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gamocemaze pasuxismgebeli | jgufi siesta

gamomcemeli | qeTevan kiRuraZe

teqnikuri uzrunvelyofa | gvanca maxaTaZe

GIZ, 2013

gamomcemloba siesta, 2013

gamocemulia 2013, Tbilisi

ISBN 978-9941-443-19-0

gamomcemloba Sps siesta

Tbilisi, veriko anjafariZis q. #16

tel./faqsi: +995 32 2 92 31 49, +995 32 2 22 07 08el-fosta: [email protected]

www.siestabooks.blogspot.com

Law Journal

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

Editor: Maia KopaleishviliAuthors: Tamar Gvaramadze

Ketevan Giorgishvili

Nino Kilasonia

Eka Kardava

Revaz Khoperia

Gerd Winter

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7 Tax Reform in the 21st Century, A volume in Memory ofRichard Musgrave 43. Edited by John G. Head and R. Krever.Kluwer Law International BV, The Netherlands 2009, 525.

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10Tax Reform in the 21stCentury, A volume in Memory of Rich-ard Musgrave, Edited by John G. Head and R. Krever. KluwerLaw International BV, The Netherlands 2009,531.

11J. G. Gravelle, Tax Havens: International Tax Avoidance andEvasion, National Tax Journal Journal, Volume LXII, No 4, De-cember 2009, 727-728.

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14J.G. Gravelle, Tax Havens: International Tax Avoidance andEvasion, National Tax Journal, Volume LXII, No 4. December,2009,737.

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16Tax Reform in the 21stCentury, A volume in Memory of Rich-ard Musgrave, Editedby G. Head John and R. Krever, KluwerLaw International BV, The Netherlands 2009, 546549.

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TITLE OF THE ARTICLE:

TAX COMPLIANCE AND NON-COMPLIANCE

Author: Tamar Gvaramadze1

SUMMARY

The present arcle describes issues related to the tax compliance (payment) and non-compliance.

These issues are one of the most actual quesons in the modern tax law science. Non payment of

taxes and minimizing of tax collecon directly eects the state treasury. Accordingly, studying of both

issues menoned above are crucially important.

The research is conducted about some basic tendencies in the modern European and American

legal literature about main reasons of tax compliance and non compliance, which are very unfamiliarand less studied topics in the Georgian legal literature.

Parcularly, the research is conducted about the following quesons: dierent reasons and ways

of tax non-compliance; the issues of tax avoidance and tax evasion and dierent western scienc

opinions regarding to these quesons. Moreover, the arcle presents classicaon of the reasons for

tax non compliance and discusses dierent theories and precondions for tax compliance.

Besides the legal esmaons, the arcle presents dierent opinions in the social sciences about

the topics.

In conclusion, studying these quesons will make possible to present scienc conclusions about

the value and importance of the topics for the development of tax law in Georgia.

1 Assistant-professor in Tbilisi State University, Faculty of Law

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33


AN ERROR IN THE EXERCISE OF DISCRETIONARYPOWER

Author: Ketevan Giorgishvili1

SUMMARY

Discreonary power is dened as legally bound freedom. Discreonary power is limited by the

purpose and scope of the norms of discreonary power. This limitaon can be perceived only under

reasonable consideraon of public and private interests. Ignoring this limitaon causes an error in

the exercise of discreonary power in dierent forms.

The aim of the present analysis is to indicate that the proper exercise of discreonary power

depends on decision-making process and not on the outcome. Most of the errors become clear only

aer understanding of decision-making process.

To discuss the criteria for the classicaon of errors, German legal literature and judicial pracce

is referred to. Similar to German law, Georgian administrave law considers discreonary power as

an exceponal regime from the relaonship of administrave body and legislator. Thus, its dierent

from the pracce of those states, where the freedom allocated to administrave body by the legislator

is an obvious fact (for example, France and Spain).

The issue is especially important in terms of legal development of modern Georgia. Further

research in areas such as construcon law, environmental protecon, the law of public order (police

law) or municipal law requires the knowledge of theorecal aspects of the noon of discreonary

power and error prevenon, as well as comprehension of characteriscs of the judicial control of

discreonary decision. Therefore, legal nature of discreonary power needs to be explored more

fully.

1 LL.M. in German Law (University of Cologne), LL.M. in Public Law (Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University). Author is aresearch fellow in Georgian consumer law issues at the Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Lawand Research in Hamburg, Germany.

