Η ΧΡΗΣΗ ΚΑΙ ΤΟ ΘΕΣΜΙΚΟ ΠΛΑΙΣΙΟ ΤΟΥ ΗΛΕΚΤΡΟΝΙΚΟΥ ΕΜΠΟΡΙΟΥ ΣΤΙΣ ΤΟΥΡΙΣΤΙΚΕΣ ΕΠΙΧΕΙΡΗΣΕΙΣ
ΓΟΡΤΥΝΙΑ-ΤΟ ΓΟΡΤΥΝΙΑΚΟ ΙΔΙΩΜΑ ΚΑΙ Η ΧΡΗΣΗ ΤΟΥ ΣΤΗΝ...
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ΕΘΝΙΚΟ ΚΑΙ ΚΑΠΟΔΙΣΤΡΙΑΚΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΑΘΗΝΩΝ ΦΙΛΟΣΟΦΙΚΗ ΣΧΟΛΗ ΤΜΗΜΑ ΦΙΛΟΛΟΓΙΑΣ ΤΟΜΕΑΣ ΓΛΩΣΣΟΛΟΓΙΑΣ ΠΡΟΓΡΑΜΜΑ ΜΕΤΑΠΤΥΧΙΑΚΩΝ ΣΠΟΥΔΩΝ Δήμητρα Π. Αγγελοπούλου Το γορτυνιακό ιδίωμα και η χρήση του στην εκπαίδευση ΔΙΔΑΚΤΟΡΙΚΗ ΔΙΑΤΡΙΒΗ ΑΘΗΝΑ 2010
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Transcript of ΓΟΡΤΥΝΙΑ-ΤΟ ΓΟΡΤΥΝΙΑΚΟ ΙΔΙΩΜΑ ΚΑΙ Η ΧΡΗΣΗ ΤΟΥ ΣΤΗΝ...
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Summary The subject of this doctoral dissertation is the dialect of Gortynia, as spoken in this particular area of Arcadia in Greece. The thorough description of the dialect at all language levels (phonological, morphological, syntactical, stylistic, lexical-semantic) suggests its systematic differentiation from Standard Modern Greek, something which allows us to include it among Modern Greek dialects. The description of dialect phenomena follows the distinction proposed in the thesis between trends and realizations. The presentation of the sociolinguistic situation of the dialect is achieved through comparing the discourse of three categories of speakers, the adequate, intermediate and terminal speakers. Age, social status and education are particularly examined so that this geographical language variety is related to certain social characteristics. The category of terminal speakers also includes students of secondary education. The synchronic view of the Gortynian dialect substantiates the basic suggestion of the dissertation that it has moved on to a decline stage (Chapter 2).
Furthermore, the dissertation studies the stigmatization of language varieties in the educational field, which is one of the main causes for the rejection and subsequent dwindling of Modern Greek dialects, as well as the educational inferiority of dialect- speaking students. Though examining the position of the Gortynian dialect in the context of educational realities the need for formulating specific suggestions arises, with a view to study and preserve dialectal discourse (Chapter 3). In particular, it is proposed that language classes in secondary education can be redesigned in order to provide for the inclusion of dialects in Greek language teaching. A further proposal concerns taking advantage of literary texts, as well as implementing several cross-curricular activities (Chapter 4).
To meet these goals, parallel to the study of the relevant literature, research material from the local language community of Gortynia and its secondary schools was collected, according to the principles of modern dialectology. Thus, the present study constitutes a contribution to Modern Greek dialectology, to sociolinguistics as well as language teaching in the contemporary Greek school.
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pi pipi pi pi pi
. pi, pi
pipi
, pi pi
. pi, pi
(pi 2001, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2004, 2005, 2005, 2005 ..) (pi, pi, , , , , , , , ), (, pi), (), (, ), () (pipi 1998). pipi ,
pi (.. : 2 pi, pi: , pi: ). pi
pi. pi pi
pi (1985: 421), pi pi pi pi pi
(pi pi). pi, pi
pi. pi
, , pi pi pi pi,
pi pi .
pi pi
,
-
38
pi (Holton .,. & pipi, , , pi).
