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ekonomikuriazrovneba

pol heine

tomi I

Tavisufali universitetis

gamomcemloba

2009

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pol heine

ekonomikuri azrovneba

tomi I

Paul HeyneThe Economic Way of ThinkingPart I

saredaqcio jgufi:

Teimuraz kuprava

zaza gelaSvili

badri gelitaSvili

Tavisufali universitetis sagamomcemlo centri madlobas uxdis

fonds Ria sazogadoeba saqarTvelo da Jiuli Sartavas saxelobis

universitetis administracias, am wignis gamocemis uflebis miRebaSi

gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis.

Tavisufali universitetis gamomcemloba

yvela ufleba daculia

meore qarTuli gamocema 2009

ISBN 978 9941 0 - 1883 1ISBN 978 9941 0 - 1884 8

www.freeuni.edu.ge

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sarCevi

Tavi 1

ekonomikuri azrovneba ....................................................................................................... 7wesrigis amocnoba ............................................................................................................................................7sazogadoebrivi TanamSromlobis mniSvneloba .......................................................................................8rogor xdeba es? ................................................................................................................................................8inteleqtualuri instrumenti ....................................................................................................................9urTierTqmedeba erToblivi SeTanxmebis saSualebiT ........................................................................10ekonomikuri Teoriis mikerZoebuloba ...................................................................................................11TamaSis wesebi ...................................................................................................................................................12daskvnebi Tu mikerZoeba? .............................................................................................................................13araviTari Teoria niSnavs cud Teorias ..................................................................................................14

Tavi 2

efeqtianoba, gacvla da SedarebiTi upiratesoba ................................................... 19miTi materialuri simdidris Sesaxeb .......................................................................................................19vaWroba qmnis simdidres ..............................................................................................................................20efeqtianoba da faseulobebi .....................................................................................................................20rogor gacvales gasma da harim mZime samuSao .......................................................................................21gacvlis arsi, warmoebis alternatiuli danaxarjebis Sedareba ..................................................22ratom specializacia? .................................................................................................................................23individualuri vaWrobidan saerTaSoriso vaWrobamde da piriqiT ..............................................23transaqciuli danaxarjebi .........................................................................................................................23sabazro aRmoCenebi .......................................................................................................................................24dava faseulobaTa Sesaxeb ...........................................................................................................................24

Tavi 3

Semcvlelebi Cvens garSemo: moTxovnis cneba .......................................................... 29danaxarjebi da Semcvlelebi .......................................................................................................................30moTxovnis koncefcia ....................................................................................................................................31zRvruli mniSvnelobebi ...............................................................................................................................32zRvrul mniSvnelobebze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetilebebi ................................................................33gamovsaxoT grafikze .....................................................................................................................................33moTxovna da moTxovnis sidide ...................................................................................................................34aris gansxvaveba? .............................................................................................................................................35fuladi da sxva xarjebi ................................................................................................................................37inflaciasTan dakavSirebuli araswori warmodgenebi .......................................................................38Tavisufleba da mwarmoebluroba .............................................................................................................38dro Cvenze muSaobs ........................................................................................................................................40moTxovnis safaso elastiuroba ................................................................................................................40fiqrebi elastiurobaze ...............................................................................................................................41

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elastiuroba da erToblivi Semosavlebi ...............................................................................................44miTi vertikaluri moTxovnis Sesaxeb .......................................................................................................45

Tavi 4

alternatiuli Rirebuleba da saqonlis miwodeba ................................................ 55danaxarjebi Sefasebebia ...............................................................................................................................55mewarmis danaxarjebi, rogorc alternativis Rirebuleba ..............................................................56alternatiuli Rirebulebis magaliTebi ...............................................................................................58danaxarjebi da qmedeba .................................................................................................................................59danaxarjebi daqiravebul jarze ...............................................................................................................60`aunazRaurebeli danaxarjebis~ gamoricxva .........................................................................................62zRvruli damatebiTi danaxarjebi ............................................................................................................63zRvruli da saSualo danaxarjebi ............................................................................................................64danaxarjebi, rogorc gamamarTlebeli garemoeba ...............................................................................65danaxarjebi da miwodeba...............................................................................................................................66miwodebis safaso elastiuroba .................................................................................................................67

Tavi 5

moTxovna da miwodeba: kooperaciis procesi ........................................................... 77sabazro sistemebi ...........................................................................................................................................77transaqciuli danaxarjebi ..........................................................................................................................78sakuTrebis ufleba da institutebi .........................................................................................................79fuladi fasebis maregulirebeli roli ..................................................................................................79ZiriTadi procesi ...........................................................................................................................................80damatebiTi praqtika ......................................................................................................................................82fasebis dafiqsirebis mcdeloba ................................................................................................................84iSviaTobidan konkurenciisken ...................................................................................................................84konkurencia fiqsirebuli fasebis dros ................................................................................................86mimwodeblis roli ganawilebaSi ................................................................................................................87swori da araswori gzebi ...............................................................................................................................87arsebobs Tu ara ukeTesi sistema ...............................................................................................................88inflacia da binis qiris kontroli ...........................................................................................................89iSviaToba da siWarbe ......................................................................................................................................90momwodeblebi, romlebic gulgrilni arian fasis mimarT .................................................................90Tqveni sakuTari aeroporti ........................................................................................................................91fasebi, komitetebi da diqtatorebi .........................................................................................................92

Tavi 6

miwodeba da moTxovna: Teoriidan praqtikisaken .................................................... 99gansazRvravs Tu ara fass xarjebi? ..........................................................................................................99sakvebis fasi da fermebis danaxarjebi ..................................................................................................101miwodebis raodenoba Tu miwodeba ..........................................................................................................102

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kidev erTxel fasebisa da danaxarjebis Sesaxeb .................................................................................103danaxarjebi da sakuTreba ..........................................................................................................................104danaxarjebi da gadatvirTuloba ............................................................................................................105inebe meti, sanam ufasoa ..............................................................................................................................107samedicino momsaxurebis mzardi danaxarjebi ....................................................................................108danaxarjebi da dazRveva ............................................................................................................................110samedicino momsaxurebis danaxarjebi ...................................................................................................110elastiuroba da fasebis cvlileba .........................................................................................................111vin ixdis gadasaxadebs? ...............................................................................................................................112

Tavi 7

informacia, Suamavlebi da spekulantebi ............................................................... 123uZravi qonebis gayidvis agentebi, rogorc informaciis mwarmoeblebi .....................................123Ziebaze gaweuli danaxarjebis Semcireba ..............................................................................................124bazrebi qmnian informacias .......................................................................................................................125spekulaciis saxeebi .....................................................................................................................................126spekulaciis Sedegebi .................................................................................................................................126winaswarmetyvelni da danakargebi ..........................................................................................................127Sida informaciiT movaWreTa sakiTxi ....................................................................................................128pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi ..........................................................................................................................130eqimebi da araswori mkurnalobis sakiTxi ............................................................................................131damateba: sabirJo saqonliT spekulantebi da fiuCersebis bazrebi .........................................132

Tavi 8

fasebis dadgena da monopoliebis sakiTxi .............................................................. 143vis SeiZleba vuwodoT monopolisti? ....................................................................................................143alternativebi, elastiuroba da sabazro Zalaufleba ...................................................................144privilegiebi da SezRudvebi .....................................................................................................................145fasis mimRebi da fasis maZiebeli .............................................................................................................146fasis mimRebTa bazrebi da resursebis optimaluri ganTavseba ....................................................148

Tavi 9

fasis ZiebaSi ....................................................................................................................... 157fasdadebis gavrcelebuli Teoria ........................................................................................................157gaicaniT _ ed saiki ......................................................................................................................................158mogebis maqsimizaciis ZiriTadi wesi ......................................................................................................159zRvruli Semosavali ...................................................................................................................................160ratomaa zRvruli Semosavali fasze naklebi? ....................................................................................160zRvruli danaxarjis toli zRvruli Semosavlis dadgena .............................................................162fasismieri diskriminaciis dilema ..........................................................................................................163koleji _ fasebis damdgeni ......................................................................................................................163fasismieri diskriminaciis zogierTi strategia ...............................................................................165

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ed saiki gamosavals poulobs ....................................................................................................................167aRSfoTeba da logikuri dasabuTeba ......................................................................................................168sadilisa da vaxSmis fasi .............................................................................................................................169davubrundeT Teorias _ `danaxarjebs plus danamati~ ...................................................................169

Tavi 10

konkurencia da mTavrobis ekonomikuri politika ............................................. 181konkurentuli zewola ................................................................................................................................181saxelmwifo politikis ambivalenturoba .............................................................................................184gayidva danaxarjebze nakleb fasad .......................................................................................................185ras niSnavs `saTanado danaxarjebi~? ......................................................................................................185`mtaceblebi~ da konkurencia ...................................................................................................................186fasebis regulireba .....................................................................................................................................187`antimonopolisturi~ politika .............................................................................................................188Sermanis aqtis interpretacia da gamoyeneba .......................................................................................189vertikaluri SezRudvebi _ konkurentuli Tu antikonkurentuli? .........................................190azrTa sxvadasxvaoba ....................................................................................................................................191Sejameba ............................................................................................................................................................192

Tavi 11

mogeba ..................................................................................................................................... 203ra unda Sediodes danaxarjebSi? .............................................................................................................203ratom ixdian sargebels? ...........................................................................................................................204droiTi upiratesobebi ...............................................................................................................................205sargeblis ganakveTTan dakavSirebuli riski ......................................................................................206sargeblis realuri da nominaluri ganakveTebi .................................................................................207ganuzRvreloba _ mogebis aucilebeli piroba ..................................................................................208mogebisadmi swrafva ....................................................................................................................................208mewarme ..............................................................................................................................................................209sad mTavrdeba winaaRmdegoba? .................................................................................................................210aramomgebiani institutebi .......................................................................................................................211socializmidan kapitalizmSi gardamavali periodi .........................................................................212amas yvela akeTebs .........................................................................................................................................213konkurenciis SezRudva ..............................................................................................................................214konkurencia sxva frontebze ....................................................................................................................214rodesac ganuzRvreloba qreba, konkurentuli vaWrobis Sedegad

miRebuli mogeba warmoebis danaxarjebad gadaiqceva .....................................................................215konkurencia ZiriTad resursebze ...........................................................................................................215konkurencia da sakuTrebis ufleba .......................................................................................................216damateba: diskontireba da mimdinare Rirebulebebi ........................................................................216sadamde izrdeba dRevandeli Tanxa? ......................................................................................................217momavali Tanxebis dRevandeli Rirebuleba ........................................................................................217wliuri Semosavlebis dRevandeli Rirebuleba ..................................................................................217

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71ekonomikuri azrovneba

karg meqanikoss advilad SeuZlia Tqveni avtomobilis gaumarTaobis aRmoCena, radgan icis, rogor muSaobs igi gamarTul reJimSi. mraval adamians, vinc ar icis, rogor muSaobs norm-alurad funqcionirebadi ekonomika, ekonomikuri problemebis gageba eZneleba. isini im meqan-ikosebs mogvagoneben, romlTa praqtika mxolod uwesrigo Zravebis SeswavliT Semoifargleba.

xSirad imis gagebac ki gviWirs, rasac SeCveulebi varT. swored am mizeziT, yuradRebas iSviaTad vaqcevT sazogadoebaSi arsebul wesrigs da ar ZalgviZs koordinaciis im meqanizmebis gageba, romle-bzedac yoveldRiurad varT damokidebulni. amitom, urigo ar iqneboda ekonomikuri Teoriis Ses-wavla im moqnilobis gaazrebiT dagvewyo, romliTac viRebT yoveldRiur monawileobas sazogadoe-briv TanamSromlobaSi. amis SesaniSnav magaliTs warmoadgens sagzao moZraoba pikis saaTebSi.

wesrigis amocnobaukanasknelma debulebam SeiZleba dagabnioT `rogor? nuTu pikis saaTebSi sagzao moZrao-

ba sazogadoebrivi TanamSromlobis magaliTia? gana is junglebis kanonis anu TanamSromlo-bis uaryofis magaliTs ar warmoadgens?~ sruliadac ara. Tu sityvaTa SeTanxmeba: `sagzao moZraoba pikis saaTebSi~, TqvenTvis `sagzao sacobTan~ asocirdeba, amiT kidev erTxel xdeba zemoT gamoTqmuli Tezisis damtkiceba: `Cven mxolod uwesrigobebs vamCnevT, xolo saqmeTa normalur mdgomareobas imdenad veCveviT, rom is TavisTavad arsebulad migvaCnia~. arada pi-kis saaTebSi transportis mTavar Tvisebas warmoadgens ara sagzao sacobebi, aramed moZrao-ba. Tuki adamianebi yoveldRiurad endobian transports, albaT mxolod imitom, rom TiTqmis yovelTvis aRweven daniSnulebis adgils. ra Tqma unda, satransporto sistema unaklod ar moqmedebs, magram sad ar xdeba es? sakvirveli faqti isaa, rom sistema saerTod muSaobs.

