȱǟ ǟǾȽ ǿȿǾDZ ȜDZȀǩȿ ǦɅɀȽ ȳɎȅɋǟ ƙǣ ȂɆɆȶǪȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǦȝǠȶDzȲȱ ƙȆȅǘƫǟ ȼǤǶȍȿ Ǧȱȿǻ ǨȆȅǖǩ ǼȪȥ :ǥǠɆǵ ȳǠȚȹȿ ǠȵǟȂǪȱǟ ȳɎȅɋǟ ƙǣȿ ÛǦɆȵɀȩ ǼȶƮ ǦȵɎȞȱǟ ǠȾȺȝ Ǝȝ ÛȰȍɉǟ ǦɆȵɎȅǙ ǥȀȮȥ ɂȲȝ ȷǠǪȆȭǠǣ Ʉȵɀȩ ǒǠȶǪȹǟȿ ǦɆȅǠɆȅ ǦɅɀȽ ƂǙ ȳɎȅɋǟ ȯɀƠȿ ÛǟȀǮȹȿ ǟȀȞȉ ȯǠǤȩǙ Ȱșȿ Ûȳɉǟ ǦɆȅȿǼȺƬǟ ǦȱȿǼȱǟ ǦɅɀȽ ȸȝ ȴȽȂɆƹ ȷǠǪȆȭǠǣ ǒǠȺǣɉ ǧȿǠȦǩ ɂȲȝ ÛǦɆȹǠǪȆȭǠǤȱǟ ǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ɁɀȪȱǟ Ȱȭ ǰȵǠȹȀǣ ȸȵ ǟǒȂDZ

Dr. Kalim Bahadur: The Jamaaít ñI- :ȀȚȹǟ ȴɆȆȪǪȱǟ ǟǾȽ ȯɀǵ -1 Islami of Pakistan, Political Thought and Political Ac-

tion p. 146-147

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ȷǕ ǼDZȿ Ƀǻȿǻɀƫǟ ȸȮȱ .dzȀȖȱǟ ǦɅǼDZȿ ȼDZɀǪȱǟ ȧǼȍ Ž ƘǤȭ ȄɆȱ ıȼǪɆƵǕ ɂȲȝı ȴŏ ǦȍǠǹ Ǧȱȿǻ Ž ƙȶȲȆƫǟ ȯɎȪǪȅǟ ǻȀƭ

.ǦɆȵɎȅǙ Ǧȱȿǻ Ǡőǟǽ ǦȱȿǼȱǟ ȷǕ ƗȞɅ ɍ ɀȽȿ ÛǠɆȥǠȭ ƙǣ ǦȶȲȆȵ ǦɆǤȲȡǕ ǻɀDZȿ ǻȀƭ ȸȵ ƎȭǕ ȀȵǕ ǦȱȿǼȱǟ ǦɆȵɎȅǚȥ ǨȹǠȮȥ .ȳɎȅɋǟ ǦȵǕ ƂǙ ǒǠȶǪȹɍǠǣ ȳǠȞȱǟ ȃǠȆǵɋǟ ȿǕ ÛǠŒǠȮȅ ǥɀȦȍ ȸɅɀȮǩ ɄȽ ǒǼǤȱǟ ǾȺȵ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǦȝǠȶƨǟ ǒǠȊȹǙ ȸȵ ǦɅǠȢȱǟ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǦȱȿǼȲȱ ǴɆǶȎȱǟ ȯɀȱǼƫǟ ƆǠǪȆȭǠǤȱǟ ǢȞȊȱǟ ȴƍȲȞǩ ǦȝǠȶDzȲȱ ɄȆɆȅǖǪȱǟ ȼǣǠȖǹ Ž Ƀǻȿǻɀƫǟ ǿǠȉǕ Ǽȩȿ .ȼɆȱǙ ȻǻɀȪǩȿ ȳɎȅɌȱ ȼǝǠȶǪȹǟ ǻȀDzƞ ɀȒȞȱǟ ȰǤȪǩ ȸȱ ǦȝǠȶƨǟ ȷǕ ƂǙ 1941 ȳǠȝ Û¬ǦȶȲȮȱǟ¼ ǧǠɆȒǪȪȵȿ ƖȞȵ ɀȒȞȱǟ ȴȾȦɅ ȷǕ Ǽǣ ɍ ǠƴǙȿ ÛǠȺɅǻ

.(Č)ȳɎȅɋǟ ȐǝǟȀȥ ȸȵ ƅǻɉǟ ǼƩǟ ȨǤȖɅȿ ǼȞǣ ǠȶɆȥ ǨȱɀƠ ¬ǦȶȲȮȱǟ¼ ȷǕ ȿǼǤɅ ȸȮȱ Ûȃǖǣ ǟǾȽ Ž ȄɆȱȿ .¬ɂȎȩǕ Ǽǵ¼ ƂǙ ȯɀƠ ¬ƅǻɉǟ ǼƩǟ¼ ȷǕȿ Û¬ǧǠȶȲȭ¼ ƂǙ ÛǦȲȵǠȮȱǟ ǦɅɀȒȞȱǟ ǴȺȵ Ž ǻǼȊǪȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǦȝǠȶƨǟ ǥǻǠɆȩ ǨDZǿǼȥ ǙǼǤȵ ǦɆƵǕ ȴȡǿȿ .ǻȿǼǵ Ȱȭ ǧȁȿǠƟ Ɠǵ Ȭȱǽ Ž ǨȲȡȿ ȷǕ ɍǙ ÛȜȩǟɀƫǟȿ ȣȿȀȚȱǟ ȐȞǣ Žȿ ÛȄɆȅǖǪȱǟ ǿɀȕ Ž ǒǠȪǪȹɍǟ ɄȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǒɍɀȱǟ ȸȵ ǥǻǠȦǪȅɍǟ ǦɆƵǕ ǟɀȆȹ ȻǒɎȵȁȿ Ƀǻȿǻɀƫǟ ǢȞȉ ɃǕ ȸȵ ȀǮȭǕ ƆǠǪȆȭǠǤȱǟ ǢȞȊȱǟ ɁǼȱ ǻɀDZɀƫǟ ȳɎȅɌȱ ǥǖȊȹ ȣȿȀșȿ ȃȿǼȺƬǟ Ȝȵ ǥȀɅȀƫǟ ȼǪǣȀƟ ȴȮƜ- ǠǤɅȀȪǩ ȀǹǓ ǠȾƭǠȹȀǣȿ ǦȝǠȶƨǟ ſǠȎȱ ȳǠȞȱǟ ǒɍɀȱǟ Ȭȱǽ ȤɆșɀǩ ǦɆƵǕȿ -ȼǪȱȿǻ

Dr. Bahadur p. 13 :ȀȚȹǟ -1

33

.ȳǟȂǪȱɍǟ ɁɀǪȆȵ Ž ǻǟȀȥɉǟ ǧȿǠȦǩ ȸȝ ȀȚȺȱǟ ȐȢǣ ÛɄȅǠɆȆȱǟ ɄƸǿǠǪȱǟ ȀȎȺȞȱǟ ǟǾȽ Ž ǟɀȕȀȥȿ ÛȂɆȶǪȱǟ ȄDZǠȽ ɁȀȅǕ ǟɀȞȩɀȥ ÛɄȝɀȱǟ Ȩȶȝȿ ǦɆǣȀǪȱǟ ǦɆȝɀȹ ɂȲȝ ǠȍȀǵ ȴȾƫǟ ɄȝǠȶǪDZɍǟȿ ȨȶȞȱǟ ȿǕ ȤɆȮȱǟȿ ȴȮȱǟ ǧǠɆȒǪȪȵ ƙǣ Ȝȶƨǟ ǟɀȞɆȖǪȆɅ Ɓȿ -ȴȮȱǟ ɂȲȝ ɍı țɀȺȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǼɆȭǖǪȱǟ Ȱș» Ȱǣ .ȷȁǟɀǪǣ ǻǟǼǪȵɍǟȿ ɄȽ ǠƴǙȿ ÛǠɅƘȽǠƤ ǠǣȂǵ ǨȆɆȱ ǦȝǠȶƨǟ ȷǚȥ ȬȱǾȱȿ ÛǼǝǠȆȱǟ ɀȽ ɄȶɆȚȺǪȱǟ ȧɎȢȹɍǟȿ ɄȲȮɆƬǟ ǢȲȎǪȱǟ ǻǠȅ Ǽȩȿ .(1) (ǦȝǠƤ) dzɎȍɋǟ ǧɍȿǠƮ ǢȲȡǕ ǨȥǻǠȍȿ ÛȬȱǽ ǢǤȆǣ ǦȝǠȶƨǟ Ȱǹǟǻ ȜɆȅɀǪǣ ǧǠǵȀǪȪȵ ǧǻǿȿ Ǡȵ ǟƘǮȭȿ» ǠȑǟȀȝǙȿ ǟǻȿǼȍ dzǠǪȦȹɍǟȿ ǨȹǠȭ ǥǻǠɆȪȱǟ ȸȮȱ ÛǦɅɀȒȞȱǟ ȓȿȀȉ ȤɆȦơ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ǥǼȝǠȪȱǟ ǡȂǵ ƂǙ (ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǦȝǠȶƨǟ) ȯɀǶɆȅ Ȭȱǽ ȷǖǣ ȯǻǠƟ Ǡȶǝǟǻ