2.3. pi pi pi pi
pipi (, , , , -).
pi pi pi
pi, pi pi 2. pi,
pi 3. pi
pi pi pi
2007-2008, 1997-98 pi 1997-1998 pi 1976 .. . pipi pi pi pi
. (< >) pi pi , pi pi .
2.3.1. pipi pi
pi pi
. pi
pi
pi , pi pi .
2.3.1.1. pi pi
pi, pi ,
, pi , pi pi, pi,
pi pi . ,
pi pi:
-
39
) pi [j] pi : pi, , pi, , ( , , 1997-98, 1977),
) () pi [s], [z] [l], [n] pi pi pi,
) pi [k] pi [g] [ts] [dz] pi pi [i] [e] (): , , pi , , ( , , 1997-98, 1976-77).
pi , pi
pi pi: pi , , , ( , , 1997-98, 1977).
, ,
pi : , /pi
, pipi- ( , , 1997-98, 1976-77).
pi pi :
) pi () ( pi [i]) [i] : , , , pi, pi, ( , 1997-98, 1977),
) , pipi, pi pi pi (pi.. / ). pi pi : , , , , , , , , , , pi,
, , , , pi ,
, , , ( pi), ) [u] (pi, , , ) [e] [i]
[] [u] : pi , pi, , , pi ( pi),
) pi []: pi, pi, pi, ( , 1997-98, 1977) [j], [] [n]: , , ( , 1997-98, 1976-77),
-
40
) pi pi pi : pi, , , , pi, ( , , 1997-98, 1976).
, pi
pi pi:
) pipi: pipi, , , ( , 1997-98, 1977),
) pi [i] pi [u]: pi, pi, , , , ( , 1997-98, 1977).
pi pi pi [i] pi : , , , ( , 1997-98, 1976-77, 1977).
pi pi pi: pi,
pi/pi, , pi ( , , 1997-98, 1977).
, pi
pi [] [i] [e] : pipi, , ( , , 1997-98, 1977).
2.3.1.2. pi pi pi pi pi
pipi:
) pi [o] [u] pipi. pi , , pi, pi pi , , pi
, , pi, pi, pi, pipi, pipi ( pi), pi pi pi .. pipi, pi, pi, pi,
pipi ( pi) , pi: , /, , , /, pi,
/, , , , pi, ,
( , , 1997-98,
-
41
1976-77, 1976-77, 1977, 1976, 1977, 1977),
) pi [] [u]. pipi: /// ( pi), pi ( , 1997-98, 1976-77),
) pi [e] [i]. pi: , /, , ( , , 1997-98, 1977, 1976-77),
) pi [u] [o]. : , pi, pi, ( , , 1997-98, 1976-77, 1977),
) pi [i] [u]. pipi pi . pi :
, pi, /, , ( , , 1997-98, 1976-77, 1977, 1977),
) pi [e] [o]. () pipi: / / / pi//,
, , // ( , , 1997-98, 1976-77, 1977, 1976, 1977),
) pi pi. pi [-eno] [-ino], [-eso] [-iso], [i] [e] pi [e] pi pipi: pi, , ,
, pi ( , , 1997-98, 1976-77, 1976).
pi , [i], pi , pipi: ,
pi, , ( , , 1997-98, 1976-77, 1977) pi pi.. pi ( pi).
-
42
) pi. pi : / ( pi), pi ( , 1997-98, 1977). pi pi : , , , pi, ( , 1997-98, 1977, 1976-77), pipi pi [r], [n] [l]: //, pi/-, pi/pi ( pi), ( , 1976-77, 1977).
