დაკითხვის თანამედროვე პრობლემები …. DISERTACIA UID dlib-0002-000374...2 თავი ii. მოწმისა და
სისტემური მსოფლმხედველობა და...
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mamuka macaberiZe, zurab gasitaSvili, ivane gorgiZe, guram javaxaZe sistemuri msoflmxedveloba da antikrizisuli strategiis problemebi sagamomcemlo saxli “teqnikuri universiteti” 2009
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Transcript of სისტემური მსოფლმხედველობა და...
mamuka macaberiZe, zurab gasitaSvili, ivane gorgiZe, guram javaxaZe
sistemuri msoflmxedveloba da antikrizisuli strategiis problemebi sagamomcemlo saxli “teqnikuri universiteti” 2009
eZRvneba uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad
saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia meoris
aRsaydrebidan ocdameTerTmete wlisTavs da misi maRalyovladusamRvdeloesobis, saqarTvelos samociqulo marTlmadidebluri eklesiis,
manglisisa da walkis eparqiis mmarTvelis, mitropolit, profesor
anania jafariZis 60 wlis iubiles
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anotacia monografiaSi aRwerilia sistemuri msoflmxedvelobis TvalsazrisiT sulieri gavlenis, rwmenis da codnis urTierTmimarTeba, marTvis, mecnieruli kvlevis problematikis fundamentur problemaTa tipologia. sistemuri msoflmxedveloba SeucvleliaAantikrizisuli problematikis damuSavebisaTvis. naSromSi ganxilulia ekonomikuri vardnis SeCerebis da lideris poziciis dabruneba – ganviTarebis amerikuli modelis zogierTi mniSvnelovani fragmenti, aseve iaponiis saocari ekonomikuri zrdis ZiriTad mizezTa zogad-konceptualuri Taviseburebani. aRwerilia Tanamedrove ”situaciuri centrebis” funqcionirebis strategiebi, sadac Rebuloben sakvanZo, sistemur gadawyvetilebebs mrewvelobisaTvis, ekonomikisa da politikisaTvis, sadac xdeba modelireba yvelanairi krizisuli situaciebisa, samxedro - politikuri xelmZRvanelobisa da sxvadasxva saxis swrafi reagirebis samsaxurebisaTvis. Mmonografia gankuTvlilia umaRlesi skolis yvela donis studentisaTvis da naSromSi ganxiluli problematikiT dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis.
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seria “marTva, gamoTvliTi teqnika, informatizacia” seriis redaqtori arCil frangiSvili recenzentebi: giorgi gogiCaiSvili saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis informatikisa da marTvis sistemebis fakultetis organizaciuli marTvis departamentis ufrosi, sruli profesori Tamaz obgaZe saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis informatikisa da marTvis sistemebis fakultetis sainJinro kibernetikisa da xelsawyoTmSeneblobis departamentis ufrosi sruli profesori
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Sinaarsi: Sesavlis magier sistemuri msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis qronologia akademikos iveri frangiSvilis mecnieruli memkvidreobis mcire fragmenti sistemuri azrovnebis sferodan
• rwmenisa da codnis sistemuri urTierTdamokidebuleba
• sistemur krizisTa winaaRmdeg brZolis sistemuri meTodebis raoba da topologia.
simdidre da siRaribe "RvTaebrivi" wonasworoba TviTorganizebadi sistemebi TviTorganizebadi sazogadoebebi da maTi
Seqmnis perspeqtivebi sistemuri da struqturuli krizisebis
gadaWris Tanamedrove meTodebi codna - yvelaze ZviradRirebuli
saqoneli . . . . . . . . . . . .
sistemuri msoflmxedveloba da saxelmwifo marTva – yvelaze efeqturi antikrizisuli RonisZieba Semoqmedis mier dawesebuli sistemaSemqmneli kategoriebi - sistemuri msoflmxedveloba, sulieri gavlena, codna da rwmena . . . . . . . . . . . sistemuri msoflmxedvelobis naTeli nimuSi - saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelis mosazrebebi Tanamedroveobis fundamentur problemebze . . . sityva "globalizaciis da civilizaciaTa dialogis
saerTaSoriso forumze" saqarTvelo da globalizacia, sakvirao qadageba -
"kulturaTa dialogi", sionis sapatriarqo taZari, 17 X 2004w. . . . . . . .
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qarTuli enis saRvTismetyvelo da sistemuri gaazreba uwmindesis da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia II-is qadagebebidan
sistemuroba daviT kakabaZesa da ivane javaxiSvilTan . . . . . . . . . . . daviT kakabaZis sulieri gavlenis sistemuri
safuZvlebi . . . . . . ivane javaxiSvilis sulieri gavlenis sistemuri
safuZvlebi . . . . ivane javaxiSvilis kredo . . . . . . . . . . . . ivane javaxiSvili da XX saukunis qarTuli
universiteti . . ivane javaxiSvili qarTveli eris kulturuli
memkvidreobisaTvis . . . ivane javaxiSvili – “mSeneblobis xelovneba Zvel
saqarTveloSi” . . . ivane javaxiSvilis samecniero memkvidreoba -
wyaroTmcodneoba da istoriografia . . . boloTqmis nacvlad . . . bibliografia . . .
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Sesavlis magier sistemuri msoflmxedvelobis erT-erTi gamovlineba, urTierToba rwmenasa da codnas Soris - es uZvelesi problemaa, romlis raobac jer kidev I-II saukuneebSi ganixileboda. amis damadasturebelia Sroma wmida klimenti aleqsandrielisa, romelsac ewodeba „stromata“ anu „xaliCebi“, sadac naTqvamia, rom orive, codnaca da rwmenac, aucilebelia adamianisaTvis. es udidesi mecnieri da filosofosi ambobs, rom pirveladi aris rwmena da masze aris daSenebuli codna. bolos igi saocar daskvnas akeTebs da ambobs, rom mxolod morwmune adamiani aris mona RvTisa, xolo morwmune ganaTlebuli adamiani aris megobari RvTisa da rom safuZveli amisa aris TviTon saxarebaSi, roca ufali Cveni ieso qriste mimarTavs Tavis mociqulebs da eubneba: „megobarno Cemno; me ar giwodebT Tqven monas, aramed megobars, radgan Tqven ukve yvelaferi iciT, rac gadmogeciT“. rwmenis, zneobis da mecnieruli dasabuTebis gareSe keTildReobis sazogadoebis Teoriis Seqmnis mcdeloba sruldeba sistemuri krizisiT. aRniSnulis mkafio magaliTia dRevandeli aramdgradi globaluri mdgomareoba. dRes bevri cdilobs gaerkves 2008 wlis globaluri krizisis gamomwvevi mizezebis raobaSi. vis ar adanaSauleben: aSS-s ipoTekis bankebs, e.w. hej-fondebs, navTobis eqsportiorebs da sxva mraval faqtors. iseTi suraTi iqmneba sistemur ekonomikur da finansur krizisTan dakavSirebiT, rom am koliziebis gamomwvevi mizezis Ziebaze ki araa saubari aramed mxolod krizisis simptomebis “mkurnalobaze” rac “daavadebas” verafers daaklebs. ramdenic ar unda vimsjeloT, sistemuri krizisi daiwyo finansuri sferodan, imdenad ramdenadac fuli warmoadgens Cveni urTierT - damokidebulebis ekvivalents, swored adamianTa Soris
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urTierTdamokidebulebaSia saZebneli dRevadeli krizisis gamomwvevi mizezebi. sazogadoebis mudmivad mzardma egoisturma midrekilebebma sxvadasxva tipis siamovnebebisadmi, kacobrioba moiyvana dRevandel dRemde sadac Cven urTierT damokidebulni varT globalizaciis procesis gamo da erTi bankis kraxi iwvevs “jaWvur reaqcias” sxva bankebis monawileobiT. sabanko sfero daemsgavsa qviSisgan agebul sasaxles, romlis erTi segmentis destruqcia uciloblad ainicirebs “dominos principad” wodebul procesebs da rac realurad ukve ganxorcielda msoflio sabanko da safinanso sferoebSi. 2008 welSi dawyebulma krizisma kidev erTxel daarwmuna kacobrioba imaSi, rom yvela, globalizaciis gamo, isea erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, rom egoisturi miswrafebebis gamovlena sxvaTa mimarT SeuZlebelia kompensirebuli iqnas “TamaSis wesebis” gadaxalisebiT an SecvliT. swored aRniSnuli gamovlinda dRevandeli finansuri krizisisas, radgan fuli aris adamianis egoizmis, Zalisxmevisa da siamovnebis ekvivalenturi gamovlineba da igi (fuli) aris Cveni egoizmis hipertrofirebuli maxasiaTebeli. rogorc ki daiwyo krizisi cxadi gaxda rom sazogadoeba gadaxdis uunaro aRmoCnda, im mizeziTac rom Seqmnili materialuri dovlaTi gacilebiT naklebi iyo mzardi egoizmis gamovlinebaSi gamoxatul fulis masasTan da daiwyo Seuqcevadi procesebi amgvari “finansuri piramidebis” rRvevisa. magram es krizisi, ar unda aRviqvaT gamouval Cixad, igi gvaiZulebs axali, gamWvirvale da mkafio urTierT damokidebulebebiT, ufro usafrTxo gavxadoT msoflio safinanso da ekonomikuri sistemebi. dRes SeuZlebelia erTi saxelmwifo iyos warmatebuli da masze gavlenas ar axdendes meore saxelmwifoSi dawyebuli koliziebi.
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amJamindeli globaluri krizisis Sedegad, evropamac da aSS-mac kursi aiRes ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis gaZlierebaze, anu Tavisufali bazridan regulirebad bazarze gadasvlaze. bunebrivia, TiToeuli maTgani efeqturi marTvis sakuTari meqanizmis Ziebas iwyebs. cxovrebis done dasavleTis qveynebSi arsebiTad zemomxmareblobisa da momgebianobis xarjzea aweuli. ekonomikuri krizisi am qveynebSi mkveTrad daaqveiTebs cxovrebis dones. es, samwuxarod, mTeli ZaliT Cvenc Segvexeba. amitom Cven saswrafod unda gamovZebnoT Seqmnili mdgomareobidan gamosavali gzebi. magram, upirveles yovlisa, is unda gaviazroT, ra gziT gvmarTebs svla. Cveni reformatorebi varaudobdnen, rom Tavisufal fasebsa da kerZo sakuTrebaze “erTi naxtomiT” gadasvla bazars saxelmwifos regulirebis gareSe funqcionirebis dawyebis saSualebas miscemda. maT ekonomikidan saxelmwifos wasvlis aucilobleba gamoacxades da mxari dauWires mTlian Sida produqtTan mimarTebaSi saxelmwifo xarjebis wilis mkveTr Semcirebas. aseTi mcdari receptebis realizacia mosaxleobis didi nawilis Semzaravi gaRatakebiT Semogvibrunda. dRes reformebis msvlelobaze im maCvenebliT msjelobas amjobineben, romlebic ar asaxaven sazogadoebis realur mdgomareobas. reformebis miRwevebs miakuTvneben: oqro-savaluto rezervebis dagrovebas, udeficito biujets, mTliani Sida produqtisa da mosaxleobis realuri Semosavlebis zrdis tempebs. amasTan erTad, reformebis gavlena adamianebis cxovrebis yvelaze mniSvnelovan mxareebze, (iseTebze, rogoricaa mosaxleobis cxovrebis xarisxi, anu realuri materialuri donis amaRleba, sicocxlis xangrZlivoba, samedicino momsaxurebisa da sapensio uzrunvelyofis gaumjobeseba, ganaTlebis, kulturis, mecnierebisa da sxva mniSvnelovani maCveneblebi) situacias ki ar aumjobesebs, aramed auaresebs. reformirebisas gardaqmnaTa socialuri mdgeneli, samwuxarod, mxedvelobis miRma aRmoCnda.
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sabazro TviTregulirebam ar gaamarTla, rac iyo kidec mosalodneli. aseTi ram maSin xdeba, roca sxva qveynis modelis gadmoRebas vcdilobT da ar viTvaliswinebT sakuTar Taviseburebebs. amis Sedegad miviReT warmoebis warmoudgeneli daqveiTeba, mosaxleobis udidesi nawilis arnaxuli gaRatakeba da socialuri uTanasworobis warmoudgeneli zrda, xolo am yvelafris gamo, socialur-politikuri arastabiluroba. ramdenadac Cven msoflios nawils warmovadgenT, sistemuri krizisidan gamosasvleli gzac erTi gvaqvs – esaa daCqarebuli msoflio teqnikuri progresi, teqnologiuri sazogadoeba da teqnologiuri civilizacia. amis Sedegad materialuri aqtivebis mkveTri gazrda. amisaTvis saWiroa mrewvelobis, soflis meurneobis, gadamamuSavebeli dargis saswrafo ganviTareba da, upirveles yovlisa, saSualo da mcire sawarmoTa doneze. magram uciloblad uaryofiT Sedegs miviRebT, Tu sworad ar vmarTavT. xolo imisaTvis, rom vmarToT, saWiroa strategiuli miznis gansazRvra - erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi ideis gansazRvra, rac sistemuri msoflmxedvelobis gareSe SeuZlebelia. sistemuri msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis qronologia sistemurobis elementebi, Tavdapirvelad, adamianis miTologiur azrovnebaSi gamoCnda - homerosis (Homeros 800-750 Zv.w.) miTebi atareben sistematizebisa da racionalobis formebs. Zveli berZeni poetis hesiodis (Hesiod - 700 Zv.w.) „Teogonia“-Si (The Theogony) aRwerilia samyaros dabadeba pirveladi qaosisagan, raSic samyaros erTianobis idea SeiZleba davinaxoT. „Teogonia“-Si kosmologiuri procesi aRwerilia analogiebiT, rogorc TandaTanobiTi dabadeba RmerTebisa(Theogonia, or Genealogy of the Gods), rac Tavis mxriv „Teogoniis“ - sistemur mowesrigebulobaze metyvelebs.
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sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kvaldakval, miTologiuri cnobiereba winaaRmdegobaSi movida praqtikasTan da mis safuZvelze Seqmnil codnasTan, amitom saWiro gaxda iseTi sistemis Seqmna, romelic erTi mxriv mianiWebda adamians msoflmxedvelobriv orientacias da meore mxriv es sistema damyarebuli iqneboda garkveul codnaze, amgvari roli, im periodSi, Camoyalibebadma filosofiam ikisra. pirvelad, antikur filosofiaSi Camoyalibda termini „sistema“ rac mowesrigebulobisa da mTlianobis maxasiaTebeli iyo. filosofosebi eZebdnen im „raRacas“ rac aerTianebda yvelafers samyaroSi. samyaro ganixileboda rogorc erTi mTliani, rogorc sistema, romelsac erTi pirvelsawyisi aqvs. amasTan ismeboda kiTxva: SesaZlebelia Tu ara SeviswavloT, aRviqvaT, SevimecnoT da avxsnaT mTeli buneba misi calkeuli nawilebis Secnobis xarjze. cneba „yofierebisa“ pirvelad Semoitana filosofosma parmenidma (Parmenides 540 - 450 Zv.w) da ganixila problema urTierTmimarTebisa yofierebasa da arayofierebas. yofierebasa da azrovnebas Soris. yofiereba es isaa, rac yovelTvis aris, is erTiania, maradiulia, ganuyofelia da uZravia. demokrites (Democritus 460 - 370 Zv.w) atomisturi swavlebiT, daibada idea pirvelwyaroTa simravlisa, romelic mdgomareobda erTiani samyaros konstruirebaSi umciresi da dauyofadi nawilakebisagan - atomebisagan, amiT aixsneboda mravali formis arseboba rac ganisazRvreboda atomebis sxvadasxva TanafardobebiT. sistemuri SexedulebiT samyaros agebulebaze xasiaTdeboda aristoteles (Aristoteles 384 - 322 Zv.w) moZRvreba, sadac, ZvelberZnul filosofiaSi dagrovili codna, sistematizebuli da ganzogadebuli iyo. aristotele amtkicebda, rom warmoudgenelia nivTi da
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moZraoba(ganviTareba) im mizezis gareSe, romelic ganpirobebulia garkveuli mizandasaxulobiT. sityva „sistema“ gaCnda Zvel eladaSi 2000-2500 wlis winaT da aRniSnavda: „Tanwyobas, organizms, mowyobilobas, organizacias, wyobas, kavSirs“. garda aRniSnulisa, „sistema“, gamoxatavda qmedunarianobis Sedegs. XV- saukuneSi yofierebis, rogorc kosmosis definicia icvleba sistemiT - samyaro aRiqmeba rogorc, adamianisagan damoukidebeli sistema, romelsac gaaCnia organizebulobis, ierarqiulobis, imanenturi [laTinurad Immanens (Immanentis ) - sagnis bunebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlena] kanonebis da suverenuli struqturis sakuTari tipi. yvela epoqis moazrovne adamiani, azrovnebda sistemurad, risi magaliTicaa platonis (Pláton 428 - 347 Zv.w) filosofiuri sistema, aristoteles (Aristotel 384 - 322 Zv.w) loRikis sistema, hegelis (Hegel 1770 - 1831) filosofia da kantis (Kant 1724 – 1804) idealizmi, ptolomeusis (Ptolomeus 100 - 170 ax.w), kepleris (Kepler 1571- 1630), galileis (Galilei 1564 – 1642 ) astronomiuli sistemebi, vinerisa (Wiener 1894–1964) da eSbis (Ashby 1903 - 1972) kibernetikis sistemebi. sistemurobis mecnieruli formebi viTardeba XVI-XVIII- saukuneebSi, antikuri epoqis pirmSo ganviTarda spinozasa (Spinoza, Espinosa 1632-1677) da leibnicis (Leibniz 1646 - 1716) SexedulebaTa wyalobiT, romelnic cdilobdnen samyaros sistemurobis interpretirebas. sistemurobis ideaa kopernikis (Copernicus, Kopernik 1473 – 1543) heliocentrizmSi da laplasis (Laplace 1749 – 1827) kosmogenur TeoriaSi. XVIII-saukunidan iwyeba sistemuri msoflmxedvelobis intensiuri ganviTareba, spinoza (Spinoza, Espinosa) loRikas ganixilavda rogorc, sayovelTao wesrigisa da kavSirebis gamoxatvis meTods, igi sxeuls da mis
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garemocvas erT mTlianad Tvlida - rac sistemuri azrovnebis calsaxa gamovlinebaa. amave periodSi, iwyeba cneba „sistema“-s aqtiuri gamoyeneba mecnierebaSi - germaneli filosofosi da maTematikosi lamberti (Lambert 1728-1777) aRniSnavda, rom „rogorc mecniereba, ise misi nawili aris sistema, radgan sistema ideebisa da principebis Serwymaa, rac erTi mTlianis saxiT SeiZleba warmovidginoT. sistemaSi unda iyos subordinacia da koordinacia.“ e. kanti (Kant) Tvlida, rom sistema esaa codnaTa erToblioba, romelic erTiandeba erTi saerTo ideiT. hegeli (Hegel) aRniSnavda, rom „konkretuli idea romelic viTardeba aris organuli sistema, es erTobliobaa romelic mravali safexurisa da momentisagan Sedgeba.“ sistemuri warmodgenebis gansakuTrebulad swrafi ganviTareba daiwyo XIX-saukunis Sua wlebidan, am droidan Cndebian sistemur-struqturuli Teoriebi biologiasa da qimiaSi. fundamenturi Teoriebis koncefciebis Seqmnisas - einSteinis (Einstein 1879 – 1955) fizika, lobaCevskisa (Lobachevsky 1793–1856) da rimanis (Riemann 1826 – 1866) geometria, farTovdeboda monacemebi sistemuri principebis Sesaxeb samyaros obieqturi SeswavlisaTvis. XIX-saukunis bolosaTvis maTematikosebi iwyeben iseTi Tematikebis damuSavebas, rac Zalze axlos dgas - organizaciis TeoriasTan, pirvel rigSi esaa topologiis zogierTi sfero da diferencialur gantolebaTa Teoria. miuxedavad, sistemis cnebis uZvelesi droidan arsebobisa, misi damoukidebel mecnierul kategoriad Camoyalibeba daiwyo XX-saukunis 30-iani wlebidan, am perioodidan iwyeba „sistemaTa zogadi Teoriis“ (General System Theory) ZiriTad ideaTa wardgena Cikagos universitetSi, 1937-1938 w.w., wakiTxul leqciaTa ciklSi ludvig fon
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bertalanfis (L. von Bertalanffy 1901 - 1972) mier, am Tematikis pirveli publikaciebi ganekuTvneba 1947-1950 wlebs. ufro adre XX-saukunis 20-ian wlebSi ingliselma maTematikosma a.n. uaithedma (White head 1861 – 1947) Camoayaliba procesebze orientirebuli filosofiuri sistema. imave dros fsiqologma u. kenonma (Walter Cannon 1871–1945) Seqmna homeostazis koncefcia, romlis saSualebiTac SesaZlebelia dinamiuri wonasworobis SenarCuneba. homeostazisi (berZnuli Homoios – erTnairi, msgavsi da stasis - mdgomareoba) aris cocxal organizmTa Tviseba kvebon “Sinagani garemo” imisaTvis rom am cocxalma ujredebma normalurad ifunqcioniron. konkretuli sistemis unars damoukideblad uzrunvelyos homeostazisi - am sistemas axasiaTebs rogorc mdgrads, xolo mdgomareoba roca sistema mdgradia, iwodeba “stabilur mdgomareobad”. homeostazisis funqcia, rac uzrunvelyofs organizmis sasicocxlo sistemuri parametrebis mudmiv dinamikas, pirvelad Semoitana kibernetikosma u.r. eSbim (Ashby) . XIX-saukunis bolodan maTematikosebi dainteresdnen iseTi problemebiT, romelnic Tavisi arsiT, uaxlovdebian organizaciul Teorias; pirvel yovlisa, esaa topologiis zogierTi sfero da diferencialur gantolebaTa Teoria. organizaciis Teoriis sferos ganekuTvneba a. bogdanovis (Alexander Bogdanov 1873 - 1928) (namdvili gvaria - malinovski - Alexsander Malinovski) samtomeuli – “teqtologia. sayovelTao organizaciuli mecniereba” («Тектология. Всеобщая организационная наука»), rusulad gamoica 1911-1926 wlebSi, sayuradReboa, rom amave wignis germanuli varianti gamoica 1928 wels da farTo gansjis obieqti gaxda imdroindel germaniaSi. a.bogdanovis azriT: erTxel Camoyalibebul organizacias uCndeba “sakuTari miznebi”, erT-erTi am mizanTagani aris
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– “stabilobis SenarCuneba”, rac vlindeba “konservatulobis” funqciaSi. yvela saxis sistema xasiaTdeba ori urTierTsapirispiro sawyisiT: labilobiT(plastiuroba) da konservatiulobiT. labiloba – esaa, garemoebebis mimarT, swrafi adaptirebisa da Seguebis unari. konservatuloba ki labilobis sapirispiro movlenaa. a.bogdanovma Semoitana cneba “dadebiTi da uaryofiTi seleqciisa, dadebiTi da uaryofiTi SerCevisa”, rac darvinis evoluciis Teoriis gagrZelebaa. dadebiTi seleqciisas sistema garemos xarjze zrdis Sida kavSirebis raodenobas, sakuTar sirTules da funqcionirebis efeqturobas, magram “dadebiT seleqciasTan” erTad izrdeba sistemis Sida winaaRmdegobrioba, misi calkeuli nawilebi, droTa ganmavlobaSi, gadaiqcevian ra met-naklebad avtonomiur organizmebad, gamoimuSaveben damoukidebel miznebs, Tu amgvari miznebis miRwevis garkveuli saSualebani arsebobs, am avtonomiur nawilebs SeuZliaT daiwyon moqmedeba sistemis saerTo miznebis winaaRmdeg. “uaryofiTi seleqcia” sistemas aSorebs yvela feTqebadsaSiS keras, Trgunavs organizaciis Sida antagonizms, zrdis mis(sistemis) erTgvarovnobas da struiqturul mdgradobas, magram amave dros “uaryofiTi seleqcia” mkveTrad amcirebs organizaciis funqcionalur efeqturobas. a.bogdanovis Teoriis da kerZod misi “dadebiTi da uaryofiTi seleqciis” praqtikaSi gamoyenebis kvali kargad Cans XX-saukunis dasawyisis yvela totalitaruli reJimis da Semdgomi periodis kvazi-demokratiuli sistemebis saxelmwifo marTvis teqnologiebSi, romelTa zedapiruli analiziTac ki cxadad Cans, rom, rac miuRebelia totalitaruli da kvazi- an fsevdo-demokratiuli sistemebisaTvis - rac xels uSlis totalitarizmis, fsevdo-demokratiulobis, despotizmis ganmxorcieleblebT, mas “aSoreben” ese igi spoben, anadgureben, raTa SenarCunebuli iqnes totalitarizmi da sxva marginaluri tipis sistema.