.(2) ȀǹǓ ǡȂǵ Ƀǖȭ ɃƘȽǠƤ ǦȝǠȶƨǟ Ƀǻȿǻɀƫǟ ǠȾɆȥ ǻǠȩ Ɣȱǟ ǠȵǠȝ ƙǭɎǮȱǟ ȯɎǺȥ ǟǾȮȽȿ ƙȦȱǕ ƙȶȚǪȺƫǟ ǠȾǝǠȒȝǕ ǻǼȝ ȁȿǠDzǪɅ Ɓ (1941-1971) ÛȄɆȅǖǪȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȷȀȩ ȤȎȹ ƃǟɀǵ ǿȿȀȵ ǼȞǣȿ .(Ď)ɀȒȝ ǦǝǠȶȆƦȿ ȴȡǿ ɀȒȝ ȣɍǓ ǦǪȅ ȸȵ ȰȩǕ ƙȶȚǪȺƫǟ ǦȝǠȶƨǟ ǒǠȒȝǕ ǻǼȝ Ȱș.(ď)ȷɀɆȲƫǟ ǬȲǭ ǡǿǠȩ -¬ƙȪȦǪƫǟ¼ ȿǕ- ǠȾɆȱǙ ƙǤȆǪȺƫǟ ǻǼȝ ȷǕ

Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World -12/357

Dr. Bahadur p. 147 -2ǦǶȦȎȱǟȿ ȜDZȀƫǟ ȄȦȹ -3

Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World -42/356

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ȜɆȖǪȆɅ ɃǾȱǟ Ǡȵ -ǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǦǤȱǠȢƫǟ ȨȖȺƞı ǿɀȎǪǩ ȷǕ Ȭȱȿ ƙȆƦȿ ǦǝǠȵ ȻǻǟǼȞǩ ȁȿǠDZ ǢȞȉ Ž ÛȼȲȞȥ ɀȒȝ ȣɍǓ ǦǪȅ

.ǠȹɀɆȲȵ ȳǠɅǕ ǠɆȅǠɆȅ ǦȖȊȹ ȷǠǪȆȭǠǣ Ž ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǦȝǠȶƨǟ ǨȹǠȭ ǼȪȱ ȰǮȵ ÛǦȶȾȵ ǠɅǠȒȩ Ž ȳǠȞȱǟ ɃǕȀȱǟ ǥǻǠɆȩ ǨȶȝȂǩ Ǽȩȿ ÛɃǻȿǻɀƫǟ ǰĆȽɀȱǟ ǟǾȽ ȸȮȱ .ǦɆȹǠɅǻǠȪȱǟ ǦȝǿǠȪȵȿ ÛɄȵɎȅɋǟ ǿɀǪȅǼȱǟ ǦɆȒȩ ȀǮȭǕ ÛȼǪȝǠDzȉȿ Ƀǻȿǻɀƫǟ ǦɆȮɆȵǠȺɅǻ ƂǙ ȼȝǠDZǿǙ ȸȮƹ ɄȅǠɆȆȱǟ

.ȨȲȢȺƫǟ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ ȰȮɆȽ ȸȵ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ȧȀȝǕ ȸȵ ƎǪȞǩ Ɣȱǟ ǦȭȀƩǟ ȻǾȽ ǨȲș ǟǾȮȽȿ ǿȿǼǩ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ȸȵ ǠȽƘȡ ɂȲȝ ǠɅȀȮȥ ǟȀǭǕ ǠȽǼȞǣǕȿ ÛǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǠȽǽɀȦȹ ǼȪȦǩȿ ȀȪȾȪǪǩ Ȱǣ ÛɄȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǻɀȶƨǟ ȸȵ ǦȡȀȦȵ ǦȪȲǵ Ž ɄȝɀȺȱǟ ǒǠȪǪȹɍǟ ǰȾȺȵ ƙǣ ȨɆȥɀǪȱǟ ȸȝ ǠȽȂDzȝ ǢǤȆǣ ÛƑȞȊȱǟ ÛǦȪȲȢȵ ǦɆȥǠȪǭ ǦɆȞƤ ƂǙ ǠɆƶǿǼǩ ȯɀǶǪǩȿ ÛɄȶȮȱǟ ǼȊƩǟ ǰȾȺȵȿ

.ǦɆȱǟȂȞȹǟ ǦɆȥɀȍ ǦȭȀǵ ȿǕ ǦȪɆȶȝ Ǧȱɍǻ ǟǽ ǟȀȉǘȵ ȷǠǪȆȭǠǣ Ž ǦɆȹǠƫƎȱǟ ǧǠǣǠǺǪȹɍǟ ƎǪȞǩȿ Ž ȔȪȥ ǼȝǠȪȵ ǦɆȹǠƣ ɂȲȝ ǦȝǠȶƨǟ ǨȲȎǵ ǼȪȥ :ǿǠȶȒƫǟ ǟǾȽ Ž Ż Û1990 ǧǠǣǠǺǪȹǟ Ž ǻǼȞȱǟ ȄȦȹ ɂȲȝȿ Û1988 ǧǠǣǠǺǪȹǟ

.1993 ǧǠǣǠǺǪȹǟ Ž ȔȪȥ ǦǭɎǭ ƂǙ ǻǼȞȱǟ ǿɀȽǼǩ ǴǤȎǩ Ɓ ȷǠǪȆȭǠǣ ȷǕ Ȭȱǽ ȰȮȱ ǦɆǝǠȾȺȱǟ ǦȲȎǶƫǟ ǨȹǠȭȿ ȰȵǟɀȞȱǟ ȤɆșɀǩ ȸȝ ¬ǦȝǠȶƨǟ¼ ȂDzȝ ǢǤȆǣ ÛǦɆȵɎȅǙ Ǧȱȿǻ

35

ǦƷȀȍ ǦɆȹǠȶȲȝ Ǧȱȿǻ ƂǙ ȯɀǶǪǩ Ɓȿ ÛȻǠƟɍǟ ǟǾȽ Ž ǦɆƸǿǠǪȱǟ ǦǹǿǠȎȱǟ ǦɆȹǠȶȲȞȱǟ ȰȞƟ Ɣȱǟ ÛǠőǟǽ ȰȵǟɀȞȱǟ ȬȲǩ ǻɀDZɀȱ ǟȀȚȹ ɄƸǿǠǪȱǟ ǠȽȿǼȝ ȸȝ ǠȽȂƌɆƢȿ ǠȾǪɅɀȽȿ ǦȱȿǼȱǟ ǻɀDZȿ ǙǼǤƫ ǠȒɆȪȹ ǠȵǠƢ Û¬ȔɆȲơ Ǧȱȿǻ¼ ıȯǟȂǩ ɍȿı ȷǠǪȆȭǠǣ ǨȲș Ȱǣ .(ǼȺƬǟ) ǠȶȺɆǵ Û(ǠɅƘDzɆȹ) ȻǼȲǣ ɀɅǻɀȥ ȸǣ ȷǠȶǮȝ ǦȵɎȞȱǟ Ȥȍȿ ǠȶȲǮȵ ɍ :ȯǠȪȥ ݬȀȦȭ ǿǟǻ¼ ȳǕ ¬ȳɎȅǙ ǿǟǻ¼ ɄȽ ȰȽ ǨȦǪȆȵ ȻǠǪȦǪȅǟ

.¬ȔɆȲơ ǿǟǻ¼ ɄȽ ǠƴǙȿ ÛȬȲǩ ɍȿ ȻǾȽ ȷǠǪȆȭǠǤǣ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǦȝǠȶDzȲȱ ǦɆȱǠƩǟ ǥǻǠɆȪȱǟ ȷǕ ƘƪǠǣ ȀȊǤɅ Ǡưȿ .ǠȾȆȦȹ ǠȾɆȥ ǦȝǠȶƨǟ ǨȞȑȿ Ɣȱǟ Ǧȵȁɉǟ Ȩȶȝ ȫǿǼǩ ǧǕǼǣ ǦȹȿȀƫǟ ȸȵ ǼɅȂƫ ǡǠǤȱǟ ǨǶǪȥȿ ÛǦɅɀȒȞȱǟ ȓȿȀȉ ȸȵ ǨȦȦǺȥ ǥǼɅǼDZ ȯǠɆDZǕȿ ǥǼɅǼDZ ǒǠȵǼǣ ǠȾɅǾȢǩ ȷǕ ȰƋȵǘćɅ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆȲǹǟǼȱǟ ȼǩȀȊȹ ɄȶɆɆȪǩ ȀɅȀȪǩ ɄȦȥ .ȄɆȅǖǪȱǟ ȰɆDZ ȸȵ ǦȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǦǤȞȲǣ ɂȝȿǕ ǒǠȖǹǖǣ ǨȥȀǪȝǟ 2000 ȳǠȝ ƆȿȀǪȮȱɉǟ ǠȾȞȩɀȵ ɂȲȝ ǦȝǠȶƨǟ ǼȪȱ » :ȀɅȀȪǪȱǟ Ž ǻǿȿ ǼȪȥ .ȰǤȪǪȆƫǟ dzɎȍǚǣ ǧǼȝȿȿ ÛɄȑǠƫǟ ȸȵ ǦȶȲȞǪƫǟ ǧǠȝǠȖȪȱǟ Ž ǠȢȱǠǣ ǟƘǭǖǩ [ǦȝǠȶƨǟ] ǦȭȀƩǟ ǧȀǭǕ ȜɆȅɀǩ ƂǙ ǦDZǠƜ ȯǟȂɅ ɍ ȃǠȺȱǟ ȳǟɀȝ ɂȲȝ ǠȽƘǭǖǩ ȸȮȱ ÛȜȶǪDzƫǟ ÛȏȀȢȱǟ ǟǾƬ ǟǼɅǼDZ ǠɆȅǠɆȅ ǠǣǠȖǹ ǦȝǠȶƨǟ ǧǿɀȕ Ǽȩȿ .Ǽȵȿ ǦɅǼɆȲȪǪȱǟ ǥɀȪȱǟ ȂȭǟȀȵ ɂȲȝ ǢȲȢǪȲȱ ȸȒȵ ǼȾDZ ǠȾȵǠȵǕ ɂȪǤɅ ȸȮȱ ǥɀȩ ƂǙ ǼȞǣ ɍɀǶǪɅ Ɓ ǠȽȀȮȥȿ ǦȝǠȶƨǟ ȧɎǹǕ ȷɉ ÛȜȶǪDzƫǟ Ž