aTasobiT adamiani yoveldRiurad dilis rva saaTisaTvis gamodis saxlidan, miujdeba saWes da midis samsaxurSi. isini marSrutebs winaswar SeTanxmebis gareSe irCeven, manqanis marTvis xe-lovnebac sxvadasxvanairi aqvT, aseve erTnairi rodia maTi damokidebuleba riskisadmi da Sexed-uleba Tavazianobis wesebze. roca sxvadasxva formisa da zomis msubuqi avtomobilebis es sim-ravle Seerwymeba qalaqis magistralebs, maT uerTdeba avtobusebis, motociklebis, taqsebis mravalferovani nakadi. yvela mZRoli sxvadasxva mizans eswrafvis, fiqrobs mxolod sakuTar in-teresebze, magram ara egoizmis gamo, aramed mxolod imitom, rom araferi icis sxvebis miznebis Sesaxeb. sxvis Sesaxeb TiToeulma maTganma mxolod is icis, rasac xedavs: satransporto saSuale-baTa mcire da ganuwyvetliv cvalebadi jgufis mdebareoba, mimarTuleba da siswrafe. am infor-macias emateba mxolod is mniSvnelovani varaudi, rom sxva mZRolebs iseve gulwrfelad ar surT avaria, rogorc TviTon maT. garda amisa, arsebobs erTiani wesebi, romelTac yvela mZRoli emor-Cileba: gaCereba SuqniSnis wiTel sinaTleze da siCqaris SezRudva. es aris da es. yovelive es Za-lian waagavs qaosis Seqmnis instruqcias, rasac sabolood jarTis mTebTan unda miveyvaneT.

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8amis sanacvlod ki warmoiqmneba kargad koordinirebuli nakadi, imdenad mdore, rom masze maRlobidan dakvirvebisas SesaZlebelia esTetikuri siamovnebis miReba. marTlac rom, pikis saa-TebSi saqalaqo transportis moZraoba gvaZlevs saocrad warmatebuli sazogadoebrivi TanamS-romlobis magaliTs.

sazogadoebrivi TanamSromlobis mniSvnelobasagzao moZraobis magaliTi imis karg demonstracias warmoadgens, Tu raoden xSirad vamCnevT

sazogadoebriv TanamSromlobas. TiToeuli Cvengani icnobs sagzao moZraobas, magram TiTqmis aravin ar aRiqvams mas, rogorc garkveul erTobliv moqmedebas. igive magaliTi sxva mxrivac sain-teresoa. is gviCvenebs, rom Cveni damokidebuleba koordinaciis meqanizmebze gacilebiT Zlieria, vidre Cveulebriv igulisxmeba. rom ar arsebuliyo efeqtiani procedurebi, romlebic adamian-ebs TanamSromlobisken ubiZgebs, Cven ver SevZlebdiT civilizaciis nayofiT datkbobas. tomas hobsi `leviaTanSi~ aRniSnavda (1588-1679):

`aseT mdgomareobaSi ar rCeba adgili SromismoyvareobisaTvis, vinaidan aravisTvis ar aris uzrunvelyofili misi Sromis nayofi; amitom ar aris miwaTmoqmedeba, ar aris sazRvao vaWroba, ar aris zRvaosnoba, ar aris moxerxebuli nagebobebi, ar arsebobs nivTebis gadaadgilebisa da moZraobis saSualebebi, rac did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs, ar arsebobs codna miwis zedapiris Ses-axeb, ar aris drois gazomva, ar aris xeloba, ar aris literatura, ar aris sazogadoeba, da rac yvelaze uaresia, esaa iZulebiTTi sikvdilis mudmivi SiSi, xolo adamianis sicocxle xanmokle, uimedo, Raribi da ganmartoebulia1~.

hobss miaCnda, rom adamianebi imdenad arian garTuli TavdacviTa da sakuTari moTxovnebis dak-mayofilebiT, rom mxolod Zalas (an misi gamoyenebis SiSs) SeuZlia aiZulos isini, Tavi Seikavon erT-maneTze mudmivi Tavdasxmebisagan; amitom Tavis qmnilebebSi is aqcents sazogadoebrivi TanamSrom-lobis erT-erT yvelaze fundamentur formaze akeTebs, rogoricaa Zaladobisagan da Zarcvisagan TavSekaveba. rogorc Cans, mas miaCnda, rom, Tu SesaZlebeli iqneboda, adamianebs Tavi SeekavebinaT agresiisa da sxvisi qonebis warTmevisgan, maSin pozitiuri TanamSromloba, romlis drosac SesaZle-belia warmoebis, soflis meurneobis, mecnierebis da xelovnebis ganviTareba, TavisTavad ganvi-Tardeboda. magram gana es marTlac ase iqneba? da an ratom unda iyos ase?

rogor xdeba es?rogor aiZuleben erTmaneTs sazogadoebis wevrebi, Seasrulon urTierTdakavSirebuli qmede-

bebis swored iseTi erToblioba, romlis Sedegadac xdeba moxmarebisTvis aucilebeli material-uri da aramaterialuri faseulobebis Seqmna? saWiro pozitiuri qmedebebis maiZulebeli meqaniz-mi, wmindanebis sazogadoebaSic ki, aucileblad unda arsebobdes, Tuki maT ar surT icxovron `Raribulad, ganmartoebiT, xanmokled da araadamianurad~. wmindanebsac sWirdebaT winaswar gansazRvron, Tu sad, rogor da rodis daexmaron adamianebs, raTa es daxmareba efeqtiani iyos.

rogorc Cans, hobsi kargad ver xedavda am problemis gadawyvetis mniSvnelobas saxelmwifoSi cxovrebis sworad mosawyobad. misTvis cnobili sazogadoeba bevrad martiv tradiciebsa da wes-Cveulebebs efuZneboda da ar ganicdida iseTive swraf da damangrevel cvlilebebs, romelTa garemoSic Cven gavizardeT. mxolod meTvramete saukunis bolosTvis daiwyes moazrovneebma sul ufro xSirad im kiTxvis dasma, Tu mainc ratom funqcionirebs sazogadoeba normalurad? rogor axerxeben individebi, romlebsac amoZravebT sakuTari interesebi da gaaCniaT mcire in-formacia, Seqmnan ara qaosi, aramed saocrad organizebuli sazogadoeba.

meTvramete saukuneSi aseTi moazrovne iyo adam smiti (1723-1790), romelic erT-erTi yvelaze SorsmWvreteli aRmoCnda. smiti im epoqaSi cxovrobda, rodesac didad ganswavlul adamianebsac ki miaCndaT, rom siRaribesa da uwesrigobaSi dabrunebisgan sazogadoebas mxolod saxelmwifo moRvawe-Ta dauZinebeli yuradReba icavs. smiti ar daeTanxma am mosazrebas. imisaTvis, rom uareyo sazogadod gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba, mas mouxda sazogadoebrivi koordinaciis iseTi meqanizmis aRmoCena da aRwera, romelic, misi azriT, mTavrobisgan damoukideblad moqmedebda. amasTan, es meqanizmi imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom mis winaaRmdeg moqmedi samTavrobo RonisZiebebi xSirad amao aRmoCndeboda xolme.

1 Hobbes, Leviathan, or the Matter, Forme and Power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiastical and Civil, 1651

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9Tavisi analizis Sedegebi smitma 1776 wels gamoaqveyna wignSi `gamokvlevebi xalxebis simdidris bune-basa da mizezebze~ da amiT ekonomikuri mecnierebis damaarseblis saxelic moixveWa. smits ar aRmouCe-nia ekonomikuri azrovnebis wesi, magram igi iyo pirveli avtori, romelmac es wesi sazogadoebaSi mim-dinare cvlilebebisa da TanamSromlobis yovelmxrivi gamokvlevisTvis gamoiyena.

inteleqtualuri instrumentiCveulebriv, ras vgulisxmobT àzrovnebis ekonomikur wesSi?~ upirveles yovlisa, midgomas

da ara ukve mza daskvnebis nakrebs. jon meinard keinsma kargad Camoayaliba debuleba, romelic am wignis dasawyisSia moyvanili:

èkonomikuri Teoria ar warmoadgens sameurneo politikaSi gamoyenebul ukve mzamzareul rekomendaciaTa nakrebs. is ufro meTodia, vidre moZRvreba, inteleqtualuri instrumentia, azrovnebis teqnikaa, romelic mflobels exmareba swori daskvnebis gakeTebaSi~.

magram ras niSnavs àzrovnebis teqnika~? Znelia amis mokled da gasagebad axsna. amas Tqven sa-kuTari praqtikidan gamomdinare unda mixvdeT. SesaZloa umjobesi iyos, igi ganvmartoT, ro-gorc koncefciebis erToblioba, im ZiriTadi daSvebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom socialuri indi-videbi moqmedeben rac SeiZleba meti mogebis misaRebad.

exeba Tu ara es daSveba yvela socialur individs? simarTle rom vTqvaT, ekonomistebs pirwa-vardnili imperialisturi ambiciebi gaaCniaT. swamT, rom maTi Teoriebi bevrad ufro farTod moicaven imas, rasac Cveulebriv gulisxmoben adamianebi, rodesac sazogadoebis èkonomikuri seqtoris~ Sesaxeb msjeloben. azrovnebis ekonomikuri stiliT SegviZlia SeviswavloT rogorc sagzao moZraoba pikis saaTis dros an saerTaSoriso vaWroba, aseve aramomgebiani organizaciebis, saqvelmoqmedo fondebis da samTavrobo dawesebulebebis saqmianoba. Tuki SeiZleba, rom I-sa da amerikeli fermerebis federaciis biuros saqciels axsna movuZebnoT, ratom ar SeiZleba ase-Tive axsna moeZebnos amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis sasoflo sameurneo departamen-tis da Sida anakrebebis samsaxuris qcevas? samTavrobo saagentoebi da maTi ganStoebebi, sazoga-doebis sxva jgufebis msgavsad, xom imave individebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic sakuTar mogebasa da xarjebze zrunaven? ekonomikuri Teoria sulac ar amtkicebs imas, rom adamianebi egoistebi an zedmetad materialistebi arian, viwro TvalTaxedva aqvT, ainteresebT mxolod fuli da gulgrilebi arian sxva yvelafris mimarT. amas rodi vgulisxmobT, roca vambobT, rom adamianebi mieltvian maqsimalur mogebas. sinamdvileSi yvelaferi imazea damokidebuli, Tu ra miaCniaT adamianebs mogebad an xarjad da is fardobiTi mniSvneloba, romelsac isini maT aniWeben. eko-nomikuri Teoria ar uaryofs xelgaSlilobas, sazogadoebrivi azris an sxva saTnoebis realo-basa da mniSvnelobas.

ekonomikuri azrovneba iZleva ori aspeqtis axsnas _ erTi fokusirebulia qmedebebze, xolo meore urTierTqmedebebze. fokusireba xazs usvams ekonomias. ekonomia niSnavs SesaZlo resursebis iseT ganawilebas, rac am resursebidan maqsimaluri amoRebis saSualebas iZleva. eko-nomias deficiti ganapirobebs, Tundac vinmes SeuzRudav resursebze miuwvdebodes xeli, mxedv-elobaSi unda iqonios, rom mokvdavTaTvis dro iSviaTi resursia. mdidarma adamianebma unda icodnen, rogor xarjon ekonomiurad: radgan iutaSi, samTo-saTxilamuro kurortze gatare-bul kviras ver gaatarebT akapulkos sanapiroze, Tqven unda gaakeToT arCevani imisda miuxeda-vad, Tu ra Semosavali gaqvT. rogorc momaval TavebSi vnaxavT, ekonomikuri azrovneba ekonomiis procesis da arCevanis axsnas iSviaTobis koncefciidan gamomdinare iZleva.

is iZleva mravali gamoucnobi, magram mniSvnelovani urTierTqmedebis axsnas. Tu ekonomiuri qmedebis mTavar problemas iSviaTi warmoadgens, ekonomikuri urTierTqmedebis ZiriTadi prob-lema individualuri procesebis mravalgvarobasa da araTanazomadobaSi mdgomareobs. iSviaTo-bas ekonomiiT vebrZviT. vebrZviT imiT, rom moviTxovT, milionobiT adamianis urTierTTanamS-romlobas, romlebic CarTulni arian koordinirebis procesSi. sagzao moZraobis magaliTi iZleva orive aspeqtis axsnas. rodesac mZRolebi marSruts gegmaven, fiqroben ra imaze, Tu rogor Secva-lon rigi an siCqare, es ekonomiur qmedebebTan aris dakavSirebuli. magram maTi qmedebebi koor-dinirebulia procesiT, romelic aRemateba TiToeuli mZRolis qcevaTa martiv jams. verc mZRoli da verc moZraobis damgegmavi ver akontroleben am process, mTeli Tavisi urTierTqmedebebiT, magram, miuxedavad amisa, individualuri gadawyvetilebebis procesi marTvadia.