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istoriam daadastura, rom a. bogdanovis rekomendaciebma “dadebiTi da uaryofiTi seleqciis” Sesaxeb, ver ixsna verc erTi totalitaruli reJimi, verc sabWoTa kavSiri da verc faSisturi germania (sadac 1928 wlidan intensiurad msjelobdnen a.bogdanovis Teoriaze) da verc sxva marginaluri reJimi ver gaeqca(da albaT momavalSic ase iqneba) mkacr pasuxisgebas istoriis samsjavroze. ise rom, antiadamianuri moZRvrebebi yovelTvis kontrproduqtiulebi arian da sulieri gavlenis procesis sapirispirod, istoriuli TvalsazrisiT drois mxolod mcire monakveTSi arian sicocxlisunarianni, magaliTisTvis komunizmi da faSizmic kmara, TavianTi xanmokle funqcionirebiT (istoriis TvalsazrisiT) da samarcxvino aRsasruliT. “katastrofebis Teoriis” (Catastrophe Theory) SeqmnaSi wamyvani roli Seasrula frangma filosofosma da maTematikosma rene tomma (René Thom 1923 - 2002). maTematikurma meTodebma ganapirobes, sxvadasxva bunebis sistemaTa, gardaqmnis (gadawyobis - bifurkaciis) unaris aRmoCena. bifurkaciebi vlindebian ara mxolod fizikur sistemebSi, aramed biologiaSi, ekologiaSi, ekonomikasa da politikaSi. magaliTad Tu cocxal sistemaSi, romelime parametri gadalaxavs sakuTar kritikul (bifurkaciul, laTinurad - bifurcus, bifurcations ) mniSvnelobas, am SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia daiwyos biosistemis axal mdgomareobaSi gadasvlis Seuqcevadi procesi, romlis Sedegebis winaswari prognozireba SeuZlebelia. “sistemis” cnebis definicia dRemde araa bolomde dadgenili da sayovelTaod SeTanxmebuli, XX-saukunis 50-60 wlebSi dawyebulma “sistemurma bumma” ara Tu Seamcira, aramed gazarda kidec gaurkvevloba am sakiTxSi. dReisaTvis cneba “sistema” sxvadasxvanairadaa ganmartebuli Sesabamis literaturaSi.
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XX-saukunis Sua periodidan, rTuli teqnikuri sistemebis gaCenisTanave iwyo mateba kompleqsurobis da problemaTa sirTulis xarisxma. danaxarjebma, sxvadasxva gadawyvetaTa realizaciisaTvis, miaRwies arnaxul moculobebs, xolo warumateblobis riski ki sul ufro sagrZnobi xdeboda. saWiro gaxda sul ufro mravalricxovani, urTierTdakavSirebuli faqtorebis aRricxva drois mcire monakveTSi. aman moiTxova iseTi meTodebi, romelnic saSualebas iZleodnen gaenalizebinaT rTuli problemebi erTian kompleqsSi, mravali alternativis ganxilviT, sadac TiToeuli(alternativa) aRwerilia cvladebis didi ricxviT. amgvarma farTo ganzogadebam da ganviTarebam warmoSva problemaTa gadawyvetis universaluri meTodologia, romelsac “sistemuri analizi” ewoda. sistemuri msoflmxedvelobis CamoyalibebaSi didi roli iTamaSa gamokvlevebma marTvis Teoriis dargSi. kibernetikis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli n. vineri (Norbert Wiener) arwmunebda sazogadoebas marTvis erTnairi meqanizmebiao manqanebSi da cocxal organizmebSi. kibernetikam, sistemur msoflmxedvelobaSi, Seitana sxvadasxva sirTulis organizaciaTa marTulobis idea. kibernetikis mTavar SezRudulobad da muxruWad iqca “Savi yuTis” koncefcia – gamosakvlevi obieqti ganixileboda rogorc mxolod funqcionaluri kavSiri sistemis Sesasvlelebsa da gamosasvlelebze, magram rogor realizdeboda es kavSirebi obieqtis struqturaSi (“Sav yuTSi”), kibernetikas ar ainteresebda. Tumca umniSvnelovanesia ara marto is, rac xdeba, aramed isic Tu ratom xdeba, amitom sistemaTa Teoriis Semdgomi ganviTareba SesaZlebeli gaxda mxolod “Savi yuTis” SigTavsis gaSifriT. codnaTa sistemur TviTorganizaciaSi fiqsirdeba gamocdileba - warsulze, dRevandelze da momavalze, rogorc sistemisaTvis aseve garemosaTvis. am codnaze dayrdnobiT formirdeba momavlis prognozi, rac
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gansazRvravs strategiul miznebs da misken mimaval gzebs. rTuli da hiperrTuli sistemebi TviTorganizdebian ierarqiuli principiT. TviTorganizebis Teorias swavlobs mecnierebis dargi, romelsac sinergetika ewodeba. gansakuTrebul interess warmoadgens TviTorganizebadi sistemebis mizanmimarTuli Seqmna, rac niSnavs aRmasvlas kibernetikis klasikuri meTodebidan - sinergetikis Tanamedrove ideebisaken. sinergetika warmodgenilia, rogorc integraluri mecniereba da swavlobs TviTorganizebis koleqtiur gamovlinebas, codnis yvela dargis erTdrouli gamoyenebiT, iZleva pasuxs TiTqmis yvela kiTxvaze samyaros cocxal da aracocxalze, ekonomikasa da politikaze. Zalze mniSvnelovania sistemuri midgomebis cnobili mkvlevaris, akademikos iveri frangiSvilis Sromebi, sadac axleburadaa danaxuli sistemis fundamenturi problemebi. saxelganTqmul mecniers safuZvlianad aqvs gamokvleuli rwmenisa da codnis, religiisa da ideologiis, sistemur krizisTa winaaRmdeg brZolis, simdidris da siRaribis, "oqros proporciulobis", TviTorganizebadi sistemebis, TviTorganizebadi sazogadoebebis Seqmnis da sxva mravali fundamenturi problema. aq mxolod ramodenime mimarTulebas SevexebiT, akademikos iveri frangiSvilis umdidresi samecniero memkvidreobidan. akademikos iveri frangiSvilis mecnieruli memkvidreobis mcire fragmenti sistemuri azrovnebis sferodan
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akademikosi iveri frangiSvili rwmenisa da codnis sistemuri urTierTdamokidebuleba religia, mecnierebisagan gansxeavebiT, am kiTxvas, sxva safuZvelze dayrdnobiT pasuxobs da amitom daskvnebic sruliad gansxvavebulia. evoluciuri Teoriis ZiriTadi principia - sicocxlis yvela formis TanadaTanobiTi ganviTareba, TviT adamianis cnobierebis CaTvliT. masSi igulisxmeba religiuri sferoc - evoluciis Tanaxmad, religiac udablesi formebidan (fetiSizmi, animizmi, sabeizmi da a. S.) aRmavali xaziT viTardeboda monoTeizmisken. es idoeologiuri pozicia, sul cota, or principul Secdomas Seicavs:
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pirveli Secdoma - saTanado safuZvlis gareSe sicocxlis yvela formisadmi evoluciuri Teoriis upirobo misadageba da gamoyenebaa. saqme isaa, rom evoluciuri Teoria biologiis TvalsazrisiTac ar aris damajerebeli, rasac mecnieruli debulebebic cxadyofen:
• mecnierebam ar icis kanoni, romelic materias (atomebsa da molekulebs) cocxal ujredad gardaqmnida, miTumetes, gonebas warmoSobda. saxelganTqmuli kanadeli biologi, profesori da Tavisi mrwamsiT agnostikosi, m.riuzi adamianis gonebis e.w. evoluciuri gziT warmoSobaze werda: „dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom biologiuri Teoria da eqsperimentuli praqtika garkveviT adasturebs sapirispiros. Tanamedroee Teoriul biologiaSi ar arsebobs iseTi ram, rac gonebis warmoqmnis gardauval aucileblobas dauSvebda“.
• molekulebis SemTxveviTi gadajaWvis Sedegad sicocxlis warmoSobis albaToba metismetad
mcirea da zogierTi gamoTvliT igi udris 10-255 -s. amerikeli mecnieris, kastleris, TqmiT, swored amitom, „sicocxlis aseTnairad warmoqmna, faqtobrivad, SeuZlebelia“; „varaudi, rom cocxali struqtura molekulebis SemTxveviTi SeerTebiT SeiZleboda gaCeniliyo, unda uarvyoT“. sxva amerikeli mecnier-biologi amave azrs aseTi SedarebiT gamoxatavs: „ albaToba, rom ujredi TavisTavad gaCnda, sul cota, imis albaTobas udris, rom romelime maimuns SeuZlia, bibliis sruli teqsti 400-jer dabeWdos da erTi Secdomac ki ar dauSvas“.
• erTi saxeobidan meoris warmoSobaze evoluciuri Teoris mTavari Tezisi usafuZvloa, yovel SemTxeevaSi, maRalorganizebuli formebis SemTxeevaSi mainc.
• dRemde, TviT cneba „sicocxle“ scildeba SesaZlo mecnierul codnas, radgan igi (sicocxle), Turme, mxolod materialuri elementebis gansakuTrebuli SeerTeba ki ara, principulad gamorCeuli da
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bevrad meti ram aris, rac, upiratesad, adamians exeba.
aTeisturi ideologiis meore Secdomaa, erTi mxriv, religiis udablesi formebis dRemde arsebobis ugulebelyofa (ara marto e. w. primitiul xalxebs Soris, aramed umaRlesi civilizaciis qveynebSic); meore mxriv ki imis aRiareba, rom xdeba religiuri cnobierebis aSkara da ufro da ufro Rrma gadagvareba SedarebiT ganviTarebul sazogadoebaSi, sadac qristianobas aviwroebs okultizmi, magia, astrologia, „axali eris“ sxvadasxva cru religia. maSasadame, TvalnaTelia religiuri cnobierebis ara evolucia, aramed aSkara involucia, rac ideologiis amosaval Teziss ewinaaRmdegeba. qristianoba biblias efuZneba. mis pirvelsave striqonebSi laparakia monoTeizmis dasabamiTobaze. moses aT mcnebaSi erTi RmerTis Tayvaniscema upirvelesi mcnebaa. es moTxovna iseve, rogorc Zvel aRTqmaSi, axal aRTqmaSic grZeldeba da dabejiTebiT da mravalgzis meordeba. bibliis damowmebis obieqturi safuZvelia is, rom biblia erT-erTi uZvelesi werilobiTi wyaroa, romlis istoriuli utyuarobac sul ufro da ufro dasturdeba mecnieruli gamokvlevebiTac. amitomac, arsebobs sakmao safuZveli, raTa iTqvas, rom pirveli adamianebis religia iyo monoTeisturi (erTRmerTianoba), xolo sxva religiuri formebi mogvianebiT, adamianis religiuri cnobierebis degradaciis Sedegad gaCnda, rasac Sesabamisi mizezebi hqonda. adamianis Tavis tvinSi rwmenasa da mecnierebaze sxvadasxva naxevarsferoebia pasuxismgebeli, ase magaliTad: rwmena, warmosaxviTi azrovneba, ferwera, musika – eseni tvinis marjvena naxevarsferos produqtia, xolo mecniereba (loRika da goni) – marcxena naxevarsferos produqtia. rwmenis gareSe, adamianTa nebismieri civilizacia dasaRupadaa ganwiruli, radgan religia da rwmena qmnis
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civilizaciis zneobriv da sulier Semgueblobas gare da Sida destruqtivizmebis mimarT. adamianis Tavis tvinis kvlevebiT dadginda, rom tvinis locvismieri aqtivaciisas Zlierdeba samyaros aRqmis unari da intuicia, xolo sustdeba goneba da loRikuri azrovneba. codnisa da rTuli globaluri procesebis epoqaSi, gazrdilia adamianTa ltolva uflisadmi, radgan RmerTi da adamianTa realoba ganuyofelia, radgan rwmena ufro grZnobad aRqmas exeba vidre cnobierebas. mecniereba, romelic dafuZvnebulia mxolod eqsperimentul kvlevebze, ver pasuxobs Tanamedroveobis aqtualur gamowvevebs, da Tan dRevandeli kacobriobis fundamenturi sakiTxebi mxolod mecnieruli midgomebiT ver aixsneba, Tan dRevandeli mecniereba materialisturi Sexedulebebis tyvea da saerTod ver erkveva aramaterialuri samyaros sakiTxebSi. religia da filosofiac xsnian kacobriobis mraval fundamentur problemas, magram filosofia, religiisagan gansxvavebiT, araa yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomi, maSin roca religia sayovelTaoa. religiis dasabuTebebi zogadsakacobrioa da yvelasaTvis gasagebia. swavlulTa Soris mimdinarebs dava religiisa da mecnierebis urTierTqmedebis Sesaxeb. erTni Tvlian rom mecniereba da religia unda gaurbodnen erTmaneTs, xolo meoreni ki acxadeben rom religia da mecniereba unda daaxlovdes da mWidrod TanamSromlobdnen erTmaneTTan. religiisa da mecnierebis TanamSromlobis mowinaaRmdegeni gamoTqvaven rig pretenziebs religiisadmi. mTavari pretenzia religiisadmi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Tu mecnierebaSi, droTa ganmavlobaSi, erTi paradigma icvleba meoreTi, religiaSi, mecnierebisgan gansxvavebiT, mudmivi paradigmebia. magaliTad, optikaSi, 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi,
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samjer Seicvala paradigma, Tavdapirveli korpuskularuli paradigma, Semdgom Seicvala talRuriT, bolos ki Camoyalibda Tanamedrove korposkularul-talRuri paradigma, romelic SesaZlebelia momavalSi kidev Seicvalos, raTa miRweul iqnas mecnieruli WeSmariteba. aRniSnulisgan gansxvavebiT religia imTaviTve cnobs absolutur WeSmaritebas da qristianoba bolo 2000 welia cnobs erT, mudmiv, ucvlel paradigmas: yovlisSemZle ufali, qalwulebrivi Casaxva, mkvdreTiT aRdgoma, sulis ukvdaveba da sxva. zogadad religia da mecniereba arc SeiZleba iyvnen dapirispirebulni, ufro metic, religia da mecniereba erT-urTs avseben, radgan mecniereba arkvevs Tu rogoraa mowyobili samyaro, xolo religia ki adgens - ratom da risTvisaa samyaro swored ase mowyobili. mecniereba da religia kargad SeTavsebadni arian da erToblivad iZlevian adamianisa da gare samyaros ukeT Seswavlis saSualebas. rwmenisa da mecnierebis urTierTqmedeba agebulia adamianis cnobier Tvisebebze, erTis mxriv mecniereba dafuZvnebulia codnaze, gonze, radialur azrovnebaze da loRikaze, xolo rwmena ki damyarebulia adamianis intuiciasa da gulwrfelobaze. erTic da meorec adamians imitom ar miscemia, rom an erTi gamoricxos sakuTari Semoqmedebidan da an meore, Tumc ki aris mcdelobebi gamoiricxos intuicia da eseigi rwmena mecnieruli Semoqmedebidan, xolo religiuri procesidan ki gamoiricxos goni, racionaluri azrovneba da loRika. urTierToba rwmenasa da codnas Soris - es aris uZvelesi problema. jer kidev I-II saukuneebSi ganixileboda es sakiTxi. amis damadasturebeli aris Sroma wmida klimenti aleqsandrielisa, romelsac ewodeba „stromata“ anu „xaliCebi“, sadac naTqvamia, rom orive, codnaca da rwmenac, aucilebelia adamianisaTvis. es udidesi mecnieri da filosofosi msjelobs imis Sesaxebac, Tu romelia pirveladi da ambobs, rom pirveladi aris rwmena da masze aris daSenebuli codna.
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bolos igi saocar daskvnas akeTebs da ambobs, rom mxolod morwmune adamiani aris mona RvTisa, xolo morwmune ganaTlebuli adamiani aris megobari RvTisa da rom safuZveli amisa aris TviTon saxarebaSi, roca ufali Cveni ieso qriste mimarTavs Tavis mociqulebs da eubneba: „megobarno Cemno; me ar giwodebT Tqven monas, aramed megobars, radgan Tqven ukve yvelaferi iciT, rac gadmogeciT“. uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia II-is saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa kademiaSi warmoTqmuli sityva. 6 Tebervali, 2005 w. http://www.orthodoxy.ge/patriarqi/qadagebebi/s06-02-2005.htm codna metia vidre mecniereba. sulieri codna(sulieri gavlena) miiRweva im umaRlesi kategoriebiT, romelTac ar flobs mecniereba, es pirvel rigSi intuiciaa, sadac mecnieruli axsnebi gamousadegaria, swored intuicias mivyavarT sulierebis umaRlesi sferoebisaken. darvinizmi, romelic adamians ufro dabalganviTarebuli cxovelebidan generaciis produqtad miiCnevs, ver uZlebs kritikas imis gamo rom ar arsebobs maimunis adamianad gadaqcevis arc erTi faqti. aRmoCnda rom gardamavali formebi ar arsebobs. Tavad darvini sicocxlis bolos Rrmad morwmune adamianad iqca da irwmuna RvTis yovlisSemZleoba. RvTiuri Carevis gareSe SeuZlebelia iseTi maRalorganizebuli individumis Seqmna rogoric adamiania, ufro metic, RvTiuri Carevis gareSe, sicocxlis TavisTavadi warmoSobac SeuZlebelia. cilis, Tundac erTi, Cveulebrivi, molekulis SemTxveviTi warmoSobis albaToba, maTematikosTa gaTvlebiT, Seadgens 1/10113 , rac bevrad naklebia maTematikaSi cnobil ganuxorcielebeli movlenis ricxvze - 1/1060 -ze. garda aRniSnulisa arqeologebma, gaTxrebis monacemebze dayrdnobiT, ver SeZles daedasturebinaT darvinis evoluciis Teoria.
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sainteresoa, rom religiurobis dasabuTebis erT-erTi koncefciaSi, rac dafuZnebulia samyaros ganzomilebaTa sistemaSemqmnel paradigmaze da samganzomilebiani sivrcis nacvlad, sadac nebismieri signalis gadacemis siCqare ver aWarbebs sinaTlis siCqares, warmodgenilia sam da oTxganzomilebiani samyaro, sadac gavrcelebis siCqare myisieria da bevrad sWarbobs sinaTlis siCqares. Tanamedrove fizikisaTvis cnobilia sinaTlis nawilakTa, fotonTa gavrcelebis(signalis teleportacia) usasrulo siCqare, ise rom signalis gavrcelebis siCqare bevrad sWarbobs sinaTlis siCqares, gamodis rom erTgvarovan garemoSi, Tundac erT wertilSi, momxdari nebismieri cvlileba myisier gamoZaxils poulobs am erTgvarovani garemos yvela sxva wertilSi. am dros ikargeba xangrZlivobis an manZilis cnebis arsi; am dros ukve SesaZlebelia mravali religiuri dogmis axsna. arsebobs koncefcia, sadac naCvenebia, rom Cveni samganzomilebiani samyaro ar iZleva uflis da sulis danaxvis saSualebas, radgan isini(RmerTi, suli) imyofebian Cveni sivrcul-droiTi sistemis koordinatTa miRma, oTx da xuTganzomilebian sivrceSi. oTx da xuTganzomilebian samyaroSia warsuli, awmyo da momavali, romelnic TiTqosda erTdroulad arseboben da yovelgvari sxeuli warmodgenilia wagrZelebuli sivrculi struqturebiT, misi Casaxvis momentidan sikvdilamde, myisieri droiTi Wrilia, rasac samganzomilebian sivrceSi vxedavT xolme. adamianis sulis mogzaurobis aRwera miwieri cxovrebis dasrulebisas Zalze hgavs Sexedulebas mogzaurobis Sesaxeb samganzomilebiani samyarodan oTx da xuTganzomilebian samyaroSi. oTx da xuTganzomilebiani samyaros Tvisebebi kardinalurad gansxvavdebian Cveni samganzomilebiani sivrcis Tvisebebisagan; is rac SeuZlebelia Cveni samganzomilebiani samyarosaTvis, bunebrivia oTx da xuTganzomilebiani sivrcisaTvis – iq SesaZlebelia
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sivrceSi myisieri gadaadgileba nebismier manZilze. oTx da xuTganzomilebiani samyaros uzarmazari SesaZleblobebis gamo, veli, romelic warmoadgens xalas materias ganmsWvalavs mTel samyaros, pirobiTad eTerovani airiT, rac qmnis xids Cven samganzomilebian da oTx da xuTganzomilebian sivrceTa Soris. sistemur krizisTa winaaRmdeg brZolis sistemuri meTodebis raoba da topologia samyaros(Cven SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis) koliziaTa cnobieri aRqmis problema Zevs ara codnis diferencirebaSi sxvadasxva viwro dargebad, aramed codnaTa integraciaSi sistemuri anu erTiani warmodgenebis Camosayalibeblad koliziaTa gansaxilvel jgufTan mimarTebaSi. kvlevaTa sistemuri midgoma saSualebas iZleva problemis hologramul (yovlismomcvel, moculobiT) reJimSi Seswavlisa, es imisaTvis, rom dadgenili iqnas sistemis sicocxlisunarianobasTan SeuTavsebeli koliziebi, maTi gadaWris da ganmeorebis gamoricxvis mizniT. problemaTa gadaWris sistemuri midgoma moiTxovs da aqedan - ganapirobebs, sistemur krizisTa winaaRmdeg brZolis sistemur meTodebs, rac saSualebas iZleva, sxvadasxva problemaTa rTuli urTierTkavSirebis gamovlenisa da maTi gadaWris swori strategiis SemuSavebisa. sistemuri anu "erTiani" azrovneba saSualebas iZleva problemis sruli, panoramuli, suraTis danaxvisa. sistemuri azrovnebis paradoqsi Zevs "erTianobisa"(mTlianobis) da ierarqiulobis paradoqsSi. Tanamedrove etapze yvela urTules problemaTa gadaWris fundamenti Zevs sistemurobis ideasa da sistemur midgomaze.