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55. J.S. Lubbers, Approaches to Regulatory Reform in theUnited States: A Response to the Remarks of Professors Levin and Freeman, Washington University Law Quarterly, 83,2005, 1898.

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57 , - -, - - -. . S. Mee, Negotiated Rulemaking and CombinedSewer Overflows (CSOS): Consensus Saves Ossification?Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, 25, Fall,1997, 217.

58 , - - , -. , - -, . . W.L. Hopping, L.E. Sellers, K. Wetherell,

Rulemaking Reforms and Nonrule Policies: A Catch-22For State Agencies?Florida Bar Journal, 71, March, 1997, 21., -

, , . . J. Goldfien, Negotiated

Rulemaking and the Public Interest, Journal of AmericanArbitration, 5, 2006, 85.

59. D.H. Esposito, K.W. Ulbrich, Negotiated Rulemaking inEnvironmental Law, Rhode Island Bar Journal, 46, April, 1998,5.

60 - , - , - . . D.P. Selmi,

The Promise and Limits of Negotiated Rulemaking: Evaluat-

ing Negotiation of a Regional Air Quality Rule,EnvironmentalLaw, 35, Summer, 2005, 45.

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61, , , , - . - : , - , . . NegotiatedRulemaking Act at 5 U.S.C. 563 (a) 1, 2. , - - , ... , . . J.P. Cooper,Cases on Public Law and Public Administration, WadsworthPublishing, 4th ed., Toronto, 2005, 163.

62 . G.R. Dillinger, Guidelines for Negotiated Rulemaking,Colorado Lawyer, 25, January, 1996, 21.

63 , - . . J.S. Lubbers,

Approaches to Regulatory Reform in the United States: AResponse to the Remarks of Professors Levin and Freeman,Washington University Law Quarterly, 83, 2005, 1898. - , . , , , . . -

, , , 15-20- . , -

5/20/2018 ( ) - . 2013

44/88

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, , , - . , - , - . , - . . A.C. Aman,W.T. Mayton, Administrative Law, Hornbook Series, West

Publishing, USA, 1998, 50.64 - , - , - , -, . , - , , . , - . ,

, . , , , . . A.C. Aman, W.T. Mayton, Adminis-trative Law, Hornbook Series, West Publishing, USA 1998,298-299.

65. Negotiated Rulemaking Act at 5 U.S.C. 564 (a) 1, 2, 3.

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67 , - , . (-)

. . S. Mee, Negotiated Rule-

making and Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOS): ConsensusSaves Ossification? Boston College Environmental AffairsLaw Riview, 25, Fall, 1997, 226.

68. Negotiated Rulemaking Act at 5 U.S.C. 566 (c). -, - , - , , . . M.J. Breger, Defining Admin-istrative Law-A Riview of an Introduction to Administra-tive Justice in the United States by Peter L. Strauss,George

Washington Law Review, 60, November, 1991, 276.69 - - , - , - .. L. Susskind, G. McMahon, The Theory and Practice of Ne-gotiated Rulemaking, Yale Journal on Regulation,3, Fall, 1985,137.

70. Negotiated Rulemaking Act at 5 U.S.C. 566 (d).

71 - , .

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72. Negotiated Rulemaking Act at 5 U.S.C. 566 (f).

73 - -

, . . J. Rossi, Bargaining in the Shadowof Administrative Procedure: the Public Interest in Rulemak-ing Settlement,Duke Law Journal, 51, December, 2001, 1021.

74 , - , , - -. . P.J. Harter,A Plumber Responds to The Philosophers:

A Comment on Professor Menkel-Meadows Essay on De-liberative Democracy,Nevada Law Journal, 5, Winter, 2004-2005, 384.

75. A.C. Aman, W.T. Mayton, Administrative Law, HornbookSeries, West Publishing, USA 1998, 301.

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77. K.F. Warren, Administrative Law in the Political System,

Westview Press, 4thed., Colorado, 2004, 243-244.78 - , - . . P.J. Harter, As-sesing The Assesors: the Actual Performance of Negotiated

Rulemaking,New York University Environmental Law Jour-nal, 9, 2000, 53. , - -. . P.J. Harter, A Plumber Responds to The Philoso-

phers: A Comment on Professor Menkel-Meadows Essayon Deliberative Democracy,Nevada Law Journal, 5, Winter,2004-2005, 380.