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Tanamedrove industriul sazogadoebaSi adamianebis ekonomikuri qmedeba xorcieldeba spe-cializaciis konteqstSi. specializacia, anu rogorc mas adam smiti uwodebda, Sromis danawile-ba, aucilebelia produqtiulobis gasazrdelad, rasac warsul saukuneebSi ` xalxebis simdidre~ mohqonda. magram specializacia koordinaciis gareSe es aris gza qaosisken da ara simdidrisken. rogor SeiZleba milionobiT adamianma ganaxorcielos dasaxuli gegmebi mxolod sakuTar resursebsa da SesaZleblobebze dayrdnobiT, imaTi interesebis, resursebisa da SesaZleblo-bebis sruli ignorirebiT, visTan TanamSromlobazec damokidebulia maTi sakuTari proeqtebis warmateba?

ekonomikuri Teoria cdilobs pasuxi gasces am kiTxvas, raTa axsnas is, rasac adam smiti uwo-debda komerciul sazogadoebas, romlis wiaRSic `Sromis danawevreba erTxel da samudamod mka-cradaa dakanonebuli~.

adam smitis ganmarteba komerciuli sazogadoebis Sesaxeb

`adamians sakuTari SromiT warmoebuli produqciis mxolod mcire nawili sWirdeba, igi sazogadoebas sakuTari Sromis bevrad met nayofs miawodebs, vidre Tavad moixmars. amgvarad, yoveli adamiani cxovrobs gacvliT anu garkveuli zomiT vaWrobs da sazogadoeba yalibdeba ro-gorc komerciuli sazogadoeba~.

moqmedebis warmatebuli koordinacia iseT sazogadoebaSi, romelSic yvela specializaciisa da gacvlis xarjze cxovrobs, metad rTul amocanas warmoadgens. erTi wuTiT dafiqrdiT im qmedebebze, romlebic zustad unda iqnas koordinirebuli, raTa dilis sauzmiT datkbeT. fer-merebi, satvirTo manqanebis mZRolebi, mSeneblebi, bankirebi da supermarketis gamyidvelebi, im adamianTa mxolod mcire nawilis warmoadgenen, romelTa Zalisxmeva gamoyenebuli unda iqnas warmoebis, transportirebis da miwodebis saqmeSi, raTa sauzmeze torti an simindis burbuSela miirTvaT. ram aRZra am xalxSi drosa da sivrceSi zustad SeTanxmebuli qmedebebi? ekonomikuri Teoria gvexmareba pasuxi gavceT am kiTxvas da ekonomistebi kvlavac cdiloben axsnan komerciu-li sazogadoebis funqcionireba im kuTxiT, rac adamianTa umravlesobas `ekonomiaze~ saubrisas aqvs mxedvelobaSi.

urTierTqmedeba erToblivi SeTanxmebis saSualebiTekonomikuri Teoria amtkicebs, rom, moqmedeben ra sakuTari interesebis mixedviT, adamianebi

sxvebsac uqmnian arCevanis SesaZleblobas da rom sazogadoebrivi koordinacia aris wminda sargeblis cvlilebaTa mimarT uwyveti Seguebis procesi, romelic urTierTqmedebis Sedegad warmoiSveba. es, ra Tqma unda friad abstraqtuli mosazrebaa da Cven mas satransporto nakadis adre moyvanil magaliTze davakonkretebT.

warmoidgineT oTxmwkriviani magistrali, romelzec Sesvla da gamosvla mxolod marjvena mx-aresaa daSvebuli. ratom ar rCeba yvela mZRoli ganapira marjvena mxares? ratom cdilobs bevri mZRoli imoZraos marcxena mwkrivSi, Tumca mSvenivrad icis, rom mouwevs marjvena mwkrivSi ga-dasvla? visac avtomagistralze umgzavria, man icis, rom ganapira marjvena mwkrivSi moZraobis siCqare klebulobs trasaze Semomavali da gamavali manqanebis moZraobis gamo. amitom mas, visac eCqareba, urCevnia swrafad gaecalos marjvena mwkrivs.

darCenili mwkrivebidan romels amoirCeven isini? TiToeuli moqmedebis winaswar gansazRvra SeuZlebelia, magram zustad viciT, rom darCenil sam gzaze isini daaxloebiT Tanabrad gadan-awildebian. ratom xdeba es? rogor? dasmul kiTxvebze pasuxi imavdroulad imis axsnasac war-moadgens, rasac zemoT wminda sargeblis cvlilebaTa mimarT ganuwyveteli Seguebis procesi vuwodeT. mZRolebi akvirdebian wminda sargebels, romelsac maT TiToeuli mwkrivi uqadiT da cdiloben gadavidnen im mwkrividan, sadac moZraobis siCqare naklebia, im mwkrivSi, sadac is me-tia. amis Sedegad siswrafe nel mwkrivebSi izrdeba, xolo swraf mwkrivebSi mcirdeba, iqamde, sanam siCqare yvela mwkrivSi ar gaTanabrdeba. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, sanam vercerTi mZRoli erTi mwkrividan meoreSi gadasvliT veRar naxavs wminda mogebas. mTeli es procesi mimdinareobs

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swrafad da uwyvetad da gacilebiT ufro efeqtianad, vidre amas adgili eqneboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu avtomagistralze Sesvlisas romelime konkretul rigSi moZraobis bileTebi darigdeboda.

ekonomikuri azrovnebis TvalsazrisiT, swored ase funqcionirebs sazogadoebrivi meqaniz-mi. individebi moqmedeben mosalodneli wminda mogebidan gamomdinare. es qmedebebi mcire droiT mainc cvlis fardobiT xarjebsa da mogebas, romlebic dakavSirebulia im SesaZleblobebTan, adamianebis winaSe rom gadaiSleba. rodesac proporcia romelime qmedebis mosalodnel mogeba-sa da mosalodnel xarjebs Soris izrdeba, adamianebi mas ufro xSirad mimarTaven, xolo rode-sac mcirdeba _ ufro iSviaTad. is faqti, rom TiTqmis yvelas meti fuli urCevnia naklebs, sagrZnoblad amartivebs process. fuli sapox masalas waagavs, rac metad mniSvnelovania sazoga-doebrivi urTierTTanamSromlobis meqanizmisTvis. fuladi xarjebisa da mogebis zomierma cv-lilebebma, zogierT kerZo SemTxvevaSi, adamians SeiZleba ise Seacvlevinos qceva, rom is ukeT Seegueba sxvaTa qmedebas. swored amaSi mdgomareobs sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris TanamSromlo-bis mTavari meqanizmi, rac maT saSualebas aZlevs, daikmayofilon sakuTari moTxovnebis, maTT-visve xelmisawvdomi saSualebebis gamoyenebiT.

komerciuli sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli isaa, rom adamianebi saqciels fulad stim-ulebze cvlian. es xdeba ara imitom, rom komerciul sazogadoebaSi fuli gadaWarbebulad uyvarT, aramed imitom, rom fulis meti an naklebi raodenoba warmoadgens stimulebis daregu-lirebis met-naklebad efeqtian gzas, rac koordinaciasa da TanamSromlobas uwyobs xels.

ucnobi adamianebis (Cveni socialuri qmedebebi ki ZiriTadad ucnob adamianebTanaa dakavSire-buli) darwmunebis yvelaze saimedo saSualebas garkveuli Tanxis SeTavazeba warmoadgens. maT, vinc sayvedurs gamoTqvams komerciul sazogadoebaSi fuladi motivebis wamyvani rolis gamo, aviwydebaT is faqti, rom fuli sakmaod zustad gansazRvravs masStabs, vinaidan swored igi mar-Tavs resursebs. gansazRvruli masStabis gareSe ver SevZlebdiT SedarebiT iafi gacvlebis Cat-arebas, rac imas niSnavs, rom verasdros ganvaviTarebdiT Sromis danawilebas, rac Cveni gamdi-drebis saSualebas warmoadgens. Cveni civilizacia damokidebulia im faqtze, rom fuladi SeTavazebis erTi uncia, rakiRa igi yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomia, damokidebuli qmedebebis erT tonas warmoSobs.

ekonomikuri Teoriis mikerZoebulobaSesaZloa ekonomistebis globaluri ambiciebis aRiarebam ise ar SegvaSfoTos, rogorc Sexed-

ulebam imis Sesaxeb, rom azrovnebis ekonomikuri wesi mikerZoebulia. ekonomikuri Teoria ar gvTavazobs sazogadoebaze miukerZoebel Sexedulebas, romlis drosac yvela arsebuli faqtebi Tanabarzomierad aris gaTvaliswinebuli. gaixseneT ekonomikuri Teoriis Sesaxeb Cveni adrin-deli daSveba, rom yvela socialuri movlena warmoiqmneba im adamianTa qmedebebidan da urT-ierTqmedebebidan gamomdinare, romlebic akeTeben arCevans sakuTari mogebisa da danakargebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

gana es mikerZoebuli Tvalsazrisi araa? ganvixiloT gavlena arCevanze. arCevans imdenad didi adgili ukavia ekonomikur TeoriaSi, rom zogierTi kritikosi brals debs Teorias imaSi, rom siRa-ribesa da umuSevrobasac ki is adamianTa Tavisufali arCevaniT xsnis. rodesac Cven am Temamde mi-valT, Tqven TviTon SeZlebT gadawyvitoT, aqvs amas realuri safuZveli, Tu is ubralo gaugebro-bis Sedegia. magram aSkaraa, rom ekonomikuri Teoria cdilobs socialuri movlenebi axsnas im daSvebidan gamomdinare, rom movlenebi adamianuri arCevanis sxvadasxva aqtebiTaa ganpirobebuli.

adamianebis arCevani

arCevanis problemasTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli agreTve aqcenti, romelic Teorias in-dividze gadaaqvs. realurad arCevans yovelTvis individi akeTebs, amitom ekonomistebi cdilo-ben daanawevron koleqtiuri gadawyvetilebebi, romlebsac iReben, magaliTad, mTavroba, uni-versiteti da korporaciebi, am koleqtivebSi Semavali calkeuli adamianebis gadawyveti lebebad. rodesac ekonomikuri Teoria aseT aqcents individze akeTebs, mxedvelobidan xom ar gamorCeba mas jgufuri moqmedebis da sazogadoebrivi kavSirebis mniSvneloba? miuxedavad am argumentisa, azrovnebis ekonomikuri wesi individs sawyis azrobriv erTeulad aRiarebs

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mxolod individis arCevani

zogjer ekonomikur Teorias akritikeben misTvis damaxasiaTebeli racionalisturi aqcentis gamoc. ekonomistebs miaCniaT, rom adamiani sakuTari kaprizebis mixedviT ki ar moqmedebs, ar-amed winaswar afasebs misTvis xelmisawvdomi variantebis pliusebsa da minusebs, sakuTar Sec-domebze swavlobs da, aqedan gamomdinare, ar imeorebs maT. nuTu adamianebi aseTi racionalure-bi arian? xom ar moqmedebs Cvens saqcielze gaucnobierebeli survilebi da arakontrolirebadi emociebi ufro metad, vidre amas varaudobs Teoria? gana nebismieri qmedeba namdvilad winas-wardasaxuli SedegiT mTavrdeba? ra Tqma unda, ekonomistebi ar fiqroben, rom adamianebma yvelaferi ician da arasdros uSveben Secdomebs, magram ekonomikuri midgoma gulisxmobs, rom adamianebis qmedebebi efuZneba xarjebisa da mogebis gamoTvlebs. igi aqcents ufro metad adami-anebis qcevis qmediT maxasiaTeblebze akeTebs, uaryofs ra, rom mravali mniSvnelovani qmedeba ar aris dakavSirebuli garkveul SedegTan.

individebi arCevans mxolod mas Semdeg akeTeben, rac Seafaseben mogebas da xarjebs

kidev erTi braldeba, romelsac azrovnebis ekonomikur wess uyeneben, es aris sabazro midgo-mis braldeba. aqac yuradReba eqceva ekonomikuri Teoriis Rrma da mniSvnelovan Taviseburebas, Tumca ara iseT sayovelTaos, rogorc is Tavidan gveCveneboda. sinamdvileSi, ekonomikuri Teo-ria ar gulisxmobs, rom bazari ukeT muSaobs, vidre alternatiuli da, gansakuTrebiT, saxelm-wifo institutebi. aq ufro sxva ram igulisxmeba: nebismieri insititutis funqcionireba, ram-denadac warmatebuli an warumatebeli ar unda iyos igi, umjobesia gavigoT rogorc sabazro tipis procesebis Sedegi. Tu utrirebas movaxdenT, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom ekonomikuri Teoria ar Tvlis rom sabazro gadawyvetilebebi samTavrobo gadawvetilebebze ramiT naklebia (an metia) imitom, rom misTvis samTavrobo gadawvetilebebi igive sabazro gadawyvetilebebia. mTavrobis moqmedeba sabazro procesebis Sedegia: individebi moqmedeben sakuTari interesebidan gamomdi-nare da ergebian sxvaTa moqmedebebs, magram amave dros icaven gansakuTrebul, am SemTxvevaSi miRebul TamaSis wesebs.