) pi pi [s] [ks] : pi, , ( , , 1997-98, 1977, 1976-77, 1977) pi, ( , 1997-98, 1977),
) pi pi pi : , pi, , ( , , 1997-98, 1976-77). pi [e] pi: , , /, ( , 1997-98, 1977),
) pi pi [s]. pi: , pi, pi, , , pi/pi, pi ( pi), ( , 1977),
) pi pi [s]: /, /, ( , , 1997-98, 1976-77),
) pi : , , ( , 1976, 1976-77),
) pi pipi : , , , ( pi).
) , pipi: (i) pi: / ( , 1977, 1977), / ( , 1976-77, 1977), , ( 1997-98, 1976-77),
-
43
( 1977), ( 1997-98, 1977), (i i ) pi/ /pi: - [] [x]: // ( , 1997 -98, 1976-77, 1976-77, 1976) - [] [t] / []: ( , 1976-77), ( ), ( , 1997-98, 1977), ( , 1977) - [j] [vj] & [vj] [j]: / ( , 1977, 1977), ( 1976-77) ( , 1997-98, 1977) - [p], [v] [m]: , ( , 1997-98, 1977) - [xt] [ft], [l] [xl]: pi/pi ( , 1997-98, 1976-77, 1977, 1977), / ( , 1997-98, 1976-77, 1977) - [vl] [l ], [r] [r]: pi/pi/pi ( , 1997-98, 1977, 1977, 1977), // ( , 1977), , ( , 1977) - [m] [b]: pi/pi ( , 1997- 98, 1976-77) :
- pi/ pi ( , 1997-98, 1977) - ( pi) - / ( pi) - ( , 1997-98) - ( pi) - pi/pi/pi/pi () ( pi) - pi/ pi/pi < pi> ( pi)
-
44
-/ ( , 1997-98, 1976-77) -/pi, / ( , 1997-98, 1976-77, 1977), -pi/pi ( , 1997-98, 1976-77). -/, , pi ( , 1997-98, 1977).
2.3.2. pipi pi pi
pi pi pi
pi .
,
.
pi pi (pi.. pi pi -) pi (pi.. ).
2.3.2.1. pi
( -) pi -: pipi, , , , pi,
( , 1997-98, 1976-77, 1977).
pi pi
- - (): , , , , , pipi ( , , , 1993-94, 1976-77, 1978, 1977, 1984, 1977-78), pi pi:
-: , , , ( , 1997-98, 1980, 1976-77),
-
45
-(): , // ( , 1997-98, 1984, 1976-77, 1976-77, 1978), -: pi/pi ( , 1997-98, 1978-79, 1984), pi ( , 1980).
, , pi
-: , pi ( , 1997-98). pi pi
pi : , , ,
( , 1997-98, 1976-77, 1980). pi pi - -: pi, , , pi ( , 1997-98, 1977, 1993-4). , pi pi pi pipi pi: pi, pi, pi
( , , 1997-98, 1976-77, 1977, 1978-9, 1977-78).
pipi pi
pi pi: ) /u/ /o/ ) pi : , , , ( , 1997-98, 1976, 1978), , pi, , ( , , 1997-98, 1977, 1978-9). pi pipi pi pi pi /ute/
/ete/ /ite/: , , pi, , pi ( , 1997-98, 1976-77, 1978).
pi pipi
/ume/ /ome/: , , , ( , 1997-98, 1978). pi pipi pi /ude/ /de/ /de/ : , , , pi ( , 1997-98, 1976-77, 1977-78), , pi, , ( , 1997-98,
-
46
1977, 1978). pi pipi pi /de/ /de/ : , , , ( 1997-98, 1976, 1976-77).
pi pi
6: pi, , , , ( , 1997-98, 1976-77, 1978). pi pi pi
pi : pipi, , pi,
( , 1997-98, 1976, 1977), , pi ( , 1978-79).
pi pi -,
- pipi -, - : pi,
, , pi ( , 1997-98, 1977).
pi pi pi
pi, : / pi, / .pi., ( pi). pi pi pi
pi pipi pi: , , ,
( , , 1997-98, 1976, 1977-78).
pi - pi pi
: , , , ( , , 1993-4, 1980). pi pi: , ( ).
pi - pi pi
pi: pi , , pi ( pi). pipi, pi pi :
6 , (2008: 295).