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simdidre da siRaribe aris erTi cnobili gamonaTqvami - "ar arsebobs mdidari da Raribi qveynebi, aris efeqturi da araefeqturi marTva am qveynebisa", magaliTebi: iaponia, germania, fineTi, honkongi, singapuri - romelTac praqtikulad ar gaaCniaT bunebrivi resursebi(wiaRiseuli), magram efeqturi marTvis xarjze, gaaCniaT cxovrebis umaRlesi done TavianTi moqalaqeebisaTvis; da amis sapirispirod vnaxoT(ganxiluli TvalsazrisiT) ruseTi, azerbaijani, TurqmeneTi, yazaxeTi da saqarTvelo romelnic miuxedavad kolosaluri bunebrivi resursebisa, araefeqturi marTvis gamo ver uzrunvelyofen sakuTar moqalaqeTa Rirseul arsebobas. damtkicebulia, rom saxelmwifos keTildReoba da xalxis cxovrebis done 60-70% damokidebulia efeqtur marTvaze da 30-40% - sxva faqtorebze. "RvTaebrivi" wonasworoba saxelmwifo da kerZo seqtorebis arseboba ekonomikaSi harmoniulad mimdinareobs mxolod "oqros proporciulobis" anu "oqros kveTis"(62% da 38%, anu 2/3 da 1/3) wesisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tanafardobisas, rac ganapirobebs, ekonomikis saxelmwifo da kerZo seqtorebis ZiriTadi parametrebis da sistemis maCveneblebis, mdgrad, harmoniul da optimalur dayofas, rogoricaa, magaliTad saxelmwifosa da kerZo sakuTrebis optimaluri wilebi, mTliani Sida produqtis(mSp) wili, mogebisa da xarjebis wilobrivi proporciebi, Semosavlebisa da gadasaxadebis wilobrivi struqtura. Tavisufal bazarze, saqonlis maqsimalur da minimalur fasebs Soris optimaluri Tanafardobis dadgena, korporaciebis SigniT TanamSromelTa xelfassa da gadasaxadebs Soris optimaluri Tanafardobis SenarCuneba. damtkicebulia, rom ekonomikis, politikis, socialur da organizaciul sferoTa konkurentuli procesebisaTvis,
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wonasworobis wertilad iTvleba "oqros" anu "RvTaebrivi" Tanafardoba, mTeli sistemis or mTavar nawils Soris, da es Tanafardoba utoldeba 62% da 38%; an 0,62 da 0,38; an 2/3 da 1/3, e.i. mTliani(100%) = erT nawils(62%) + meore nawili(38%). Semosavlebis, xarjebis, resursebis, mogebis da sxva ekonomikuri parametrebis ganawileba miSanSewonilia xdebodes TanafardobiT 62% da 38% an maTTan miaxloebuli cifrebiT. analitikurma kvlevebma gviCvenes, rom germaniaSi, britaneTSi da sxva "civilizebul" qveynebSi(saqarTvelosa, dsT da III-msoflios qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT) Semosavlebis, resursebis da konkurentuli seqtorebis(saxelmwifo da kerZo) sxva mTavari maCveneblebis ganawileba xdeba "oqros proporciiT" (62% da 38%) an maTTan miaxloebuli cifrebiT. rogorc aRmoCnda, "oqros proporciis" anu "oqros kveTis" principi(wesi) aris universaluri da obieqturi kanonzomierebaa, romelic efeqturad gamoiyeneba ara marto kulturis SedevrebSi(ferwera, qandakeba, arqiteqtura, musika, poezia), aramed ekonomikaSic, biznesSi da nebismieri sirTulis sabazro sistemebis marTvaSi. saxelmwifosa da kerZo struqturebs Soris sakuTrebis wilobrivi ganawileba "civilizebul" qveynebSi, "oqros proporciis" wess eqvemdebareba(60% da 40%, an 2/3 da 1/3), maSin roca, saqarTvelosa da dsT-s qveynebSi es wesi ar sruldeba, rac metyvelebs am qveynebis marTvis sistemis araefeqturobaze zogadad ekonomikisa da kerZod biznesSi. sistemuri krizisis gadalaxvis sxvadasxva strategiebi, koncefciebi da programebi arsebobs, magaliTad orseqtoriani sabazro-gegmiuri ekonomikis modeli, sadac integrirebulia bazrisa da gegmis dadebiTi mxareebi, amasTan sabazro seqtorisaTvis "rbili" saxelmwifo regulirebiT da indikatoruli dagegmviT, xolo ekonomikis gegmiuri(saxelmwifo) seqtorisaTvis
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xorcieldeba saxelmwifo da korporatiuli dagegmva - produqciis gamoSvebis, materialur-teqnikuri uzrunvelyofis, Sromis, xelfasis da finansebis dabalansebisaTvis. orseqtoriani ekonomikis efeqturobis uzrunvelsayofad, yvela misi(orseqtoriani ekonomikis) ZiriTadi parametrebi da maCveneblebi unda eqvemdebarebodnen "oqros proporciis" anu "oqros kveTis" principebs - e.i. saxelmwifosa da kerZo sakuTrebis wilebi unda Seesabamebodnen "oqros proporcias" 38% da 62% an Zalze uaxlovdebodnen am ricxvebs! finansebis, xelfasis fondebis da sxva ZiriTadi parametrebis ganawileba aseve unda eqvemdebarebodes "oqros kveTis" wesebs. "oqros proporciis" elementebi orseqtoriani ekonomikis ZiriTad maCveneblebsa da parametrebSi unda iyvnen fundamenturni - aseTi ekonomikis efeqturi marTvisaTvis. orseqtoriani sabazro-gegmiuri ekonomikis yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia dRevandeli CineTi da misi ekonomikis fenomenaluri ganviTareba, sadac masirebulma sagareo da Sida investiciebma, es qveyana(CineTi) gadaaqcies "msoflios saxelosnod"! aqve aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom ekonomikis sasicocxlod aucilebeli sainvesticio zrda, SesaZlebelia miRebul iqnas mxolod dawynarebul da prognozirebad qveyanaSi, sadac adamianebi sakuTar fuls abandeben wlebis ganmavlobaSi da elodebian mogebaTa miRebas 5-7 wlis ganmavlobaSi; Tuki aRniSnulis sapirispirod, saxelmwifo wamoayenebs axal sagadasaxado pretenziebs, axal kanonebs, gaauqmebs arsebul SeRavaTebs - qveyanaSi iwyebs Camoyalibebas Znelad prognozirebadi situacia da rogorc sagareo aseve Siga investiciebi ekonomikaSi wydeba da damdgari Sedegis raobaze sakamaTo araferi rCeba. yvela qveynisaTvis, sasicocxlod aucilebelia e.w. "inovaciuri ekonomika", romelic dafuZnebulia codnaze,
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inteleqtualur moRvaweobaze, inteleqtualuri produqtis warmoebasa da inteleqtualur sakuTrebaze. mesame aTaswleuli aris inteleqtualTa da SemoqmedTa epoqa, sadac inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis, inteleqtualuri produqtis Sesaqmnelad da realizebisaTvis, aucilebelia sistemuri midgoma codnaTa ekonomikis inteleqtualuri sferosaTvis. inteleqtualuri ganviTareba moicavs sulier da materialur sferos. mzardi mniSvneloba unda SeiZinos inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis da inteleqtualuri moRvaweobis, axali ideebisa da aRmoCenebis Rirebulebam. inteleqtualuri Rirebuleba - yvela qveynis mTavari erovnuli simdidrea, rasac SeuZlia qveynis, mZime krizisidan, uswrafesi gamoyvana(sazogadoebis mxridan, aseTi survilis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi). cnobilia, rom ”gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi”, "privatizacia Catarda" inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis sruli ignorirebis safuZvelze, damaxinjda - maRalteqnologiuri sawarmoebis, institutebis, sakonstruqtoro biuroebis da sxva inteleqtualuri Rirebulebis matarebeli obieqtebis, realuri sabazro fasebi, dRes Calis fasad iyideba, maRalteqnologiuri "nou-hau"- ebi da sapatento uflebebi, am mdgomareobidan gamosavali, inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis erTiani bazris SeqmnaSi da maT realizaciaSi - specialuri inovaciuri centrebis an inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis marTvis centrebis organizebasa da gamarTul funqcionirebaSia. dRes yvela saxis "brZola" da omebi eyrdnoba inteleqts da informaciul teqnologiebs – mowinaaRmdegeze (pirdapiri da gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT) gamarjveba miiRweva inovaciuri, arastandartuli meTodebiT, dReisaTvis omis warmoebis informaciuli teqnologiebi, bevrad efeqturia birTvul da SeiaraRebis sxva klasikur saxeobebTan, magaliTad kompiuterul hakerTa mcire jgufs SeuZlia mwyobridan gamoiyvanos nebismieri qveynis marTvis sistema (kompiuterebi da maTi qselebi), aRmoCnda, rom mterze informaciuli zemoqmedebis, gamanadgurebeli,
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efeqturoba milionjer Warbobs tradiciuli SeiaraRebis damangrevel efeqts. Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom dReisaTvis, ekonomikaSi araa aRmoCenili mkafio sistemuri kanonzomiereba, fulis masisa da inflaciis donis, an imave inflaciis donesa da ekonomikur vardnasa an aRmavlobas Soris urTierTdamokidebulebaSi rom gamoixatebodes. gavrcelebuli mosazreba, rom rac ufro mcirea mimoqcevaSi myofi fulis masa mSp-ze, miT dabalia inflaciis done - ar Seesabameba sinamdviles, xolo zogjer ki SeiniSneba sapirispiro. magaliTad, yvelaze dabali Sefardeba fulis masasa da mSp-s Soris iyo rumineTSi (Seadgenda 23,2%-s) da Tan amave dros iyo yvelaze maRali inflacia. dRes SeiniSneba mxolod amgvari kanonzomiereba: qveynebSi, sadac warmatebiT mimdinareobs reformebi, sadac ekonomika, umetes wilad, kontrolirebadia saxelmwifosgan, inflaciuri procesebi da fulis masis didi moculobebi iwvevdnen aRmavlobas ekonomikaSi. aRmosavleT evropis, mravali qveynis, finansuri stabilizaciis monetaruli loRika winaaRmdegobaSi modioda ekonomikis zrdis inflaciur stimulirebasTan, ramac mniSvnelovnad daazarala es qveynebi. unda aRiniSnos, rom 1994 wels bulgareTSi, ekonomikuri zrdis procesi mimdinareobda 96%-iani inflaciis pirobebSi, xorvatiaSi, imave wels ekonomikis zrda warmoebda 98%-iani inflaciisas, xolo CexeTSi ver SeZles ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelyofa, miuxedavad inflaciis xuTjeradi Semcirebisa da amis sapirispirod, ekonomikis vardnidan aRmavloba, CexeTSi, daiwyo 1993 wels, inflaciis zrdis tempis orjer gazrdisas. inflaciis zrdis tempebis stabilizacia ungreTSi, 1990 wels, inflaciis Semcireba 1994 wels, wina welTan SedarebiT, mimdinareobda ungreTis ekonomikis vardnis daCqarebiT. igive procesebi SeiniSneboda 1996 wels,
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rodesac dafiqsirda inflaciis donis Semcireba wina welTan SedarebiT da ekonomikuri vardnis daCqareba. 1999 wlis inflaciuri "amofrqveva" ruseTSi mimdinareobda, imave wlis, ekonomikuri zrdis fonze. amgvarad 1990-2008 w., gardamavali ekonomikis, sxvadasxva qveyanaTa, reformebis analizi gviCvenebs, rom inflaciis donis daweva ki gvevlineba dadebiT tendenciad zogad ekonomikuri dinamikisaTvis, magram Tavis - Tavad ar ganapirobebs(inflaciis dabali done) ekonomikur zrdas. praqtika gviCvenebs, rom inflaciis donesa da ekonomikur dinamikas Soris ar aris pirdapirproporciuli damokidebuleba, ekonomikis efeqturoba ganisazRvreba ekonomikuri reformebis loRikiTa da SedegebiT. TviTorganizebadi sistemebi sistemis definiciaSi igulisxmeba elementTa erToblioba maTi kavSirebiTurT, gaerTianebulT saerTo mizniT da funqcionaluri mTlianobiT. TviTorganizebadi sistema, esaa sistemis Tviseba Secvalos sakuTari Sida struqtura da funqcia garemo pirobebis zemoqmedebis adaptirebisaTvis. sistemis struqtura (elementebi da kavSirebi) mTlianad da calsaxad gansazRvravs yvelanairi bunebis sistemis Tvisebebs. sxvadasxva sistemebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian, mxolod TavianTi struqturebiT. TviTorganizebadi sazogadoebebi da maTi Seqmnis perspeqtivebi nebismieri sazogadoebisaTvis aqtualuria sakiTxi - calkeul adamianTa da sazogadoebis interesTa dabalansebisa, arsebobs mosazreba, rom am mizniT sazogadoebrivi mowyobis saukeTeso forma iqneboda - TviTorganizebisa da sinergetikis Teoriaze dayrdnobiT
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Seqmnili sazogadoebrivi mowyobis wesi, rogorc Cans, adamianisaTvis Rirseuli, TviTorganizebadi sazogadoeba, xangrZlivad iarsebebs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu yoveli wevri am sazogadoebisa sakuTar Tavs aRiqvams pasuxismgeblad mTeli sazogadoebis mdgomareobaze da yurad iRebs sinergetikis obieqtur kanonzomierebebs, ris Semdgomac misi qmedebac sinergetikasTan da TviTorganizebad sazogadoebasTan Sesabamisi xdeba. TviTorganizebadi sazogadoeba warmatebulia da eyrdnoba gansaxelmwifoebriobas (70%-mde) anu privatizacias "oqros kveTis" wesebiT, ris gamoc saxelmwifo axdens sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebriobas da kerZo seqtors gadascems sakuTrebis 70%-mde, am sakuTrebis ufro efeqturad gamoyenebisaTvis. wamyvani universitetebi, xSirad Rebuloben saxsrebs gamoyenebiTi samrewvelo realizaciebisaTvis da ara fundamenturi kvlevebisaTvis, ris gamoc zogierTi Tvlis, rom gamoyenebiTi mecnierebis gamo zaraldeba fundamenturi mecniereba. cnobilia, rom yvelaze mniSvnelovani aRmoCenebi mecnierebis fundamenturi seqtoris xarjze xdeba da aravin uyurebs maTi(fundamenturi aRmoCenebis) Sedegebis gamoyenebiTobis aspeqts. mniSvnelovania, rom TviTorganizebadi sazogadoeba sakuTar armias ayalibebs moxaliseebisa da daqiravebuli profesionalebisagan, radgan sayovelTao samxedro valdebuleba SeuTavsebelia TviTorganizebad sazogadoebasTan. TviTorganizebadi sazogadoeba moiTxovs, sagadasaxado sistemis radikalur cvlilebebs, rom yovel calkeul adamians daiTvalos da gadaixados sakuTari gadasaxadebi, sxvis daxmarebis gareSe. mniSvnelovania, TviTorganizebadi sazogadoebisaTvis, mecenatoba, magram amas xels unda uwyobdes sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba, ise rogorcaa aSS-Si.
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sistemuri da struqturuli krizisebis gadaWris Tanamedrove meTodebi sabazro ekonomika cudad TviTorganizdeba da moiTxovs saxelmwifo regulirebas. amerikeli ekonomisti, nobelis premiis laureati, jozef stiglici (Josef Stiglits - Nobel laureate), wignSi "ukmayofileba globalizaciiT" ixilavs ekonomikaze saxelmwifo regulirebis zemoqmedebis Sedegebs aseve bazrisa da saxelmwifos SemzRudav faqtorebs ekonomikis sferosaTvis. j. stiglicisaTvis cxadia, rom sabazro ekonomika ver iqneba efeqturi iseT qveyanaSi sadac, mosaxleobis pensiebis da xelfasebis done aTeuljer CamorCeba dasavlurs, xolo samomxmareblo, sacxovreblis da sxva fasebi, uaxlovdebian dasavlurs. amerikelebisa da evropelebisaTvis gaugebaria, rogor SeiZleba 3-5 wlis ganmavlobaSi miliarderad gaxdoma qveynis ekonomikis dacemis fonze. j.stiglicis azriT - didia kontrasti sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlisa, ruseTsa (saerTaSoriso institutebis winadadebebiT) da CineTs(damoukideblad daamuSaves reformebis sqema) Soris. post-sabWoTa “reformatorebi” fiqrobdnen, rom “erTi naxtomiT” gadasvla Tavisufal fasebze da kerZo sakuTrebaze, saSualebas miscems bazars damoukidebeli(saxelmwifos Carevis gareSe) funqcionirebisa. am “reformatorebma” gandevnes saxelmwifo, ekonomikidan da mkveTrad Seamcires saxelmwifo xarjebis wili mSp-Si. am mcdari recepturis realizebam post-sabWoTa qveynebSi gamoiwvia veluri, bandituri kapitalizmis, korufciisa da damnaSaveobis arnaxuli aRzeveba da mosaxleobis umetesi nawilis gaRatakeba.
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post-komunisturi xelisuflebebi da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi “amjobineben”(ise ki kargad xvdebian problemis arss) “reformaTa” msvleloba e.w. maCveneblebis mixedviT Seafason, romelnic(es maCveneblebi) sazogadoebis realur mdgomareobas ar asaxaven. reformaTa “miRwevebs” miakuTvneben: oqrosa da valutis, e.w.”stabilizaciis fondis” mniSvnelovan, sarezervo dagrovebas; aradeficitur biujets, mSp-is da mosaxleobis realuri Semosavlebis zrdis tempebs; amasTan erTad, reformaTa gavlena, adamianTa cxovrebis yvelaze mniSvnelovan aspeqtebze(mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis e.i. realuri materialuri mdgomareobis, amaRleba; sicocxlis xangrZlivibis gazrda; sapensio uzrunvelyofisa da samedicino momsaxurebis adamianisaTvis Sesabamis da Rirseul donemde amaRleba; ganaTlebis, mecnierebis da kulturis xarisxobrivi gaumjobeseba; danaSaulis donis mkveTri kleba da a.S. ) uaryofiT gavlenas axdens. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare reformirebis , socialur gardaqmnaTa mdgeneli, yofili sabWoTa kavSiris sxva warmomadgenlebTan(yofil respublikebTan), ugulebelyofilia. bolo aTwleulebis gamocdilebam dagvanaxa, rom qveynebi, romelnic “bazris TviTregulirebis” stiqiur “vnebebs” miendobian, ganwirulni arian msoflio meurneobis maCanCalaTa rolisaTvis, imitom rom, saxelmwifos mxridan gonivrulad da optimalurad organizebuli, kapitalizmis konkurentuli SesaZleblobani, ufro swraf da zustad prognozirebad efeqts iZleva da mxolod am mizeziTaa, rom aSS mkacrad areglamentirebs korporaciaTa moRvaweobas, marTalia, saxelmwifo regulirebis meqanizmma, dasavleTis qveynebSi, srulyofilebis grZeli gza gaiara. miuxedavad saxelmwifo sakuTrebis sayovelTao privatizebisa yofil ssrk-Si sistemuri TviTorganizeba da mkveTri ekonomikuri zrda ar SeiniSneba – ori aTeuli welia post-sabWoTa ekonomika agrZelebs “embrionalur fazaSi arsebobas” , saxelmwifo
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sakuTrebis 85% -ia privatizebuli, magram miuxedavad aseTi Rrma gansaxelmwifoebriobisa, sagrZnobi ekonomikuri zrda ar igrZnoba da verc iqneboda, radganac 85%-iani gansaxelmwifoebrioba arRvevs “oqros proporciis” kanons. amgvari privatizaciis ukugeba aseuljer naklebia, sxva qveynebSi miRebul SemosavlebTan, magaliTad, rusul saxelmwifo biujetSi privatizaciiT Sevida mxolod 9(cxra) miliardi aSS dolari, maSin roca, ruseTTan SedarebiT Rarib, boliviaSi, (sadac privatizacia imave dros mimdinareobda da Tan rusulze mcire masStabiT) biujetSi Sevida 90(oTxmocdaaTi) miliardi aSS dolari. msxvili oligarqiuli, post-sabWoTa biznesi “aRmocenda” saxelmwifos mxridan “kerZo xelSi” saukeTeso aqtivebis, da pirvel rigSi bunebrivi resursebis, “usasyidlod” gadacemis gamo. yvela msxvili oligarqiuli struqtura, umsxvilesi monopoliuri biznesis warmomadgenlebi, TavianTi “Crdilovani - (ruxi da Savi)” safinanso nakadebiT, amuxruWeben reformebs, sakuTari “TamaSis wesebs” karnaxoben da aviwroeben saSualo da wvril bizness, riTac xels uSlian konkurentuli samewarmeo garemos Seqmnas. amave dros post-sabWoTa privatizatorebi, Tavdapirvelad iZleodnen obieqtTa modernizebis pirobas, radgan mowyobilobaTa cveTa 60-75%-mdea, magram piroba “daviwyebulia” da mimdinareobs obieqtTa srul cveTamde eqsploatacia da giganturi mogebebis miReba. amas emateba post-sabWouri Crdilovani ekonomika, (ekonomikuri zrdis kidev erTi xelSemSleli faqtori) romelic legaluris 40-50% -s Seadgens. civilizebul evropaSi, didi xania muSaobs normaluri sabazro meqanizmi, privatizaciisa da deprivatizaciisa, Tu privatizacia obieqtisa ar amarTlebs saprivatizacio valdebulebebs, saxelmwifo uproblemod axdens deprivatizacias.