TamaSis wesebitermini `TamaSis wesebi~ wignSi mravaljer gvxvdeba. miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra warmoadgens

`TamaSs~ - biznesi, mTavroba, mecniereba, ojaxi, skola, sagzao moZraoba, kalaTburTi Tu Wadra-ki. normaluri TamaSi SeuZlebelia uimisod, rom moTamaSeebma ar icodnen wesebi da maT Soris ar arsebobdes SeTanxmeba wesebisadmi upirobo morCilebis Sesaxeb. sazogadoebaSi urTierTqmede-bebis umravlesoba imarTeba da koordinirdeba zogadi wesebiT, romlebic cnobilia monawile-TaTvis da romelTac isini emorCilebian.

yvela urTierTqmedeba gulisxmobs garkveul `TamaSis wesebs~

rodesac wesebi sadavo, winaaRmdegobrivi an gaurkvevelia, TamaSi SeiZleba saerTod ar Sedg-es. centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebi, romlebic 1990-ian wlebSi cdilobdnen dagegm-vis centralizebuli da biurokratiuli sistemidan decentralizebul, sabazro sistemaze ga-dasvlas, naTeli da gansazRvruli wesebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi ufro didi winaaRmdegobebis winaSe aRmoCndebodnen. Tuki odesme gimogzauriaT ucxo qveyanaSi, romlis kultura radikalu-rad gansxvavdeba Tqveni qveynis kulturisagan da romlis enac ar iciT, gagiadvildebaT imis war-modgena, Tu ra xdeba, rodesac TamaSis wesebi sazogadoebaSi uecrad da dramatulad icvleba. adamianebma ar ician ras moelian sxvebi maTgan da arc is, Tu Tavad ras unda moelodnen sxvebis-gan. sazogadoebis kooperacia aseT SemTxvevaSi icvleba meryevi mcdelobebiT, gairkves, Tu ra wesebi moqmedebs amJamad, xolo uares SemTxvevaSi iwyeba destruqciuli brZola axali wesebis dasadgenad, romlebic erTi mxaris sasargeblod moqmedeben.

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sakuTrebis ufleba ayalibebs wesebis did da mniSvnelovan nawils, marTavs socialur urT-ierTqmedebebs, romlebiTac adamianebi regularulad ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs. igi amaragebs sazogadoebis wevrebs saimedo informaciiTa da stimulebiT, magram SeuZlebelia sakuTrebis uflebebis sakmarisad naTeli sistemis erT RameSi Seqmna. amas sWirdeba met-naklebad xangrZli-vi ganviTareba, romlis drosac samarTali, teqnologia, morali, moxmareba da yoveldRiuri mo-qmedeba urTierTqmedeben saimedo sistemis Camosayalibeblad. socializmze uaris Tqmas mos-devs sakuTrebis Zveli wesebis uaryofa, magram ara aucileblad axali wesebis Seqmna. amas SesaZloa mohyves qaosi da ara sabazro koordinacia. ekonomikis biurokratiuli kontrolis gzidan sabazro kontrolze gadasvla yofili sabWoTa blokis xalxebis mier SesaZloa aRiqme-bodes Ralatad, aTasgvari CavardnebiT, kataklizmebiTa da gauTvaliswinebeli siaxleebiT.

Tu gsurT sakuTari gamocdilebis xarjze warmoidginoT is sxvaoba, rasac sakuTrebis ufleba warmoSobs, kidev erTxel ganixileT sagzao moZraoba. magram amave dros dafiqrdiT sagzao gadat-virTvebze. saqalaqo moZraoba arcTu iSviaTad warmoadgens cudi koordinaciis process, romelic kargad cnobilia yvela amerikeli mZRolisaTvis, visTvisac sagzao gadatvirTuloba socialur problemas warmoadgens. ratom xdeba es? ratom gamoTqvamen adamianebi sayvedurs drois dana-kargebis gamo sul ufro xSirad? ratom ar zrunavs aravin am situaciis gamosasworeblad?

pasuxi, romelsac mavanni dauyovnebliv iZlevian, isaa, rom mosaxleoba izrdeba, arada rode-sac mosaxleoba izrdeba, sasursaTo maRaziebSi rigebi ar izrdeba. amis sanacvlod, vxedavT, rom izrdeba axali saxlebisa da maRaziebis ricxvi. ratom ar xdeba aseve sagzao moZraobis SemTx-vevaSi? ratom aris didi sxvaoba manqanebis raodenobas da im derefnebis gamtarunarianobas So-ris, sadac isini moZraoben? mTavari gansxvaveba, erTis mxriv maRaziebsa da saxlebs, meore mxriv ki gzebsa da quCebs Soris, sakuTrebis uflebaSi da TamaSis im wesebSi mdgomareobs, rac quCebsa da gzatkecilebze vrceldeba. Tu gansxvavebas axla ver xedavT, SegiZliaT damSviddeT - mas Sem-dgom TavebSi dainaxavT.

daskvnebi Tu mikerZoeba?davubrundeT azrovnebis ekonomikuri wesis oTx urTierTdakavSi rebul Taviseburebas, rom-

lebic SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc mikerZoeba an crurwmena. marTlac warmoadgenen Tu ara isini naklovanebebs? ratom ar vuwodoT maT sarwmuno hipoTeza (an daskvna) da ar vTqvaT, rom individualuri gadawyvetilebebis (arCevanis) racionalurobis postulatidan gamomdinare, ekonomistebi axerxeben ufro martivad axsnan sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi? gana mikerZoeba-Si vadanaSaulebT astronomebs, romlebic fiqroben, rom maT mier dakvirvebuli obieqtebidan sinaTle 186000 mili/wm-Si siCqariT moZraobs, an biologebs, romlebic varaudoben, rom orga-nizmebis ganviTarebas dnm-is molekulebi akontroleben?

aRniSnuli sakiTxebi mniSvnelovani da sainteresoa2, magram Cven ar SevudgebiT maT ganxilvas, vinaidan vSiSobT, rom es Tavi Zalian grZeli gamova. avtors miaCnia, rom (gnebavT crurwmena uwodeT da gnebavT _ daskvna) nebismieri saxis codnis mopoveba yovelTvis iwyeba garkveuli mova-leobebidan, romelsac mkvlevari Tavis Tavze iRebs. raki guSin ar davbadebulvarT, Cven ar gagvaC-nia sruliad Tavisufali azrovneba samyaros Sesacnobad. amasTanave, savsebiT damoukidebeli az-rovneba aucileblad usagno da unayofo aRmoCndeboda. yvelaferi, ris gamoc mimdinareobs msjeloba, rac kvlevis sagania da rasac akvirdebian, garkveul safuZvelze aRmocendeba. ar Sei-Zleba daviwyoT erTdroulad yvelgan da yvelafriT, aramed unda daviwyoT saidanme da raimeTi. Cven vmoZraobT im sazRvrebSi, sadac vimyofebiT da gamomdinare iqidan, rac marTebulad, mniS-vnelovnad, sasargeblod da udavod migvaCnia. ra Tqma unda, Cveni Sexedulebebi SesaZloa mcdaric iyos. garkveuli azriT isini yovelTvis mcdaria, vinaidan yoveli ` WeSmariti~ mtkicebulebis para-lelurad arsebobs uamravi aseve WeSmariti mtkicebuleba. swored ase ibadeba Secdoma.

zogierTebi miiCneven, rom aseTi riskis Tavidan acileba SesaZlebelia Teoriis gareSe. is xalxi, vinc dascinis `brZnul Teoriebs~ da urCevnia yoveldRiur gamocdilebasa da saR mosaz-rebebs daeyrdnos, sinamdvileSi xSirad aRmoCndeba saeWvo da usafuZvlo hipoTezebis tyveoba-

2 mas, visac surs Rrmad Caufiqrdes am Temas, vurCevT waikiTxos Thomas S. Kuhl. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. (1962) am brwyinvale kvlevam gasul wlebSi didi gavlena iqonia sazogadoebaTm-codneebis Sexedulebebze.

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Si. magaliTad, gazeTSi daibeWda werili pensilvanieli axalgazrda qalbatonisa, romelic aR-moCnda narkotikebis mwevel mozardTa jgufSi, Semdeg daorsulda da avadmyofi bavSvi gauCnda. saWiro gaxda operaciis gakeTeba. gazeTis mimomxilvelma, romelic axalgazrdebis siyvarulis problemebs aSuqebda, es magaliTi imis dasturad gamoiyena, Tu ra mZime Sedegebi mohyveba mar-ixuanas mowevas.

SesaZloa es marTlac ase iyos. magram warmovidginoT, rom werilis avtors sxvanairad dae-wera, magaliTad: pistburg stislersma moigo superTasi, xolo filadelfia flaiersma ki stenlis Tasi~. nebismiers SeuZlia SekamaTeba, rom amgvar movlenebs araferi saerTo ara aqvT mozardTa jgufis mier narkotikebis gamoyenebasTan. saidan viciT es? Tuki mxolod is faqti, rom ubedureba, romelic gogonas narkotikis moxmarebis Sedegad daemarTa, warmoadgens mizezo-brivi kavSiris Sedegs, ratom ar SeiZleba warmovidginoT raime mizezobrivi kavSiri stislersisa da flaiersis SemTxvevaSi?

araviTari Teoria niSnavs cud Teoriases sakiTxi martivia, magram mniSvnelovania. SeuZlebelia mizezobrivi kavSiris arsebobis aR-

moCena, damtkiceba an varaudi, Tu mxedvelobaSi raime Teoria ar gvaqvs. faqtobrivad Cveni war-modgena samyaroze mTlianad TeoriiTaa ganpirobebuli da mxolod misi daxmarebiT SegviZlia gamovitanoT azri bgerebisa da ferebis Tavsdatexili kakafoniidan. sinamdvileSi dakvirvebebi-dan viRebT codnis mxolod mcire nawils da isic wyvetilad - raRacas aq davakvirdebiT, raRacas sxvagan mivxvdebiT. danarCens avsebs CvenTvis cnobili Teoriebi - didi Tu patara, bundovani Tu mkafio, kargad Semowmebuli Tu daumtkicebeli, zogadi Tu specialuri, saguldagulod dasab-uTebuli Tu Zlivs aRiarebuli.

cnobili britaneli ekonomisti i.m.d. liTli garkveuli drois manZilze britaneTis xazinis mrCevlad muSaobda. mogvianebiT man gamoaqveyna naSromi, romelSic, gviziarebda ra Tavis gamoc-dilebas, exeboda ekonomikuri Teoriebis gamoyenebis sakiTxs politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis sferoSi. ai, saintereso nawyveti am naSromidan:

`ekonomikuri Teoriebi gviCveneben, Tu rogor arian dakavSirebulebi erTmaneTTan ekonomi-kuri sidideebi da ramdenad rTuli da gadaxlarTulia es urTierTkavSirebi. araekonomistebi Cveulebriv zedmetad akademiurebi arian. isini Zalian abstragirdebian realuri samyarosagan. ekonomikuri problemebis ganxilvisas, maT ar SeuZliaT damoukidebeli sistemis Camoyalibeba. meores mxriv, gamoucdel Teoretikoss midrekileba aqvs Camoayalibos metismetad kerZo Teor-ia, romelic saSualebas ar aZlevs, dainaxos yvela SesaZlebloba, an is mimarTavs Zvel, metad ga-martivebul Teorias, romelic sadRac an viRacisgan aqvs gagonili. amasTan me vfiqrob, rom is am koncefcias metad gulubryvilod uyurebs. ` ost hoc ergo propter hoc3~ - ekonomikaSi iSviaTia damajerebeli axsna. me xSirad gaocebuli viyavi imiT, Tu rogori gulubryvilo TavdajerebiT iziarebdnen uaiT-holSi ekonomikuri analizis sakmaod sadavo daskvnebs. ra Tqma unda, ekono-mistebi SeiZleba zedmetad akademiurebi iyvnen sxva mimarTebaSi _ isini albaT jerovnad ver afaseben administraciul siZneleebs an akliaT politikuri SesaZleblobebis SegrZneba, magram am SemTxvevaSi arc imis saSiSroeba arsebobs, rom es faqtorebi daviwyebas miecema4~.