.«ȷȁȿ ǧǟǽ ǦɆȅǠɆȅ

36

ǦȝǠȶƨǟ ȷǙ» :ǥȀƫǟ ǦȪɆȪƩǠǣ ȣǟȀǪȝɍǟ ƂǙ ȀɅȀȪǪȱǟ ɄȾǪȺɅȿ ȔȢȑ ǦȝǠȶDzȭ ȿǕ ÛǦɆDZɀȱɀɅǻǕ ǥɀȪȭ ȯǠȞȥ ȀǭǕ ǧǟǽ ȷɇǟ ǥɀȪȱǟ ɁɀǪȆȵ ƂǙ ǼȞǣ ȰȎǩ Ɓ ǠȾȺȮȱ ÛțǿǠȊȱǟ Ž ǠŒȁȿ ǠƬ .ǦǤɆȕ ǧǟȀƣ ǥǼɅǼƨǟ ǦɆDzɆǩǟȀǪȅɍǟ ȻǾȽ ǧȀƣǕ Ǽȩȿ .«ǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȜȦǩǿǟ ÛȼDZɀǪȱǟ ǟǾȽ ǦȝǠȶƨǟ ȼɆȥ ǨȺǤǩ ɃǾȱǟ 1997 ȀƢǘȵ ǼȞǤȥ ȰȎɅ ȷǕ ȷɇǟ ǥǻǠɆȪȱǟ Ȱȵǘǩȿ .ȌǺȉ ƆɀɆȲȵ ƂǙ ǠȾǝǠȒȝǕ ǻǼȝ ɃɀǪȆɅ ȬȱǾǣȿ .ǢɅȀȪȱǟ ȰǤȪǪȆƫǟ Ž ƙɅɎȵ ǦȆƦ ƂǙ ǻǼȞȱǟ ȄDZǟɀȽ ȸȝ ǟǼɆȞǣ ÛɀȶȺȱǟ ȸȵ ǼɅǼDZ ǟǿɀȕ ǕǼǤǩȿ ÛǦȝǠȶƨǟ ȴȆDZ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǦȝǠȶƨǟ ǦǣȀƟ Žȿ .ǦɆȱǟȂȞȹɍǟ ǛȿǠȆȵȿ ǦɆȍɀȎƪǟ.ǿǠǤǪȝɍǠǣ ȀɅǼDZ ɁȀǹɉǟ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǧǠȭȀǶȲȱ ȃǿǻ ȷǠǪȆȭǠǤǣ

37

االلتزام واملبادرة ƙȶȲȆƫǟ ǫǟƘƞ ǦǮɅǼƩǟ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ȐȞǣ ǧȀǭǖǩ ǦɆȝȀȱǟ ȳǠȮƩǟ ǢȱǠȖɅ ǬɆǵ ÛɃǿȂƫǟ ɄȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȴȾȞȩǟȿȿ ÛɃȀȮȦȱǟ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ȻǾȽ ǨȲȚȥ .ǦɅȀƩǟ ȸȵ ǠȾȲǣǠȪȵ ǟɀȵǼȪɅ ȷǕ ȷȿǻ ÛǦȝǠȖȱǠǣ ÛɄȭȀƩǟ ȓǠǤȒȹɍǟȿ ȳǟȂǪȱɍǟȿ ǦȝǠȖȱǟ ƆǠȞȵ ɂȲȝ ǠőǠɆǣǻǕ Ž ǴȲǩ ÛǦɅǻȀȦȱǟȿ ǦɆȝȀȦȱǟ ǧǟǿǻǠǤȶȲȱ ȬȱǠȆȵ ǴǪȦǣ Ȭȱǽ ȷȁǟɀǩ Ɓȿ.ǧǟǒǟȀDZɋǟȿ ǧǠȾDZɀǪȱǟȿ ǦɆǣȀǪȱǟ Ž ǦȵȁɎȱǟ ǦȹȿȀƫǠǣ dzǠȶȆȱǟȿ

ǨȆȅǖǩ ǧǠȭȀǵ ȸȵ ȼDZɀǪȱǟ ǟǾȽ -ȨƜı ǒȀƫǟ ǡȀȢǪȆɅ Ǽȩȿ ɂȲȝ ǟȂɆȭȀǩ ȀǮȭǕ ȷɀȮǩ ȷǕ Ȁ ĆȚǪȺƫǟ ǬɆǵ ÛɄȝɀȖȱǟ ǿǠɆǪǹɍǟ ɂȲȝ ƂǙ ǠȾȲɆǤȅ ȷɉ ÛȓǠǤȒȹɍǟȿ ȳǟȂǪȱɍǟ ɂȲȝ ǠȾȺȵ țǟǼǣɋǟȿ ǥǿǻǠǤƫǟ

.ȻǟȀȭɋǟ ɍ țǠȺȩɋǟ ɀȽ ǦȝǠȖȱǟ ȼǪȹǠȮȵ ǻȀȦȲȱ ɄȝǟȀǩ ȷǕ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǧǠȭȀǶȲȱ ȷǟȿɉǟ ȷǓ Ǽȩȿ ȼǶȺƢȿ ÛȄǤȱ ȷȿǻ ȼǩǠɆȱȿǘȆȵ ȼȲȶƠȿ ÛɄȭȀƩǟ ȰȮɆƬǟ Ȱǹǟǻ ȀȦȢǩȿ ÛȼǩƎǹȿ ȼȍɎǹǙ Ž ȨǮǩȿ ÛțǟǼǣǙ ȰȮȱ ǦȵȁɎȱǟ ǦɅȀƩǟ ÛǦɅȀƩǟ ɂȲȝ ǦȝǠȖȱǟ ȷǠɆȢȖȥ .ȰȶȞȱǟ ȸƣ ɄȽ Ɣȱǟ ȻǒǠȖǹǕ ȼȱ ɍ ȼȺȮȱ ÛǻɀDZɀƫǟ Ȝȩǟɀȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȘȥǠƷ Ǽȩ ÛǥǿǻǠǤƫǟ ɂȲȝ ȳǟȂǪȱɍǟȿ

:ȷǠɆȢȖȱǟ ǟǾȽ ǛȿǠȆȵ ȸȵȿ .ȸȆǵɉǟ ɀƲ ȼȞȥǼɅ ɄȝǠȶǪDZɍǟȿ ɄȅǠɆȆȱǟ Ȝȩǟɀȱǟ ȸȝ ɎɅǼǣ Ǽƶ ɍ ǻȀȦȱǟ ȷǕ ȷǕ ǼȞǣ ǥɀǶȎȱǟ ȯɎș ƂǙ ǒǠȥ ɃǾȱǟ ɀȽȿ ÛȼȞȶǪƭ Ž ǼǝǠȆȱǟ ȀǭǕ ȸȵ ȼɆȥ Ǡȵ Ȭȱǽ Žȿ ÛȴȽǻǠȆȥȿ ȳǠȮƩǟ ǻǟǼǤǪȅǟ ǿǠȺǣ ɁɀǪȭǟ

.ǠȾǪȱǠȅǿȿ ǦȭȀƩǟ ǦɆǣǽǠDZ ɂȲȝ ƑȲȅ

38

ȜǣǠȖǣ ȜǤȖȺɅ ǠȽȀȵǟȿǕȿ ǦȭȀƩǟ ǧǟǿǻǠǤȵ Ȝȵ ȼǣȿǠƟ ȷǙ Ż ȼȵȿǠȪɅ ȷǕ ǠȵǙ :ǻǟǼǤǪȅǟ ȰȮȱ ǦɆȪȖȺȵ ǦDzɆǪȹ ȬȲǩȿ .ǢȲȆȱǟ Ɏȥ ÛǦɆǤȲȅ ǦȵȿǠȪȵ ȻɀȵȿǠȪɅ ȷǕ ǠȵǙȿ ÛǦɆǣǠƶǙ ǦɆȲȞȥ ǦȵȿǠȪȵ ȃǠȺȱǟ