-
47
) pi pi pi pi : , , , pipi
( , 1997-98, 1976-77, 1977), ) pi pi: , , , ( ,
1997-98, 1976-77, 1977). pi
/-ks/ /-s/ /-ps/ /-fs/: , , ( , 1997-98, 1977, 1978).
,
pi /k/ /s/: / .pi.,
.pi. (), , pi, , ( , 1997-98, 1977, 1978-79).
, pi pi : ( , 1997-98, 1976, 1976-77, 1977, 1978), , ( pi.) ( , , 1997-98, 1977), ( pi) ( , 1997-98, 1978-79, 1978). pi pi
-: , , , ( , 1997-8, 1977).
pi :
- //, /, /, ( pi) - / ( , 1997-98, 1976-77, 1977, 1977), ( , 1977), , / pi [ pi] ( , 1997-98, 1977), pi ( , 1997-98, 1977) - // (), , ( ), // ( , 1977), ( 1977), pi ( , 1977), ( , 1997-98, 1976)
-
48
- ( pi) - pi ( pi) - : , ,
pi ( pi).
2.3.2.2. pi
pi /tis/ /tsi/: , , ,
, pi ( , 1980, 1977). pi pi : , ( pi).
: (pi) , , , ( , , 1997-98, 1976-77, 1976-77).
, pi
pi -, -, pi,
pi / -: pi, , , pi, pipi ( , , 1997-98, 1984, 1976). pi -
pi : pi, , pi,
pi ( , , 1997-98, 1977). pi : ( pi). , , pi
- pi (pi ) -: , , , pi, ,
, pi ( , 1997-98, 1976-77, 1978-79).
, pi
pi , pi ,
-: , , , ( , 1997-98, 1977, 1980). , pi,
-
49
, pi -
- -, : pi, pi,
, ( , 1997-98, 1977, 1977). , , pipi - - - : , ,
, ( , 1984, 1976-77, 1977).
, pi
pi -: , , ,
( , , 1976-77, 1977, 1977-78). . , pi, pi -
pi - - : , ( , 1977, 1977).
pi, pi pi :
, ( , 1977-78). , , pi : ,
, pi, ( , , 1997-98, 1976-77).
, pi pi
pipi pi: pi, pi, pi, pipi
( , 1997-98, 1977, 1977). pi pi - pi -:
pi (), , , , pi (), (pi) ( , 1997-98, 1976-77, 1977-78).
pi - -/-: pi, () ( , 1977, 1978).
pi pi - -: ,
, , /, ( , , 1997-98, 1977, 1977).
-
50
pi : , , ,
, , , , (, , , 1997-98, 1993-4).
pi pi, pi
-/-/- :
////, /, ,
/, , pi/pi, / / , /
/, , , pi, / / /
, / , , //, ,
pi/pi/pi ( pi). , pi / ( ,
1977).
2.3.3. pipi pipi pi
pi, pi pipi pi
, pi pi,
pi, pi ,
pi , pi pi pi
. pi pi
.
2.3.3.1. pi (pipi .. 2007: 415), pi pi
pi. pi pi
pi pi pi
pi, pipi pi
pi ( , 2002: 264): pi ( ) ( 1997-98)
-
51
pi pi pi ( 1976) pi pi ( 1977).
2.3.3.2. pi ( , 2002: 262) pipi (pi.. , , , .pi.):
pi ( ) pi
( 1997-98) pi pi ( 1977) pi
( 1978-79). pi pi pi
pi (pi ):
pi pi ( ) pi. pi( 1976-77) pi / ( 1978-79 / 1976-77) pi / pi; ( 1977).
pi pi
pi () : pi
( 1976) ( 1977-78) ( 1997-98)
-
52
pi :
, pi
( ) (: ) ( 1997-98) pi pi .. ( 1976) pi pi pi pi ( 1977-78).
pi pi
pi , pipi pi
pi.
pi pi
pi pi (pipi .. 2007: 229): , pi / + pi
pi ,
/ + pi (pi. pi pi pi , . . 2006: 361-372).
pi : / + pi
:
, , , ( ) pi pipipi ( 1997-98) pi ( 1976) , ( 1977).