`araekonomistebi xSirad metad akademiurebi arian. isini zedmetad abstragirdebian realuri samyarosgan~. dagveTanxmebiT, rom aseTi mosazrebis mosmena metad uCveuloa. magram liTli, ro-gorc Cans, marTalia. `me araferi mesmis am brZnul ekonomikaSi~... iwyebs Tavis TavSi darwmunebu-li diletanti, `magram me zustad vici, rom~... da is, rac amis Semdeg warmoiTqmeba, naTlad adas-turebs, Tu ra marTalia igi, rodesac aRiarebs sakuTar Teoriul uvicobas da ramdenad cdeba, rodesac fiqrobs, rom es garemoeba mas Secdomebisgan daicavs. is, vinc Teoriis gareSe cdilobs imsjelos rTuli ekonomikuri urTierTobebis Sesaxeb, rogorc wesi, msjelobs masze cudi Teoriebis gamoyenebiT.

aRniSnuli sruliadac ar warmoadgens im ekonomistebis gamarTlebas, romlebsac zogjer au-

3 sityvasityviT niSnavs amis Semdeg niSnavs amis gamo. logikuri Secdoma, romelic gamomdinareobs im daSvebidan, rom Tu a drois mixedviT win uswrebs b-s, maSin a unda iyos b-s mizezi. magaliTad gamodgeba pensilvanieli qalis argumentebi

4 I.M.D. Little, The Economist in Whitehall, Lloyds Bank Review (April 1957)

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ditoriis winaSe Tavis gamoCena rTuli Teoremebis damtkicebiTa da wminda logikaSi varjiSiT uyvarT, imis nacvlad rom yuradReba gaamaxvilon msmenelisaTvis aqtualur sakiTxebze. eko-nomikuri mecnierebis swavlebis drosac ki Cven ise viqceviT, TiTqos Sesaval kursebze Cawerili yvela studenti sadoqtoro xarisxis mosapoveblad emzadeba, xolo Cvens mizans am gamocdisaT-vis maTi momzadeba warmoadgens. albaT amiTac aixsneba is, rom Sesavali kursebi Seicavs imaze met informacias, vidre studentebs SeuZliaT aRiqvan.

winamdebare wigni nasazrdoebia Cemi mzardi eWvebiT, rom Teoriuli ekonomika studentebs saidumlo da mosawyen disciplinad metwilad imitom miaCniaT, rom Cven, ekonomistebi vcdilobT maT Zalian bevri vaswavloT. am wignSi Segnebulad daculia Semdegi principi - daviwyoT mci-rediT da mivaRwioT bevrs. masala ZiriTadad dajgufebulia im ramdenime koncefciis garSemo, romlebic warmoadgens ekonomistebis inteleqtualur iaraRs. am iaraRs kavSiri aqvs zemoT aRniSnul fundamentalur daSvebebTan. isini saocrad cotaa, magram gamoyenebisas _ metad mo-qnili. maTi daxmarebiT SeiZleba pasuxi gaeces iseT rTul kiTxvebs, Tu ra aris savaluto kursi, ratomaa Tanaxma mogebis maZiebeli firma izaralos, rogoria fulis buneba, ratomaa SesaZlebe-li gansxvavebuli fasi identur saqonelze. ai, is idumali problemebi, romlebsac tradiciulad Seiswavlis ekonomika. magram igive iaraRi saSualebas iZleva gaSuqdes sxva mravali sakiTxi, ro-melic ar iTvleba ekonomikur sakiTxebad, magaliTad: transportis nakadebis gadatvirTva, garemos dabinZureba, mTavrobis fuqncionireba, skolis administratorebis qceva, razedac Sem-dgomSi iqneba msjeloba.

mniSvnelovania imis Segneba, rom mxolod ekonomikur Teorias ar SeuZlia pasuxi gasces nebis-mier saintereso an mniSvnelovan socialur kiTxvas. azrovnebis ekonomikuri wesi dakavSirebu-lia sxva sferoebSi (istoriis, kulturis, politikis, fsiqologiis da socialur dargebSi) dag-rovil codnasTan, romelic ayalibebs adamianebis qcevas da faseulobebs. ekonomikuri analizis teqnikis Seswavla bevrad ufro advilia, vidre aqtualuri socialuri problemebis usasrulo mTlianobaSi misi praqtikuli da damajerebeli gamoyeneba.

axla imis dro rodia, rom vidardoT, TiTqos ekonomikuri Teoriis inteleqtualuri progr-amebi yovelTvis rTuli da ganusazRvrelia. wignis mTavari azri imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Tqven daiwyoT azrovneba ise, rogorc ekonomistebi azrovneben. raki amas erTxel moaxerxebT, veRar gaCerdebiT. ekonomikuri azrovneba waagavs narkotikul nivTierebas. raki erTxel miagnebT eko-nomikuri msjelobis zogierT saSualebas, Tqven yovelTvis ipovniT maTi gamoyenebis SesaZle-blobas. Tavad SeamCnevT, rom yvelaferi, rac ekonomikur da socialur problemebze iwereba da gamoiTqmeba, warmoadgens gonierebis da uazrobis narevs da ekonomikuri analizis sabaziso kon-cefciebis daxmarebiT SeZlebT erTis meoredan garCevas. egeb Tqven cinikosis saxelic ki moixve-WoT, vinaidan isini, vinc sisuleles laparakoben, xSirad cinizmSi adanaSauleben maT, vinc maTs amgvar Cvevaze miuTiTebs xolme.

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mokled gavimeoroT

ekonomikuri azrovneba Seiqmna socialur mecnierebaTa Teoretikosebis mier, raTa aexsnaT, Tu rogor xdeba individebis kerZo interesebidan gamomdinare arakoordinirebuli qmedebebis kooperireba.

ekonomikuri azrovnebis ZiriTadi daSveba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom yoveli socialuri movle-na im individebis qmedebebisa da urTierTqmedebebis Sedegia, romlebic arCevans sakuTari sarge-blisa da xarjebis gaTvaliswinebiT akeTeben. iSviaTobis pirobebSi dros individebi sxvebisTvi-sac qmnian alternatiul SesaZleblobebs da maTi urTierTqmedeba wminda sargeblis cvlilebasTan SeTavsebis xangrZlivi procesia.

adamianebis qmedebebisa da urTierTqmedebebis ekonomikuri Teoria did mniSvnelobas aniWebs im individebis arCevans, romlebic mosalodnel xarjebsa da sargebels mudmivad adareben erT-maneTs.

azrovnebis ekonomikuri wesi aseve xazs usvams socialuri kooperirebis TamaSis wesebTan sa-kuTrebis uflebis SeTanxmebis mniSvnelobas, rac gansazRvravs, Tu romel pirobebSi vis ra eku-Tvnis da marTavs qmedebebs ZiriTadi wesebis saSualebiT nebismier `komerciul~ sazogadoebaSi, romelic maRali specializaciiTa da gacvliT xasiaTdeba.

sakiTxebi gansjisaTvis

1. ramdenad bevri unda icodnen adamianebma erTmaneTis Sesaxeb, raTa SeZlon efeqtiani ur-TierTqmedeba? SeadareT, erTis mxriv, ojaxis im ori wevris mdgomareoba, romlebic dasvene-bas gegmaven, situacias im or avtomobilists Soris, romlebsac erTdroulad surT quCis gadakveTa. rogor unda iqnas acilebuli Setakeba TiToeul SemTxvevaSi? ra iciT im adamiane-bis interesebis, xasiaTis an Tvisebebis Sesaxeb, romelTa urTierTqmedebis Sedegad dilis sauzmes miirTmevT?

2. rogor fiqrobT, ra moxdeba, Tuki los-anjelesSi miiReben gadawyvetilebas imis Sesaxeb, rom yovel avtomagistralze gamoyon erTi mwkrivi `swrafi avtomobilebisaTvis~, anu maTT-vis, visac eSinia, rom mniSvnelovan Sexvedraze trasis gadatvirTulobis gamo daigvianebs? rogor fiqrobT, Seecdeboda Tu ara am SemTxvevaSi yvela mZRoli, Tavi aeridebina amgvari mwkrivisTvis? Tu igi saboloo jamSi iseve gadatvirTuli aRmoCndeboda, rogorc sxvebi? eq-neboda Tu ara am wamowyebas warmatebis meti Sansi im SemTxvevaSi, mZRolebi ufro delikatu-rebi da nakleb egoisturebi rom iyvnen?

3. rodesac 1979 wlis oqtomberSi deda terezam nobelis premiis jildo, 190000 dolaris ode-nobiT, leprozoriumebis mSeneblebs gadasca, gamodioda Tu ara igi sakuTari interesebi-dan? SeiZleba Tu ara, mis saqciels egoisturi vuwodoT?

4. sagazeTo statiaSi werdnen, rom `momuSave dedebis ori mesamedi amas akeTebs fulisTvis da ara sakuTari arCevanis gamo~. aris Tu ara es marTlac realuri alternativa: an fuli, an arCevani?

5. aSS-is komerciuli aviaxazebi, zrunaven ra bavSvebze, ori wlis asakis qvemoT ar Txoven mgza-vrobis safasurs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mozrdilTa muxlebze isxdebian, magram iTxoven gadasa-xads, Tu TviTmfrinavi savsea da mSoblebs surT bavSvebi maTTvis gankuTvnil specialur ad-gilebze dasvan. Tuki mTavroba moiTxovs, rom bavSvebma mxolod maTTvis gankuTvnili adgilebiT imgzavron, maSin bavSvebs aucileblad unda hqondeT bileTebi. zogierTma SeiZle-ba amtkicos, rom àrCevani ar arsebobs, vinaidan bavSvis sicocxle bevrad ufro Rirebulia, vidre aviabileTi~. eTanxmebiT Tu ara am arguments? romelia namdvili alternativa?

6. èkonomikurad ganviTarebul sazogadoebaSi siRaribis arseboba an ararseboba sinamdvileSi adamianis arCevanis sakiTxia~. eTanxmebiT Tu ara am mosazrebas? SegviZlia Tu ara siRaribis uaryofa aSS-Si, mxolod imitom, rom sakmarisad mdidrebi varT? gansxvavdeba Tu ara sazoga-doebrivi arCevani individis arCevanisagan?

7. ramdenad mniSvnelovania fuladi motivebi? 1995 wlis 1 maiss ùolsTriiT jornelSi~ gamo-

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qveynebul statiaSi moyvanili iyo iuridiul skolaSi gamocdebis Cabarebis Sesaxeb, studen-tebs Soris kaplanis centris mier Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Sedegebi. studentebs unda gae-caT pasuxi SekiTxvaze, Tu ris gamo irCevdnen isini iuridiul karieras. maSin mxolod 8 procentma upasuxa, rom amas finansuri mosazrebiT akeTebda. 62 procentis azriT ki, iuri-diul karieras anazRaurebis gamo sxvebi irCevdnen. riTi axsniT am gansxvavebas?

8. ratom surs adamianTa umravlesobas didi fuladi Semosavali? didi britaneTis yofilma premier-ministrma margaret tetCerma erTxel aRniSna, rom adamianebs uyvarT fuli ara imi-tom, rom Zunwebi arian, aramed imitom, rom cxovrebaze kontrolis gawevis meti SesaZleblo-ba eZlevaT. rogor fiqrobT, ras akeTeben saboloo jamSi adamianebi Semosavlebis gazrdis mizniT msxverplis gaRebis Semdeg?

9. ra moxdeba, Tu, TamaSis (dawerili Tu dauwereli) kanonebis Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovani Sexve-dra ar SeiZleba daiwyos manamde, sanam yvela dainteresebuli mxare ar gamocxaddeba, Tumca dagvianebulebi ar isjebian? aqvs ki azri am SemTxvevaSi punqtualurobas? gauZlebs Tu ara TamaSis es wesebi drois gamocdas?

10. SeecadeT daasaxeloT erToblivi qmedebebis koordinaciis wesebi iseT `TamaSSi~, rogori-caa ekonomikis am kursis Seswavla. vin ganusazRvra mocemul jgufs mecadineobebis adgili, maswavleblebi, vin Seadgina msmenelTa sia, amoarCia saxelmZRvanelo, daniSna gamocdebis va-debi? ucnaurad xom ar migaCniaT is faqti, rom ori studenti iSviaTad cdilobs daikavos auditoriaSi erTi da igive adgili?