.ȼɆȝǠȆȵȿ ȼȥǟǼȽǕ Ȝȵ ȷɀǣȿǠDzǪɅ ÛȀɅǽǠȞƫǟ ȃǠȶǪȱǟȿ ȀɅƎǪȱǟ ȀȮȥ ǻɀȆɅ Ȭȱǽ ȰȮȱ ǦDzɆǪȹȿ Ǧƥȁ Ž ǧǠɆȱȿǘȆƫǟ ȜɆȒǩȿ ÛȀǹɇǟ ɂȲȝ ǦȞǤǪȱǠǣ ƉȰȭ ɄȪȲɅȿ ǠȾɆȪȲɅȿ ÛȼǪɆȱȿǘȆȵ ȸȵ ǻȀȦȱǟ ȰȎȺǪɅ ȷǕ ǼȞǣ ÛǡǠǪȞȱǟȿ ȯǼƨǟ

.ǥǻǠɆȪȱǟ ȿǕ ǦȭȀƩǟ ȰȽǠȭ ɂȲȝ ƑȲȪȱǟ ɂȑȀȱǟ ȸȵ ǢȭȀȵ ǰɅȂƫ ǯǠǪȹ ǦȝǠȖȱǟ ȳɀȾȦȵ ȷǙ ɍ Ɠǵ ÛǠȶȾȺɆǣ ȷȁǟɀǪȱǟ ǥǠȝǟȀȵ ȸȵ Ǽǣ Ɏȥ ÛɄȶɆȚȺǪȱǟ ȔǤȒȱǟȿ Ȱȶȝ Ž ǻǟǼǤǪȅɍǟ ȰƷ ɍȿ ÛǦɅȀƩǟ ɁɀȝǼǣ ǦɆȱȿǘȆƫǟ ȜɆȶǪǩ ǦȝǠȖȱǟ ȼȪȥ ȷɉ ǟȀȚȹȿ .Ʉȝɀȕ Ȱȶȝ ȼȲȍǕ Ž ɀȽ ɃǾȱǟ ǦȭȀƩǟ Ǡȵ ȷǚȥ Ûȷɇǟ ǼǝǠȆȱǟ ɀȽ ǻǿǠǤȱǟ ȓǠǤȒȹɍǟȿ ƑȲȆȱǟ ɄȪȲǪȱǟ ƖȞƞ ȸȵ ÛȷȁǟɀǪȱǟ ƂǙ ǥǻɀȞȱǟ ɀȽ ȳɀɆȱǟ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ȼDZǠǪƠ ǿǟȿǻǕ Ȝȵ ȴDzȆȺɅ ɃǾȱǟ Ȼǿȿǻȿ ÛǻȀȦȱǟ ǦɆǩǟǽ ɂȲȝ ǼɆȭǖǪȱǟ ȯɎǹ .ǦɆȱȿǘȆƫǠǣ Ʉȝɀȱǟ ȸȵ ȜȥǟǼǣ Ȱǣ ÛȔȢȑ ȿǕ ȻǟȀȭǙ ȷȿǻ ȻƘȡ ȸȵ ȷȁǟɀǪȱǟ ǟǾȽ ƂǙ ȰȎǩ ȷǕ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ȜɆȖǪȆǩȿ

:ɄȲɅ Ǡȵ ȯɎǹ ǒǠȒȝɉǟ ȫǿǼɅ Ɠǵ ÛɄȲǹǟǼȱǟ ǠŏǠȖǹ Ž ǥǿǻǠǤƫǟ ȜɆDzȊǩ - ǿǠɆȞȵ ȄɆȱ -ȼǪɆƵǕ ɂȲȝı ǴǝǟɀȲȱǟȿ ȴȚȺȱǠǣ ȳǟȂǪȱɍǟ ǻȀƭ ȷǕ

39

ǦȭȀƩǟ ǥƘȆȵ ȜȥǼȱ ǻǠȾǪDZɍǟȿ ǥǿǻǠǤƫǟ ɀȽ ǿǠɆȞƫǟ Ȱǣ .ȰȑǠȦǪȱǟ .Ǡăȵ ćǼȩ ȳɎȅɋǟ ǦȱǠȅǿȿ

ÛǠȾǝǠȒȝɉ ǠȾǪɆǣȀǩ Ž ǦɆǤȽǾƫǟȿ ǦɅȀȮȦȱǟ ǦȵǟȀȎȱǟ ȸȝ ǻǠȞǪǣɍǟ- ǦɆȾȪȦȱǟ ǧǟǻǠȾǪDZɍǟȿ ǒǟǿɇǟ ǻǼȞǪǣ ȯɀǤȪȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȴȽǼɅɀȞǩȿ ǡɀǶȎƫǟ ǽǠȊȱǟ ɃǕȀȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȴȾǪɆȮǤǩ ȳǼȝȿ ÛǦɆȲȶȞȱǟȿ ǦɅȀȮȦȱǟȿ

.ǼȎȪȱǟ ȸȆƜ ǼȪȺȱǟ ȜɆDzȊǩȿ ÛǰȵǟƎȱǟȿ ȔȖƪǟ ǿǟȀȩǙ ȰǤȩ ǥǿǻǠǤƫǟ ȜɆDzȊǩ - ǒǠȦǪȭɍǟ ȳǼȝȿ .ȼǩƎǹȿ ȼɅǕǿ ǦɆƵǕ ǻȀȦȱǟ ȫǿǼɅ Ɠǵ ÛǠȽǻǠȶǪȝǟ ǼȞǣ ȿǕ ǧǟǿǟȀȪȱǟ ǽǠơǟ ǼȺȝ ǠȾȪǝǟȀȕ ǴǝǟɀȲȱǟ ȴȚȺǩ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆƧȀȱǟ ɁǿɀȊȱǠǣ

.ǧǟǻǠɆȪȱǟ ǡǠǺǪȹǟ ǠɆȥǟȀȢDZ ǦȭȀƩǟ ȴȆȪɅ ɃǾȱǟ ɃȂȭȀȵɎȱǟ ȳǠȚȺȱǟ ƗǤǩ ǦȞȅǟȿ ǦɅȀǵȿ ǥƘǤȭ ǧǠɆǵɎȍ ǴȺƹȿ ÛǧǠȶɆȆȪǩ ǥǼȝ ǠɆȦɆșȿȿ .ǦȭȀƩǟ ȳɀȶȝ Ȅƹ ɍ Ǡư ǠȽƘȡȿ ǦɅɀǣȀǪȱǟ ǠɅǠȒȪȱǟ Ž țȿȀȦȲȱ ǦɆDzɆǩǟȀǪȅɍǟǿɀȵɉǟ Ž ǠȽȀȎǵȿ ÛǦȵȂȲƫǟ Ȁȵǟȿɉǟ Ž ǻǠȎǪȩɍǟ ɃǕȀȱǠǣ ǠőǼȝǠȆȵ Ȝȵ ÛțȿȀȦȲȱ ɁȀǹɉǟ ǿɀȵɉǟ ȫȀǩȿ ÛǦȅǠȆƩǟ

.ȳǟȂȱǙ ȿǕ ȳǟȂǪȱǟ ȷȿǻ ÛȳȂȲƫǟ Ƙȡ ɃǿǠȊǪȅɍǟ ɀȽ ÛȷǠȖȲȆȱǟȿ ȷǟǼDZɀȱǟ ƙǣ ÛȳǠȚȺȱǟȿ ǦɅȀƩǟ ƙǣ ȷȁǟɀǪȱǟ ȷǙ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ȫǿǼǪȱ ȷɉǟ ȷǓ Ǽȩȿ .țǼǤȵ ɄȝǠƤ Ȱȶȝ Ƀɉ ȓȀȊȱǟ

.ǠȾȦȎȱ ǦɅɀɆƩǟȿ ǦɅȀƩǟ ǰȽȿ ǼɆȞǩȿ ÛȬȱǽ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ

40

الوحدة والتباين Ɓ ɁȀǹǕ ǦɆǝǠȺǭ ÛǥǿǻǠǤƫǟȿ ȳǟȂǪȱɍǟ ǦɆǝǠȺǭ ȸȝ ǼɆȞǣ Ƙȡȿ ɄȽȿ ÛǠȾȞȵ ȰȵǠȞǪȱǟ ȸȆǵ Ž ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ȐȞǣ ǴȲȦǩ ǦɆȖȶȺȱǟ ǨȶȾȥ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ȻǾȽ ǧǟǻǠɆȩ ȐȞǤȥ :ȸɅǠǤǪȱǟȿ ǥǼǵɀȱǟ ǠȦȩɀȵ ǨȦȩȿȿ ÛǥǼǵɀȲȱ ǼɆǵɀȱǟ ȸȵǠȒȱǟ ǠȶŒǕ ɂȲȝ ȓǠǤȒȹɍǟȿ Ȱǹǟǻ ɃǻǠȾǪDZɍǟ ȣɎǪǹɍǟȿ ȸɅǠǤǪȱǟ ƂǙ țȿȂȹ ɃǕ ȸȵ ǠȆDZɀǪȵ ÛǦȝǠȶƨǟ ȸȵ ǠȩȿȀȵȿ ÛǦȝǠȖȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǠDZȿȀǹ ȼǩƎǪȝǟȿ ÛȤȎȱǟ ȼɆȲȝ Ȅȅǖǩ ɃǾȱǟ ɄȝɀȖȱǟ ȳǟȂǪȱɍǟ ǦȞɆǤȕ ȴȾȦǩ Ɓȿ .ǦȺǪȦȲȱ ǥǿǠǭǙȿ ÛȼȪȲǹ Ž ǃǟ ȸȺȅ ȸȵ ȣɎǪǹɍǟȿ ȸɅǠǤǪȱǟ ȷǕ ȴȾȦǩ Ɓ Ȱǣ ÛǠȾȲȶȝ ÛǥƘȆƫǟ ǦȵǼƪ ǠɆǣǠƶǙ ǠȶȾȦɆșɀǩ Ǡȵǚȥ .ɎɅǼǤǩ ǃǟ ǦȺȆȱ ǼƟ ȸȱȿ