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mainc sadaa gamosavali, dRevandeli susti an ekonomikis ar mqone qveynebisaTvis? gamosavali codnaSia. codna - yvelaze ZviradRirebuli saqoneli inovaciuri politika gulisxmobs, rom niWierebiT daRdasmuli gamogonebani da sxva inteleqtualuri produqcia, uswrafesad unda inergebodes warmoebaSi. inteleqtualuri moRvaweoba(mxolod sabazro meqanizmebSi) zrdis ZiriTadi fondebis Rirebulebas. Tanamedrove civilizebul msoflioSi, ekonomikis dinamiuri ganviTareba, warmoudgenelia mecnierebis ganviTarebis gareSe. Zalze mniSvnelovania inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis eleqtronuli birJebis organizeba(qveynebSi, romelTac ganviTareba swadiaT), sadac yvela "ideaTa generatori" SeZlebs sakuTari winadadebis saqveyno da saerTaSoriso arenaze gatanas. paradigmatuli aqsiomaa – ganaTlebis maRali donisa da ekonomikis warmatebebis urTierTkavSiri, umuSevrobis dabali donis SenarCuneba da adamianTa sicocxlis xangrZlivobis zrda(ganaTlebis maRali donis gamo); magram ganaTleba da mecniereba, ver gadawyvets, yvela ekonomikur problemas. postsocialistur qveynebSi, mecniereba da ganaTleba, sakmaod maRal dones aRwevda, magram es potenciali absoluturad gamousadegari aRmoCnda postsocialistur saxelmwifoTa ekonomikaTaTvis, - aseTi azria warmodgenili msoflio bankis (World Bank) eqspertTa daskvnaSi, romelic gamoqveynda saxelwodebiT “inovaciebis komercializaciis finansuri mxardaWera sazogadoebis mxridan – Public Financial Support for Commercial Innovation“ sadac gaanalizebulia yofili sabWoTa kavSiridan gamoyofili, damoukidebeli qveynebis mecnieruli kvlevebis komercializaciis problemebi, am gamokvlevis mixedviT – mecnierul kvlevebze da inovaciebze ixarjeba mTliani
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Sida produqtis(mSp) 1,5% - ruseTSi; 1,2% - ukrainaSi; 0,8% - estoneTSi; 0,7% - litvasa da belorusSi; 0,4% - latviaSi; 0,3% - azerbaijanSi; 0,2% - somxeTsa da yirgizeTSi; saSualod, evropisa da Sua aziis qveynebi mecnieruli da teqnologiuri ZiebebisaTvis xarjaven mSp-is 0,9%, xolo kacobrioba ki mecnierul kvlevebze xarjavs planetis mSp-is 2,3%-s, SedarebisaTvis – aSS mecnieruli kvlevebisaTvis “imetebs” mSp-is 2,8%-s, israeli mSp-is – 5,1%-s, xolo fineTi – 3,6%-s. evropasa da aziaSi, xarjebs mecnierebisa da teqnologiebis ganviTarebisaTvis ZiriTadad saxelmwifo kisrulobs, aRniSnuli xarjebis mesamedi ki modis kerZo seqtorze. iseTi qveynebisaTvis(iaponia, aSS, SvedeTi, fineTi, irlandia, germania), sadac aqtiurad xdeba fulis Cadeba mecnierebasa da inovaciebSi, biznes seqtoris wili dafinansebaSi aRwevs 65-70%-s, xolo saxelmwifo ki ixdis danarCen 20-30%-s. mecnier-muSakTa raodenoba, evropasa da Sua aziaSi kvlav rCeba(miuxedavad am sferoSi arsebuli finansuri problemebisa) maRal niSnulze, yofili ssrk-s qveynebidan, saSualod erT milion mcxovrebze modis ori aTasi mkvlevari an muSaki, romelic dakavSirebulia axali teqnologiebis Seqmnasa da danergvasTan; maT Soris qveynebis mixedviT aseT monacems aqveynebs msoflio bankis publikacia “Public Financial Support for Commercial Innovation” : ruseTi – 3,4 aTasi mkvlevari erT milion mosaxleze; saqarTvelo – 2,4 aTasi; ukraina – 1,8 aTasi; estoneTi – 2,3 aTasi; belorusi da litva – 1,9 aTasi; somxeTi – 1,6 aTasi; latvia – 1,5 aTasi; azerbaijani – 1,3 aTasi; yirgizeTi – 0,5 aTasi; moldova – 0,2 aTasi; evrokavSiris qveynebSi, aRniSnuli parametri aRwevs 2,5 aTass – erT milionze; msoflio lideri, am TvalsazrisiT, fineTia: 7,5 aTasi mkvlevari erT milion mosaxleze, Semdgom adgilzea iaponia - 5 aTasi; da germania – 3,2 aTasi; rogorc aRniSnuli statistika metyvelebs, mkvlevarTa raodenoba da maT mier
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Serulebul samuSaoTa maRali donec ki araa sakmarisi ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis, kvlevaTa Sedegebis komercializaciis gareSe, mecnierebaze da ganaTlebaze daxarjuli saxsrebi – qars gatanebuli aRmoCndeba. moxsenebis (“Public Financial Support for Commercial Innovation”) avtorebis azriT, postsocialistur qveynebSi biznesisa da mecnierebis TanamSromlobis e.i. mecnieruli azris komercializaciis umdablesi xarisxis gamo, aucilebelia sagadasaxado da sxva saxis SeRavaTebi iseTi kompaniebisaTvis, romelnic qmnian konsorciumebs samecniero-kvleviTi organizaciebisa da saswavlo dawesebulebebis monawileobiT, maTive azriT, komercializaciis adreul etapze, yvelaze efeqturia sagranto sistemis gamoyeneba kvlevebis dasafinanseblad da am Sedegebis biznes-realizaciaTa mosamzadeblad, xolo mogvianebiT ki saWiro xdeba sarisko (“venCuruli - venture”) kapitalis moZieba. miuxedavad inovaciaTa sasicocxlo-aucileblobisa, ekonomikurad warmatebul qveynebSic ki problematuri xdeba mecnierebaze danaxarjebis gadideba, ori mTavari mizezia am ukanasknelis ganmapirobebeli - pirveli: nebismieri axali idea an produqti axdens umniSvnelovanes gavlenas sazogadoebasa da ekonomikaze, amasTan Tavad gamomgoneblebi, xSirad verafers iReben da mogeba sxvebs rCebaT, ris gamoc iTrguneba “gamomgoneblobiTi stimuli”- axali ideebis Seqmnis interesi ekargebaT ara mxolod mecnierebs da inovatorebs, aramed im adamianebs an struqturebs, romlebic afinanseben mecnierul kvlevebs adreul stadiaze; meore faqtoria: “informaciuli asimetriis” gamovlineba – gamomgonebelma(ideis avtorma) gacilebiT meti icis sakuTari gamogonebisa da misi potenciuri gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, vidre im finansistma, visac gaaCnia Sesabamisi saxsrebi ideis finansuri uzrunvelyofisaTvis, mecnierTaTvis Zalze rTulia adeqvaturad waradginon
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sakuTar proeqtTa Rirsebani da daamtkicon, rom warmodgenili idea, samrewvelo realizaciisas – mogebas moitans, es yvelaferi imitom xdeba, rom mecnierebi da investorebi sxvadasxva enaze saubroben, rac dafinansebis problematurobas ganapirobebs. aSS-Si, mecnieruli kvlevebi, adreul stadiaze, saxelmwifos mier(es sabiujeto Tanxebi, saSualod, proeqtebSi Cadebuli finansuri resursebis 34%-s Seadgens) da “venCuruli” kapitaliT(esec 34%-ia) finansdeba, kidev 25%-s mewarmeebi deben proeqtebSi da imedi aqvT didi mogebebisa momavalSi. yofili ssrk-dan gamoyofil qveynebSi, mdgomareoba aSS-sTan SedarebiT kardinalurad gansxvavebulia: mewarmeebi, rogorc wesi, ar deben fuls mecnieruli azris komercializaciisaTvis, xolo saxelmwifoT ki an ara aqvT Sesabamisi resursebi, an Tu aqvT – ar ician, rogor imoqmedon, aRniSnul sferoSi( mecnieruli ideis komercializaciis TvalsazrisiT). ganaTlebis done, nebismier saxelmwifoSi ganapirobebs ekonomikis mdgomareobas da oTxkomponentiani “codnis ekonomika”-c, ganmsazRvrelia Tanamedrove, warmatebuli, qveynebis formirebis saqmeSi. “codnis ekonomikis” komponentebia:
• ganaTleba(mxolod wignieri da ganswavluli mosaxleoba SeZlebs Seqmnas an gamoiyenos nebismieri siaxle);
• informaciuli infrastruqtura;
• TamaSis wesebi ekonomikaSi(rac saSualebas iZleva, axali teqnologiebis da ideebis adaptirebisa da aseve mecnierebaSi investiciebis warmarTvisa);
• “inovaciuri sistema” (laboratoriebis, samecniero centrebisa da universitetebis ganviTarebuli qseli).
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gaeros monacemebiT, izrdeba msoflios ganaTlebis xarisxi wlidan-wlamde, bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi, msofliom mniSvnelovan warmatebebs miaRwia uwignurobasTan brZolaSi – Tu 1960 wels planetis mosaxleobis 36%-s ar qonda sabazo ganaTleba, 2000 wlisaTvis, es ricxvi Semcirda 25%-mde, miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnul periodSi, msoflios mosaxleoba gaizarda orjer – 3-dan 6-miliar adamianamde. industriulad ganviTarebul qveynebSi, wera-kiTxvis ucodinarebi, Seadgenen ara umetes 1-2%-isa; “ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis da ganviTarebis organizaciis – Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development” monacemebiT, sul ufro meti adamiani iRebs umaRles ganaTlebas, saSualod, Sromisunariani( 25-dan 65-wlamde) mosaxleobis 32%, dReisaTvis aris sruli umaRlesi ganaTlebiT, aseTi kategoriis adamianTa yvelaze maRali procentuli ricxvi gaaCnia kanadas(mosaxleobis 43%-ia umaRlesi ganaTlebiT), aSS-s (38%), iaponias (36%), yvelaze dabali ki aqvs meqsikas (6%), TurqeTs (9%). ekonomikis mravali istorikosi(magaliTad, riCard isterlini – Richard Easterlin, Journal of Economic History -Si gamoqveynebul statiaSi) Tvlis, rom XIX-saukuneSi dawyebulma mrewvelobis revoluciurma gardaqmnam, tempi, mxolod ganaTlebis sistemis reformis Semdgom aiRo, XX-saukunis dasawyisSi, Raribebs gauCndaT Sansi ufasod mieRoT umaRlesi ganaTleba, amasTan evropisa da Crdilo amerikis farglebs gareT wignieri adamianTa raodenoba katastrofulad mcire iyo. riCard isterlinma daadgina kanonzomiereba – pirdapiri kavSiri, msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebSi ganaTlebis gavrcelebasa da ekonomikis zrdas Soris, amasTan daaskvna, rom ganaTlebis reformis Semdgom saWiro iyo kidev 25-30 weli, rom ama Tu im qveyanaSi SesamCnevi gamxdariyo ekonomikuri zrda; artur medisonma (Arthur Maddison) – gamokvlevis, “kapitalisturi ganviTarebis dinamiuri Zalisxmeva – Dynamic Forces of Capitalist Development”, avtorma daadgina, rom rac metia, qveynis mosaxleobaSi, ganaTlebul
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adamianTa raodenoba, miT ufro maRalia, amave saxelmwifos, ekonomikis zrdis tempebi, man aseve gamoiyvana damikidebuleba, ris mixedviTac ganaTlebis asignebaTa 1%-T gazrda iwvevs mTliani Sida produqtis matebas 0,35%-T. 2004 wels, ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciam (OECD) daadgina, rom Tu romelime qveynis moqalaqeTaTvis, swavlebis saSualo-statistikuri vada izrdeba erTi wliT, es ukanaskneli zrdis am saxelmwifos mTliani Sida produqtis moculobas 3-dan 6%-mde. msoflio bankis (World Bank), 2004 wels Catarebuli kvlevebis monacemebiT (gamokvleuli iqna msoflios 92 qveynis gamocdileba 1960-2000 wlebis periodSi), mosaxleobis swavlebis vadis gaxangrZliveba 20%-iT, uzrunvelyofs amave saxelmwifos ekonomikis zrdas 0,15%-T. Tu gacemul patentTa da saavtoro mowmobaTa raodenoba izrdeba 1%-T, aRniSnuli zrdis qveynis ekonomikis zrdis temps 0,9%-T; sainteresoa, rom igive efeqts axdens infrastruqturis ganviTareba, magaliTad: satelefono qselis abonentTa 20%-T zrda, ganapirobebs, ekonomikuri zrdis tempis 0,11%-T matebas. uiliam Sveke (William Schweke), avtori wignisa: “Wkviani fuli – Smart Money“, Tvlis, rom ganviTarebis survilis mqone yvela qveyanam, unda moaxdinos investireba “adamianur kapitalSi”, igi Tvlis rom, jandacvis, ganaTlebis da profesiuli swavlebis miznobrivi investiciebi, aamaRleben ara marto Sromis nayofierebas, aramed amcireben socialur problemaTa(alkoholizmi, narkomania, damnaSaveoba, siRaribe da a.S.) simwvaves, romelnic ukargaven ganviTarebis Sanss erovnul ekonomikebs. amerikeli ekonomisti, hloe heinsi (Chloe J. Haynes), gamokvlevis: “ganaTleba da ekonomikuri ganviTareba – Education and Economic Development”, avtori, aanalizebs ra, informaciuli teqnologiebis sferoSi moRvawe
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kompaniaTa gamocdilebas, askvnis, rom ekonomikuri ganviTarebis damokidebuleba ganaTlebaze, kidev ufro did mniSvnelobas iZens eleqtronuli revoluciis epoqaSi, rac ufro xarisxiania ganaTleba, miT maRalia, daqiravebul muSakTa da menejerTa, Sromis nayofiereba, da miT ufro rTuli amocanebis gadawyveta xelewifebaT aRniSnulT, da miT ufro aRmatebulia biznesis organizebis xarisxi saxelmwifoSi. Tumca, ganaTlebul adamianTa ricxvis zrdam, SesaZlebelia problemebic dabados, magaliTad: aSS-s mosaxleoba, romelic sakmaod kargadaa ganaTlebuli, Takilobs arakvalificiur samuSaos, am tendenciam, romelic damaxasiaTebelia, yvela industriulad ganviTarebuli qveynisaTvis, ganapiroba umravles samrewvelo sawarmoTa gatana “mesame samyaros” qveynebSi, faqtobrivad mewarmeebi “dainteresebulni” arian, gaunaTlebel muSakebSi, romelTac cotas uxdian. kidev erTi paradoqsi aRmoaCines 2001 wels ekonomistebma: alan kriugerma (Alan B. Krueger) da miqael lindalma (Mikael Lindahl), maT daadgines, rom ganaTlebis keTilismyofeli gavlena SeiniSneba mxolod im qveynebisaTvis, sadac mosaxleoba, ZiriTadad gaunaTlebelia – am SemTxvevaSi ganaTleba namdvilad iqceva ekonomikuri zrdis “motorad”, magram “ganaTlebul qveynebSi” meti codna sakmarisi araa ekonomikis “avtomaturi” zrdisaTvis. aRniSnulis erT-erTi mizezia, ganaTlebaze daxarjuli didi dro da saxsrebi, amis gamoa rom, adamianebi, romelTac “ideaTa SemoqmedT” uwodeben, gamogonebebze ki ar xarjaven dros da energias, aramed, xSirad usargeblo masalis dazepirebaze xarjaven Zalebs. umaRlesdamTavrebuli adamianebis ricxvis zrda, warmoSobs kidev erT problemas – mravali, diplomis mflobeli adamiani daadgens, rom misi profesia araa uzrunvelyofili bazris moTxovnilebiT, rac imis mZime gancdas ayalibebs, rom dro, energia da xSir SemTxvevaSi fuli, maT mier amaod iqna daxarjuli, am uaryofiTi
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efeqtis aRmosafxvrelad saWiroa swavlebis axal modelze gadasvla, romlis sauniversiteto modeli Semdegnairad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes: sauniversiteto swavlebis “niWisa da unaris modelze” gadasvla, maqsimalurad iTvaliswinebs pirovnulidan gamomdinare winapirobebs codnis aTvisebisa da unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebisaTvis. es axali modeli Seqmnilia adamianis mier realobis obieqturi aRqmis da gansakuTrebuli unarebis gamoyeneba – ganviTarebis mizniT, ris gamoc yalibdeba pirovnebaze orientirebuli sistema swavlebisa, romelic Tavis mxriv iTvaliswinebs TviTmotivacias swavlebis mimarT, rac niSnavs “TviTgamorkvevis, TviTorganizebis da TviTrealizebis” sabazo principebs swavlebis amgvari axali modelis ganxorcielebisas. swavlebis am axal modelSi, maqsimaluradaa gaTvaliswinebuli pirovnuli swrafva codnis da cnobieri unar-Cvevebis SeZenisa, igi(swavlebis axali modeli) ganapirobebs pirovnul orientirebulobas swavlebis sistemisadmi, rac niSnavs pirovnuli TviTaRqmis(rogorc pirovnuli ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli Sinagani energiis) procesis gamoyenebas swavlebis rTul procesSi da gvaxsenebs cnobil paradigmatul Tezas – „Seican Tavi Seni“. amitom, swavlebis am axali modeliT aRzrdili specialisti ar kiTxavs sakuTar Tavs – mowons Tu ara „Tavisi saqme“, imitom rom man winaswar icis – adamians mowons mxolod is, rac „kargad gamosdis“, xolo kargad gamosdis is, risi niWic aqvs mis gons, xelebs, Tvals, sxeuls an mexsierebas. amitom gamarjvebis gancda SeZenili codnis gamo, niSania (pirovnebisaTvis) swor gzaze dgomisa, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, aRniSnuli axali modeli swavlebisa pirovnebaSi aRviZebs survils miuyurados sakuTar gulisTqmas swavla-ganaTlebasTan mimarTebaSi, im mizniT, rom Seiswavlos Tavi Tvisi, Seqmnas sakuTari pirovneba da bedi – gamomdinare sakuTari pirovnuli resursebidanve: unarebidan, gonidan, zneobisa da xasiaTidan.
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sistemuri msoflmxedveloba da saxelmwifo marTva – yvelaze efeqturi antikrizisuli RonisZieba aSS – iaponia (brZola bazrebisaTvis) krizisebiT garSemortymuli SeiZleba aRmoCndes mcire zomis, susti ekonomikis qveyanac da msoflio masStabis imgvari supersaxelmwifoc, rogoric amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia. sainteresoa umZimesi ekonomikuri vardnis SeCerebis da lideris poziciis dabruneba – ganviTarebis amerikuli modelis zogierTi mniSvnelovani fragmenti da iaponiis saocari ekonomikuri zrdis ZiriTad mizezTa zogad -konceptualuri Taviseburebani. problemaTa es, axali, gadawyvetebi mTlianad generirdeboda am qveynebis (aSS da iaponia) samTavrobo struqturebis mier. XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolos, msoflio bazrebze poziciaTa ganuwyveteli dakargviT SeSfoTebulma aSS-s mTavrobam aiRo kursi grandiozuli samecniero-teqnikuri proeqtebis mxardaWerisa, romelTac, rogorc mTavroba Tvlida, unda SeesrulebinaT mniSvnelovani roli samrewvelo praqtikaSi, aqedan mosalodneli dadebiTi ekonomikuri tendenciebis gaTvaliswinebiT. Tumca arc r.reiganis da arc j.buSis administraciebs zemoTaRniSnulis Sesaxeb Ria formiT ar ganucxadebiaT, maT mier im periodSi (XX-sauk. 80-iani wlebis meore naxevari) gamoCenili iniciativebi mowmoben mTavrobis orientaciis principul cvlilebebze: politikosebi, Tavisufali bazris tradiciuli momxreebi, faqtobrivad gadavidnen samrewvelo strategiis dagegmvaze, progresul, mowinave teqnologiaTa sferosaTvis. zogierTi proeqti, rogorc Cans, motivirdeboda ufro politikuri mizanSewonilobiT an sufTa mecnieruli interesebiT, vidre samrewvelo ganzraxulobaTa moTxovniT.
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miuxedavad amisa TiToeuli proeqtis aucilebloba, sazogadoebis winaSe, argumentirdeboda erovnuli mrewvelobis konkurentunarianobiT msoflio bazarze. ase magaliTad, 1987 wels r.reiganis administraciam moiwona gegma nawilakTa zegamtaruli amaCqareblis Seqmnisa, RirebulebiT 4.4 miliardi aSS dolari; TeTri saxlis imdroindelma warmomadgenelma daaxasiaTa es proeqti rogorc ”sakvanZo” aSS-s momavali konkurentunarianobisaTvis da iwinaswarmetyvela, rom am proeqtis realizaciis wyalobiT, amerikuli kompaniebi aRmoCndebian mogebulni. imave wlis bolos aSS-s prezidentma gamoacxada ”zegamtarobis sferos iniciativis Sesaxeb”, mxedvelobaSi qonda ra praqtikuli realizaciebi zegamtaruli masalebisa, am teqnologias r. reganma uwoda ”absoluturad aucilebeli Cveni konkurentunarianobis uzrunvelsayofad momavalSi”. 1988 wlis dasawyisSi aSS-s mTavrobam gamoacxada, rom bazarze ukve gamoCndnen iaponuri superkompiuterebi da rom ”maTi teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebi aRmoCndnen gacilebiT ukeTesni, vidre mosalodneli iyo”; TeTrma saxlma gamoaqveyna xuTwliani gegma ”maRalmwarmoebluri kompiuterebis warmoebis aTvisebisa”, romlis realizacia Sefasda 1 miliard aSS dolarad. garda amisa administraciam gamoacxada imis Sesaxeb, rom pentagonis samecniero – kvleviT saagentos (Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency – DARPA) daevala, erToblivi samecniero – kvleviTi dawesebulebisaTvis, konsorcium SEMATECH – isaTvis (romelic Seiqmna wamyvani amerikuli kompaniebis mier naxevargamtaruli teqnikis warmoebisaTvis), yovelwliurad gamoeyo 100 milioni aSS dolari. amis Semdgom mowonebuli iqna pirveli kontraqtebi kosmosuri sadguris mSeneblobisaTvis; amasTan amtkicebdnen, rom am orbitalur laboratorias eqneboda ”sasicocxlod aucilebeli mniSvneloba erovnuli mrewvelobis konkurentunarianobis gazrdisaTvis momaval aTwleulSi”.