11. 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, rodesac poloneTSi uxdebodaT grZel rigebSi dgoma, mTavrobam SemoiRo wesi, romlis mixedviTac rigSi yoveli mesame adgili orsuli qalebisa da invalide-bisaTvis iyo gamoyofili. varaudobdnen, rom maT es cxovrebas gauadvilebda. rogor fi-qrobT, SeumcirdaT orsul qalebs rigSi dgomisTvis saWiro dro? SegiZliaT imis daSveba, rom grZel rigSi adgilis mosapoveblad yvela qali orsuldeboda?

12. ra gvaqvs mxedvelobaSi, rodesac vambobT: `es ubralo damTxvevaa da is arafers ar amtki-cebs~? rogor axerxebs Teoria erTmaneTisagan ganarCios saqmisaTvis saWiro faqtebi ubra-lo damTxvevebisgan?

13. rodesac is eqimebi, visac ar sjera akupunqturisa, uaryofen mas ise, rom saqmeSi arc ki gamo-cdian, SeiZleba Tu ara maTi mikerZoebaSi dadanaSauleba? vinmes rom TqvenTvis eTqva, Ti-Tqos mocemul kursSi niSnis misaRebad swavla ki araa aucilebeli, aramed sakmarisia ` uxila-vi xelis~ Selocvis warmoTqma, daujerebdiT Tu ara mas? an iqneb (miuxedavad imisa, rom Tqven maRali niSnis miRebis didi survili gaqvT) uaryofdiT am winadadebas? iqneboda Tu ara es imis niSani, rom Tqveni mxridan adgili aqvs mikerZoebas an winaswarganzraxvas?

14. Cara qoulma paraskevs saRamos 6 saaTze maRaziaSi SeiZina oTxi bifSteqsi. mogvianebiT ma-sTan sami amxanagi mivida. SegiZliaT Tu ara imis daSveba, rom amxanagebis misvlis mizezi Caras mier bifSteqsebis yidva iyo? rogor unda gadawyvitoT, romeli iyo mizezi da romeli Sede-gi? Tu Tqven waikiTxavT informacias imis Sesaxeb, rom qalaqSi kriminaluri SemTxvevebis ri-cxvi gaizarda mas Semdeg, rac gaizarda revolverebis Sesyidva, SeiZleba Tu ara am ori fa-qtoris erTmaneTTan dakavSireba? romeli iqneba mizezi da romeli Sedegi? rogor upasuxebT am kiTxvas, Teoriidan gamomdinare?

15. viRacam gamoTvala, rom amerikel qals, romelsac kolejis oTxwliani ganaTleba aqvs, saSua-lod orjer meti Svili hyavs, vidre imas, romelmac kolejSi xuTi weli gaatara. ra daskvnas gaakeTebdiT? SegiZliaT Tu ara daaskvnaT, rom kolejSi swavlis mexuTe weliwadi qalebis Casaxvisunarianobas amcirebs? SegiZliaT Tu ara, gaafrTxiloT qali, romelmac kolejSi oTxi weli gaatara da swavlis gagrZelebas mexuTe weliwadsac apirebs, rom amaze uari Tqvas, Tuki meti Svilis yola surs? romel Teorias gamoiyenebT?

16. oruel raiTi aRniSnavda, rom Citisgan frenis saidumlos Seswavla kargi garigebaa, iseve, rogorc magiis saidumlos Seswavla magisgan. mas Semdeg rac iciT, Tu ra eZeboT, Tqven amCne-vT imas, rac ar SegimCneviaT, rodesac ar icodiT sinamdvileSi ra unda geZebnaT. rogor vi-swavloT, Tu ra unda veZeboT?

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2efeqtianoba, gacvla

da SedarebiTi upiratesoba

vaWroba dasavlur samyaroSi ZvelTaganve saeWvo reputaciiT sargeblobs. SesaZloa, esaa Sedegi xalxSi fesvgadgmuli Sexedulebisa, rom, sinamdvileSi, ubralo gacvliT veravin ve-rafers moigebs. soflis meurneoba da mrewveloba mwarmoeblur sferoebad iTvleba _ maTSi TiTqos iqmneba raRac marTlac axali, vaWroba ki mxolod gadacvlis erT nivTs meoreze. aqedan gamohyavT, rom vaWari TiTqosda damatebiTi gadasaxadiT begravs sazogadoebas. fermeris an xe-losnis xelfasi Tu sxva Semosavali ukavSirdeba `maTi Zalisxmevis realur Sedegs~, amitom maT am Semosavlis miRebis ufleba aqvT, _ eseni imas imkian, rac daTeses. amave dros, ise Cans, TiTqos vaWrebi imkian, magram araferi dauTesavT, maTi moRvaweobiT araferi iqmneba, isini ki jildos Rebuloben. swored amitom, zogs vaWroba sazogadoebis fuW danaxarjad, aramwarmoeblurobis sinonimad eCveneba.

rogori Zveli da Rrmad fesvgadgmulic unda iyos Sexeduleba vaWrobis aramwarmoeblurobis Sesaxeb, igi absoluturad mcdaria. ar arsebobs sityva `mwarmoeblurobis~ romelime ganmarte-ba, romelic SeiZleba miesadagebodes soflis meurneobas an mrewvelobas, magram ara _ vaWrobas. gacvla mwarmoebluria! igi aseTia, radgan adamianTa did raodenobas gzas uxsnis saWiro produq-ciisken.

kerZo sakuTrebis uflebaTa gacvla sabazro procesebis safuZvelia. am TavSi ganxilulia mTavari mizezebi imisa, Tu nebayoflobiT ratom vaWroben adamianebi saqonliTa da momsaxure-biT. Cven giCvenebT, rogor zrdis vaWroba masSi CarTuli mxareebis keTildReobas da mwarmoe-blurobas. aqve gagacnobT sawarmoo SesaZleblobaTa mruds. grafikebi sasargeblo instrumen-tia mogebisa da xarjebis Sesadareblad, agreTve, keTildReobis imgvari zrdis asaxsnelad, rac specializaciiT da gacvliT miiRweva.

miTi materialuri simdidris SesaxebTuki gvsurs, vaCvenoT, rogor qmnis simdidres vaWroba da, maSasadame, mTlianad sabazro ga-

cvlebi, Tavidanve unda ganvsazRvroT, rogor gvesmis termini `simdidre~.risgan Sedgeba simdidre? ra aris Cveni sakuTari simdidre? Cveulebriv, mavanni Tvlian, rom

ekonomikuri sistema awarmoebs iseT `materialur dovlaTs~, rogoricaa, magaliTad, traqtore-bi, satvirTo avtomobilebi, gitarebi, viski da romanebi hari poteris Sesaxeb. magram TiToeuli am nivTTagan simdidred mxolod maSin iqceva, roca am nivTebis damfasebel momxmareblamde miaR-wevs. ekonomikuri azrovnebis TvalsazrisiT, simdidre isaa, rasac afaseben, Sefaseba ki unda ga-nisazRvros imisi SexedulebiT, vinc irCevs.

Cven gvaxsovs, rom budas Tavdapirvelad araferi surda da amitom verc veraferi miiRo. sama-gierod, rogorc ki mixvda, Tu ra surda, misi simdidre gaizarda - igi ganaTlda. sxvadasxva ada-mianebs sxvadasxvagvari simdidris floba surT da floben kidec mas (Tuki amis SesaZleblobac

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gaaCniaT). sarwyavi wyali dovlaTia mravali fermerisTvis, magram ara maTTvis, vinc misisipis wyaldidobiT dazaralda. Tovlis naxevarmetriani safari simdidrea samTo-saTxilamuro ku-rortis mflobelisTvis, meezovisTvis ki damatebiTi Tavsatkivaria.

simdidre isaa, rasac adamianebi afaseben

ekonomikuri zrda gamoixateba ara warmoebuli nivTebis raodenobis, aramed simdidris zr-diT. materialur sagnebs, ra Tqma unda, Tavisi wvlili SeaqvT gamdidrebis procesSi da, garkveu-li azriT, warmoebisTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovannic arian. iseTi aramaterialuri substancie-bic ki, rogoricaa janmrTeloba, siyvaruli, sulieri wonasworoba, sabolood raRac materialurSi gansxeuldeba. miuxedavad amisa, kategoriulad unda uarvyoT nivTebTan simdi-dris gaigivebis yvela mcdeloba. aseTi gaigiveba abrkolebs ekonomikuri cxovrebis mravali ise-Ti mxaris aRqmas, rogoricaa, magaliTad, specializacia da gacvla _ komerciuli sazogadoebis ori ZiriTadi safuZveli.

vaWroba qmnis simdidres adamianebi, vinc vaWrobas undoblad ucqerdnen, jer kidev aristoteles droidan Tvlidnen,

rom nebayoflobiTi gacvla mxolod Tanabar faseulobaTa gacvlaa. arada, samarTliania swored sapirispiro debuleba. ase rom ar iyos, araviTari gacvla ar Sedgeboda. movaWreni urTierTq-medeben sakuTari simdidris gazrdis mizniT. informirebuli da nebayoflobiTi gacvlis dros TiToeuli monawile cdilobs, miiRos ufro faseuli da gasces nakleb faseuli produqti. Tuki jeki Tavis sakalaTburTo burTs jimis beisbolis xelTaTmanze cvlis, maSin igi xelTaTmans ufro afasebs, vidre burTs, jimi ki _ piriqiT. Cven vxedavT, rom TiToeuli msxverplad gaiRebs faseul saqonels, raTa miiRos is, rasac kidev ufro metad afasebs. gacvla orive mxarisTvis araeqvivalenturia, radgan araTanabar faseuli produqtis mflobelebi arian. winaaRmdeg Sem-TxvevaSi, isini ar Secvlidnen sakuTrebis uflebas burTze da xelTaTmanze. gacvla efeqtiani aRmoCnda imitom, rom man orive monawilis simdidre gazarda.

`sulac ara!~ _ ityvis dadarajebuli kritikosi, _ `simdidre ar gazrdila.~ jims da jeks marTlac hgoniaT, rom gamdidrdnen da Tavsac ukeT grZnoben, magram miuxedavad imisa, Tu vin flobs am nivTebs, kvlavac erTi burTi da erTi xelTaTmani arsebobs.

diax, gacvlis procesSi arasdros araferi uwarmoebiaT, magram ra aris warmoeba? Tvalwin warmogvidgeba fabrikebi, nedleuli, muSaTa Sroma da oflisRvra, mza produqciis fuTebi... ara-da, yovelgvari warmoebis safuZvelia ekonomikuri elementi, anu produqtis faseulobis zrda. es rom gavigoT, Cveuli stereoti pebisgan unda gavTavisufldeT. vaWrobis procesSi iSviaTi da faseuli saqoneli kidev ufro faseul saqonelze icvleba. TiToeul monawiles aqvs danaxarje-bi. SeZenili produqciis Rirebuleba ganpirobebulia im faseulobiT, rac gaviReT, raTa axali SegveZina. meti gamomsaxvelobisaTvis amas alternatiul xarjebs vuwodebT.

jekisTvis: xelTaTmanis Rirebuleba, gayofili burTis Rirebulebaze, erTze metia.jimisTvis: burTis Rirebuleba, gayofili xelTaTmanis Rirebulebaze, aseve erTze metia.

yoveli arCevani garkveul msxverpls da alternatiul danaxarjebs gulisxmobs.

gacvlis TiToeuli monawile Tvlis, rom misma Semosavalma gadaaWarba danaxarjebs. Ti-Toeulma moigo, TiToeulis simdidre gaizarda. mwarmoeblur procesSi (gacvlaSi) Sedegad mivi-ReT meti Rirebuleba; xolo imisaTvis, rom aqtivoba produqtiuli aRmoCndes, sxva arc arafe-ria saWiro. gacvlam gazarda realuri simdidre _ esaa sasurveli dovlaTis meti raodenobis miRebis efeqtiani meTodi.

efeqtianoba da faseulobebi leqsikonSi `efeqtianoba~ ganmartebulia, rogorc meqanizmis mier Sesrule buli namuSevrisa

da daxarjuli energiis fardoba. oRond unda gvaxsovdes, rom cneba `Sesrulebuli namuSevari~

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damokidebulia imaze, Tu risi miReba gvsurs. aris Tu ara orTqlmavali nakleb efeqtiani, vidre dizeli? mravali wlis winaT sarkinigzo kompaniebis umravlesobam gadawyvita, rom es asea da qva-naxSirze momuSave orTqlmavlebi navTobze momuSave dizeluri lokomotivebiT Secvala.

efeqtianoba yovelTvis SefasebiTi kategoriaa. igi dakavSirebulia Sedegisa da danaxarjebis faseulobaTa TanafardobasTan. efeqtianobaSi aucileblad monawileobs obieqturi komponen-ti: Cveni simpaTia-antipaTia sulac ar gansazRvravs saTbobis erTeulis TboSemcvelobas, an man-Zils, romelzec energiis mocemul raodenobas garkveuli wona gadaaqvs, magram, TavisTavad, fizikuri parametrebi verasdros gansazRvraven efeqtianobas.

danaxarjebis Sedegebad gardaqmnis efeqtianoba SeiZleba gaizomos mxolod mas Semdeg, rac dadgenili iqneba amgvari gardaqmnis obieqtTa subieqturi Rirebuleba. avtomobilis Zravis efeqtianoba ganisazRvreba dadgenili subieqturi mizandasa xulobiT, magaliTad, avtomobilis moZraobis siCqariT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia CavTvaloT, rom nebisemieri Zravis efeq-tianoba 100 procentia, raki mTliani Semavali energia srulad daixarjeba avtomobilis gadaadg-ilebis, detalebis xaxunis da mravali sxva formiT.