2.3.3.3. pi pi ( & pipi 2005: 478) pi pi pi, pi, (pi ) pi pi: / + pi ( : / /):
pi pi pi
( 1997-98)
-
53
pi pi . pi pi
( 1976-77) , pi...
pi , ( 1977) pi ( 1977-78).
pi pi
pi, , pi pi :
pi ! pi
pi ( ) ! ( 1997-98) pi ! ( 1976-77) pi pi, ( 1976-77).
2.3.3.4. pi pi ( pi pi ). , pi pi pi pi :
pipi ( ) , pi, ( 1997-98) , ( 1977) pi , ( 1976-77)
pi, pi pi
( , , 2002: 265): ( ) pi ( 1997-98)
-
54
pi ( 1977) pi ( 1977).
, pi pi
pi:
( ) pi pi ( 1997-98) pi ( 1977) ( 1976-77).
2.3.3.5. pi /pi ,
pi pi pi
pi pi , pi pi pi
pipi:
pi ( ) pi pi ( 1984) pi pi pi
( 1978-79) pi ( 1977-78).
pi pi pi
pi pi :
pi ,
( ) pi pi ( ) pi pi pi ( 1976-77).
, pi pi pi
:
-
55
. pi, ,
( ) pi pi
pi ( 1997-98) ( 1976-77) , , pi,
( 1977).
2.3.3.6. pi pi pi:
) pi + pi (pi) pi ( ) pi ( 1997-98) pi ( 1976-77)
) pi + + pi: pi : pi pi pi pi pi, pi
, ( ) pipi pi pi pi ( 1997-98) pi pi pi pi ( 1977).
2.3.4. pipi pi pi
, pi ,
pi .
,
, pipi
. pi pi
, pi
. pi pi
pi.
-
56
2.3.4.1. pi ( , 2002: 308):
pi pi ( ) , pi, pi
pi pi
( 1997-98) (: ) pi ! (, 1976-77) (: pi ) ( 1993-4).
pi (pi. 2002: 309):
pi pi ( ) pipi ( 1997-98) pi pi ( 1978-79) pi pi pi
pipi pi pi pi ( 1980). pi ( pi,
2002: 293-297, pipi, 1996: 231 ..): -, , , pi , pi
- -
pi-pi pi pi
- pi ( ) pi-pi pi pi ( 1997-98) pi-pi pi
( 1977) pi pi-
pi ( 1977-78).
-
57
, pi
pi, pi :
pi pi. , pi ( ) .... pipi
( 1977) .. ( 1977-78) pi .
pi ( 1997-98).
2.3.4.2. pi (pi. pi pi , & pipi 2005: 991):
pi pi ,
( ) pi pi ( 1993-4) pi
( 1976-77). pi
( pi pi pi ):
; ,
( ) ; .
( 1997-98) ; ( 1977) pi ; pi ( 1977-78).
-
58
pi pi
( pi): . pi .
pi pi. . pi.
pi ; . .
. pi pi ( ) pi
. pi pi . pi :
- pi; ;--; -. pi
pi. pi ( ) pi pi , pi
( 1978-79). , , pi
pi:
pi ( ) pi
( 1997-98) ( 1977-78) pi , ,
( 1978-79).
-
59
2.3.5. - pipi ,
pi ,
pi .