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1989 weli aRiniSna yuradRebis uecari gadarTviT maRali mkafioobis televiziaze: saagento DARPA – m waradgina am sferos orwliani kvleviTi programa 30 milioni aSS dolaris RirebulebiT da j. buSis (ufrosi) administraciam ganixila SeRavaTebis sakiTxi (antitrestuli kanonmdeblobiT gadasaxadebisagan ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb) im amerikuli kompaniebisa, romlebic awarmoebdnen teqnikas maRali mkafioobis televiziisaTvis. aSS-is teqnikuri upiratesobis aRdgenis strategia iTxovda ara marto mzard samTavrobo xarjebs axali teqnologiebis kvlevisa da SeqmnisaTvis, aramed specialur stimulirebas kerZo kapitaldabandebebisa im dargebis (sferoebis) kvleva – damuSavebisaTvis, romelTac ar SeexoT samTavrobo proeqtebi. rigma politikurma moRvaweebma miaRwies sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs samecniero kvleviTi programebisaTvis, maTSi (programebSi) kerZo kapitalis stimulirebis mizniT. isini (politikosebi) aRniSnavdnen, rom mTliani Siga produqtis (mSp) wili, romelic ixarjeboda samecniero kvlevebze da realizaciaze im droisaTvis (XX-sauk. 80-iani wlebis bolo) iyo gacilebiT mcire vidre 20 wlis win (XX-sauk. 60-ian wlebSi) da rom gamoyenebiTi dargebisaTvis, aSS-Si, mSp-is wili naklebia vidre dasavleT evropis, didi Svideulis (G7) qveynebSi an iaponiaSi. im periodisaTvis (XX-sauk. 80-iani wlebis meore naxevari) politikosebis mier gamoxatul SeSfoTebas, romelic ganpirobebuli iyo aSS-is mier Tanamedrove maRalteqnologiuri produqciis bazrebze konkurentunarianobis dakargviT, qonda obieqturi mizezi; magaliTad aSS-is wili naxevargamtarebis msoflio bazarze Semcirda 50%-dan 1984 wels, 37%-mde 1988 wlisaTvis, maSin roca iaponiis Sesabamisi wili amave periodisaTvis gaizarda 45%-mde. am droisaTvis amerikulma kompaniebma faqtobrivad Sewyvites dinamiuri operatiuli mexsierebis mikrosqemebis gayidva Ria
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bazarze, xolo naxevargamtaruli mowyobilobis mwarmoebelma kompaniebma Sekveces TavianTi saqmianoba; aRniSnul sferoSi lideroba xelT igdo iaponiam. XX-sauk. 80-iani wlebis bolos, aSS-s wili, sayofacxovrebo eleqtronuli mowyobilobebis msoflio bazarze, davida 5%-mde, xolo iaponiis wili ki am droisaTvis gaizarda 10-dan 25%-mde. im periodisaTvis, arc erTi amerikuli kompania ar awarmoebda telefaqsebs, romlis msoflio bazris moculoba 1988 wlisaTvis Seadgenda 3 miliard aSS dolars; aqac iaponuri kompaniebi iyvnen pirvel rigebSi. amave droisaTvis iaponia dominirebda programuli marTvis Carxebis warmoebis sferoSi. iaponuri kompaniebi Zalze win wavidnen, amerikul kompaniebTan SedarebiT, maRali mkafioobis satelevizio aparaturis warmoebis aTvisebis saqmeSi. im periodis aSS-is erT-erT samTavrobo gamokvlevaSi pirdapiraa miTiTebuli imis Sesaxeb, rom iaponiam gaaswro aSS-s iseT sferoSic ki, rogoricaa naxevargamtaruli masalebis praqtikuli gamoyeneba. 1986 wels aSS-s savaWro balansi, mowinave teqnologiebis produqciisaTvis (kavSirgabmulobis saSualebebis da naxevargamtaruli aparaturis mowyobilobebi), gaxda uaryofiTi (balansi), pirvelad mas Semdeg rac daiwyes monacemTa Segroveba progresuli teqnologiebis sferoSi vaWrobis Sesaxeb. 1987-88 wlebSi, miuxedavad dolaris kursis mkveTri vardnisa ucxour valutasTan SedarebiT, aSS-i dafiqsirda mcire dadebiTi balansi maRal-teqnologiur nakeTobaTa vaWrobis sferoSi. aRniSnuli mdgomareoba, nawilobriv aixsneboda amerikelTa surviliT SeeZinaT importuli saqoneli, magram ZiriTadi mizezi mdgomareobda aSS-is konkurentunarianobis daqveiTebaSi msoflio bazarze. daibrunebda Tu ara aSS dakargul, mowinave, poziciebs teqnologiebSi, samecniero – teqnikuri proeqtebis ganxorcielebis gziT? im periodSi (XX-sauk. 80-iani
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wlebis bolo), am kiTxvaze, Tavad cnobil amerikel eqspertebs uaryofiTi pasuxi qondaT, magram cxovrebam sawinaaRmdego daamtkica (ix. qvemoT). im droisaTvis aSS-s ekava msoflioSi pirveli adgili samecniero da teqnikuri gadawyvetebis rogorc xarisxiT ise raodenobiT; magram aman ar gamoiwvia komerciulad konkurentunariani produqciis Seqmna. amerikis sauniversiteto samecniero centrebi saukeTesoni arian msoflioSi, msxvili amerikuli korporaciebis kvleviT laboratoriebs analogi ar gaaCniaT, amerikel mecnierebs, msoflio masStabiT, ekuTvniT samecniero – teqnikuri publikaciebis mesamedze meti, isini Rebuloben ufro met amerikul saavtoro patentebs, vidre specialistebi msoflios yvela sxva danarCeni qveynidan erTad aRebuli; jamuri danaxarjebi samecniero da teqnikur gadawyvetebze aSS-Si gacilebiT maRalia vidre msoflios nebismier qveyanaSi da XX-sauk. 90-iani wlebisaTvis 3-jer aWarbebdnen (jamuri danaxarjebi) iaponiis Sesabamis danaxarjebs. magram amave dros arc imis mtkicebis safuZveli arsebobs, rom didi danaxarjebi, samecniero – teqnikur programebze (Tundac miznobrivad mimarTuli konkretuli teqnologiebisaken), aucileblad ganapirobeben komerciul warmatebebs. ZiriTadi problema mdgomareobda amerikuli kompaniebis uunarobaSi (ufro zustad, saerTaSoriso firmebSi swrafad transformirebadi, aSS-Si ganlagebuli, calkeuli msxvili korporaciebis uunarobaSi) operatiulad gadasuliyvnen samecniero aRmoCenebidan, maRalxarisxovani produqciis warmoebisa da am produqciis konstruirebis, damzadebis, marketingis da ganawilebis procesebze. samecniero teqnikuri Sedegebi - axali monacemebi, koncefciebi, gamogonebebi da sacdeli nimuSebi swrafad gadioda aSS-s farglebs gareT. konkurentul brZolaSi yvelaze xSirad imarjveben is kompaniebi da qveynebi,
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romlebic ufro swrafad da srulad iyeneben aseT miRwevebs. iaponelma specialistebma kargad iswavles daenaxaT msxvil aRmoCenebSi (xSirad sxva qveynebSi gakeTebul) Cadebuli SesaZleblobebi maT praqtikul gamoyenebamde misayvanad - mxolod ramodenime magaliTi: amerikelma mecnierebma gamoigones tranzistori. 1953 wels amerikulma kompania Western Electric-ma miyida am teqnologiis licenzia korporacia Sony-s, romelmac swrafad gaaumjobesa tranzistori da daiwyo gamoSveba (erTmaneTis miyolebiT), maRalxarisxovani nakeTobebisa sayofacxovrebo eleqtronuli aparaturisaTvis: 1968 wels amerikulma firma Unimation-ma gadasca, iaponur kompania Kawasaki Heavy Industries-s, licenzia samrewvelo robotebis warmoebisaTvis; XX-sauk. 70-ian wlebis dasawyisSi isini (samrewvelo robotebi) ukve farTod gamoiyenebodnen iaponiaSi, xolo aTwleulis bolos iaponuri robotebi moxvdnen ukve aSS-Si. am xnis ganmavlobaSi, aSS-Si, samrewvelo robotebis warmoeba realurad arc ki iqna dawyebuli. videomagnitofoni gamoigones kaliforniul (aSS) korporacia Ampex-Si da Semdeg moxda misi gaumjobeseba iaponiaSi. iaponurma kompania Canon Inc.-ma SeZlo aseve gaeumjobesebina ZiriTadi konstruqciuli koncefcia aslis gadamRebi manqanisa, romelsac uSvebda firma Xerox-i da Semdgom adaptireba gaukeTa iaf, aslis gadamReb, teqnologias, romelic damoukideblad iyo damuSavebuli, iafi lazeruli printerebis SeqmnisaTvis, es kidev erTi gamogonebaa, rac kompania Xerox-ma aseve srulad ver gamoiyena. igive SeiZleba iTqvas kompozitur masalebsa da keramikaze, ferad televizorebze, kompiuteris diskmatareblebze, Jangbadis da mikrotalRovan Rumelebze, kompiuteruli blokebiT aRWurvil Carxebze da sxva gamogonebebze. mxolod erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi
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(1987 weli) iaponiam amerikaSi iyida 1 miliardi aSS dolaris teqnologiuri informacia; Tavad amerikelTa SenaZeni analogiuri produqciisa iaponiaSi iyo aRniSnuli Tanxis naxevarze naklebi. iaponur firmebs qondaT idealuri pirobebi, aSS-Si teqnologiuri informaciis dabal fasebSi SeZenisaTvis. amerikuli kompaniebi xSirad erTmaneTs ecilebodnen TavianTi teqnologiis iaponiaSi gayidvisaTvis; ufro metic, wvril amerikul firmebs, romlebic muSaobdnen progresuli teqnologiebis sferoSi xSirad ar yofnidaT simZlavreebi warmoebisa da gayidvebis msoflio masStabiT organizebisaTvis an ar qondaT SesaZleblobebi daecvaT TavianTi patentebi sxva qveynebSi da amitomac eSinodaT, rom Tu uars ityodnen yvelaze Tanamedrove gadawyvetebis gayidvaze, saboloo jamSi emsxverplebodnen sakuTari produqciis dublirebas sxva, iseTi firmebis mxridan, romelTac eqnebodaT gacilebiT mcire sawarmoo xarjebi. iaponelebi koordinirebas uweven TavianT savaWro moqmedebebs da Tvalyurs adevneben, rom iaponurma kompaniebma metoqeoba ar gauwion erTmaneTs ama Tu im gamogonebis realizaciis licenziis SeZenis uflebisaTvis. iaponiis saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa da mrewvelobis saministrom (MITI), araerTxel, itvirTa funqciebi iaponuri firmebis erTiani warmomadgenlisa, riTac aiZulebda ucxour kompaniebs gaeyidaT licenziebi TavianT patentebze da gaemarTaT saqmiani molaparakebebi mTeli iaponuri mrewvelobisaTvis. 1956 w-dan – 1978 w-mde periodSi, ZiriTadad MITI-is mxridan licenziebis gayidvis auqcionebis Catarebis akrZalvaTa wyalobiT iaponurma firmebma gadaixades mxolod 9 miliardi aSS dolari im amerikuli teqnologiebisaTvis, romelTa Seqmnac amerikelebs daujdaT 500-dan 1000 miliard dolaramde. rogorc Cans aq Zevs iaponiis ekonomikis fenomenaluri warmatebebis mTavari saidumloebani.
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aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, amerikelebs, Tavi unda daecvaT cdunebisagan, aRemarTaT barierebi teqnologiebis saerTaSoriso gacvlis winaaRmdeg, rac xasiaTdeba Semdegi qmedebebiT: amerikuli firmebis patentebis da saavtoro uflebebis dacvis gaZlierebiT; xelis SeSliT, ucxouri firmebisaTvis, amerikuli teqnologiebis an iseTi kompaniebis yidvis saqmeSi, romlebic mowinave teqnologiebze dayrdnobiT awarmoebdnen Tanamedrove produqcias. SesaZlebeli iyo aseve ar daeSvaT ucxouri firmebi im samecniero kvleviT programebSi, romlebic finansirdebodnen aSS-s mTavrobis mier da moexdinaT zewola MITI-ze, imisaTvis, rom mas (MITI-s) Seewyvita patentTa centralizebuli Sesyidva. magram mTavari problema is ki araa, rom iaponur firmebs aqvT Tavisufali daSveba amerikul teqnologiebTan, aramed is rom realuri upiratesoba Zevs iaponuri kompaniebis unarSi swrafad gadavidnen axali gamogonebidan maRalxarisxovani produqciis gamoSvebaze. aSS-is winaSe dadga mTavari piroba industriuli pirvelobis dabrunebisa – mas unda eswavla axali teqnologiebis myisieri gamoyeneba. es ar iyo swrafi, magram iyo swori gza konkurentunarianobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis, romelic umniSvnelod iyo damokidebuli samTavrobo samecniero-teqnikuri programebisagan, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, gaTvlili iyo specifiuri teqnologiebis da mowinave teqnikis Seqmnaze, vTqvaT superkompiuterebis an maRaltemperaturuli zegamtarebis realizaciaze. zemoTaRniSnuli gza mniSvnelovnad iyo damokidebuli amerikeli specialistebis unarze gaeumjobesebinaT is procesi, romlis saSualebiTac teqnikuri siaxleebi (miuxedavad imisa, Tu romel qveyanaSi arian isini gamogonebulni) warmoebis procesSi transformirdebian maRalxarisxovan produqciaSi. iaponiis ekonomikuri aRmavlobis da am mxriv aSS-s SedarebiTi sisustis mizezebis guldasmiT Seswavlam aCvena, rom konkurentunarianobis gazrdis gzaze aucilebelia gadaidgas eqvsi nabiji:
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1. Tvalyuris devneba axali teqnologiebis gamoCenaze msoflios yvela qveyanaSi; 2.samecniero-teqnikuri proeqtebis finansirebis sakiTxi, damokidebuli unda iyos produqciis axali saxeebis samrewvelo aTvisebis procesze; 3. korporaciebis mier Catarebuli kvlevebi da realizaciebi dakavSirebuli unda iyos warmoebasTan; 4. xeli unda Seewyos erTiani teqnologiuri standartebis dadgenas; 5. ar unda daizogos saxsrebi specialistTa teqnikuri momzadebisaTvis; 6. amaRldes qveynaSi(aSS) saerTo ganaTlebis done. zemoT CamoTvlili RonisZiebebi miiCnies aucileblad, magram arasakmaris pirobad imisaTvis, rom aSS-s kvlav SesZleboda warmatebiTi konkurencia saerTaSoriso bazarze. pirveli nabiji: axali teqnologiebis swrafad aTvisebisaTvis, Tavdapirvelad saWiro iyo maTi arsebobis Sesaxeb droze SeetyoT. amerikuli firmebi xSirad Zalze dagvianebiT gebulobdnen sxva qveynebis samecniero da teqnikuri siaxleebiis Sesaxeb, iqneboda es fundamenturi garRveva, principulad axali gamogoneba, nakeTobis damzadebisa da awyobis ufro efeqturi meTodi Tu warmoebis organizaciisa da mza produqciis gasaRebis axali principebi. amerikel mecnierTa da inJinerTa mniSvnelovani nawili (romelTa ganaTlebis da saqmianobis dawyebis periodebi emTxveoda im dros, roca aSS mniSvnelovnad uswrebda sxva qveynebs axali teqnologiebis damuSavebasa da gamoyenebaSi) skeptikurad ekidebodnen ucxoelTa inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebs: rac ”CvenTan araa
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gamogonebuli” – seriozulad ar aRiqvamdnen; unda aRiniSnos, rom es kompleqsi dResac mwvave xelSemSlel faqtoradaa aRiarebuli aSS-Si. umravles amerikul firmebSi ar iyo Seqmnili sxva qveynebis teqnikur progresze dakvirvebis sistema: isini ar agzavnidnen TavianT mecnierebs, inJinrebs da teqnikosebs saerTaSoriso konferenciebze da savaWro gamofenebze an gacnobiTi mivlinebebiT sxva qveynebis konkurentul firmebSi; sistematurad ar muSaobdnen samecniero – kvleviTi programebis Sedegebis monacemTa SegrovebisaTvis, romlebic finansirdebodnen sxva qveynebis mTavrobebis mier (xSirad aSS-s mTavrobis mierac ki); ar muSaobdnen sazRvargareT gamomaval samecniero – teqnikuri perioduli gamocemebis analizze. Tavis mxriv arc aSS-s mTavroba uwevda maT saTanado daxmarebas am mimarTulebiT. iaponuri firmebi ki mTeli msoflios teqnikuri siaxleebis Sesaxeb informaciis Segrovebas ixilaven, rogorc saqmiani strategiis ganuyofel nawils. isini sargebloben sxvaTa miRwevebiT, riTac amdidreben sakuTar samecniero-teqnikur gamocdilebas. iaponuri kompaniebi organizebas ukeTeben specialistTa jgufebis vizitebs amerikul da evropul kompaniebSi da sauniversiteto samecniero laboratoriebSi, Rebuloben monawileobas yvela konferenciasa da savaWro gamofenebSi, guldasmiT swavloben ucxour publikaciebs, samTavrobo angariSebis CaTvliT. isini exmarebian, amerikul universitetebsa da laboratoriebs romlebic korporaciebs ekuTvniT, samecniero da teqnikuri samuSaoebis finansirebaSi – xolo Semdeg Tvalyurs adevneben imas, rom iaponeli mecnierebi, inJinrebi da teqnikosebi gaecnon miRebul Sedegebs. magaliTad 1988 wels 5000-mde iaponeli mecnieri muSaobda amerikul laboratoriebSi, im dros roca iaponur laboratoriebSi imave periodSi muSaobda 150-mde amerikeli mecnieri da isic mxolod ramodenime TviT.
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garda amisa, iaponiis samTavrobo saagentoebi agroveben teqnologiur informacias, mTeli msoflios masStabiT da uwyvetad awvdian TavianTi qveynis samrewvelo kompaniebs, magaliTad: MITI-sTan arsebuli mecnierebisa da teqnologiebis saagento afinansebs monacemTa Segrovebis ganaxlebad sistemas. iaponuri firmebi organizebas ukeTeben amerikul firmebTan erTobliv sawarmoebs imisaTvis, rom gadaiRon gamocdileba konstruirebisa da produqciis axali saxeobebis warmoebisaTvis. magaliTad, reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavebis Sesaqmnelad, grZelvadiani iaponuri programis farglebSi, 90-ian wlebSi, Boeing-is kompaniasTan mimdinareobda axali Taobis, saSualo zomis, reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavebis koncefciebis damuSaveba; ufro mogvianebiT daido xelSekruleba iaponur firmebsa da korporacia General Dynamics-s Soris F-16 nacvlad axali reaqtiuli gamanadgureblis erToblivi SeqmnisaTvis. meore nabiji, mWidrod dakavSirebuli pirvelTan, axali teqnologiebis swrafi samrewvelo aTvisebisa mdgomareobs imaSi, rom daakavSiros samecniero-teqnikuri samuSaoebis samTavrobo dafinanseba mza produqciis masobriv warmoebasTan. aRmoCenebi da gamogonebebi unda iyvnen mudmivad xelmisawvdomni warmoebaSi gamoyenebisaTvis, xolo samrewvelo sferos siaxleni mudmivad unda kvebavdnen kvlevebisa da gadawyvetebis Semdgom progress. erT-erTi mizezi imisa, rom samecniero-teqnikuri proeqtebis samTavrobo dafinanseba, iaponiaSi, ufro mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli samrewvelo warmoebasTan, vidre aSS-Si aris is, rom SeerTebul StatebSi, Tavdacvaze orientirebul kvlevebs aqvT madominirebeli roli. iaponiaSi, TavdacviTi samecniero-teqnikuri proeqtebis samTavrobo xarjebi Seadgenen – mecnierebasa da teqnikaze yvela samTavrobo xarjis mxolod 3%, im dros, roca aSS-Si es maCvenebeli tolia 70%-is.
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meore mxriv, uamravi samxedro teqnologiebi gamoyenebas pouloben ekonomikis samoqalaqo dargebSi da arsebobs mravali istoriuli magaliTi samoqalaqo mrewvelobaSi gamoyenebuli iseTi gamogonebebisa, romelnic gaCndnen samxedro proeqtebze muSaobisas; aseT gamogonebaTa ricxvs miekuTvnebian: kompiuterebi, integraluri eleqtronuli sqemebi da zemtkice masalebi. miuxedavad amisa aris ramodenime faqtori, romlebic xels uSlian teqnologiis gadatanas samxedro sferodan komerciulSi. TavdacviTi samuSaoebis mniSvnelovani nawili rCeba miuwvdomeli, radgan isini gasaidumloebuli arian. xSir SemTxvevebSi TavdacviTi mrewvelobis nakeTobebs waeyenebaT Zalze mkacri moTxovnebi (rac niSnavs imas, rom maTi warmoeba Zviri jdeba), miuRebeli samoqalaqo momxmareblisaTvis. sxva SemTxvevebSi komerciuli teqnologiebi aWarbeben samxedro realizaciebis doneebs da amitomac ukanasknelni arafers iZlevian im produqciis teqnikuri donis amaRlebisaTvis, romelic iwarmoeba ekonomikis samoqalaqo seqtorSi. samxedro organizaciebi Zalze CamorCebian samoqalaqo organizaciebs yvela saxis cifruli, eleqtronuli mowyobilobebis gamoyenebaSi; da bolos is adamianebi, romlebic qmnian samxedro teqnikas, iqnebian isini samxedro uwyebis moijaradeni Tu samTavrobo samecniero centrebis TanamSromlebi, TavianT samuSaoebSi xSirad orientirdebian konkretul miznebze (romelTac ayeneben damfinansebeli organizaciebi) da ara TavianTi ideebis komerciul perspeqtivebze. dReisaTvis samxedro samecniero-kvleviTi programebi ukve aRar warmoadgenen efeqtur saSualebas komerciis sferosaTvis sasargeblo, samrewvelo teqnologiebis generirebisa; aSS-is federaluri fondebis TiTqmis naxevari, romelic gamoiyofa kvlevebisaTvis, magaliTad zegamtarobis sferoSi mimarTulia (fondebi) samxedro teqnikis SeqmnisaTvis, iseTebis, rogorebicaa: infrawiTeli gamosxivebis deteqtorebi, wyalqveSa navebis aRmomCeni sistemebi da eleqtromagnituri qvemexebi. amave dros, iaponiis mTavroba ki piriqiT organizebas ukeTebs
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da afinansebs sxvadasxva tipis proeqtebs, orientirebulT zegamtarobis potenciuri komercializaciisaken. aSS-is TviT arasamxedro kvlevebis damfinansebeli saagentoebi, iseTebi rogorebicaa janmrTelobis nacionaluri institutebi, energetikis saministro da nacionaluri samecniero fondi amjobineben gamoyon saxsrebi iseT proeqtebze, romelnic Sors dganan komerciuli realizaciebisagan, isini ZiriTadad mxars uWeren fundamentur mecnierul kvlevebs. aqac Cans mkveTri kontrasti iaponiasTan. Tumca iaponiis mTavroba, dRes ukve xarjavs gacilebiT met saxsrebs fundamentur kvlevebze, vidre wina wlebSi. kvlevebze asignebaTa didi nawili mimarTulia swrafi komerciuli ukugebisaken. kerZod, aSkarad daisaxa ra miznad daxmareboda wvril da saSualo kompaniebs axali teqnologiebis aTvisebaSi, iaponiis mTavrobam organizeba gaukeTa 195 regionaluri laboratoriisagan Semdgar qsels, romelTa winaSe dasmulia amocana – gauwios teqnikuri daxmareba wvril da saSualo firmebs. iaponiis mTavroba Tavis Tavze iRebs xarjebis naxevars, danarCens ixdian adgilobrivi xelisuflebis organoebi da firmebi. garda amisa, iaponiaSi, warmoSobili teqnologiuri problemebis gadasawyvetad, organizebulia kompaniaTa jgufebi erToblivi kvlevebis Casatareblad. MITI-sTan arsebuli mrewvelobis, mecnierebisa da teqnologiebis saagento gamoimuSavebs pirobebs, msgavsi konsorciumebis Sesaqmnelad da uzrunvelyofs maT gansazRvruli fondebiT. ramodenime wlis win MITI-m organizeba gaukeTa 28 regionalur teqnologiur centrs, romlis daxmarebiTac firmebi aerTianeben Zalisxmevas da atareben erTobliv kvlevebs. iaponiis strategia, maRali mkafioobis televiziis ganviTarebis sferoSi, am procesis kargi ilustraciaa. iaponiis nacionalurma telekompaniam (NHK), maRali mkafioobis televiziis (mmt) sferos kvlevebi daiwyo 1970
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wels da miRebuli Sedegebi gadasca im 11 kompanias, romlebic specializirdebodnen satelevizio teqnikis warmoebaSi. kvlevaTa koordinacia, Tavis Tavze aiRo orma saministrom, programis etapebis ganawileba firmebis mixedviT ise moxda, rom maT erTmaneTis samuSaoTa dublireba ar ganexorcielebinaT da erToblivad gamoeyenebinaT miRebuli Sedegebi. iaponiis ganviTarebis bankma, romelic afinansebda samecniero-teqnikur samuSaoebs, Seavso korporaciebis mier gamoyofili saxsrebi – saxelmwifo fondebis fuliT. TviT iaponiis safosto samsaxurmac ki daiwyo mmt-is proeqtebis finansuri mxardaWera, organizeba gaukeTa ra, TavianTi klientebisaTvis SenatanTa specialur sistemas, raTa isini gamxdariyvnen mmt-is aparaturis pirveli myidvelebi, roca is (aparatura) xelmisawvdomi gaxdeboda. mesame nabiji aSS-is poziciebis dasabruneblad msoflio bazrebze mdgomareobs imaSi, rom amerikulma kompaniebma unda miuaxlovon TavianTi, samecniero-teqnikuri gadawyvetebi komerciul warmoebas. iaponurTan SedarebiT, umravlesi amerikuli firmebi mkveTrad ansxvaveben erTi mxriv kvlevebs da gadawyvetebs, meore mxriv warmoebasa da marketings. amerikel mkvlevarTa da konstruqtorTa umravlesoba, romlebic muSaoben korporaciaTa laboratoriebSi, teritoriulad da profesiulad mowyvetilni arian qarxnebis, sawyobebis da savaWro dawesebulebebisagan, sadac maTi ideebi, saboloo jamSi, unda poulobdnen praqtikul ganxorcielebas. amerikaSi kvleviTi laboratoriebi, Cveulebriv, ganlagebulni arian Tanamedrove SenobebSi, romelnic gafantulni arian studqalaqebis msgavsad ulamazes adgilebSi, rogorc wesi iTvleba, rom mkvlevarebi da konstruqtorebi, romlebic moRvaweoben laboratoriebSi, ufro mniSvnelovani an prestiJuli samuSaoTi arian dakavebulni, vidre maTi kolegebi sawarmoo saamqroebSi. xSirad (aSS-Si) samecniero-kvleviTi samuSaoebi sustad arian dakavSirebuli kompaniis danarCen moRvaweobasTan. laboratoriebidan wamosuli winadadebebi, TiToeuli
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proeqtisaTvis cal-calke, Seiswavleba bazrebis da finansebis specialistebis mier da mowonebis SemTxvevaSi gadaecema warmoebis inJinrebs, teqnikosebs da muSebs, romlebic qmnian aucilebeli mowyobilobebis konstruqciebs da procesebs mza produqciis warmoebisa da gasaRebisaTvis. aseT TanamimdevrobaSi Cadebulia aracxadi varaudi imisa, rom axali nakeTobis konstruireba da misi warmoebis teqnologiis damuSaveba unda mTlianad damTavrebuli iyos kvleviT laboratoriaSi, rom pirdapir SeiZlebodes warmoebis procesis dawyeba. magram amerikul kompaniebSi, xSirad axali nakeTobis warmoebis yvela sakiTxi gadadebulia manam, sanam mkvlevarebi ar moZebnian yvelasaTvis misaReb, saerTo gadawyvetilebas, xolo inJiner-konstruqtorebi ar gardaqmnian am saerTo gadawyvetilebas konkretul realizaciebSi. Sromis aseTi danawileba zrdis axali nakeTobis Seqmnis dros, ris gamoc, saboloo produqtis bazarze gasvla xdeba didi dagvianebiT. iaponiaSi kvlevebi da axali produqciis Seqmna mimdinareobs konstruirebisa da warmoebis momzadebis paralelurad, aq ar aris arc teritorialuri da arc profesiuli dayofa. Seqmnis procesi warmoebs principiT – ”cda, bedis monaxevrea”; aq savaldebulo araa, rom Teoria win uswrebdes praqtikas, xolo nakeTobis konstruireba - sawarmoo process; yvela es fazebi mimdinareobs erTdroulad, paralelur reJimSi. iSviaTobas warmoadgens iseTi SemTxveva, roca axal nakeTobas jer sacdel partiaze amuSaveben, Semdeg azusteben mis konstruqcias, teqnologias da mxolod amis Semdeg uSveben warmoebaSi. ufro xSirad, ukve arsebuli produqtebi da teqnologiuri procesebi ganicdian mravaljerad gadaxedvas; imis mixedviT Tu rodis SeZleben mkvlevarebi, inJinrebi da teqnikosebi, analizis safuZvelze an eqsperimentebis gziT, mividnen azramde SesaZlo modernizaciis Sesaxeb. aseTi midgomis erT-erTi magaliTia Sigawvis ZravebSi keramikuli masalebis gamoyeneba; imis magivrad rom daemuSavebinaT principulad axali Zrava keramikuli masalebis bazaze
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(magaliTad keramikuli turbo Zrava, romelsac zogierTi amerikuli kompaniebi qmnian federaluri saxsrebis mizidvis xarjze), iaponuri kompaniebi muSaoben Zravze, sadac keramikuli iqneba jerjerobiT mxolod dguSi; TandaTanobiT isini SeZleben Seitanon tradiciuli konstruqciis ZravebSi keramikuli detalebi. meoTxe nabijis saxiT SeerTebulma Statebma, SeZlebisdagvarad swrafad unda danergos erTiani samrewvelo standartebi, ris wyalobiTac axali teqnologiebi iqnebian urTierTSeTavsebadni, rac daaCqarebs maT praqtikul danergvas. aseTi standartebis arsebobisas momxmareblebi SeZleben ufro Tavisuflad Caataron eqsperimentebi, axali teqnologiebis bazaze Seqmnil, mowyobilobebze; aseve gamoricxon riski, romelic dakavSirebulia axal teqnologiaze gadasvlasTan (teqnologia SeiZleba swrafad daZveldes). amave dros, aCqarebiT miRebulma standartebma SesaZlebelia SeaCeron, jer kidev bolomde daumuSavebeli, axali teqnologiebis ganviTareba. standartebis drouli da srulad miReba aris teqnologiuri warmatebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi piroba. aSS-Si teqnikuri standartebi dgindebian zemoTaRniSnuli aspeqtebis aucilebeli gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. msxvili kompaniebi an samTavrobo saagentoebi standartebs adgenen faqtis mixedviT; sxva samTavrobo an arakomerciuli organizaciebi adgenen oficialur standartebs. samwuxarod, standartTa arc erTi ”wyaro”, realurad araa dainteresebuli imiT, rom standartizaciis procesi xels uwyobdes axali teqnologiebis aTvisebas. raoden saocaric ar unda iyos, am organizaciebs ar yavT saWiro kadrebi aseTi samuSaos efeqturi SesrulebisaTvis. ramodenime wlis win aSS-is kavSirgabmulobis federalurma komisiam (FCC) uaryo iaponiis mier SeTavazebuli standarti, maRali mkafioobis satelevizio aparaturaze, imis safuZvelze, rom is (standarti) SeuTavsebeli iyo arsebuli telemimRebebis
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standartebTan. am gadawyvetilebis wyalobiT kompanias Zenith Electronics –s (televizorebis erTaderTi mwarmoebeli, romelic ekuTvnis aSS-s) mieca damatebiTi dro, amerikis bazrisaTvis gankuTvnili teqnologiis damuSavebisaTvis. magram es miniWebuli saSualeba ar iyo gamowveuli miRebuli gadawyvetilebis winaswarganzraxulobiT: FCC ar aris motivirebuli amerikuli teqnologiebis konkurentunarianobis gazrdisaTvis da ar gaaCnia araviTari konkretuli gegmebi am mimarTulebiT. mas Semdeg rac FCC-m uaryo iaponelebis Tavdapirveli winadadeba mmt-ze, iaponiis mTavrobam ganaxorciela axali standartis koordinacia, romelic aris erTiani, aSS-Si warmoebuli da iaponuri firmebis mier gamoSvebuli televizorebisaTvis. iaponiaSi misdeven ufro Sorsgamiznul strategias standartebis dadgenisa. Tumca iq metoqeobis nebas rTaven konkurentul firmebs standartebis dadgenisas axal samomxmareblo saqonelze, rogorc amas qonda adgili VHS da Beta-s videokasetebis standartebisaTvis. MITI-Si arsebobs specialuri ganyofileba, romelic pasuxs agebs samrewvelo standartebis koordinaciaze, romelic mowodebulia uzrunvelyos xelSemwyobi pirobebi axali teqnologiebis aTvisebisaTvis. mexuTe piroba (nabiji), axali teqnologiebis efeqturi danergvisTvis mdgomareobs kvalificiuri kadrebis arsebobaSi, romelTac SeuZliaT moZebnon gzebi teqnikuri siaxleebis ganxorcielebisa saboloo produqciaSi da sawarmoo procesebSi. iaponuri kompaniebi, Cveulebriv, xarjaven mraval wels, sxva qveynebSi aRmoCenili an nayidi teqnikuri ideebis damuSavebasa da srulyofilebamde miyvanisaTvis. kompania Sony-s mier videoCaweris teqnologiis yidva amerikuli kompaniisagan iyo mxolod dasawyisi 19-wliani Semdgomi damuSavebis procesisa; 1975 wels gamoSvebuli modeli Betamax, iyo videomagnitofonebis, ukve meoTxe Taobis warmomadgeneli, romelic Sony-m Seqmna am (nayidi) teqnologiis safuZvelze.
