Methods Expressing Concentration g/L : mg/mL :

mg/L ppm :

g/L ppb :

: 5g 500mL g/L ppm ppb

= 10 g/L =10000 mg/L = 10000ppm=107g /L= 107 ppb

1-3-2 1-3-2 - 1 (W/W) %

100g

: 200g 25g

: 5g 100mL 1g/mLwt.(g) of solv.=100 mL 1g/mL=100g wt.(g) of sol.= 100g+5g=105g

= 4.76%

1-3-2- 2 (V/V) %

mL 100mL

: 50mL 200mL .VmL of sol.=50 + 200

= 250mL

= 20%

2- 3- (W/V) %

g 100mL

1-3-3 (M) Molarity ( )

: 4g NaOH 500mL Mo.wt.= 40 g mole-1.= 0.2

1-3-4 (N ) Normality

(g.eq.)

: HCl 4.01 g/L

1-3-5 Molality ( m)

: 8g NaOH 500g .= 0.4 m

1-3-6 ( ) Mole fraction

: 2 moles 6 moles .

1-3- 7 dilution ratio

: (1:1) HCl HCl (4:1) H2SO4 H2SO4 (3:2) H3PO4 H3PO4

(M) (N ).

:

(26) (25)

:

g/L (W/W)%:

(W/W)%:

(W/W)%:

(V/W)% (W/W)%:(W/V)% = (W/W)% d of sol. (37)

(V/W)%

(V/W)%

1-4 : : = C2 V2 = C1 V1

: NaOH 5mL (1.5 g/mL) 15 mL.C2 V2 = C1 V1 C2 15 = 1.5 50.5 g/mL = C2

Mixing Rule ( a% ) ( b% ) ( c% ) a>b a>c>b.

: 40% 96% (d=1.495 g/mL). 40 g HNO3 96% 56 g 40 % HNO3 . 26.76 mL HNO3 56 mL

: 80 % 75% , 96% HNO3 96% 1.495 g/mL HNO3 80% 1.452 g/mL

: (% ) (d) (Mo.wt).... (M ) (N ) :

3- 1 Significant Figures 13.4mL 13.5 13.4 Uncertainty

.1- 1.20 13.5mL 0.0135L .2- 1.20X106 1,210,000 .3- . .1.325178 1.325.

13.2357 13.236 (5) 1.3735 1.3725 1.374 1.372 .4- 21.1 3.216 0.025 21.1 3.2 0.1 . 5- 1.2363.11.187212.36 1.23.11.22.4 .6- 12.7 .1.1038 1.104 .

3- 2 .* Determinate errors .* Indeterminate errors .

. :1- . 2- .3- .4- .

3- 2 - 2 : .

3- 2 3 Accuracy . Precision .

True value () . Observed value (n) X1X2X3.Xn

Error E. Rllative error 100 Meen 0r Average

Mode () Range () . Medium .

Deviation () d( )

( ) Average deviation

Standard deviation (S) ( ( n>50

Relative Standard deviation(r.s.d )

3- 2 4 : Y = = 1 2- 3 4 ( ) 50% () 50%

5 ( +3) ( -3)6- () : 68.3% ( -) ( +) 95.4% ( -2) ( +2) 99.7 % ( -3) ( +3)

0.01 0.286 ppm

68.3% 0.2860.01 95.4% 0.2860.02 99.7% 0.2860.03 .

: 8.4, 9.6, 8.5, 8.9, 9.5, 9.1, 8.5, 9.0, 8.5, 8.5, 10.5 g/L

3- 2 5 : The Confidenece Limits t .

: 93.58% 93.43% 93.50% . 95%.

S= 0.075= 93.50 0.19%