2.3.5.1. pi
. pipi :
) pi pi pi :
pi pi pi pi pi. pi
pi . , pi pi
( ) pi ( 1976) pi ( 1997-98) , ( 1980)
) pipi pi : pi ( 1978-79)
) : -,
pi ( ) , pi, , , pi ,
pi pi ( 1997-98) ) pi pi: , ; ; ( , 1997-98) ) pi /pi pi :
pi / pi pi/ pi pi ( 1977) pi ( 1978-79) pi ( 1980) ( 1977) pi ( 1976-77)
-
60
) pi pi pi: pi ( 1977) pi pi ( 1980)
) pi: pi ( 1997-98) pi -pi
( 1976-77) ) / / pi , pi pi:
pi . pi pi;
( ) pi pi pi , pi pi.
; pi
( ) pi ; ( ) pi; ( 1997-98) ; ( ) pi; ( 1997-98)
) pi, pi pi :
pi pi ( ) - pi; ;
- ; ( 1997-98) ; ( 1978-79) , ( 1977)
) : , ( ) ! pi; ( 1997-98).
-
61
2.3.5.2. pi pi pi
: < , pi < pi (: pi, ). : , , , pi, pi, .pi.
pi -,
pi : ( ), ( 1997-98), pi ( 1977), pi ( 1978-79).
pi pi
-: ( ), ( 1997-98), pi ( 1977).
pi pi -/-/-
:
pi ( ) , pi ( ) ( ) pi, pi , ( 1997-98) ( 1978-79).
-/- pi
pi : , pi
( ), ( 1997-98), ( 1997-98).
pi pi
pi :
) -, -pi, -pi: , , /, , pi, , pi, pi, pi, pi ( pi)
) - (): pi, , /, , /, , pi, pi ( , 1993-4, 1980).
pi , pi pi pi :
pi, , pi, pi ( , , 1997-98, 1976-77, 1980).
-
62
pi pi
pi ( pi, 2002: 105): ( ) ( 1997-98) ( 1977).
2.3.5.3. ( & pipi 2005: 100) pi pi (: ), (: ), pipi, , , (: pi , . pi pi , ), pi, pi. pi pi ( & pipi 2005: 99) pi pipi, pi pi (: pi , pi).
pi pi
( ) pi : (: ), (: ) (: , ).
pi pi
, pi , pi, pi pi,
pi pi pi pipi:
(: pipi) pi ( 1977-8) , pi (: pi) ( 1978-79).
pi pi
pi: ( 1980), pi ( ). pi pi pi -
pi : pi (: , ), (: pi pi , ), pi (: pi), (: -), (: , ). - -:
, , , .
-
63
, -, -
, - (: ): , , pi , ,
pi, , , , , pi.
2.3.5.4. pi + pi pi
(pi. 2002: 177): pi ( ), pi pi ( ), pi ( 1976), ( 1977-78). pi, pi pi pi : (pi) + pi.
2.3.5.5. pi , pi pi
pi:
. , .
. ( ) . , pi : pi
, , pi pi ( ) , pi ! , pi
pi pi ( 1997-98). , , :
, .
,pi . pi
; ( ) pi, pi, pi, , pi
pi pi , ( ) pi pi pipi, pi
, ( 1997-98).
: , pi , (: , ), , pi , ,
-
64
(: pi ), (: ). pipi pi (pi.) pi pi .
pi pi pi pi.. (: , , pi, , , ), (: , , ), (: , ), , pi . pi, pi pipi pi.. , pi, pi, ,
pi , , pi , , ,
, , pipi, , pi .
, pi pi pi
pi.. pi , (: pi ), (: ), pi . (, , , , , , , , , ).