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warmoebis avtomatizirebuli procesis wyalobiT, romelic kompania Sony-m daamuSava, sistema Betamax-is Rirebuleba Seadgenda, pirveli Taobis video-magnitofonebis TviTRirebulebis mxolod mesamed nawils. daaxloebiT aseTive suraTi SeiniSneba, maRali mkafioobis satelevizio aparaturisaTvis: kvlevebi daiwyo 1970 wels, xolo masobrivi warmoeba ki iwyeba 1991 wlidan. aSS-Si gavrcelebuli azris sawinaaRmdegod, iaponiaSi mimarTaven grZelvadian strategias - ukve arsebuli teqnologiuri nakadebis potenciuri sargeblianobis sarealizaciod. iaponuri firmebi xalisiT abandebdnen saxsrebs zogierT teqnologiebSi, romlebic momavalSi ar pirdebian praqtikul Sedegebs; aseT SemTxvevebSi, saxsrebis dabandeba xdeba ara imdenad, Tavad teqnologiaSi, ramdenadac teqnikur ganaTlebaSi, romelsac iZenen isini, vinc muSaobs masze. miiReben ra Sesabamis gamocdilebas, es kvalificiuri muSakebi SemdgomSi ueWvelad dainaxaven Rirebul mxareebs sxvadasxvanair, axal teqnologiebSi da SeZleben sistematurad moargon isini (teqnologiebis Rirebuli mxareebi) axal nakeTobebs an produqcias da sawarmoo procesebs. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi firma Sony-s specialistebi cdilobdnen gadaewyvitaT teqnikuri problemebi, romlebic dakavSirebulni iyvnen firze videoCaweris da videomagnitofonebis warmoebasTan. maT daugrovdaT mravali nayofieri idea sxva uamravi problemis Sesaxeb sayofacxovrebo eleqtronuli mowyobilobebis warmoebis sferodan – da es iyo Zalze Rirebuli SenaZeni, miuxedavad imisa rom Betamax nakeTobam ganicada marcxi bazarze, kompaniam miaRwia warmatebas, erTiani standartebis dadgeniT, axali Taobis videomagnitofonebisaTvis, xolo Beta-s teqnologiis mravalma Taviseburebebma asaxva naxes VHS-s standartis videomagnitofonebSi, romelTac kompania dResac uSvebs.
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dReisaTvis mravali iaponuri firma eZebs gzebs maRaltemperaturuli zegamtarebis gamoyenebisa. maTi moRvaweobis warmatebebi Sefasdeba ara marto imiT, SeZleben Tu ara isini odesme SeimuSaon esa Tu is konkretuli nakeTobani an procesebi (magaliTad, iaponuri satelituri korporacia Nippon Steel-i cdilobs zegamtarobis safuZvelze SeimuSaos, uwyveti, konveieruli, meTodi foladis Camosxmisa), aramed imiTac, Tu firmis specialistebi, rogor farTod da Rrmad Cawvdebian am axali teqnologiis komerciul SesaZleb-lobebs da aseve imiT, rogor SeZleben isini, miRebuli codnis gamoyenebas, momaval samuSaoebSi. analogiurad im 11-ive iaponur firmas (romlebic awarmoeben satelevizio mowyobilobebs da abandeben saxsrebs maRali mkafioobis televiziis kvlevaTa sferoSi) SesaniSnavad aqvT gacnobierebuli is, rom maT Soris mxolod, erTeulebi SeZleben daikavon lideris mdgomareoba am sferoSi, magram maT isic esmiT, rom iqaurma kadrebma unda miiRon aucilebeli gamocdileba momavali samuSaoebisaTvis am axali teqnologiis sxvadasxva variaciisaTvis. amerikuli firmebi naklebi xalisiT (vidre maTi iaponeli partniorebi) abandeben fuls TavianTi specialistebis grZelvadian teqnikur swavlebaSi, xSirad imis gamo, rom aSS-s finansuri sistema moiTxovs swraf, moklevadian mogebebs. magaliTad, ramdenime wlis win, korporacia Kontrol Data-s prezidentma gamoacxada, rom misma kompaniam, gadawyvita Sewyvitos samuSaoebi superkompiuterebis warmoebis sferiSi; man aRniSna, rom kompanias metad aRar SeuZlia Tavs misces ufleba yovelwliurad dakargos 100 milioni dolari - axali teqnologiis Seqmnis mcdelobisas. kompania moxvda Zlieri zewolis qveS maTi mxridan, vinc Cado kapitali superkompiuterebis proeqtSi da iTxovdnen Control Kontrol Data-s aqciebze fasebis gazrdas. amis sawinaaRmdegod iaponuri firma Hitachi-is warmomadgenelma, gazeTi New York Times-Tvis micemuli interviuSi ganacxada, rom misi kompania gaagrZelebs yovelwliurad 100 milioni dolaris Cadebas superkompiuterebis sferos kvlevebisa da gadawyvetebisaTvis. man ganacxada - ”finansuri
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TvalsazrisiT es arc Tu momgebiani biznesia, magram superkompiuterebi - es mTeli gamoTvliTi teqnikis flagmania”. amerikul firmebs aqvT kidev erTi, albaT yvelaze mniSvnelovani mizezi imisa rom upiratesoba mianiWon moklevadian kapitaldabandebebs TavianTi personalis swavlebis TvalsazrisiT: amerikeli inJinrebi xSirad icvlian samuSao adgilebs da amis gamo, sargeblianobas maTi ganswavlulobis gamo, didi albaTobiT miiReben ukve sxva kompaniebi. amisgan gansxvavebiT iaponeli inJirnebi da muSebi, rogorc wesi, ar icvlian samuSao adgils mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi da Sedegad maTi ganaTlebis xarjebi, didi albaTobiT, miscemen dadebiT Sedegebs im kompanias, romelmac maT aswavla. kadrebis dineba aSS-Si, xels uwyobs iseTi teqnologiuri centrebis Seqmnas, rogorebicaa bostonis gareubnebSi ”gzatkecili-128” an ”silikonis veli” kaliforniaSi, magram kadrebis aseTi denadobis gamo amerikuli firmebi ufrTxian, individualurad Cadon saxsrebi adamianur kapitalSi. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, mravali amerikuli firma arCevs SeiZinos is komponentebi an sawarmoo procesebi, romlebmac sadme ukve daamtkices momgebianoba. amerikeli menejeris TvalSi maRali xarjebi da didi riski dakavSirebulni sakuTar gadawyvetebTan, ar kompensirdebian axali teqnologiis Seswavla-daxvewis perspeqtiuli SesaZleblobebiT. meeqvse nabijis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom SeerTebulma Statebma unda aamaRlos, yvela Tavisi moqalaqis ganaTlebis done, kompaniebi xalisiTac rom abandebdnen saxsrebs TavianTi muSakebis teqnikur ganaTlebaze, am kapitaldabandebaTa warmateba principulad iqneba damokidebuli muSakTa swavlis unarze, romelic Tavis mxriv ganisazRvreba maTi saerTo ganaTlebis doniT. aqac
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aSS CamorCenilis rolSia. im dros, roca aSS-Si, iseve rogorc iaponiaSi, gansakuTrebulad niWieri axalgazrda Taobis 20% Rebulobs umaRles ganaTlebas da warmatebiT mzaddebian inJinrebis, menejerTa da sxva profesiebisaTvis. aSS aRwevs gacilebiT nakleb warmatebas mosaxleobis danarCeni 80%-is ganaTlebaSi. amerikeli moswavleebi xSirad amJRavneben saocar ucodinarobas maTematikasa da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi, cxadia rom codnis aseTi donis mqone momavali TanamSromlebi sxvadasxva firmebisa da kompaniebisa, ver SeZleben aiTvison axali teqnologiuri an teqnikuri ideebi da ganaxorcielon isini mza produqciasa da sawarmoo procesebSi. aSS CamorCeba iaponias mraval iseT sferoSi, romlebic gansazRvraven komerciul warmatebas, imitom rom amerikelebma ar ician axali teqnologiebis efeqturi gamoyeneba, marTalia, bolo wlebSi, maT miiRes garkveuli zomebi aRniSnulis gamosasworeblad da ris Sesaxebac qvemoT SevCerdebiT. ramodenime msxvilma firmam, iseTebma rogorebicaa IBM, Hewlett – Packard da 3M, daiwyes didi Zalisxmevis gamoCena, sxva qveynebis, teqnikuri siaxleebis Sesaswavlad da samecniero-teqnikuri kvlevebis komerciul warmoebasTan integrirebis gzebis ZiebisaTvis. amave dros zogierTma samTavrobo saagentom daiwyo yuradRebis gamaxvileba axali teqnologiebis utilizaciaze: magaliTad, miCiganis modernizaciis samsaxuri sTavazobs, Tavis StatSi, 6000-ze met wvril qarxanasa da fabrikas teqnikur daxmarebas – konstruirebasa da warmoebaSi avtomatizirebuli procesebis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT. ramodenime wlis win aSS-Si miRebuli sakanonmdeblo aqtis Tanaxmad, standartebisa da teqnologiebis erovnul instituts (yofili standartebis erovnuli biuro) daevala daexmaros wvril firmebs Sromis nayofierebis amaRlebaSi, warmoebis axali meTodebis da saSualebebis gamoyenebis xarjze. erovnulma samecniero fondma daawesa mTeli rigi, samecniero-teqnikuri
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centrebisa mTeli qveynis teritoriaze, romelTaganac TiToeuli awarmoebs kvlevebs, calkeul problemaTa kompleqsis sferodan da romelnic kavSirSi arian sawarmoo procesebTan. ramodenime federaluri laboratoria organizebas ukeTebs Tavis warmomadgenlebs kvlevebisa da teqnikuri realizaciis TvalsazrisiT, axal aRmoCenaTa gavrcelebis mizniT; isini aRWurvilni arian uflebamosilebiT, miakuTvnon gansakuTrebuli salicenzio uflebebi kerZo organizaciebs axali produqciis Seqmnis stimulirebis mizniT. amave dros dawyebulia procesi saswavlo programebis gadaxedva-ganaxlebisa da maswavlebelTa Sromis anazRaurebis donis gazrdisa aSS-is dawyebiT da saSualo skolebSi. mravali firma da adgilobrivi xelisufleba avlens did dainteresebas kadrebis kvalifikaciis amaRlebisa, uSualod samuSao adgilebze imisaTvis, rom daexmaros maT mTeli rigi progresuli teqnologiebis aTvisebaSi. amerikel eqspertTa azriT unda gakeTdes gacilebiT meti Zveli teqnologiuri lideris poziciis dabrunebisaTvis, es ukanaskneli ar moiTxovs xarjebis mniSvnelovan gazrdas samecniero kvlevebsa da teqnikur realizaciebze; imave eqspertTa azriT saWiroa xarjebis mxolod gadanawileba. pentagonis mier finansirebadi msxvili kvleviTi proeqtebis nacvlad unda Seiqmnas iseTi samecniero-teqnikuri programebi rac gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba amerikuli kerZo kompaniebis monawileobaze. nawilobriv es programebi unda daafinansos samoqalaqo saagentom, romelsac specialurad daevaleboda axali teqnologiebis komerciuli Canergvis xelSewyoba. aseT programebSi yuradReba unda gamaxvildes, inJinerTa, konstruqtorTa da warmoebis specialistebis mxridan am axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebis gamocdilebis SeZenaze. aseT struqturaTa Camoyalibeba ramodenime wlis win daiwyo aSS-Si. magaliTad Seqmnilia erToblivi kvleviTi sawarmo naxevargamtarebis teqnikis sferoSi – SEMATECH,
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magram amave dros, misi damfinansebeli organizacia, aSS-is Tavdacvis saministro, arasakmarisad erkveva komerciuli teqnologiebis SemuSavebis sakiTxebSi da proeqti ZiriTadad koncetrirdeba, naxevargam-tariani mowyobilobebis warmoebisaTvis saWiro danadgarebis SemuSavebaze da ara am proeqtSi monawile firmebSi mowinave gamocdilebis gavrcelebaze. eqspertTa azriT, SeerTebulma Statebma unda Cadon, dRevandel dReze gacilebiT meti saxsrebi, kadrebis saerTo ganaTlebisa da profesiuli momzadebisaTvis. magram ubralod saxsrebis moZieba sazogadoebrivi fondebidan - es jer kidev ar wyvets problemas. garda ZiriTadi disciplinebis da Cvevebis swavlebisa dawyebiTi da saSualo skolebis programebSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda daeTmos kritikuli azrovnebis aRzrdas, amocanis arsis mkafio aRqmis unaris ganviTarebas, sakiTxebis dasmas da ara mxolod faqtebis konstatirebas da kanonzomierebis dadgenas imaSi, rac aRiqmeba qaosad. maswavleblebs unda mieceT meti damoukidebloba, magram amave dros maT unda daekisroT didi pasuxismgebloba imaze Tu rogor da ras aswavlian klasebSi. mSoblebi da sazogadoebriobis wamomadgenlebi unda efeqturad uwyobdnen xels saskolo ganaTlebis gaumjobesebas. kerZo seqtoris mxridan rekomendirebuli gza teqnologiuri liderobisaken moiTxovs ufro intensiur urTierTqmedebas, mkvlevarebs, inJiner-konstruqtorebs, inJiner-teqnologebs da bazris specialistebs Soris TiToeul firmaSi da mniSvnelovnad ufro seriozuli zomebis miRebas imisaTvis, rom samuSao adgilze damagrdes kvalificiuri specialisti. SeerTebul StatebSi, bolo wlebSi, eqspertTa rekomendaciiT, dawyebulia sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi, imisaTvis rom kompaniebs mianiWon ufro farTo SesaZleblobebi im kapitaldabandebaTa mimarT, romlebic gaTvlilni arian produqciis SemuSavebis grZelvadianobaze. magaliTad, federalurma mTavrobam
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faqtobrivad ganaxorciela im operaciaTa subsidireba, romlebic dakavSirebulni arian kompaniaTa SerwymasTan da sakuTrebis gadacemasTan; firmebi, romlebic am miznebisaTvis iReben uzarmazar valebs, saprocento gadasaxadebs ixdian mogebidan. sagadasaxado subsidiebs SeuZliaT ufro efeqturad Seuwyon xeli programebs, romlebic gaTvlilni arian xangrZliv perspeqtivaze. aSS-is administraciis eqspertTa azriT sasargeblo nabiji iqneboda im sagasaxado SeRavaTebis likvidacia, romlebic gaTvaliswinebulia kompaniebis Serwymis da sakuTrebis gadacemisas. loRikuradaa miCneuli sakuTrebis gayidvis dros amoRebuli gadasaxadis gazrda, Tu sakuTreba mis gamyidvels ekuTvnoda naxevar welze mcire droiT da gadasaxadis Semcireba sakuTrebis gayidvisas, Tu igi mas ekuTvnoda 6 welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi. zemoT aRniSnulma, amerikis ekonomikis, arasaxarbielo tendenciebma da qveynis ”teqnologiuri momavlis” gaurkvevlobam (ukanaskneli wlebis amerikuli umaRlesi saswavleblebis sabunebismetyvelo da teqnikuri fakultetebis studentTa ricxvi da amave sferoebSi samecniero xarisxebis maZiebelTa raodenoba mkveTrad Semcirda. 1000 kursdamTavrebulidan mxolod 7 Rebulobs, teqnikuri profilis samecniero xarisxs; iaponiaSi Sesabamisi ricxvia 40. sadoqtoro disertaciebis naxevarze meti, teqnikur disciplinebSi, maTematikaSi da fizikaSi daculia ucxoelTa mier. magistris xarisxis mimReb specialistTa ricxvi Semcirda 25%-iT, xolo universitetebis diplomebis mimRebTa ricxvi – 30% - iT, ris Sedegadac mcirdeba baza, momavalSi samecniero kadrebis da wamyvani specialistebis momzadebisa. aSS-is samecniero disciplinebis maswavlebelTa erovnuli asociaciis monacemebiT – amerikis skolebis mesamedSi ar iswavleba fizika, yovel mexuTe skolaSi – qimia, yovel meaTeSi – biologia, skolebis 3/4 –Si ar iswavleba mecnierebebi dedamiwasa da kosmosis Sesaxeb.) aiZula prezident j.buSis (ufrosi) administracia 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gamoecxadebina aSS-is ekonomikuri da
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samrewvelo profilis teqnologiuri prioritetebi. am periodSi SeiniSneba CAD/CAM inteleqtualuri sistemebis arnaxuli teqnologiuri srulyofa da racionaluri daproeqtebis meTodebis - (DFMA), mTel rig modulTa warmoSoba, romlebmac ukanasknel wlebSi arnaxuli da Zneladprognozirebadi makroekonomikuri warmatebebi moutanes amerikis SeerTebul Statebs dakarguli bazrebis dabrunebis saqmeSi. dRes kvlav aqtualuria umZimesi ekonomikuri krizisis daZlevis efeqturi saxelmwifo-mmarTvelobiTi RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba da am TvalsazrisiT industriuli liderebi axorcieleben mkafiod struqturirebul saxelmwifo antikrizisul strategiebs. aSS-s axali administracia da prezideni b. obama(Barack Obama) apirebs ekonomikur kolafss daupirispirdes antikrizisuli strategiebiT ganaTlebis, jandacvis, energetikis da socialuri uzrunvelyofis sferoSi. rogorc wina wlebSi, dResac msoflios ekonomikurad dawinaurebuli qveynebi koliziebs, ekonomikasa da finansur sferoSi, upirispireben saxelmwifo-marTvis mkafiod gamoxatul da motivirebul antikrizisul programebs. Semoqmedis mier dawesebuli sistemaSemqmneli kategoriebi - sistemuri msoflmxedveloba, sulieri gavlena, codna da rwmena sistemuri msoflmxedvelobis da sulieri gavlenis - TvalnaTeli nimuSia didi RvTismetyvelisa da moazrovnis, netari avgustines* (Saint Augustine) (354-430 w.w.) Txzulebam (”aRsarebani”), rom moaRwia Cvenamde. am wigns yvelaze metad kiTxuloben, yvelaze ukeT icnoben da yvelaze mets Targmnian mTels saqristiano samyaroSi. ”aRsarebani”, mogviTxrobs pirovnebis (avgustines) moqcevis, misi sulieri feriscvalebis, misi Sinagani cxovrebis ganaxlebisa da inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis dramatul da gulisSemZvrel ambavs, sadac
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saRvTismosao sasoebas enacvleba umniSvnelovanesi filosofiuri wiaRsvlebi. sulis warmomavlobis sakiTxi, erTi im sakiTxTagania, mTeli cxovrebis manZilze rom stanjavda da awamebda netar avgustines, romelmac sicocxlis damlevsac ki ver SesZlo misi(sulis warmomavlobis problemis) gadaWra, roca Txzulebas - “uaryofani” (“Retractationes”) werda, raTa saboloo da konceptualur msoflmxedvelobrivi daskvnebi Seetana masSi, Tumca sistemuri msoflmxedvelobis mravali mSvenieri nimuSi dautova kacobriobas. sistemuri msoflmxedvelobis da sulieri gavlenis ugulebelyofiTaa uTuod warmoSobili seni, rasac ilia marTalma “seni uqmobisa” uwoda – “es saSineli seni uqmobisa, Tavis Tavis arpatronobisa, Tavis Tavis ar Svelisa, ise arsad ar aris gavrcelebuli, rogorc saqarTveloSi”. dRes iseTi droa, rom Tu adamiani, eri Tavad ar irjeba sakuTari sikeTisaTvis, rac sistemuri msoflmxedvelobidan da sulieri gavlenidan SeiZleba iyos mopovebuli, da mxolod garedan elis daxmarebas, gareT eZebs saxsars cxovrebis gasaumjobeseblad, aseTi kaci da eri ganwirulia damarcxebisaTvis. … ------------------------------ * netari avgustine - Saint Augustine, Latin: Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis, (354-430w.w.) - dasavleTis eklesiis udidesi maswavlebeli, daibada 354 wlis noemberSi, hiponiis maxloblad, samxreT numidiis patara qalaq togastaSi. mamamisi - patriciusi, warmarTi iyo da mxolod maSin moinaTla, rodesac avgustines 17 weli Seusrulda, ris Semdegac maleve aResrula. igi cdilobda, avgustinesTvis kargi ganaTleba mieca, magram misi znisa da xasiaTisaTvis yuradReba arasodes miuqcevia. dedas, monikas, WeSmaritad qristianuli aRzrda hqonda mSoblebisagan miRebuli da gamoirCeoda keTili bunebiTa da saTno, mSvidobismoyvare cxovrebiT. monika 23 wlis iyo, rodesac avgustine SeeZina, sakuTar Svils yrmobidanve aswavla da Seayvara iesos saxeli, magram miuxedavad amisa, avgustine mainc uzneobasa da garyvnil cxovrebas mieca. es ganapiroba misi drois mankier zne-CveulebaTa garemocvam, cudi megobrebis wrem
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da Tavisufalma cxovrebam. Wabuki avgustine afrikelisTvis damaxasiaTebeli temperamentiT Caeflo garyvnilebaSi, biblia mkvdar wignad miaCnda da mas ise kiTxulobda, rogorc polemisti. misTvis daixSo sulieri karibWe, radgan gulwrfelobisa da morCilebis gareSe mieaxla saRmrTo werils. 17 wlis avgustine karTagenSi gaemgzavra ganaTlebis misaRebad. aq igi iolad aRmoCnda maniqevelTa badeSi, romelnic Tumca xSirad axsenebdnen macxovris saxels, magram Tavisi swavlebiTa da cxovrebis wesiT mtrebi iyvnen qristes eklesiisa. maTma swavlebam avgustine sakuTari codvebisTvis gamarTlebis Ziebis seniT daavada. codvebi umniSvnelod eCveneboda da maT Tavisi nebis gamoxatulebis Sedegad ki ar miiCnevda, aramed rogorc gareSe boroti Zalis tiranias. Wabuki avgustine ise Rrmad Caeflo am mwvaleblur WaobSi, rom megobrebi da nacnobebic ki CaiTria. cxra wlis ganmavlobaSi iyo igi maniqeveli. Semdgom avgustineSi TandaTan eWvma daisadgura maniqevelTa moZRvrebis mimarT. man dainaxa, rom isini ngrevaSi ufro warmatebulni iyvnen, vidre SenebaSi. avgustinem ganizraxa karTagenis datoveba. netari avgustines deda, monika, usazRvrod damwuxrebuli iyo Svilis maniqevelobiT. man ar moisurva gzasacdenilTan erTad cxovreba da aRarc trapezs iyofda masTan. monika ise dastiroda Svils, rogorc mkvdars da moukleblad loculobda, raTa igi RmerTs WeSmariti sarwmunoebisaken moeqcia. xedavda ra dedis amgvar mecadineobas, erTma episkoposma is ase daamSvida: „icxovre ise, rogorc cxovrob da SeuZlebelia, rom daiRupos Svili am cremlebisa“. samSobloSi dabrunebulma avgustinem gramatikis maswavleblad daiwyo muSaoba. 29 wlis, igi Sexvda marTlmorwmuneTagan sikvdilis maxed wodebul maniqevel „episkopos“ favsts. masTan urTierTobisas avgustinem maniqevelTa swavlebaSi da cxovrebis wesSi mravali winaaRmdegoba aRmoaCina. favstTan saubris Semdeg avgustine romSi gaemgzavra. am dros igi werda: „iswrafe iqiT, saidanac anaTebs WeSmariteba“. romSi avgustine didxans ar gaCerebula, igi Tavis megobar alipiusTan erTad milans gaemgzavra, raTa wmida ambrosi mediolanelis qadageba moesmina. „me masTan RmerTma mimiyvana, raTa mis mier RmerTTan mivsuliyavi“, - werda igi Semdgom. wmida ambrosim is mamobrivi siyvaruliT miiRo. misi qadagebis mosmena avgustines udides siamovnebas aniWebda. male didi mRvdelmTavris meTvalyureobiT saRmrTo werilis Seswavla daiwyo. RmrTis sityvam masze gadamwyveti zegavlena moaxdina. avgustine da alipiusi katexizatorTa bejiTi da morCili mowafeni Seiqmnen, TumcaRa niWiTa da codniT bevrad aRematebodnen TavianT maswavleblebs. 387 wels, aRdgomamde