Sedegis Rirebulebis Sefardeba danaxarjebis RirebulebasTan efeqtianobis gazomvis erTaderTi meTodia

aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom nebismieri procesis efeqtianoba Sefasebebis cvlilebasTan er-Tad icvleba. navTobis mniSvnelovanma gaZvirebam SeiZleba ise Secvalos fardobiTi efeqtiano-ba, rom qvanaxSirze momuSave orTqlmavali dizelis lokomotivze efeqtiani aRmoCndes. Tu, mag-aliTad, eleqtroenergiis fasi katastro fulad gaizrdeba, sabeWdi manqana efeqtianobiT IBM-is uaxles nouTbuqs gauswrebs.

rogor gacvales gasma da harim mZime samuSao modiT, simdidrisa da efeqtianobis Cveni gageba warmoebisa da gacvlis gamartivebuli mag-

aliTis ganxilvisTvis gamoviyenoT. warmovidginoT, rom gasi da hari Cikagoeli mezoblebi arian da TiToeuli maTganis ezo didi molisa da yvavilnarisgan Sedgeba. SabaTobiT mezoblebi sa-kuTar ezoebSi muSaoben _ gazons kreWen da yvavilnars uvlian. gasi yovelTvis ufro adre am-Tavrebs samuSaos, Tumca ezoebi zusti aslebiviT hgavs erTmaneTs. igi gazons 40 wuTSi kreWs, yvavilnaris movlas ki 80 wuTs andomebs, maSin, roca haris TiToeul am operaciaze 120 wuTi ex-arjeba.

gasi hari

gazoni 40 wuTi 120 wuTi

yvavilnari 80 wuTi 120 wuTi

ra Tqma unda, haris surs drois dazogva da neil deimondis musikis mSvidad mosmena, gasic sia-movnebiT uyurebda beisbolis matCs nacvlad imisa, rom ezoSi emuSava. karga xnis fiqris Semdeg, hari mezobels mimarTavs winadadebiT, romlis mixedviTac TviTon mzadaa mouaros gasis yvavil-naris sam meoTxeds, Tu mezobeli, Tavis mxriv, mis gazons mTlianad gakreWs. ramdenime wuTis fiqris Semdeg gasi Tanxmobas acxadebs, radgan, aseTi gadanawilebis dros, igi sakuTar ezoSi erT saaTs (gazoni _ 40 wT da yvavilnari _ 20wT.), xolo haris ezoSi 40 wuTs (gazoni) imuSavebs, riTac 20 wuTs dazogavs. moigebs haric, romelic sakuTar ezoSi 120 wuTs (yvavilnari) da gasis ezoSi (yvavilnaris sami meoTxedi) saaTnaxevars imuSavebs, riTac, sabolood, naxevar saaTs (240wT. _ 210wT.=30wT.) dazogavs. garigebiT orivem moigo. movlili ezoebis garda, orives gauCnda damatebiTi upiratesoba Tavisufali drois saxiT.

_ ki magram, rogor? _ ismis xma bolo merxidan _ rogor moigo gasmac, Tu hari gacilebiT uaresad muSaobs? saidan gaCnda damatebiTi Tavisufali dro da, ese igi, damatebiTi simdidre? ga-daikiTxeT es istoria kidev erTxel da yuradRebiT gaaanalizeT cifrebi, Tumca, iqneb sjobdes Semdeg magaliTze gadaxvideT da, paralelurad, sawarmoo SesaZleblobaTa mrudebs gavecnoT.

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gacvlis arsi, warmoebis alternatiuli danaxarjebis Sedareba jonsi elm-stritze ori saxeobis luds xarSavs _ bacsa da muqs. yovel kvartalSi mas SeuZlia

10 galoni baci ludis, an 5 galoni muqi ludis moxarSva. dasaSvebia am SesaZleblobaTa garkveu-li proporciiT SeTavsebac. yovelive es asaxulia 2-1 naxazze, sadac warmodgenilia jonsis sawarmoo SesaZleblobebi, anu baci da muqi ludis is maqsimaluri raodenobrivi kombinaciebi, romelTa warmoeba SesaZlebelia jonsis xelT arsebuli resursiT.

amave dros, qalbatoni braunic ouk-stritze ori saxeobis luds xarSavs. yovel kvartalSi mas SeuZlia 3 galoni baci, an 4 galoni muqi ludis moxarSva. dasaSvebi maqsimaluri kombinaciebi am SemTxvevaSic 2-1 naxazzea warmodgenili sawarmoo SesaZleblobaTa Sesabamis mrudze.

erTis mxriv, jonsi orive saxeobis luds ufro efeqtianad amzadebs. oRond, metis damzadebis unari TavisTavad ar niSnavs efeqtianobas. Cven unda SevadaroT, ra unda gaviRoT Sedegis misaR-wevad, raki ufasod araferi gveZleva. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, unda SevadaroT jonsis da braunis alternatiuli danaxarjebi.

0 1 4

7

muqi ludi

q-ni brauni

bac

i l

ud

i

0 3 5

7

10

muqi ludi

b-ni jonsi

bac

i l

ud

i

rogoria jonsis danaxarjebi? Tu jonsi moindomebs mxolod baci ludis gamoSvebas, igi moxarSavs 10 galons, magram xelidan gauSvebs 5 galoni muqi ludis warmoebis SesaZleblobas. Ria ludis TiToeuli galonis gamosaSvebad jonsi msxverplad wiravs 0,5 galon muq luds. swo-red aseve, muqi ludis yovel galonze igi msxverplad wiravs 2 galon Ria luds.

Tu brauni xarSavs mxolod muq luds, igi miiRebs 4 galons, magram dahkargavs 3 galoni baci ludis warmoebis SesaZleblobas. amrigad, muqi ludis TiTo galoni mas baci ludis sami meoTxedi galoni ujdeba da, piriqiT, 1 galoni baci ludi misTvis 1,3 galoni muqi ludis xarjis tolfasia.

axla ki SegviZlia, mTavari kiTxvac davsvaT _ vin awarmoebs bac luds ufro iafad? gaangari-Sebebi gviCvenebs, rom esaa jonsi, romelsac am produqtis erTi galoni mxolod naxevari galoni muqi ludi ujdeba maSin, roca braunis xarji 1,3 galonia. amrigad, jonsis alternatiuli xarji naklebia, anu mas aqvs baci ludis warmoebis `SedarebiTi upiratesoba~. samagierod, muqi ludis warmoebisas, es upiratesoba braunis mxares gadadis, radgan misi alternatiuli xarji ufro naklebia, vidre jonsis xarji.

aq ufro naTlad gamoikveTa is, rac gasis da haris magaliTSi nawilobriv uTqmeli darCa. ra moxdeba, Tu TiToeuli mewarme specializdeba ufro efeqtian saqmianobaze da amis Semdeg ivaW-rebs? vTqvaT, maT moilaparakes da saqme ase aawyes: jonsi awarmoebs mxolod bac luds, brauni _ muqs, mere ki produqcias cvlian _ jonsi cvlis Tavisi ludis 3 galons braunis ludis 3 ga-lonze. kvartlis bolos aRmoCndeba, rom orive mewarmes aRmoaCndeba sxvadasxva saxeobis ludis iseTi kombinacia, romelic sWarbobs sawarmoo SesaZleblobaTa zRvars. jonsma miiRo mosalod-nelze meti, radgan mas mieca 7 galoni baci da 3 galoni muqi ludis gayidvis saSualeba. braunis simdidrec gaizarda, radgan man miiRo 3 galoni baci da erTi galoni muqi ludi. vercerTi mewar-me aseT maCvenebels damoukideblad ver miaRwevda.

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ratom specializacia? specializacia sxvagvarad SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, rogorc `SedarebiTi upiratesobis gamoy-

eneba~. adamianebi imitom specializdebian, rom ase sakuTar simravles amravleben. mewarmeebs imisi saSualeba eZlevaT, rom ganavrcon sakuTari SesaZleblobebi warmoebuli saqonlis gacvliT iseT saqonelze, romlis warmoeba maT ufro Zviri daujdebodaT. SesaZleblobaTa aseTi gafarToebis meTodika imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom ekonomistebi saubroben `SedarebiTi upiratesobis kanonze.

specializacia da gacvla afarToeben sawarmoo SesaZleblobebs

es kanoni adgens specializaciis stimuls da aRwers ekonomikuri zrdis process, romelic am faqtoriTaa gamowveuli. kanoni xsnis, Tu ratom uaryofen adamianebi universalur ostatobas da ratom irCeven ZiZis, buRaltris, stomatologis, maswavleblis da sxva profesiebs. adamianebi cdiloben sakuTari simdidris gamravlebas im sferoSi specializaciiT, sadac maTi azriT, Se-darebiTi upiratesoba gaaCniaT. Tuki erTxel mainc gifiqriaT imaze, Tu vin gsurT gamoxvideT, maSin Tqven gicdiaT sakuTari SedarebiTi upiratesobis gansazRvra.

specializacia sakuTari SedarebiTi upiratesobis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs

individualuri vaWrobidan saerTaSoriso vaWrobamde da piriqiT vfiqrob, davrwmundiT, rom gacvliT batonma jonsmac da qalbatonma braunmac ixeires. maT,

albaT, arasodes smeniaT `SedarebiTi upiratesobis kanonis~ Sesaxeb, Tumca mis Zalas eqvemde-barebian. SegveZlo gveTqva, rom jonsi axorcielebda baci ludis `eqsports~ da muqi ludis `im-ports~, xolo brauni piriqiT iqceoda. mcirediT win Tu waviwevT, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom orive mxare importis safasurs eqsportiT ixdis. ganvaviTaroT es azri _ ra moxdeboda, jonsi rom kanzasi cxovrobdes, brauni ki _ pensilvaniaSi? SegveZlo Tu ara, gveTqva, rom kanzaSi axorcie-lebs muqi ludis imports pensilvaniidan? xom cxadia, rom jonsi vaWrobs braunTan da meti araferi xdeba! mxolod adamianebi vaWroben, uwevT ra, am dros, qalaqis, olqis da Statis saz-Rvrebis gadakveTa.

mxolod adamianebi akeTeben arCevans

mainc ras vgulisxmobT, roca vambobT, rom aSS vaWrobs fineTTan, germaniasTan, kanadasTan an aziasTan? es mxolod imas niSnavs, rom aSS-is moqalaqeni am qveynebis moqalaqeebTan vaWroben. ra Tqma unda, mosaxerxebelia aSS-fineTis vaWrobaze saubari, magram ar unda daviviwyoT, rom esaa adamianTa (maT Soris garkveul organizaciaTa warmomadgenlebis) didi raodenobis mier ganxor-cielebuli gacvliTi operaciebis jami.

transaqciuli danaxarjebi axla Cven gadavdivarT sakmaod rTul Teoriul sakiTxebze, Semdeg TavSi ki saerTaSoriso gacv-

lebis ganxilvis kargi SesaZlebloba mogvecema. am SemTxvevaSi, sawyisi debuleba ucvlelia _ ne-bayoflobiTi gacvla urTierTxelsayrelia; kerZo sakuTrebis sistemaSi adamianebs uCndebaT spe-cializaciis stimuli, radgan SedarebiTi upiratesoba ganapirobebs simdidris dagrovebas.