2.3.6. 2 pi
pipi pi:
-
65
2: pi pi pipi
- - pi / pi pi - pi - pi/ pi
pi, pi, pi/ pi , pi / pi
pipi
- / pi [i] [e] - pi - - - [o] [ u] [e] [i] - [i] [u] - [e] [o]
pi, pi , ,
- - , pi , - - - ) pipi pi /u/ pi ) pi pipi pi /ute/ - pi ) pipi pi pi /ume/ ) pi pipi /ude/ /de/ ) pi pipi pi /u/ /o/ - pi pi pi. - pi /- - pi pi -pi pi - pi pi pi - pi - /-ks/, /-ps/ /k/
/
, pi
/
, pi , pi , pi
pi ,
pipi
- - pi. -/- - - pi - pi - - pi - pi - - pi - pi pi -
, pi pi
, , pi
-
66
pi pi pi pi
pi
- pi pipi - pi pi () pi : / + pi pi / + pi
pi pi pi pi pi
pi
- pi pi: / + pi - pi pipi pi
pi . pi !
- pi pi ( pi) - - pi
, pi pi pi pi pi pi
pi
- pi pi - pi pi
- /pi
pi pi pi pi
pipi
- pi + pi (pi) - pi + + pi: pi
pi pi pi
- - - pi
- pi, pi
pi pi - pi ,
pipi
-
-
- pi
pi pi
pi ; pi
. pi . pi ...
-
67
- pi
- / / , pi pi
- / pi pi
pi
;
- pi; - ; pi;
- pi pi - - pi -, pi - pi -/-/- - -/- pi - pi , -pi, - pi
-
68
2.4. pi pi pipi
pi -
pipi pi pi
. pi :
pi, . pi pi
.
2.4.1. : pi, ,
pi ( 1999: 599). pi pi , pi
pi ( & 2002: 203). , pi
, pi
pi.
pi pi
, pi
pi (pi. Garmendia & Agote 1997: 105). pi pi pi
pi. , pi pi pi
pi pi pi pi,
, ( 1999: 599-600).
pi
pi pi : pi,
(pi. Dorian 1973, 1980). pi pi pi:
-
69
pi
pipi (, .pi.)
pi , pi pi
pipi pi
pi (. 2.3). pipi ( 2001: 624). pi ( 60 ) pipi. ,
pi .
pi pi
pipi, pi
. pi, pi
pipi -, pi-pi .pi. pi
pi pi
, pi pi pi
pi pi pi pi pi
( 1999: 600). , pi pi, pi pipi
pi
pi pi pi.. pi pi .pi. (. 2.3.3.) pipi , pi pi
[ts] [k]. pi , pi pi pi / + pi (. 2.3.3.) pi . / pipi
(30 60 ).
-
70
pi pi
pi . ( 30 ) pi ,
pi pi (pi.. ), pi pi (pi.. , pi). pi pi
pi .
pi (. 2.5).
2.4.2. pi pipi pi
pi, pi pi -
pipi (pi. 2007: 402). pi , pi
pi . 73 , pi
pipi pi,
pipi.
pi (2007: 402) pi
pipi .
pi pi pi
pi: pi pi pi,
pi .
,
pi 60 pi pi ,
pi pipi . pi
, pi pipi
pi pi .
pi , pi
-
71
pi , pi pi
pi pi pi pi.
:
. pi -, . . , . : pi pi pi . pi ; ! pipi pi!. ( )
pipi pi. pipi pi . pi pipi, , pi pi pi! . ( 1997-98)
pi pi
pi pi,
. pi pi pi
,
pi. pi
pi pi.
, pipi.
pi
pi pi pi
, pi
. pi ,
.7
pipi pi ,
104 , , pi pi , ,
7 pi, pi pi: , pi , , pi pi pi, pi pi . , , pi ;, , pi-pi , pi. , , pi pi pi , .
-
72
(pi.. , , pi, pi .pi.), pi.
pi -
pi pi
. pi
pi pi pi . , pi
pi
(pi. Mnstermann 1989: 166-181). pipi pi pi pi pi pi
pi . pi
pi
pi pi ,
pi pi . pi
pi pi
pi pi pi
pipi.
, , pi
(1976), pipi pi . pi
pi pi .
(30 - 60 ) pi pi . , pi pi
pipi pi pi
pi pi .