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ramdenime dRiT adre, avgustine alipiusTan erTad moinaTla, mTeli Tavisi qoneba qvriv-obolT dauriga da berul moRvaweobas Seudga. saocaria misi ukanaskneli saubari dedasTan. „.erTaderTi mizezi imisa, rom amqveynad didxans mecocxla, is iyo, rom sikvdilamde mexile marTlmadidebel qristianad. RmerTma ki ufro metic mommadla - dRes vxedav, rom yovelive amqveyniurze amaRlebulxar da Tavi uflisaTvis migiZRvnia. maS, raRa damrCenia me amqveynad“. xuTi dRis Semdeg monikam ufals miabara suli. 391 wels hiponiis episkoposma valerim, avgustines presviteris wodeba mianiWa. mravalmxrivi da nayofieri iyo netari mamis moRvaweoba am xarisxSi. man daaarsa pirveli qalTa monasteri afrikaSi. mavritaniaSi misi mecadineobiT aRikveTa saSineli adaTi, romlis drosac qalaqis mcxovrebni or SeiaraRebul nawilad iyofodnen da erTmaneTs ebrZodnen. Tavisi cxovrebis ormocdamexuTe wels avgustine episkoposad akurTxes. male man hiponiis kaTedra daikava. mRvdelmTavrobis ocdaTxuTmeti weli netarma mamam maniqevlobis, donatevelobisa da pelagevelobis winaaRmdeg brZolas Sealia. am polemikaSi igi mxolod kalams rodi sjerdeboda, aramed pirad disputebSi amarcxebda mwvalebelT, misi saubrebi ki Semdgom morwmuneebSi vrceldeboda. netari avgustines saxli mudam Ria iyo yvelasaTvis. mis magidaze aseTi sityvebi ewera: „visac uyvars zurgs ukan yvedreba sxvaTa cxovrebisa, icodes, rom es magida amxilebs mas“. misi qadagebebi gankuTvnili iyo ubralo meTevzeebisa da xelosnebisaTvis da ara antioqieli Tu konstantinepoleli aristokratiisaTvis. am qadagebaTa ubraloeba metad axlos iyo saxarebis sulTan. netari avgustine mravali sakvirveli Cvenebis Rirsi gaxada ufalma. mis cxovrebaSi erT-erTi yvelaze naTeli movlena iyo yrma iesos xilva, romelsac surda, mTeli okeane erT patara qviSis ormoSi moeqcia. swored am dros avgustine cdilobda, sakuTari gonebiT Caswvdomoda wmida samebis saidumlos. am xilviT ki RmerTma netar mamas kidev erTxel daanaxa sasruloba da umweoba adamianis gonebisa. wmidani Tavadac bevr saswauls aRasrulebda. misi locviT araerTi sneuli gankurnebula. 430 wels hiponia vandalebma gadawves. erTaderTi, rac RvTis nebiT cecxls gadaurCa, netari avgustines biblioTeka iyo. karTagenic male daeca. Crdilo afrikis eklesia mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. avgustine iyo hiponiis ukanaskneli episkoposi. man sakuTari TvaliT ixila sayvareli qalaqis
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sikvdili, ris Semdegac didxans aRar ucocxlia. igi 430 wlis 28 agvistos gardaicvala. netari avgustines kalams ekuTvnis mravali Txzuleba (misi biografis TqmiT, maTi raodenoba aTas ocdaaTs aRemateba). aRsaniSnavia misi „aRsarebani“, „RvTis qalaqis Sesaxeb“, “Cvidmeti wigni pelakianelTa winaaRmdeg”, “komentarebi dabadebis wignisa” da sxva. igi cdilobda, misi nawerebi yvelasaTvis misawvdomi da sargeblis momtani yofiliyo. „umjobesia gramatikosebma gangvaqiqon, vidre Cveni azrebi xalxisaTvis gaugebari iyos“. - ambobda igi. („wmidanTa cxovreba“, tomi II, Tbilisi, 2001 w.) sistemuri msoflmxedvelobis naTeli nimuSi - saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelis mosazrebebi Tanamedroveobis fundamentur problemebze
uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolokos-patriarqis ilia II-is sityva "globalizaciis da civilizaciaTa dialogis saerTaSoriso forumze" Seraton-metexi palasi, 24 seqtemberi, 2004 weli
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. . . globalizacia aris gardauvali movlena da igi ukavSirdeba mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis ganviTarebas. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mTeli msoflio gaxda globaluri. magram es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom didma qveynebma unda STanTqon mcire qveynebis kulturuli, sulieri Tu erovnuli faseulobani, raTa Seiqmnas erTiani da usaxo kultura. zogs hgonia, TiTqos mcire erebis sulieri Tu erovnuli faseulobani qmnis konfliqts da dapirispirebas, rac SesaZloa mtrobasa da SuRlSic gadaizardos. sinamdvileSi es sulac ar aris ase. es faseulobani, maTi mravalferovneba, piriqiT amdidrebs msoflios. magram amave dros, Cven unda vicodeT, rom saWiroa Camoyalibdes sakacobrio RirebulebaTa zneobrivi RerZi, rasac Cven mTlianad mxars vuWerT da migvaCnia, rom igi xels Seuwyobs civilizaciaTa Soris dialogs. es saqme saSuria. dRes filosofiaSi da saerTod azrovnebaSi arsebobs aseTi cneba: swrafi reagirebis kultura. marTlac, ise swrafad viTardeba movlenebi dedamiwaze, rom Sesabamisad maTi swrafad aRqma aris saWiro, da ara martooden aRqma, aramed gaanalizeba da saTanado reagireba. . . . adamiani aris gonieri arseba, igia xateba RvTisa da RvTisagan boZebuli goneba man aucileblad keTilad unda gamoiyenos. roca civilizaciaTa Soris dialogis Sesaxeb vsaubrobT, Cven, ra Tqma unda, vgulisxmobT ara marto kulturaTa Soris dialogs, aramed religiebs Soris dialogsac. oRond Zalian mniSvnelovania imis gaTvaliswineba, rom am dialogis dros, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda SevexoT dogmatikas, Cvens mrwamss, religiis arss. radgan Tuki daviwyebT kamaTs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras warmoadgens esa
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Tu is religia, maSinve aRimarTeba kedeli uSualod Cvens Soris, ramac SeiZleba konfliqti gamoiwvios. amitom amgvari saubris dros didi sifrTxilea saWiro. Cven SegviZlia vimsjeloT iseT Tanamedrove problemebze, rogoricaa genuri inJineria, klonireba, ekologia da sxva. Tanamedrove mecniereba am sakiTxebs religiur liderebs ekiTxeba da maTac unda miscen Sesabamisi Sefaseba zemoaRniSnul problemebs. . . . mimaCnia, rom civilizaciaTa Soris dialogi aucilebelia da saqarTveloc aqtiurad uWers mxars mas. . . . sibrZne - sofia gvmarTebs yvelas, raTa civilizaciaTa Soris konfliqti aviciloT, es ki yovlad aucilebelia. saqarTvelo da globalizacia, patriarqi ilia II - "kulturaTa dialogi" sakvirao qadageba, sionis sapatriarqo taZari, 17 oqtomberi, 2004 weli . . . globalizaciis anu gamTlianebis procesi gamoiwvia teqnikurma da mecnierulma progresma. erTmaneTs dRes yvela qveyana dauaxlovda, dauaxlovda kulturiTac. metad saSiSia, rom didi saxelmwifoebis kulturam Tu fsevdokulturam ar walekos ricxobrivad SedarebiT patara erebis da maT Soris, Cveni faseulobanic. miT umetes, xSiria magaliTebi imisa, rom rasac dRes "kulturas" uwodeben da Tavs gvaxveven, sinamdvileSi aris yalbi kultura. Cven Zalian frTxilad unda viyoT da didi yuradReba unda mivaqcioT ojaxsac. ojaxis erovnuli tradiciebi aucileblad unda davicvaT; aseve unda davicvaT Cveni ena da sarwmunoeba. amas Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs. saerTod unda iTqvas, rom qveynebis daaxloeba TavisTavad cudi movlena ar aris. magram unda vicodeT, ra aris misaRebi da ra ara.
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zogierTi imasac fiqrobs, iqneb rogorRac ganeridos globalizaciis process, es SeuZlebelia. vercerTi qveyana Tavs ver aaridebs mas, oRond, vimeoreb, gvmarTebs goniereba. saerTod qarTveli adamiani yovelTvis siamovnebiT iTvisebda sxva qveynebis kulturaTa saukeTeso nimuSebs. Zalian sainteresoa da bevri ramis swavla SeiZleba rogorc aRmosavluri, ise dasavluri kulturidan. ramdenime wlis win "kulturaTa dialogis" egidiT TbilisSi Catarda saerTaSoriso konferencia. misTvis undodaT ewodebinaT "civilizaciaTa dialogi" an "religiaTa dialogi", magram me konferenciis organizatorebs vuTxari, rom Tu Cven am forums "religiaTa dialogs" vuwodebT, mxareebs Soris aucileblad aRimarTeboda kedeli, radgan yvela daiwyebda Tavisi religiis qebas, rac sxvebs uxerxul mdgomareobaSi Caayenebda. amitom vurCie forumisaTvis "kulturaTa dialogi" ewodebinaT. aucileblad unda viswavloT erTmaneTisagan, magram sakuTari ar unda daviviwyoT. WeSmariti kultura aris iseTi ram, rac aaxloebs erebs, igi umtkivneuloa da sxva qveynebis kulturas ar Seuracxofs, piriqiT, ufro amdidrebs mas. arc SeiZleba, rom romelime kultura Caiketos sakuTar TavSi, Tavis naWuWSi. didi Secdomaa, romelime qveyanam CaTvalos, rom misi kultura sruliad sakmarisia. … mTeli Cveni eri yvelafers gaakeTebs imisaTvis, rom qarTuli kultura, zneobrivi Tu erovnuli faseulobani SevinarCunoT. amasTan, Tavis mxriv, sxvebic dainteresdebian Cveni faseulobebiTac da qarTuli kulturiT da SeiTviseben mas, rogorc sxva qveynebis faseulobani gaamdidrebs Cvensas. wignidan: uwmidesi da unetaresi, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolokos-patriarqi ilia II mecnierebis, ganaTlebis, kulturis da xelovnebis Sesaxeb (1977 - 2004 w.w.); Tbilisi, gamomcemloba "geokeria" 2004; gv. 212-214.
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uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia II-is qadageba sveticxovlobis dResaswaulze. mcxeTa, sveticxovlis sapatriarqo taZari, 14 oqtomberi, 2006 weli. . . . yovel adamians gaaCnia Tavisufali neba da Tavisi energia - RvTis mier micemuli Zala. es aris udidesi jildo, magram, amave dros, - udidesi gansacdelic. radgan imaze, Tu rogor gamoiyenebs igi Tavis nebas, damokidebulia misi maradiuli cxovrebis xvedri. Tuki is irCevs uflis gzas, igi unda dauaxlovdes RmerTs da unda Sedges sinergia, anu Serwyma RvTaebrivi da adamianuri energiebisa. adamiani an eri, romelic amas miaRwevs, - iqms saswauls, Tu ara da sxva gza daRupvisaken miaqanebs. ufalma mogvca Cven Zala, ufalma mogvca garCevis unari, - Tu movisurvebT, SegviZlia, gavarkvioT, sad aris sikeTe da sad aris boroteba, sad aris gza RvTisa da sad aris gza eSmakisa. erTma adamianma Tqva: "SeiZleba dakargo miwieri simdidre - am SemTxvevaSi araferi dagikargavs, SeiZleba dakargo janmrTeloba, magram cocxali mainc darCebi, magram Tuki dakarge madli RvTisa - Sen yvelaferi dagikargavs!" amas icavda, amas etrfoda da amaze ocnebobda qarTveli adamiani, rom madli RvTisa mudam yofiliyo saqarTveloSi da daecva Cveni qveyana. kvarTi RvTisa - es aris udidesi simdidre, msoflios udidesi saunje. RvTis gangebiT es siwminde CamobrZanda saqarTveloSi da radgan aq aris misi savane, - aq iyo, aris da iqneba madli RvTisa. saqarTvelo gaxda yovladwminda RvTismSoblis wilxvedri - es aris neba RvTisa, es aris didi madli, magram, amave dros, didi pasuxismgebloba. am madlma mogiyvanaT Tqven taZarSi, am madlma mogvaniWa Cven marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoeba da igi gvacxovnebs Cven, radgan igia "uZlurTa mkurnali da naklulevanTa aRmavsebeli." uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad
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saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia II-is saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiaSi warmoTqmuli sityvidan. 6 Tebervali, 2005 w. http://www.orthodoxy.ge/patriarqi/qadagebebi/s06-02-2005.htm integraciisa da globalizaciis procesi gardauvalia. da imisda miuxedavad, gvinda Cven es Tu ara, igi aucileblad gagrZeldeba. am dros Cven unda SevinarCunoT Cveni sulieri da erovnuli faseulobani. Cven gvaqvs didi swrafva dasavleTisken. magram unda gvaxsovdes, rom dasavleTidan Semodis kulturac da Semodis fsevdokulturac. Cven unda gavarCioT, ra aris misaRebi da ra ara. saerTod me mqonda erTxel Tu orjer Sexvedra Cvens fsiqologebTan da vusayvedure kidec maT, rom saTanadod ar muSaoben. fsiqologebi unda iyvnen yvela dawesebulebaSi da rCevebs unda gvaZlevdnen - Cvenc, parlamentsac, mTavrobasac, patriarqsac, skolebsac da yvelas. da jer-jerobiT es ar keTdeba. momavalSi, albaT, asec iqneba. maSin fsiqologebma xumrobiT miTxres, rom zogierTs eSleba fsiqologi da fsiqiatri da amitom uars amboben Cvens daxmarebazeo. me vfiqrob, rom dRes es ukve aRaravis eSleba da fsiqologebi unda gaaqtiurdnen. minda, mogaxsenoT kidev erTi ram. ramdenime wlis win me gamovTqvi aseTi azri, rom saskolo programaSi Cven unda SevitanoT Rrma azrovnebis, ganyenebuli Tu filosofiuri azrovnebis kursi. es unda iyos pirveli klasidan bolo klasamde. aq ra Tqma unda, logikac iqneba gamoyenebuli, anTropologiac, filosofiac. es SeiZleba gakeTdes dialogebis saxiT. dialogebi, magaliTad, aqvs platonsac, nikoloz kuzanelsac da sxvebsac. es Zalian ganaviTarebs Cvens gonebas. radgan rogorc Cvens fizikur kunTebs sWirdeba varjiSi, aseTive sWirdeba varjiSi Cvens gonebas. Tqven kargad mogexsenebaT, Cven emociuri xalxi varT da gulis kultura da grZnobebis kultura Warbobs CvenSi. Cven jer raimes vakeTebT da mxolod Semdeg akontrolebs mas goneba. im dros, rodesac jer goneba
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unda gansjides da iazrebdes, vidre raimes movimoqmedebdeT, vidre raime nabijs gadavdgamdeT. es Zalian seriozuli sakiTxia. da Tu Cven SevitanT saSualo skolaSi aseT sagans, maSin saSualo skolis damTavrebisas Cven gveyoleba moazrovne adamiani da im Secdomebs, romlebsac dRes uSvebs axalgazrda, momavalSi aRar dauSvebs. bevria iseTi sakiTxi, romelic ar iTmens. magaliTad, Tqven kargad mogexsenebaT, rom milionze meti axalgazrda gasulia ucxoeTSi, zogi maTgani dabrundeba, zogi ki vera. rogor davexmaroT, rom maT ar daiviwyon mSobliuri ena da ar mowyden Tavis fesvebs? Cven unda vifiqroT amazec. qarTuli enis saRvTismetyvelo da sistemuri gaazreba uwmindesis da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos -patriarqis ilia II-is qadagebebidan „qarTuli ena - es aris musika, magram ara miwieri, aramed zecidan gardamosuli sulieri musika! igia Cveni erisa da qveynis gadamrCeni.“ „Cven varT im miwa-wylis Svilebi, sadac inaxeba mTeli qristianobis sanukvari siwminde - kvarTi uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristesi, sadac dainTxa sisxli mravali aTasi mowamisa, romelTac Tavisi sicocxlis fasad dRemde Semogvinaxes Cveni ena da rwmena.“ „Cveni eri jvarcmuli eria. Cveni qveyana aerTebs evropasa da azias. bevrs surda Cveni dapyroba, mospoba, magram mterma ver wagvarTva is, rac yvelaferze Zvirfasia - suli. ver wagvarTva niWi, ver wagvarTva Cveni qarTuli ena... dRes zeciuri da miwieri saqarTvelo erTiTa piriTa da erTiTa guliT madlobas swiravs Semoqmeds, romelmac Cveni qveyana gadaarCina JamTa siavis oromtrialSi, romelmac SegvinarCuna rwmena, tkbili ena da kultura.“ „saocari da eniT uTqmeli wyalobaa - maSin, roca mTeli qveyniereba sarwmunoebas dakargavs, saqarTvelo, rogorc es RvTismSobelma aTonis mTaze iveriis monastris bers, gabriels, auwya, gabrwyindeba. Cveni eris mimarT uflis
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gansakuTrebul wyalobaze mravali niSani metyvelebs: macxovris kvarTis CamobrZaneba, RvTismSoblis wilxvdomiloba da sxva. albaT amiT unda avxsnaT ioane-zosimes sityvebi - meored mosvlis Jams kacobrioba qarTuliTa eniTa ganisjebao. es iqneba albaT jildo imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelo, TviT ukanasknel Jamsac ki, SeinarCunebs WeSmarit sarwmunoebasa da siyvaruls.“ „gansakuTrebuli siyvaruliTa da mxurvale grZnobiT mogmarTavT Tqven, Cveno Zmebo, mcxovrebno samSoblos sazRvrebs gareT, mogmarTavT Tqven, muslimanebo da qristianebo. Cven sisxliT da xorciT erTni varT, miuxedavad gansxvavebuli religiuri Sexedulebebisa. gaxsovdeT, rom Tqveni winaprebi ganisveneben saqarTvelos wminda miwaSi. nu daiviwyebT, vin xarT, sadaurni xarT, gaxsovdeT RvTisagan dalocvili qarTuli ena da saukuneTa manZilze nakurTxi qarTuli tradiciebi.“ „Cvens erovnul arss, Cvens erovnul mTlianobas, rogorc brZanebs wminda ilia marTali, sami mZlavri fesvi asazrdoebs: sakuTari miwa, qristianoba da ena qarTuli. maT TvalisCiniviT unda gavufrTxildeT, radgan Tu qarTvelTa Soris daikarga grZnoba da gancda am WeSmaritebisa, gadamrCenel biliks verasdros mivagnebT.“ „Cveni mxne, sicocxlisa da Tavisuflebis wyurviliT aRvsili xalxi saukuneebis manZilze ayalibebda Cvens didebul, unikalur enas. am enaze Seiqmna uZvelesi Cveni
mwerloba, am enaze daiwera „wamebaჲ wmidisa SuSanikisi“, mTel msoflioSi usaCinoesi „vefxistyaosani“ da bevri sxva. am enaze metyvelebdnen gelaTisa da iyalTos akademiebSi, es ena JRerda sinas mTaze, wminda aTonze da ierusalimis jvris monasterSi. am enaze qmnian TavianT Sromebs Cveni brZeni mecnierebi Cvens saxelovan mecnierebaTa akademiaSi da Cvens kurTxeul universitetsa da institutebSi. qarTvel xalxs Rrmad aqvs Segnebuli, rom „ra ena waxdes, eric daeces, waecxos Cirqi taZarsa wmindas!“ (grigol orbeliani). amitom uyvarT Tavisi ena saqarTvelos gulkeTili Svilebs.“
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„jer kidev wminda ilia marTali Tavis publicistur werilebSi ebrZoda peterburgis universitetSi Seqmnil antiqarTul istoriografiul Teorias, romlis mixedviTac erTiani qarTveli eri warmodgenili iyo gansxvavebuli tomebis xelovnur gaerTianebad. aRniSnuli kampaniis gagrZeleba iyo is, rom imperiulma Zalebma daiwyes megrulad da svanurad saRvTismsaxuro wignebis Targmna da scades wirva-locvis Catarebac, magram am kuTxis Svilebma da mTelma qarTulma sazogadoebam maT sakadrisi pasuxi gasces.“ „rac yvelaze mTavaria, saqarTvelos yovelTvis hqonda udidesi Sinagani Zala, Tavisi mowameebis, ganmanaTleblebis, poetebis, mxatvrebisa da Tavisi uSiSari da Tavisuflebismoyvare xalxis saxiT. erTi mTavari wyaroTagani, saidanac qarTvelebi iRebdnen sulier Zalebs - esaa uZvelesi da madliani qarTuli ena, romelzec saocrad mdidari literatura Seiqmna, esaa ena, romlis Sesaxeb Rirsma mamam, ioane zosimem, Tqva: „yoveli saidumlo amas enasa Sina damarxul ars.“ „aris Rirebulebani, romelnic ama Tu im eris cxovrebaSi saukuneobiT iqmneba da yalibdeba da romelTa dakargvac danaSaulia. CvenTvis aseTia: marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoeba, mociqulTagan boZebuli; musika - yvelas rom aRafrTovanebs; Cveni ena da mwerloba, idumalebiT savse da didebuli; gasaocari xelovneba, xatwera, arqiteqtura; Cveni mSvenieri wes-Cveulebani. aRmosavleTis an dasavleTis romeli tradiciebi Seedreba maT? samwuxarod, bolomde ver vacnobierebT, ra simdidris mflobelni varT.“ „samSoblos ukeTesi momavlisTvis mecadineoba yoveli Cvenganis valia, raTa „iveri aRsdges Zlieri da dadges erad sxva erTa Soris, wmidiT saydariT, eniT mdidariT, swavlisa SuqiT ganaTebuli!“ es exeba Cveni cxovrebis yvela sferos, rogorc suliers, ise materialurs, pirvel yovlisa, es exeba qarTul enas.