5/20/2018 ( ) - . 2013

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80S. Mee,Negotiated Rulemaking and Combined Sewer Over-flows (CSOS): Consensus Saves Ossification,Boston CollegeEnvironmental Affairs Law Review, 25, Fall, 1997, 229-230.

81 , . . C. Coglianese, Assesing the Advo-cacy of Negotiated Rulemaking: A response to Philiph Harter,New York University Environmental Law Journal, 9, 2001, 417.

82. J.P. Cooper, Cases on Public Law and Public Administra-tion, Wadsworth Publishing, 4th ed., Toronto, 2005, 161.

83 - . . P.J. Harter,

A Plumber Responds to The Philosophers: A Comment onProfessor Menkel-Meadows Essay on Deliberative Democ-racy,Nevada Law Journal, 5, Winter, 2004-2005, 383.

84. C. Coglianese, Assesing Consensus: The Promise andPerformance of Negotiated Rulemaking,Duke Law Journal,46, April, 1997, 1335.

85 ,

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86 , - , , - . , , , . . J. Goldfien, Negoti-ated Rulemaking and the Public Interest,Journal of AmericanArbitration, 5, 2006, 91.

87. Coglianese C., Assesing Consensus: The Promise andPerformance of Negotiated Rulemaking,Duke Law Journal,46, April, 1997, 1335.

88 - , . , - , -

. . W.F.Fox, Understanding Administrative Law, Mathew Benderand Company, Inc., Lexis Publishing, 4th ed., Danvers, 2000,180. , - . 25- , - , , - , . , - - , -, , , ,

.. K.F. Warren, Administrative Law in the Political System,Westview Press, 4th ed., Colorado, 2004, 243-244.

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Rulemaking and Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOS): Con-sensus Saves Ossification? Boston College EnvironmentalAffairs Law Review, 25, Fall, 1997, 230-231. , -

, , , , . .C. Coglianese, Assesing the Advocacy of Negotiated Rule-making: A Response to Philiph Harter,New York UniversityEnvironmental Law Journal, 9, 2001, 417. , -, , - , . . D.P. Selmi, The Promise and Lim-

its of Negotiated Rulemaking: Evaluating Negotiation of aRegional Air Quality Rule, Environmental Law, 35, Summer,2005, 460.

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91 . , - -, - . , - . . A.C. Aman,W.T. Mayton, Administrative Law, Hornbook Series, WestPublishing, USA, 1998, 301-302. , , -

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93. K.F. Warren , Administrative Law in the Political System,Westview Press, 4th ed., Colorado, 2004, 243-244.

94 . S.J. Balla, Between Commenting and

Negotiation: The Contours of Public Participation in AgencyRulemaking,I/S: A Journal of Law and Policy for the Informa-tion Society, 1, Winter, 2004/2005, 65-66.

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98. G. Abels, Organizer,Observer and Participation, DifferentpTA model?Science, Technology and Innovation Studies, 5,2009, 25.

99. Warren K.F., Administrative Law in the Political System,Westview Press, 4th ed., Colorado, 2004, 220.

100. M. McKinney, Negotiated Rulemaking: Involving Citi-

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102. M. McKinney, Negotiated Rulemaking: Involving Citi-zens in Public Decisions, Montana Law Review, Summer,1999, 538.

103. M. Shapiro Who Guards the Guardians? Judicial Con-trol of Administration, The University Georgia Press, Athensand London, 1988, 34

104. . , - , -, ., 2012, 271.

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51


FORMAL ADMINISTRATIVE RULEMAKING

Author: Nino Kilasonia1

SUMMARY

The arcle analyzes various formal procedures of public parcipaon in administrave rulemaking

established in the US and Georgia. Based on the comparave analysis the research tries to idenfy

the use of which formal procedure is more eecve in administrave rulemaking.

The rst part of the paper studies the use of oral hearing. The idea of oral hearing as well as

the procedure of its implementaon is discussed both on the example of Georgia and the US; then

comparison is made with the procedure of negoaon which is established and ulized only inthe US.

The second part of the research analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the procedures of

oral hearing and negoaons and by providing dierent approaches of scholars with regard to the

use of oral hearing and negoaons measures their impact on administrave rulemaking.

Finally the arcle outlines the need for the establishment of special formal procedure with

regard to administrave rulemaking in the General Administrave Code of Georgia. It also underlines

the importance of providing addional formal procedures in the legislave acts known as parent

statutes for giving the administrave authories the real possibility to decide the use of which formal

procedure (oral hearing, negoaon or public debate) will be more appropriate in each parcular

case of administrave rulemaking.