, pi pi pi pipi
pi pipi
pi.
pi pi
(pi. Blanchet & Armstrong 2006: 259), pi pi pi pi , pi
-
73
, , pi .pi. pi
.
pi
pi pi 30 36 . pipi .
pi pipi,
pi pi .
, pi , 35 , pi, pi (pi.. pi [l], [n], [s], , , , pi, , , pi, pi .pi.). 36 , pi , pi, pi pi (pi.. , , pi, pi .pi.). 33 , . pi
pi pi . 30 , 18 pi
. pi pi .
pipi pi pi
pipi pi
pi pi
.
2.4.3. pi pi pi
pipi, .
pipi pi pi pi
,
pi. , pipi
pi
.
pi pipi , ,
, pi .
-
74
92 , . 65 , pi . 36 . pi pipi ,
pi 3, pi . pi
pi pi
pi.. /, /, / .pi.
pi , pi
, .
pipi
pi
pi . 84 , pi . 53 , pi . 32 .
pi . pi
pi
pi.. pi/ pi, pi/,
pi/pi .pi. , pi
pi , pi
.
3 pi pi
pi .
-
75
3:
pipi
-
pi, pi, pi, , pi, , , pi, pi, pi, pi, , , , pi,
, pi, , , , pi, , , , pi, pi, ,
pi, , pi, pi pi, ,
, -, pi ..
pi, ; pi, ; pi, , , , pi
, , pi, , , pi, , pi
, , , , , , ,
, ,
pi pi; pi
, , pi pi,
1
, , pi,
, , , , ,
,
pi.. pi, , pi
, , , , , pi, pi, pi, pi,
, , , pi, , , , , , ,
pi, , , pi, , pi
pi , pi,
, ,, pi , , pi,
, , pi
, , , pi, ,
------
pi, , , , pi 2
------------------ ----------
----------
---------- -----------------------
-
76
pi pi
pi pi pi
. , 78 76 , pi , . pi pi:
pi, , , , pi, , pi, ,
, , , , , , pi .pi.
pi , 34 37 , pi, pi
pi. , pi
/ , pi
pipi pi.. pi,
pi, , , pi, , , , pi,
, pi, pi , pi, , pi .pi. pi ,
, pi pi
pi, pi pi
pi pi pi: /,
, , pi, pi, , .pi.
, pi pi pi .
pi pi
pi, ,
.
2.5. pi pipi
pi pi pipi pi
pi 2007-2008. pi pi ,
pi pi pi
(Crystal 2000: 11). .
pi pi ,
pi pi pi pi
-
77
. , pi pi
pi pi
pi pi pi
.
pipi, pi
. pi, pi
, pipi
. pi pi
, pi pi
pi pi pi
.
2.5.1. pi pi pi
pi pi
pi
pi pi .
pi pi pi,
pi pi pi ,
pi (pi. Williams 1989: 197). pi : pi
, pi .
pi pi pi
. , pi
pi pi .
: : / , : / ,
: : , /: / pipi . pi, : -
pipi.
-
78
2.5.2. pi pi pi 283 pi
, pi
pi pipi . ( ). ) pipi: (), (),
(), pi, pi () (),
) pipi: (), ((), (), pi (), (), (), (), pi (), (), (), (), (), , pi (), pi (), pi (), (), (), (),
) pipi: pi (), pi (),
) pipi: pi pi (),
) - pipi: pi pi (= ) , pi ,pi ().
pi pi 29 pi (pi 10,25%) pipi pipi .
pi pi ,
pipi pi
. pi pi pi pi
pi, pi
pipi (62%), pi. ,
pi.
pipi
pi , pi pi
.
-
79
pi pi pi pi pi
, pi pi pi
pi pi.
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3.2.1.4. pi pi
,
pi pi pi pi.
-
124
pipi pi pipi, pi
pi ,
pi, pi
pi.
4 pi
pi 1976 pi , pi ,
.
pi pi ( )
- - (pi, )
- pipi - pi pi -
- - pi pi - pi pi
4: pi