.ǥǼǝǠȥ ȷȿǻ ǠȶȾȾDZȿ Ž ȣɀȩɀȱǟ ǠȵǙȿ ɄȵɎȅɋǟ ȀȮȦȱǟ ȧɀȖǣ ǥǿɀȎƮ ȯǟȂǩ ɍ ǧǟǻǠɆȪȱǟ ȻǾȽ ȰȞȱȿ ǒǠȅǕ Ɠǵ ÛǠȪɆȶȝ ǟƘǭǖǩ ǦȺǪȦȱǟ ȄDZǠȽ ȼɆȥ ȀǭǕ ɃǾȱǟ ɄƸǿǠǪȱǟ ȣɀȩɀȱǟȿ ÛǥǿȿȀȑ ǨȹǠȭ ǠȶȾȵ dzɎȍɋǟ ǧɍȿǠƮ ȰȮǣ ȸȚȱǟ ȀȽȁɉǟ ǒǠȾȪȥ ȐȞǣ ȷǕ Ǽǵ ƂǙ ÛǠȺɆȞǪȵ ȷǠȭ ǠȶȾȵ ǥǻǠȪȱǟ ȼDZȿ Ž ƙȲȲȞǪȵ ÛȀȎƫ ȻǿǠȶȞǪȅǟ ȳǠɅǕ ¬ȷɀɆȲǣǠȹ¼ ǦȵȿǠȪȵ ȁǟɀDZ ȳǼȞǣ ǟɀǪȥǕ ǿǠȶȞǪȅɍǟ ȳǠɅǕ ƙɆȹǠǪɅǿɀƫǟ ǒǠȾȪȦȱǟ ǼǵǕ ȤȱǕȿ Û¬ǦȺǪȥ¼ Ȭȱǽ ȷǖǣ ǦǶɆȎȺȱǟ¼ ȻǠƧ ÛɂǶȺƫǟ ȄȦȹ ɀǶȺɅ ǨɆȎȱǟ ǒɄȅ ǠǣǠǪȭ ɄȆȹȀȦȱǟ Û[ƙɆȆȹȀȦȱǟ=] ¬ǦȎĊȹǟȀȦȱǟ ȯǠǪȩ ȸȵ ȀɅǾǶǪȱǟ Ž ǦȍǠƪǟȿ ǦȵǠȞȱǟ Ǽȑ ǻǠȾƨǟ ǦȭȀǵ ǻɀȪɅ ȷǠȭ -ȬȱǾȭ ȼɆȪȥ ɀȽȿı ȻǠǹǕ ȷǕ ȴȡǿ

.Ǩȩɀȱǟ ǧǟǽ Ž ȀȶȞǪȆƫǟ

41

ǧǟǻǠɆȩ ȷǕ ɀȽ ȰȶȞȱǟȿ ƘȮȦǪȱǟ ȸȵ ɂǶȺƫǟ ǟǾƬ ȀǹǓ ǢǤȅȿ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ ȤǝǠșȿ ȐȞǣ ǨȭǿǻǕ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ȐȞǣ ȸȵ ǠƵȿ ÛǥǼǵɀȱǟȿ ȔǤȒȱǟ ǦɆƵǕ ǨȶȾȦȥ :ǠȾȒȞǣ ǠȾȺȝ ǡǠȡȿ ǡǠȆǪȭɍǟ ƔȦɆșȿ ȸȝ ǨȲȦȡ ǠȾȺȮȱ ÛǦɆȅǠȅɉǟ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ ȤǝǠșȿ Ɓȿ Ûȼǣ ȜȺȩȿ ǻɀDZɀƫǟ ǦɅǠȶƜ ɂȦǪȭǟ ȴɆȚȺǩ ȰȮȥ :ǡǠȞɆǪȅɍǟȿ ÛǥǻǼDzǪȵ ǧǠȩǠȕ ǡǠȞɆǪȅǟȿ ÛǥǼɅǼDZ ǒǠȵǻ ǡǠȆǪȭɍ ȼȝǿǽǕ Ǽƹ

.ǦȱǠƮ ɍ ǨɆȵ ɀȾȥ ÛȤȲǪƯ ǿɀȚȺȵ ƗǤǩ ƂǙ ǦDZǠƜ ȳɀɆȱǟ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǧǠȭȀƩǟȿ ǠȾȝǿǻ ȻǟȀɅ Ȱǣ ÛǥǼǵɀȱǟ ɂȲȝ ƿȀȖǹ ɄȲǹǟǼȱǟ ȸɅǠǤǪȱǟ ɁȀɅ ɍ ÛɃɀȺȞƫǟ ȿǕ ɃǻǠƫǟ ȀȾȪȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǦȶǝǠȩ ǥǼǵɀȱ ǒǠȪǣ Ɏȥ :ǠȾɆȵǠǵȿ ȬȱǾǣȿ .ȃǠȺȱǟ ȷǟǼDZȿ ȸȵ ǠȾǭǠȞǤȹǟ ȸȵ ȸȆǵǕ ǥǼǵɀȱ ȷǠȶȑ ɍȿ ǥǼǵȿȿ ÛȤȎȱǟ ȬȅǠƢ ɂȲȝ ǦȚȥǠǶƫǟ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ȻǾȽ ȜɆȖǪȆǩ ǦɅȀǵ ȷǠȺȶȒɅ ȸɅǠǤǩȿ țɀȺǩ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ÛǼȾƨǟ ȨɆȆȺǩȿ ÛǦɅǠȢȱǟ ȼȞȅȿ ǢȆƜ ƊȰȭ ȸȵ ǦȭȀƩǟ Ǿǹǖǩ ǬɆƜ ÛțȿȀȦȱǟȿ ǻǟȀȥɉǟ ȷɀǤƷ ȸɅǾȱǟ ȸȵ ȸȮư ǻǼȝ ƎȭǕ ǢȝɀǪȆǩȿ ÛȼȶȾȥȿ ȻǻǟǼȞǪȅǟȿ ȴȾɆȝȿȿ ÛȴȽǟɀȪǩȿ ȴŒǠƹǙ ɁɀǪȆȵ ȸɅǠǤǩ ɂȲȝ Ûȼȱɀȅǿȿ ǃǟ ȴŏǿǠƟȿ ÛǦɆȾȪȦȱǟ ȴőǠɆȦȲǹȿ ÛǦɅǻǠȾǪDZɍǟ ȴŏǿǠȊȵȿ ÛȴȾǝɍȿȿ dzȿǿ ȰǪȪɅ Ǽǵǟȿ ɄȖƴ ǿǠȆȵ ɂȲȝ ȜɆȶƨǟ ȴȡȀǩ ɍȿ .ǦɆǩǠɆƩǟ

.ȰɆȍǕ Ȱȶȝ Ȱȭ ǿǼȎȵ ɀȽ ɃǾȱǟ ÛźǟǾȱǟ țǠȥǼȹɍǟȿ țǟǼǣɋǟ

42

ȷǠȭȿ ÛǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ȐȞǣ ȸȝ ǡǠȡ ȼȪȦȱǟ ǟǾȽ ȸȮȱ ǦɅȂȭȀƫǟ Ž ȰǮƢ ÛɄȶɆȚȺǩ ȯɎǪǹǟ ɃȀȮȦȱǟ ȰȲƪǟ ǟǾȽ ǰǝǠǪȹ ȸȵ

..ǥƘǤȭȿ ǥƘȢȍ Ȱȭ Ž ǥǻǠȪȱǟ Ȱ ƌǹǼǩȿ ÛǦɆȡǠȖȱǟ ȄɆȅǖǪȱǟ ǿɀȕ Ž ǦɆȖȶȺȱǟ ǦȵǟȀȎȱǟ ǥǼǝǠȥ Ž ǢɅǿ ȸȵ ȄɆȱȿ ȴȾȵǟȂȱǙȿ ÛǻǟȀȥɉǟ ȃɀȦȹ Ž ǦȝǠȶƨǟ ƖȞȵ ȨɆȶȞǪȱ -ǠȺȦȲȅǕ Ǡȶȭı ǿǟȀȪǪȅǟ ǼȞǣ ǠƬ ƖȞȵ ɍ ǦȵǟȀȎȱǟ ȻǾȽ ȸȮȱ ÛǦȝǠȖȱǟȿ ȳǠȚȺȱǟ ƆǠȞƞ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ǢȲȡǕ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ȯǠǵ ɀȽ Ǡȶȭ ÛȄȅɉǟ ǒǠȺǣȿ ǯǽɀȶȺȱǟ ǦǵǠƧȿ ÛȄɆȅǖǪȱǟ ȳǠɅǕ ǦɆȖƴȿ ǦȵǟȀȍ ǡɀȲȖƫǠȥ .ȳɀɆȱǟ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ȯǠDZǿ ȀȎȝ ȰȮȱȿ ÛȯǠȪȵ ȳǠȪȵ ȰȮȲȥ ÛǰȒȺȱǟ ȳǠɅǕ ǦɅȀǵȿ