1PhD student at Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Assistant Professor at the American University for Humanities

5/20/2018 ( ) - . 2013

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52

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59


PUBLIC SERVICE REFORM AND OFFICIALS LEGALSTATUS

Author: Dr. Eka Kardava

SUMMARY

This arcle is dedicated to the legal analysis of the issues of public service reform in Georgia,

parcularly to a crical understanding of the concept developed by Civil Service Bureau. In the arcle

author discusses the orientaon problem of the ocial eld of law generally in law system and legally

conrms its aliaons to the public law. At the same me, the arcle discusses the establishment of

two-level system of the civil servants admission in the public service incompable with the provisions

of the General Administrave Law and introduces negave legal consequences of recruitment

contract in public service. The author specically denes the legal nature of public servants and other

public employees and draws a clear line between the various categories of public servants.

5/20/2018 ( ) - . 2013

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60

REFORMATIO IN PEIUS-

LL.M. ,

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5/20/2018 ( ) - . 2013

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61


II REFORMATIO IN PEIUS-

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5. , . , . , . (.), -, ., 2008, 114.

6Verwaltungsgerichtsordnung, Basistexte ffentliches Recht,Mnchen, 2007, 385.

7 -13, , N32(39),1999; -2 -5 , , N39 (46), 1999.

8M. Geis, S. Hinterseh,Grundflle zum Widerspruchsverfahren,JuS, 2001, 1074.


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12J. Meister,Die reformatio in peius im Widerspruchsverfahren,JA, 2002, 569.


14M. Jaroschek,Die reformatio in peius im Widerspruchsver-fahren,in JA, 1997, 670.

15J. Meister,Die reformatio in peius im Widerspurchsverfahren,JA, 2002, 569.


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18J. Httenbrink, Beckscher Online-Kommentar, VwGO 68,Rn 11-14, Stand 01.04.2012.

19M. Jaroschek,Die reformatio in peius im Widerspuchsver-fahren,JA, 1997, 670.


21S. Detterbeck, Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht mit Verwal-tungsprozessrecht, Mnchen, 2007, 120.

22W-R Schenke, Verwaltungsprozessrecht, Heidelberg, 2007,251-252.

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24 http://www.bundestag.de/bundestag/aufgaben/rechtsgrund-lagen/grundgesetz/gg_01.html

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63


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ADMISSIBILITY OF REFORMATIO IN PEIUS PRINCIPLEIN GERMAN AND GEORGIAN EXAM LAWS

Author: Revaz Khoperia1

SUMMARY

Is the principle of reformao in peius permissible in German and Georgian exam laws? Regarding

this queson, the arcle discusses regulaons in general administrave and exam laws, atudes

expressed in scienc literature and judicial pracce in Germany and Georgia.

Reformao in peius principle is permissible in general administrave law. Though its admiance

to exam law is quite disputable. There is no common judicial pracce. However, reformao in peius

principle is recognized in Germany, because students have a right to fair evaluaon and educaonal

instuon must evaluate students knowledge fairly. Correspondingly, the obligaon to evaluate

students knowledge fairly must imply the worsening of the results of rst evaluaon.

While discussing Georgian legislaon, aenon is paid to legal regulaons and defects in general,

vocaonal and higher educaon. The author proposes that in order to regulate the issue, reformao

in peius principle should be legally admied in general, vocaonal and higher educaon laws.

1LL.M. Uni Bremen,OSI (AFP) Scholar, Invited Lecturer at Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University.

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1 VerwArch_APV_10_0002Verwaltungsrechtsentwicklung und ihre auslndische Beratung in Transformationsstaaten. Das Beispiel GeorgiensVon Univ.-Prof. Dr.Gerd Winter, Bremen

5/20/2018 ( ) - . 2013

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3Heuer (Fun. 2), S. 374 f. - , , , - -.

4 - , - , Landeskulturrecht, 1986, S. 47 ff., 58 ff

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7Fr die DDR Bernet, Verwirklichung der sozialistischenGe-setzlichkeit in der staatlichenLeitung Durch Rechtsmittel,Staat und Recht 1980/81, 13 ff.

8In der DDR z. B.Heuer ( 6). und Heuer/Klinger/Pan-zer/Pflicke, Sozialistisches Wirt-schaftsrecht-Instrument derWirtschaftsfhrung, 1971

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