Cven ukve vimsjeleT warmoebis alternatiul danaxarjebze, Tumca ar unda dagvaviwydes is danaxarjebic, romelic savaWro partnioris ZiebasTanaa dakavSirebuli.

magaliTebSi Segnebulad CavTvaleT, rom es xarjebi mcirea, _ gasi da hari mezoblebi arian, jonsi da brauni erT mrevls ekuTvnian. am ukanasknelT sxvadasxva qalaqebSi rom ecxovraT, gacv-lis SesaZleblobas ase advilad ver aRmoaCendnen. manZili da informaciis uqonloba vaWrobas aZnelebs. swored amas vuwodebT transaqciul danaxarjebs. esaa dainteresebul mxareTa kon-taqtebze da SeTanxmebaze gaweuli danaxarji. roca mxareebi erTmaneTisgan moSorebiT cxovro-ben, maTTvis Znelia internetis gareSe vaWrobis SesaZleblobis gamoZebna, amdenad, interneti

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efeqtianad amcirebs transaqciul danaxarjebs. Suamavlebi _ es yvelasgan aTvalwunebuli ada-mianebi _ erTmaneTs axvedreben gamyidvelebs da myidvelebs, riTac spoben barierebs SeTanx-mebisken mimaval gzaze. Suamavals aqvs sakuTari SedarebiTi upiratesoba _ igi informacias da-bali danaxarjebiT awarmoebs.

transaqciuli danaxarjebi xSirad xels gviSlis urTierTxelsayrel gacvlaSi

sabazro aRmoCenebi ekonomistebi Tvlian, rom TiTqmis yovelTvis (an absoluturad yovelTvis), SedarebiTi upi-

ratesoba mxolod gacvlis sabazro procesSi gamovlindeba. adamianebi cdiloben sakuTari Se-darebiTi upiratesobis realizacias imiT, rom irCeven maqsimalurad mimzidvel variantebs. amerikelebi yiduloben aziur sportul tansacmels, iaponelebi ki _ amerikul xorbals mx-olod imitom, rom aseT qmedebas sasurveli Sedegis miRebis saukeTeso gzad miiCneven. sakuTre-baTa gacvlis sabazro procesSi Cven aRmovaCenT SedarebiT upiratesobebs da maTgan warmoqmnil efeqtianobas.

sabaziso informacias, umravles SemTxvevaSi, fasebi gvawvdian. magaliTad, studentebs surT gaigon, rogori SesaZleblobebi iSleba maT winaSe karieris Tval sazrisiT, an ra SemzRudavi faq-torebi iCens Tavs, Tuki isini politologiis, medicinis an filosofiis magistris diplomebs miiReben. sulac ar gvinda vTqvaT, TiTqosda adamianebi mxolod fasebs aqcevdnen yuradRebas, magram, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, fardobiTi fasebi marTlac warmarTaven maTs qcevas. roca, mag-aliTad, iaponeli fermerebi xels iReben xorblis warmoebaze, raki sakuTar produqcias ameriki-dan eqsportirebulze iafad ver gayidian, isini ise iqcevian, TiTqos miznis miRwevis yvelaze iafi xerxi yvelaze efeqtianic iyos. amasTan, mudmivad xdeba TanamSromlobis da urTierTSeg-uebis procesebis waxaliseba, razec Sendeba kidec yovelgvari ekonomika.

dava faseulobaTa Sesaxeb ra ufro efeqtiania _ meddis diplomi Tu filosofiis doqtoris xarisxi? mobiluri telefoni

Tu telefon-avtomati? tyis mTliani gaCexva Tu SerCeviTi gamoxSirva? aseTi formulirebiT, am kiTxvebs azri ar gaaCnia. efeqtianobis da araefeqtianobis Cveneuli xedva ganisazRvreba imiT, Tu Tavad ras vafasebT. sakiTxavi is ki araa, Tu ra aris sinamdvileSi efeqtiani, aramed is, Tu visa aqvs ufleba, daadginos efeqtianobis kriteriumebi. saZile tomridan gamoZvroma da mwvervalze asvla mravalTaTvis saSinlad araefeqtiani saqcielia, Tumca aseT midgomas aqtiurad gaaprotesteben alpinizmis moyvarulebi. am winaaRmdegobas imitom ar mivyavarT sazogadoebriv konfliqtamde, rom yvelani pativs vcemT adamianis pirad arCevans _ kargad gamoiZinos Tu mwvervalze aZvres. usagno dava mxolod maSin iwyeba, roca uflebebis sakiTxSi SeTanxmebas ver vaRwevT. roca sakuTrebis ufle-bebi zusti, stabiluri da ucvlelia, SezRudul resursebs edeba fuladi fasi, romelic maTs far-dobiT iSviaTobas asaxavs. is, vinc gadawyvetilebas iRebs, am fass iyenebs, rogorc informaciis wy-aros. imis Tqma, rom fasebi `arasworia~ da ver asaxavs garkveuli produqtis realur Rirebulebas, am fasebis warmomqmneli sabazro principebis uaryofis tolfasia. esaa ara efeqtianobis, aramed sa-kuTrebis uflebis da am uflebis momcveli zogadi TamaSis wesebis kritika.

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mokled gavimeoroT

efeqtianoba Sefasebebzea damokidebuli. Tumca fizikuri da teqnologiuri parametrebi gaTvaliswinebulia efeqtianobis gansazRvrisas, magram es faqtorebi TavisTavad ver ganapiro-beben alternatiuli procesebis efeqtianobas. efeqtianoba ganisazRvreba, rogorc Sedegis Se-fasebisa da danaxarjTa Sefasebis fardoba.

simdidre, am sityvis ufarToesi gagebiT, niSnavs imas, rasac adamianebi afaseben. adamianebi mxolod imitom cvlian sakuTrebis uflebebs, rom amgvar gacvlas piradi simdidris gamravlebis efeqtian saSualebad miiCneven. nebayoflobiTi gacvla yovelTvis gulisxmobs naklebad fa-seulze uaris Tqmas ufro faseulis sanacvlod. gacvla iseTive mwarmoebluri procesia, ro-gorc mrewveloba an soflis meurneoba.

SedarebiTi upiratesoba alternatiuli RirebulebiT ganisazRvreba. adamianebi special-debian, raTa ivaWron da gamdidrdnen. isini irCeven im specialobebs, romlebic maTi SedarebiTi upiratesobebis gamoyenebis asparezad gamodgeba. simdidris mateba aRiwereba sawarmoo Sesa-ZleblobaTa mrudebiT.

sakuTrebis uflebebze da gacvlis minimalur SezRudvebze dafuZnebuli sazogadoebrivi sistema xels uwyobs adamianebs imis gagebaSi, Tu ra mimarTulebiT unda eZebon sakuTari Sedar-ebiTi upiratesobebis gamoyenebis perspeqtiva. ase imitom xdeba, rom, xsenebuli tipis sistemeb-Si, sabazro procesebi da Tavisufali faswarmoqmna informaciis mopovebis efeqtian meqanizmad yalibdeba.

dava imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad efeqtiania esa Tu is procesi, Tavisi arsiT, aris dava TamaSis wesebisa da garkveul resursebze sakuTrebis uflebis Sesaxeb.

sakiTxebi gansjisaTvis

1. xuliganma jeks TavSi Caartya da axali xelTaTmani waarTva. vin moigo? vin waago?

2. bevrs moswons orTqlmavlis Sesaxedaoba.a) unda CavrToT Tu ara aseTi esTetikuri siamovneba orTqlmavlis sasargeblo Tvise-

baTa nusxaSi, gadasazidi tvirTis moculobasTan erTad?b) Tuki rkinigzis mflobelebi gamonaxaven imaTi dabegvris xerxs, visac orTqlmavlis

Sesaxedaoba moswons, CarTavdnen Tu ara esTetikur siamovnebas orTqlmavlis sasar-geblo TvisebaTa nusxaSi?

g) gaizrdeboda Tu ara orTqlmavlis efeqtianoba am SemTxvevaSi?

3. ra ufro efeqtiania _ 1956 wlis gamoSvebis `Fender~-is cnobili gitara, Tu 2003 wlis gamoS-vebis `EL Cheapo~-s iafi eleqtrogitara? Seicvleba Tu ara Tqveni pasuxi, Tu SeityobT, rom `Fender~ Tavis gitaras 12000 dolarad yidis, `EL Cheapo~-s gitara ki 175 dolari Rirs?

4. ra ufro efeqtiania _ `Madison Square Garden~-Si gasamarTi koncertis bileTebis gayidva, Tu adgilobriv barSi anonsirebuli parodistTa Sous bileTebis gasaReba? Seicvleba Tu ara Tqveni pasuxi imis mixedviT, koncerts erik klaptoni marTavs, Tu romelime raionuli ansambli?

5. ra ufro efeqtiania _ rvacilindriani `SUV~, Tu mzis batareebiT gamarTuli avtomobili?

6. feqtiania Tu ara ojaxis naxevarfabrikatebiT gamokveba? ra SemTxvevaSi ganapirobebs es Zvi-ri produqtebi ojaxuri sadilis umcires xarjebs? iqneb cdebian isini, vinc naxevarfabri-katebis myidvelebs uyairaTobaSi adanaSaulebs da Tvlis, rom es ukanasknelni ` normalurze~ orjer Zvirs xarjaven?

7. mravali amerikeli, sazogadoebrivi transportis gamoyenebis an kolegebTan kooperirebis nacvlad, samsaxurSi misasvlelad sakuTar avtomobils irCevs.

a) SeiZleba Tu ara erTdroulad efeqtiani iyos im mZRolis moqmedeba, romelic pikis saaTis dros sakuTari avtomobiliT marto gadaadgildeba da im adamianis moqmede-bac, romelic sazogadoebriv transports iyenebs?

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b) sinamdvileSi ras gulisxmoben, roca Tvlian, rom amdeni adamiani, vinc samsaxurSi sakuTaro avtomobiliT midis, araefeqtianad iqceva?

8. advokati fudi qveyanaSi yvelaze cnobili iuristia. amas garda, igi fenomenalurad flobs sabeWd manqanas _ wuTSi 120 sityvas beWdavs. uRirs Tu ara fuds naSromebis sakuTari xeliT beWdva, Tu saukeTeso mdivani, romlis daqiravebac SeuZlia, wuTSi mxolod 60 sityvas beWda-vs? daamtkiceT, rom fuli naklebefeqtiani mbeWdavia, vidre misi mdivani.

9. cdilobda ra daemtkicebina, rom mosaxleobis zrda sasoflo-sameurneo resursebs amowur-viT emuqreba, WI aRniSnavda, rom 1998 wels, pirvelad istoriaSi, moixmares ufro meti sakve-bi produqti, vidre awarmoes.

a) rogor fiqrobT, zomis romeli erTeulebi gamoiyenes ukanaskneli debulebis dasa-mtkiceblad, _ wona, kaloriuloba, Tu fasi?

b) Tu savaWro balansi aCvenebs, rom aSS-Si produqtebis wliuri importi (dolarebSi gamosaxuli) sWarbobs eqsports, ratom ar iZlevian es cifrebi imis mtkicebis safu-Zvels, rom qveyanas SimSili emuqreba?

10. xSirad amtkiceben, rom kapitalistur sistemaSi kompaniebi ganagrZoben gacveTili aRWurvi-lobis gamoyenebas, radgan maTi SeZena Tavis droze Zviri daujdaT. adasturebs Tu ara es faqti kompaniebis araefeqtianobas? ra rols asruleben, am SeTxvevaSi, adre daxarjuli Tan-xebi? rodis moindomebs aviakompania, romelsac `boing-727~-Si `fuli aqvs Cadebuli~, mis Ca-nacvlebas `boing-767~-iT?

11. samocdaaTian wlebSi, `benzinis krizisis~ dros, bevri kiTxulobda, ratom ar akrZalaven sa-wvavis iseT `uzaro~ xarjs, rogoricaa avtorbola. eTanxmebiT Tu ara maT mosazrebas? moi-fiqreT `uazro xarjebis~ iseTi ganmarteba, romelic avtorbolaze, magram ar gavrceldeba krizisul periodSi benzinis gamoyenebis sxva variantebze.

12. Tesvamde fermerebs SeuZliaT moxnan da guldasmiT gaafxvieron miwa, an es ar gaakeTon. mo-xvna spobs sarevelas Tesls da mavne mwerebis Wuprebs, mouxvneloba ki aucilebels xdis her-bicidebis da pesticidebis gamoyenebas. ganmarteT, rogor zemoqmedebs qvemoT CamoTvlili faqtorebi teqnologiis arCevanze.

a) dizelis saTbobis gaZvireba;b) herbicidebis da pesticidebis xarisxis gaumjobeseba;g) ufro mkacri samTavrobo ekologiuri kontroli;d) fermerebs moswonT, roca maTi miwebi kargadaa damuSavebuli;e) miwis gaZvireba.

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პოლ ჰეინე – ეკონომიკური აზროვნება -...

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