.ȯǠȮȉǕȿ

43

الفصل والوصل ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ȼDZǟɀǩ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆȅǠȅɉǟ ǦɆȶɆȚȺǪȱǟ Ǣȹǟɀƨǟ ȸȵȿ ǦȭȀƩǟ ǥǿǼȩ ȬȱǾǣ ǼȎȪȹȿ .Ȱȍɀȱǟȿ ȰȎȦȱǟ ȯǠȮȉǙ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ȳǠȾƫǟ ȬȲǩ ȸȵ ȐȞǣ ȰȎȥȿ Ȱǣ ÛǦȲǹǟǼǪƫǟ ȳǠȾƫǟ ƙǣ ȰȎȦȱǟ ɂȲȝ ȜȒǺćɅ ȓǠǣǿ ɂȲȝ ǒǠȪǣɋǟ Ȝȵ ÛɄȅǠȅɉǟ ɄȶɆȚȺǪȱǟ ȰȮɆƬǟ ȸȝ Ȱȍɀȱǟȿ ȰȎȦȱǟ ǦɆȱǼƨȿ .ǼȞǣ ȸȝ ǦȭȀƩǟ ȼɆDZɀǪȱ ǦȦɆșɀȱǟ ȬȲǩ.ǦɆǝǠȩȿ-ǦɆȺȵǕȿ ÛǦɆȺɅɀȮǩ-ǦɅɀǣȀǩȿ ÛǦɅǿǟǻǙ-ǦɆȅǠɆȅ :ǦǭɎǭ ǻǠȞǣǕ

ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ǯǠǪƠ ɃǿǟǻɋǟıɄȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȯǠDzƫǟ ɄȦȥ ÛɃǻǼȞȱǟ ǠȾȶȭȿ ǦɆǤȞȊȱǟ ǠőǼȝǠȩ ȧǠȖȹ ȜɆȅɀǩ ƂǙ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ

.ɁȀǹɉǟ ǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǧǠȭȀƩǟȿ ǡǟȂǵɉǟ ǦȱȁǠȺȵ ȜɆȖǪȆǩ ɄȮȱ ǟǾȽ ǦȭȀƩǟ ǨȺǤǩ ǠȶȲȭ ȼȆȦȹ ȏȀȦɅ ǠɆȶɆȚȺǩ ɍǠȮȉǙ ȸȮȱ Ǽȩ Ǡȵȿ ÛǦɆȶɆȚȺǪȱǟȿ ǦɅǻǠɆȪȱǟ ǦɆDZǟȿǻȁɍǟ ȯǠȮȉǙ ɀȽȿ ÛǿǠɆƪǟ ǿǟȀȪȱǟ Ž ǦɆǝǠȺǭȿ Ûǥǿǟǻɋǟȿ ƘɆȆǪȱǟ Ž ȫǠǤǩǿǟ ȸȵ ǠȾɆȲȝ ǢǩȀǪɅ ȸȵ ǦȭȀƩǟ ɂȲȝ ƙȦǝǠƪǟ ɁǼȱ ȄDZɀǩ ȸȵ ȻƘǮǩ Ǡȵȿ Ûǒɍɀȱǟȿ ȷɀȮɅ ȷǕ ȸȵ ɍǼǣ ǠȾɆȥ ȴȮǶǪɅ ÛȴȚȺȵ Ƙȡ ɃȀȊǣ ȴȭ Ž ȧȀȢȱǟ ƙǣ ȰȎȦȱǟ ɄȽ Ȭȱǽ ɂȲȝ ǢȲȢǪȲȱ ǦȲɆȅȿ ȸȆǵǕȿ .ǠƬ ǟǻǼȵ ǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǥǻǠɆȪȱǟ ƂɀǪǩ ǬɆƜ ÛǦɅǿǟǻɋǟ ǥǻǠɆȪȱǟȿ ǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǥǻǠɆȪȱǟ ƙȦȕǠȞǪƫǟ Ȝȵ ȰȵǠȞǩ ȸȵ ȼɆȥ Ǡƞ ÛɄȅǠɆȆȱǟ ȷǖȊȱǟ Ȝȵ ɄȕǠȞǪȱǟ ǦɅǿǟǻɋǟ ǥǻǠɆȪȱǟ ƂɀǪǩȿ ÛɄȶɆȚȺǩ ȓǠǣǿ ǦȭȀƩǠǣ ȴȾȖǣȀɅ ɍ ȸɅǾȱǟ

.ȃǠȺȱǟ ȷȿǻ ȸȵ Ǡŏ ȋǠƪǟ ɄȲǹǟǼȱǟ ǦȭȀƩǟ ȷǖȉ

44

ɄȶɆȚȺǪȱǟ ǠȾȲȮɆȽ ɂȲȝ ǒǠȪǣɋǟ Ž ǦȭȀƩǟ ǴDzȺǩ ȰȎȦȱǟ ǟǾŏȿ ǧǟǽ Ž ǦǵɀǪȦȵ ǦɅƘȽǠƤ ǦȭȀǵ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ ȰȶȞǩ ɄȽȿ ÛǠȶǝǠȩ

.Ǩȩɀȱǟ ȰȎȦȱǟ ǦɆDzɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ǼɆȦǩ ƗɅɀȮǪȱǟ-ɃɀǣȀǪȱǟ ȯǠDzƫǟ Žȿ .ȸɅɀȮǪȱǟȿ ǦɆǣȀǪȱǟ ƃǠƭ ƙǣ ȰȎȦȱǟ ǠȾƵǕ ÛǥƘǮȭ ǿɀȵǕ Ž Ȱȍɀȱǟȿ

:ǦɆȱǠǪȱǟ ǧǟǿǠǤǪȝɎȱ ɃǿȿȀȑ ȰȎȥ ɀȽȿ ǦɆDzȾȺȵ ȸɅɀȮǪȱǟ ǦȶȾȵȿ ÛǦɆǝǼǤȵ ǦɆȩɎǹǕ ǦɆǣȀǪȱǟ ǦȶȾȵ ȷǕ -.ǦɆȲȝǠȦȱǟ ɀȽ ȸɅɀȮǪȱǟ ȣǼȽȿ ÛȳǟȂǪȱɍǟ ɀȽ ǦɆǣȀǪȱǟ ȣǼȾȥ.ǦɆȲȶȝ ǥǿɀȎȪȵ ǨȆɆȱȿ ÛȜȶǪDzƫǟ ȳɀȶȝ ƂǙ ǦȾDZɀȵ ǦɆǣȀǪȱǟ ȷǕ - ǨǤǭ ȸɅǾȱǟ ǒǠȒȝɉǟ ƂǙ ȼDzǪɅ ȸɅɀȮǪȱǟ ǠȶȺɆǣ ÛǦȭȀƩǟ ǒǠȒȝǕ ɂȲȝ

.ǟȀȎǵ ȴȽǗɍȿȷɀȮǩ ȷǕ ɄȢǤȺɅ ǟǾȮȽ ȿǕ ǦɆǣǠȆǪȭǟ ǦȦɆșȿ ǦɆǣȀǪȲȱ ȷǕ -

ȰȮȊǣ ǻǼDZ ǒǠȒȝǕ ǡǠȆǪȭǟ ƂǙ ȣǼȾɅ ɍ ȸɅɀȮǪȱǟ ǠȶȺɆǣ .ȀȉǠǤȵ

Ƙƪǟ ǦǵǠȆȵ ǥǻǠɅȁ ɄȽȿ ǦȵǠȝ ǦɅɀȝǻ ǦȦɆșȿ ǦɆǣȀǪȲȱ ȷǕ - ÛǦȭȀƩǟ ƂǙ ǟɀȶȒȺɅ Ɓ ɀȱȿ Ɠǵ ÛȜȶǪDzƫǟ ǻǟȀȥǕ ȃɀȦȹ Ž ǦȲɆȒȦȱǟȿ

.ǦȭȀƩǟ ǒǠȒȝǕ ɁǼȱ ǥƎƪǟ ȨɆȶȞǩ ɂȲȝ ȀȎǪȪɅ ȸɅɀȮǪȱǟ ǠȶȺɆǣ ÛǦȵǠȞȱǟ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ȰǝǠȒȦȱǠǣ ȨȲȞǪɅ ǦɆǣȀǪȱǟ ȷɀȶȒȵ ȷǕ - ȷɀȶȒȵ ȂȭȀɅ ǠȶȺɆǣ ÛƙȞȵǠȆȱǟ ɁǼȱ ɄȝȀȊȱǟ ȴȲȞȱǟ ǥǻǠɅȁȿ ǠȾDZǠǪƷ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆȺȦȱǟȿ ǦɅǿǟǻɋǟȿ ǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǧǟƎƪǟ ɂȲȝ ȸɅɀȮǪȱǟ

.ȼǩƘȆȵ Ž ȰȵǠȞȱǟ ɀȒȞȱǟ

45

ǦǵɀǪȦȵ ǦɆǣȀǪȱǟ ȷɀȮǩ ȷǕ Ȱȍɀȱǟȿ ȰȎȦȱǟ ǦɆDzɆǩȀǪȅǟ ɄȒǪȪǩȿ ȜȶǪDzƫǟ Ž ǦȭȀƩǟ ǥǻǠɅǿ ǸȅȀɅȿ Ƙƪǟ ȴȶȞɅ Ǡƞ ÛȜȶǪDzƫǟ ɂȲȝ ȳǟȂǪȱɍǟȿ ǦȪǮȱǟ Ƀȿǽ ƂǙ ǠȾDZɀȵȿ ǠȪȲȢȵ ȸɅɀȮǪȱǟ ȷɀȮɅ ǠȶȺɆǣ ÛȳǠȞȱǟ :ǠȶȾɆǪȲȭ ƙǪȦɆșɀȱǟ Ž ȷǠȪǩɋǟ ȨȪǶǪɅ ǟǾŏȿ .ǦȭȀƩǟ ǒǠȒȝǕ ȸȵ ȸɅɀȮǪȱǟ ƙȵǖǩ ȴǪɅȿ ÛȜȶǪDzƫǟ Ž ǠȾǪȱǠȅǿ Ƀǻǘǩȿ ǦɆǣȀǪȱǟ ȜȆǪǪȥ

.ȼȲȽǕ Ž ȻȀȎǵȿ ƗȦȱǟ ȰȎȦȱǟ ǦɆDzɆǩǟȀǪȅǟ ȷǚȥ ɄǝǠȩɀȱǟ Ɨȵɉǟ ȯǠDzƫǟ Žȿ ȜȶȪȱǟ Ɂɀȩ Ǽȑ ƙȵǖǪȲȱ ǦȲɆȅȿ ǦɅȂȭȀȵɎȱǟ ǽǠơǟ ɄȒǪȪǩ Ȱȍɀȱǟȿ ɃǼɆȲȪǪȱǟ ɄȶɆȚȺǪȱǟ ȀȮȦȱǠǣ ȷɀǮǤȊǪƫǟ ǡȀȢǪȅǟ Ǡƞǿȿ .ǻǟǼǤǪȅɍǟȿ ɃȂȭȀȵɍ ȳǠȚȹ ǻɀDZȿ -ȷɎȝɋǟȿ ǿǟȀȅɋǟ ǦȱǻǠȞȵ ǟɀǤȝɀǪȆɅ Ɓ ȸư ı ȸȵɉ ǠȒɅȀȞǩȿ ǠǤɆȆǩ Ȭȱǽ Ž ǟȿǕǿȿ ÛǦɅȀȅ ǦȭȀǵ Ž ǦǵɀǪȦȵ ȀȅǕȿ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǧǠȭȀǶȲȱ ɄȶɆȚȺǪȱǟ ǸɅǿǠǪȱǟ ǥǒǟȀȩ ȸȮȱ .ȀȖǺȲȱ ǦȭȀƩǟ

.ǦɅǠȢȲȱ ǦȞDZǠȹ ǦɆȺɆȵǖǩ ǥǟǻǕ ǦɅȁȀȮȵɎȱǟ ȷǖǣ ǼɆȦǩ ȷǠɆȭ ƙǣ ȰȎȦȱǟ Ž ǦɆȺɆȵǖǪȱǟ ǦɅȂȭȀȵɎȱǟ ȻǾȽ ɂȲDzǪǩ Ǽȩȿ ƙǣ ȰȎȦȱǟ Ž ȿǕ .ǯǿǠƪǟ Ž ǠȽǻǟǼǪȵǟȿ ȰǹǟǼȱǟ Ž ǦȭȀƩǟ ǦȲǮȵɉǟ ȸȵȿ .ȋǠȎǪǹɍǟȿ ǦȦɆșɀȱǟ ǢȆƜ ǦȦȲǪǺƫǟ ǠȾǪǶȺDZǕ ȷǟǻɀȆȱǟ Ž ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǦȭȀƩǟ ȼǪȲȞȥ Ǡȵ ȯȿɉǟ țɀȺȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǦǶDZǠȺȱǟ ÛǧǠȺɆȞǤȆȱǟ Ž ǦɆDZǿǠƪǟ ǠőǻǠɆȩȿ ǦɆȲǹǟǼȱǟ ǠőǻǠɆȩ ƙǣ ȰȎȥ ȸȵ ǯǿǠƪǟ Ž ǦɆȭȀƩǟ ǥǻǠɆȪȱǟ ǨȹǠȭ ǬɆǵ ÛɃƘȶȺȱǟ Ȝȵ țǟȀȎȱǟ ȳǠɅǕ ǠǣȀǵ ȏɀơȿ Û(ǦɆȺȕɀȱǟ ǦȾǤƨǟ)ǡǟȂǵǕ Ȝȵ ȨɆȆȺǪȱǠǣ ȰȶȞǩ

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ǦɆȶɆȚȺǩ ǦȲȍ ǦɅǕ ǠȾȖǣȀǩ Ɓ ǠȶȺɆǣ ÛȳǠȚȺȱǟ Ǽȑ ǦɅȀȮȆȝȿ ǦɆȅǠɆȅ ȸȵ ǟǿǼȩ ȰǹǟǼȱǟ ǥǻǠɆȪȱ ȸȶȑ ȀȵǕ ɀȽȿ ÛȰǹǟǼȱǟ Ž ǥǻǠɆȪȱǟ Ȝȵ ǠɆȲǹǟǻ ǦȭȀƩǟ Ǽȑ ɃƘȶȺȱǟ ǧǠǣȀȑ ǨȹǠȮȥ Ûȼǣ ȃǖǣ ɍ ȸȵɉǟ Ǽȩȿ .ɄȲǹǟǼȱǟ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ ȴɆȶȍ ɂȲȝ Ȁǭǘǩ ɍ ÛǦɆǝǟɀȊȝ ǧǠǣȀȑ ƙȆǵ ȸȆǵ ȳǼȪƫǟ ǠȽǻǠȩ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆǣɎȪȹɍǟ ǦȱȿǠǶƫǟ Ž Ȭȱǽ ǴȒǩǟ ȻǼȑ (ǦɆȺȕɀȱǟ ǦȾǤƨǟ) ǠőǾȦȹ Ɣȱǟ ȿȂȢȱǟ ǦȱȿǠƮ Ż ÛɃȀȶɆȺȱǟ Ǽȑ ǠǪȲȭ Ž ǿȿǻ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǦȭȀǶȲȱ ȷǠȭȿ ÛČĔĒđ ɀɆȱɀɅ č ȳɀɅ ȴȡǿı ǠȶȾǪǤȪȝǕ Ɣȱǟ ǦȦɆȺȞȱǟ ɃƘȶȺȱǟ ǧǠǣȀȑ ȸȮȱ .ƙǪɆȲȶȞȱǟ ÛǟƘǤȭ ǟƘǭǖǩ ȷǟǻɀȆȱǟ Ȱǹǟǻ ǦȭȀƩǟ ǦɆȺǣ ɂȲȝ Ȁǭǘǩ Ɓ -ǠȾȝǠȆǩǟ

.ǯǿǠƪǟ Ž ǦɆȅǠɆȆȱǟ ǥǻǠɆȪȱǟ ȸȝ ǦȲȎȦȺȵ ǠŒɉ ȷɍǠǮȵ ǠȺɅǼȲȥ -ǦǶȺDZɉǟ ƙǣ ȰȎȦȱǟ ɀȽȿı ƆǠǮȱǟ țɀȺȱǟ ǠȵǕ (ƙȖȆȲȥ Ž ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǦȵȿǠȪƫǟ ǦȭȀǵ) ǠƵȿ ȼǵǠƱ ɂȲȝ ȷǠȢɆȲǣ ɄȶȲȆȵ ȸȵ ȤȱǖǪǩ Ɣȱǟ (ȰɆǝǟȀȅǙ Ž ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǦȭȀƩǟ)ȿ Û(ȃǠƥ) ǼȉǕ Ž ȷɎȶȞǩ ƙǪȭȀƩǟ ƙǩǠȽ ȷǙ ȣǠƝ ȄɆȱȿ .ČĔďē ƙȖȆȲȥ ɄȲǹǟǼȱǟ ȸȵɉǟ ȁǠȾDZ ȸȵ ǦǤȩǟȀȵ Ȱș Žȿ ÛǟǼɆȪȞǩ ǦɆȺȵɉǟ ȣȿȀȚȱǟ ǦɆȺȵɉǟ ǥȂȾDZɉǟ ȀǮȭǕ ȸȵ ƎǪȞɅ ɃǾȱǟ (ǨɆǣ ƙȊȱǟ) ɄȲɆǝǟȀȅɋǟ ǦɅȂȭȀȵɎȱǟ ȳǠȚȹ ǠǪȺǤǩ ƙǪȭȀƩǟ ȸȮȱ .ǦɅɀȵǻȿ ǦȝǠȊǣ ƁǠȞȱǟ Ž ǠȶȾǪǣȀƟ Ǩȱǻȿ .ǦɆǝǠȩȿ ǦɆȺȵǕ ȣǟǼȽɉ ǦǵɀǪȦƫǟ Ȁȅɉǟȿ ǦɆȶɆȚȺǪȱǟ.ȼȆȦȹ ȿǼȞȱǟ ȬȱǾǣ ȣȀǪȝǟ Ǡȶȭ ÛǦɆDzɆǩǟȀǪȅɍǟ ȻǾȽ dzǠƱ ɂȲȝ

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ǦȞȵǠƛ ǦɆDzɆǩǟȀǪȅɍǟ ǧǠȅǟǿǼȲȱ (ŽǠDZ) ȂȭȀȵ ȀȊȹ ǼȪȥ :ȷǟɀȺȞǣ Ǧȅǟǿǻ ÛƆȿȀǪȮȱɉǟ ȼȞȩɀȵ ɂȲȝ čċċċ ȳǠȝ ǢɆǣǕ Ȱǩ ȸȵ ȷǠȺǭǟ ǠȽǼȝǕ (Č)(Ɨȕɀȱǟ țǟȀȎȱǟ Ž ƃǠȮɅǻǟȀȱǟ ȳɎȅɋǟ) ǠȾɆȥ ǠǭǼƠȿ ¬ȯǠǩ ȷǠȶƲ¼ȿ ¬ȁȀȭ ǧǠȵǓ¼ ǠƵ ȂȭȀƫǟ ǡǠǪȭ :ɍǠȪȥ ȃǠƥ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǦȵȿǠȪƫǟ ǦȭȀƩ ǦɆȲȮɆƬǟ ǦɆȺǤȱǟ ȸȝ ǡǠȾȅǚǣ [Ƃȿɉǟ] ǦȑǠȦǪȹɍǟ ȳǟɀȝǕ ȸȵ ǬȱǠǮȱǟ ȳǠȞȱǟ ȸȵ ǒǟǼǪǣǟȿ ... ȜɅȁɀǩȿ ǦɅȂȭȀȵɎȱǟ ȳǠȚȹ ƂǙ ǠɆƶǿǼǩ ȯɀǶǪǩ (ȃǠƥ) ǧǕǼǣ ǻɀȾƨǟ Ǽȑ ǦɆȝǠȥǻ ǦǣǠDzǪȅǟ ǧǟƘɆȢǪȱǟ ȻǾȽ ǨȹǠȭȿ .ǦȖȲȆȱǟ ǦȱɀȲɆƩǟ ȰDZǕ ȸȵ ǦɆȲɆǝǟȀȅɋǟ ȸȵɉǟ ǧǟɀȩ ǠȾǪȱǾǣ Ɣȱǟ ǦɆȺȒƫǟ ǟǾȮȽȿ .ƗɆȖȆȲȦȱǟ ȜȶǪDzƫǟ ǦɆȺǣ Ȱǹǟǻ ǿǾDzǪȱǟ ƙǣȿ ȃǠƥ ƙǣ ȸȝ ǦƟǠȺȱǟ ȣȿȀȚȱǟ Ȝȵ ȤɆȮǪȱǟ ɂȲȝ ǥǿǻǠȩ ǦȭȀƩǟ ǨȹǠȭ ÛɁȀǹǕ Ȩǝǟɀȝ ȸȝ ǦƟǠȺȱǟ ȿǕ ÛǠȽǼȑ ǦɆȲɆǝǟȀȅɋǟ ǧǟǒǟȀDZɋǟ ȂȭǟȀȵ ȜɅȁɀǩ Ž ǧǟƘɆȢǩȿ ÛȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ Ž ǧɎɅǼȞǩ ȯɎǹ ȸȵ Ȁȵ ɂȲȝ ǴȒǩǟ Ǡȶȭ- [ȃǠƥ] ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ Ȱȶȝ ǰȾȺȵ ȷǙ ļǠőɀȩ ǦȱȿǘȆƫǟ ȴɆȚȺǪȱǟ ǦǶȺDZǕ ƙǣ ȰȎȦȱǟ ǥȀȮȥ ɂȲȝ ǼȶǪȞɅ -ƙȺȆȱǟ ɂƥ ɃǾȱǟ țǿǼȱǟ ǦǣǠǮƞ ȰȎȦȱǟ ǟǾȽ ȷǠȭ Ǽȩȿ .ǦȦȲǪƯ ȳǠȾȵ ȸȝ ȧǟȀǪǹǟ ȸȵ Ż ÛǦɆȲɆǝǟȀȅɋǟ ȸȵɉǟ ǧǟɀȩ ȧǟȀǪǹǟ ȸȵ ǦȭȀƩǟ ǦɆȺǣ ȷǠȭ Ǩȩɀȱǟ ǧǟǽ Žȿ ļǼȞǣ ǠȶɆȥ ǠƬ ǦɆȺɆȖȆȲȦȱǟ ǦɆȺȕɀȱǟ ǦȖȲȆȱǟ ļȰȭǠɆƬǟȿ ǧǟǼǵɀȱǟ ȤȲǪƯ ƙǣ Ǵȑǟȿ ȨɆȆȺǩȿ ȯǠȎǩǟ ȬȱǠȺȽ Amat Kurz & Nahman Tal : HAMAS, Radical Islam 1

in a national struggle

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ȨȖȺȵ ȸȝ ǟƘǤȞǩ ȷǠȭ ǦǶȺDZɉǟ ƙǣ ȰȎȦȱǟ ǕǼǤȵ ȷǚȥ ǟǾȮȽȿ. Ǩȩɀȱǟ ǧǟǽ Ž ǦɆȮɆǪȮǩ ǧǟǿǠǤǪȝǟȿ ɄȶɆȚȺǩ

ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǦȭȀƩǟ) ȷǟɀȺȞǣ ȯǠǩ ȷǠȶǶȺȱ ǦȲȪǪȆȵ Ǧȅǟǿǻ Žȿ ÛǸɅǿǠǪȱǟ ȄȦȺǣ ȼȞȩɀȵ ɂȲȝ ȂȭȀƫǟ ȄȦȹ ǠȽȀȊȹ (Č)(ȰɆǝǟȀȅǙ Ž ƙȖƴ ɂȲȝ ȰȶǪȊǩ ǦȭȀǶȲȱ ǦɆȶɆȚȺǪȱǟ ǦɆȺǤȱǟ ȷǕ ƂǙ ǢǩǠȮȱǟ ǿǠȉǕ ǦǵɀǪȦƫǟ Ȁȅɉǟ ǠȵǕ .ǦȪȲȢȵ ȀȅǕȿ ÛǦǵɀǪȦȵ ȀȅǕ :Ȁȅɉǟ ȸȵ ǦȪȲȢƫǟ Ȁȅɉǟ ǠȵǕȿ ÛǦȭȀƩǟ ǒǟɀȱ ǨƠ ȸɅɀȒȺƫǟ Ȱȭ ǢȝɀǪȆǪȥ .ǦɅǻǠɆȩ ǦɆȲǣǠȩ ǟȿǼǣǕ ȸɅǾȱǟ ǒǠȒȝɉǟ ȸȵ ǦȪǮȱǟ ȰȽǖǣ ǦȍǠǹ ɄȾȥ ǠɅɎƪǟ ȻǾȽ ǻɀDZȿ ǦȭȀƩǟ ȀȮȺǩȿ ÛǟȀȅ ǦȪȲȢƫǟ Ȁȅɉǟ ȰȶȞǩȿ

. ...ɎȍǕ ǦɅȀȆȱǟ ȸȵ ȀȖǺȲȱ ǦȑȀȝ ȀǮȭǕ ǠȺȹǟǼȲǣ Ž ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ȰȾȥ ȃćǿǼɅ ȷǕ ǟǾȽ ǼȞǣ ɃǿȿȀȒȱǟ ȸȵ ȰȽȿ Ý!ÝƙǪȭȀƩǟ ƙǩǠȽ Ž ǦɅɀǤȺȱǟ ǥƘȆȱǟȿ ȼȪȦȱǟȿ ǥǼɆȪȞȱǟ ǦɆȵɎȅɋǟ ǧǠȭȀƩǟ ǒǠȺǣǕ ǼɅȂȹȿ ÛȜȶǪDzƫǟ ȸȝ ǦȭȀƩǟ ȯȂȞȹ ȬȱǾǣ ǠȺȹǙ Ý!ÝȳɎȚȱǟ ȣȀȡ ȸȝ ĊȯǖȆǩ ɍȿ .ȃǠȺȱǟ ƙǣȿ ǠȾȺɆǣ ǦɆȆȦȺȱǟ ȂDZǟɀƩǟȿ ȄDZǟɀƬǟ.ȼǣ ȸȚȱǟ ǧǒǠȅǕȿ ǠȾȞȶǪƭ ȸȵ ǨǣȀȽ ƘɆȢǩ ǦȭȀǵ ƘȎȵ

Nahman Tal : The Islami Movement in Israel 1