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ZvelqarTuli poeziis brwyinvale Zeglis, „qebaჲ da
didebaჲ qarTulisa enisaჲs“, avtori, Rirsi mama ioane
zosime ambobs: „da ese enaჲ mZinare ars dResamomde da saxarebasa Sina amas enasa lazare hrqvian“. wminda oTxTavis mixedviT, lazare megobari iyo qristesi. igi mkvdreTiT aRadgina macxovarma, xolo mis debs, rogorc Zmis Wirisuflebs, samaradiso cxovreba aRuTqva. azri naTelia, RvTis nebiT, qarTuli ena mkvdreTiT aRdgenil wminda lazaresTan aris gaigivebuli, xolo mas Wirisuflad Seracxulia mTeli qarTveli eri, romelic valdebulia dReniadag ufrTxildebodes, zrunavdes misTvis, viTarca marTali iosebi ifaravda mterTagan Cvil yrmas, macxovars Cvensas, ieso qristes. madloba ufals, Cvens kurTxeul miwa-wyalze winaparTa nakvalevi sanTliT saZebari ara gvaqvs. miwieri saqarTvelos mTa da baridan 15 aTasze meti istoriuli Zegli SeRaRadebs zeciur saqarTvelos!.. yoveli maTganis mdidar istorias mxolod Zunwi warwera gvamcnobs. dgas qarTveli kaci didebuli qarTuli taZris winaSe da raoden savalaloa, rom masze amotvifrul warweras ver kiTxulobs... gvaxsovdes, rom asomTavruli da nusxa-xucuri damwerlobis xmarebidan gandevniT Cvenive nebiT vaSenebT yru kedels warsulsa da momavals Soris. Tanamedrove qarTveli kacisTvis TandaTan ucxo da gaugebari xdeba uZvelesi qarTuli gamocemebi, TumcaRa isini imave RvTiuri madliT gasxivosnebuli, dinji da darbaisluri qarTuliT gviamboben eris gardasuli cxovrebis Wirsa da dalxinebas. jer kidev X saukuneSi Cvens did winaprebs mTeli siRrmiT SeucvniaT mSobliuri enis saRvTismetyvelo buneba da religiuri Zalisxmeva:
„damarxul ars enaჲ qarTuli dRemde meored mosvlisa
misisa sawameblad, raჲTa yovelsa enasa RmerTma amxilos amiT eniTa“. RvTis STagonebiT aseTi ganuzomeli misia daakisres qarTul enas qristianobis SesaniSnavda apologetebma, raic avalebs yovel qarTvels uZveles anbanTa - asomTavrulisa da nusxuris codnas... yovelma saSualoskoladamTavrebulma unda icodes asomTavruli da nusxa-xucuri wera-kiTxva. am saSviliSvilo saqmeSi
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daufasebeli daxmarebis gaweva SeuZliaT Zveli qarTuli enis maswavleblebs. dRes wminda eklesia erTaderTi savanea, sadac mokrZalebiT Sefarebulia da yoveldRiurad ikiTxeba ZvelqarTuli damwerloba, rameTu yvela saeklesio wigni xucuradaa dabeWdili... vTxov qarTvel morwmuneT, gamoiCinon sibejiTe da gulmodgineba, Seiswavlon asomTavruli da xucuri damwerloba. ar moSalon xidi, gadebuli saxelovan warsulsa da bednier momavals Soris, rogorc erTaderTi gza, romliTac moaRwia Cvenamde anam, rwmenam da qarTveli kacis geniam“. „esa Tu is xalxi saukuneTa manZilze ayalibebs Tavis kulturas, enas xasiaTs; xelovnebis, mecnierebis, literaturis... done misi geniis maCvenebelia. magram eris sulis yvelaze naTeli gamoxatuleba mainc enaa. igia idumali da auxsneli saunje, romelsac gansakuTrebuli movla da patronoba sWirdeba.” “Rrma, unapiro, brZeni, Tavmdabali da miuwvdomelia ena qarTuli, viTarca goneba da siyvaruli. misi saTave iseTive ucnobia, rogorc melqisedek mamamTavrisa. masSia mTeli saqarTvelo... gazafxulze ayvavebuli pirveli vardiviT mSvenieria igi da axlad amosuli mzis cxovelsmyofeli sxiviviT saamo, cisferia misi samosi, zecaa misi sawyisi, ufalia misi mSobeli da mfarveli. sityva misi mWrelia, viT daviT aRmaSeneblis xmali, Zlieria rogorc sveticxoveli da nazi, viT yvavilze margalitad dakiduli dilis nami.” “qarTuli enis uCveulo silamazes imTaviTve grZnobdnen Cveni mwerlebi. amitomac mravali leqsi da sagalobeli uZRvnes Sesamkobad. maT Soris gamorCeulad brwyinavs
saidumloebiT moculi „qebaჲ da didebaჲ qarTulisa
enisaჲ“; nu daviviwyebT, rom enas - RvTiboZebuls am saganZurs sasoebiT dacva da gafrTxileba unda, rogorc erT-erT sawindars Cveni bednierebisas.”
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“RvTivkurTxeulno iverno, Zeno da asulno uflisano, dadga Jami dalocvisa; dagbedebodeT WeSmariti rwmenis simtkice, enis siwminde, sulis sinaTle, mravalSvilianoba, uxvi da baraqa. mSvidoba sufevdes Tqvens gulSi, ojaxsa da samSobloSi... yovladwmida RvTismSobelma gadagafaroT dedobrivi kalTa, dagicvaT da dagifaroT.“ (Jurnali „karibWe“, №7, 2006 w.) sistemuroba daviT kakabaZesa da ivane javaxiSvilTan daviT kakabaZis sulieri gavlenis sistemuri safuZvlebi qarTuli kulturis unikaluri eTnogenezis Sesaxeb naTlad metyvelebs daviT kakabaZis naRvawi; ramdenime dazustebuli cnoba: daviT nestoris Ze kakabaZe (1889-1952) – fermweri, grafikosi, Teatrisa da kinos mxatvari, xelovnebis mkvlevari, gamomgonebeli. . . daviTi peterburgis universitetSi fizika-maTematikis fakultetze swavlis paralelurad mxatvrobas da xelovnebis istorias eufleboda, aqtiurad monawileobda iqauri qarTuli dasis – “qarTvel studentTa samecniero wris” muSaobaSi, am wres ki ivane javaxiSvili xelmZRvanelobda da Tan daviTs qarTuli xelovnebis istorias aswavlida, ivane imTaviTve gaecno daviT kakabaZis mxatvrobas da umaRlesi Sefaseba misca mis namuSevrebs. ivane javaxiSvili daviT kakabaZes axasiaTebs, rogorc saukeTeso students da, amasTanave, karg mxatvars. 1911 wels ivane javaxiSvils daviT kakabaZisTvis miucia Zveli qarTuli mxatvrobis erTi nimuSi (vaxtang VI-isa da sulxan - saba orbelianis qarTul xelnawerSi Semonaxuli suraTi) da uTxovia misi aslis gadmoReba.
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daviT kakabaZis avtoportreti. 1913 weli iv. javaxiSvilis gancxadebiT – d. kakabaZes mindobili saqme brwyinvaled Seusrulebia, iv. javaxiSvilisave rCeviT, saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebam daviT kakabaZes mcxeTis sveticxovlis sapatriarqo taZarSi Semonaxuli mariam dedoflis da sxva istoriuli pirebis freskebis feradi aslebis gadaReba miando, rac mxatvarma warmatebiT Seasrula. . . iv. javaxiSvili g.zdanoviCisadmi(maiaSvili) werilSi miuTiTebs, rom 1912 wlidan d. kakabaZe iv. javaxiSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT amzadebda gamokvlevas – “CuqurTmiani saxeebis (ornamentis) ganviTareba qarTul saoqromWedlo xelovnebaSi qarTuli xatebis mixedviT”.
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moxseneba “CuqurTmiani saxeebis (ornamentis) ganviTareba qarTul saoqromWedlo xelovnebaSi qarTuli xatebis mixedviT” daviT kakabaZes warudgenia 1912 wlis 25 oqtombers peterburgis universitetis “qarTvel studentTa samecniero wris” sxdomaze, naSromSi Sekrebilia qarTuli ornamentis yvela nimuSi da qronologiuradaa daTariRebuli misi ganviTarebis etapebi. 1915 wels TbilisSi gamovida, peterburgis universitetis: “qarTvel studentTa samecniero wris krebuli” ivane javaxiSvilis winasityvaobiTa da redaqtorobiT, sadac daibeWda daviT kakabaZis naSromi: “qarTuli xatebis moWedilobis saxeebi”, iv. javaxiSvili winasityvaobaSi aRniSnavs: “daviT kakabaZem Seiswavla yvela cnobili masala da gamocemuli suraTebi, moWedilobis saxeebi gadmoxata da gamoarkvia qronologiurad da moxazulobis mxrivac, Tu rasSi gamoixateba am saxeebis ganviTareba”. . . 1912 wels daviTi Zmas(cnobil qarTvel istorikoss), sargis kakabaZes wers: “me ukve wavikiTxe samecniero wreSi Cemi moxseneba qarTuli xelovnebis Sesaxeb(xatebis moWedilobazed). javaxiSvils Zalian moewona da Tqva, rom es naSromi pirveli saZirkveli ariso Cveni xelovnebis amnairi gamokvleviso. es gamokvleva (suraTebiT) “krebulSi” daibeWda, me axla es Sroma ganvagrZe da qarTuli CuqurTmebis Sesaxeb masalebs vagroveb.” daviT kakabaZis arqivSi inaxeba daumTavrebeli Sroma ornamentze. am Sromaze igi parizSic muSaobda, roca cnobili frangi specialistis g.miles xelmZRvanelobiT, luvrSi, ikvlevda qarTuli da bizantiuri xelovnebis urTierTobis sakiTxebs. daviT kakabaZe parizSi 1920 wels Cavida da didi xnis natvra aisrula, is mamas swers 1914 wels: “Tu sergom(sargis kakabaZe - d.kakabaZis Zma; avt.) fuli miSova, parizSi waval. Sen mwer, me gamigoniao, rom xatvas italiaSi aswavliano. magram ase mxolod winaT iyo. axla ki mxatvrobis centri parizia da me minda, rom droiT
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visargeblo, radgan mere droc ar meqneba, da xatva, ise Seviswavlo, rogorc amas me SevZleb. amas ki CemTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs, radganac SemiZlia, rom kargad xatva viswavlo.” am baraTs wers mxatvari, romelsac ukve daxatuli aqvs sami avtoportreti (erTi sarkesTan, meore – avtoportreti broweuliT da mesame kidev fanqriT Sesrulebuli). daxatuli aqvs dedis(eskizi), mamis da Zmis portretebi, kubisturi avtoportreti da imereTis is peizaJebi, romelsac dro da dro ubrundeboda xolme. daviT kakabaZis saxelovnebo filosofia kargad Cans mis pirad mimoweraSi, 1915 wels igi wers Zmas: “SoTas suraTis xatvas axlave Sevudgebi, feradiani iqneba. mxolod realisturi ki ar iqneba. vecdebi, rom qarTuli Zveli xelovnebis rigze davxato. fonad, rogorc Sen mwer, mec egreve mindoda, an walkoti an sxva raime, qarTuli xelovnebis damaxasiaTebeli rom iyos. suraTi, rogorc me vfiqrob, Zalian lamazi iqneba da SoTa, rogorc poeti, ufro kargad gamoixateba da Sablonuri daxatva ar Rirs. . . ” 1920-dan 1927 wlamde daviT kakabaZe qmnida axal xelovnebas saqveynod cnobili korifeebis: JorJ brakis (1882 -1963), fransis pikabias (1879 - 1953), pans arpis, de-kirikos (1888 - 1978), pit mondrianis (1872 — 1944), paul klees(1879 — 1940), xuan grisis (1887–1927), marsel diuSanis (1887-1968), fernan leJes (1881-1955), pablo pikasos (1881–1973), miros(1893-1983), ben nikolsonis (1894-1982), severinis (1883-1966), vasili kandinskis (1866 - 1944), Jan lursas da sxvaTa mxardamxar da yovelwliurad, damoukidebelTa salonSi, parizSi, swored maTTan erTad hfenda Tavis tiloebs. daviT kakabaZe rom parizSi did yuradRebas iqcevs, amis damadasturebelia imdroindeli(XX-saukunis 20-iani wlebi) parizis sagamofeno katalogebi, presa, parizidan mosuli misi baraTebi. saukunis win, amerikul bazarze kargad iyideboda ultraTanamedrove mxatvroba, bevri mxatvris nawarmoebma
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gadainacvla aSS-Si, ver ascda am beds verc daviT kakabaZis naxatebi, romlis asaval-dasavalic dResac araa cnobili, cnobilia mxolod is, rom leons rozenbergis Svils, amerikaSi wauRia daviT kakabaZis ramdenime tilo. amerikaSia agreTve daviT kakabaZis is naxatebi, romlebic marsel diuSanisa da katrin draieris iniciativiT niu-iorkSi, bruklinis muzeumSi iyo gamofenili. daviT kakabaZis es naxatebi bruklinis muzeumidan 1941 wels gadavida ielis universitetSi, niu-heivenSi (konektikutis Stati), d. kakabaZis es suraTebi 1980 wels gamoCnda(gamoifina) niu-iorkis did gamofenaze. 2007 wlis oqtomberSi neSvilSi(aSS-is tenesis Stati) gaimarTa msoflio modernizmis gamofena, sadac daviT kakabaZis Sesrulebuli qandakeba iqna gamofenili da misi fotoc sxva udidesi mxatvrebis fotoebis gverdiT iyo moTavsebuli. msoflio modernizmis gamofenis saprogramo bukletis ydac, daviT kakabaZis Sesrulebuli qandakebis reproduqciiT iyo damSvenebuli. neSvilis, 2007 wlis msoflio modernizmis gamofenidan, Tu mivubrundebiT daviT kakabaZis werils Zmisadmi (sargis kakabaZisadmi) davinaxavT ras fiqrobs Tavad mxatvari modernizmsa da mxatvrobis erovnul mdgenelze: “amas winaT wavikiTxe suraTebian Jurnal “droSaSi” geronti qiqoZis werili qarTul mxatvrebze. . . aq is exeba mxatvrobis principul sakiTxs. laparakobs, Tu rogori unda iyos erovnuli xelovneba. . . Cemi principebis winaaRmdegi aris da mas hgonia, rom Cemi xelovneba erovnuli ar aris. . . piriqiT, aqauri zogierTi mwerali im azrisaa, rom Cemi xelovneba modernistulia da Zlier erovnuli saxisaa, radgan im Zlier gansxvavebas, rac Cemsa da aqaur sxva mxatvrebSia, swored aRmosavlurs Cems TvisebaSi xedaven. . .” da marTlac, daviT kakabaZe mudam erovnul niadagze idga, maSinac ki, roca modernistuli xelovnebiT iyo gatacebuli. konstruqtivizmamde daviT kakabaZe gamZafrebulma siaxlis grZnobam da srulqmnis dauokebelma wyurvilma miiyvana, mas imereTis
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(saqarTvelos erT-erTi ulamazesi mxarea) peizaJebis xatva arc am periodSi(konstruqtivizmisas) miutovebia. “mxatvrul werilebSi” daviT kakabaZe ase axasiaTebs imereTis peizaJs: “didad sxvadasxva ferovani da saxisa aris Cveni buneba, vake da mTiani adgilebi, SiSveli kldiani da mcenariT amwvanebuli kldeebiT, mSvenieri walkotis msgavsi adgilebi. am bunebis sxvadasxvaobis mizeziT maTi moxazuloba da feradebic icvleba. feradebis simdidre da maTi saRi gamosaxuleba mTian adgilebSia, rac feradebis kontrastis kanonisaTvis saukeTeso masalas iZleva; rac ufro vixevT vakezed, ise feradebis simravle klebulobs da mas ufro nazi elferi aqvs. mxolod gansakuTrebuli Tviseba CvenSi bunebisa aris feradebis siZliere, formis da moxazulobis martivoba”. daviT kakabaZis mudam xazgasmuli erovnuloba araa damabrkolebeli saurTierTobod an ucxo, mxatvrobis arc erTi stilisa Tu mimarTulebisaTvis, es saqarTvelos erT-erTi mudmivi mocemulobidan gamomdinareobs civilizaciaTa dialogis organizebis unikaluri unari rom SeiZleba vuwodoT da rasac sxvadasxva sityvebiT, 27-e saukunea wers kacobriobis istoria saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebze, hekateos miletelis, herodotes, strabonis, marko polos da mraval sxvaTa xeliT. xazgasmuli erovnuloba gamosWvivis daviT kakabaZis gamoqveynebul “samxatvro werilebSi” (Jurnali “Svidi mnaTobi”, 1919 w. 1, 2) sadac mxatvris msoflmxedvelobis fundamenturi principebia “gamofenili”: “yovel ers aqvs Tavisi xelovneba, gansakuTrebuli, erovnuli; Tuki kacobrioba, rogorc erTeuli, arsebobs, maSin xelovnebac yvelasaTvis erTia. iyo dro, rodesac saqarTvelos xelovnebam miiRo Tavisi gansakuTrebuli forma da msoflios xelovnebaSi mas Tamamad eWira Tavisi adgili. Cveni warsulis mwerlobis da xuroTmoZRvrebis sidiade yvelasaTvis cxadi unda iyos.
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rac Seexeba mxatvrobas, unda iTqvas, rom is ar Camouvardeba xelovnebis sxva dargebs CvenSi. Cveni warsulis mxatvroba gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis Rirsia da formebi, romelSic mxatvroba isaxeboda, imdenad mniSvnelovani da axalia, rom sazogadod mxatvrobaSi mas badali TiTqmis arc moepoveba. amas mowmobs Cveni saeklesio mxatvroba, romelic dakavSirebulia bizantiur xelovnebasTan da erT dros masTan erTi gziT viTardeboda. magram unda iTqvas, rom zogierT formaSi Cvenma saeklesio mxatvrobam bizantiur xelovnebas gadaaWarba da win gauswro, magaliTad, kompoziciis mxriv. Cveni mxatvroba am mxriv mSvenier nimuSebs iZleva da bevrad win uswrebs bizantiur mxatvrobas. es asec unda yofiliyo: saqarTvelos uWiravs Sua adgili aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris. es aZlevda mas saSualebas gansakuTrebuli formebis Sesaqmnelad. . . . ra saSualebas mivmarToT, rom Tanamedrove qarTuli mxatvroba Seiqmnas? upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa, rom Cven davubrundeT Cvens bunebas da SevignoT igi. gasaocari formisaa Cveni buneba; misi moxazuloba axali formis momcemia. ramdenadac bunebas aqvs gavlena mxatvruli formis saxeze, imdenad Cveni warsuli mxatvroba dakavSirebulia bunebasTan. sazogadod, feradebis(ferebis - red.) SegnebaSi, maTi siZlieris gagebaSi, maTi Tvisebis garCevaSi – Cvens bunebas didi samsaxuris gaweva SeuZlia. Cveni xalxis cxovreba, zne-Cveuleba dagvexmareba bunebis SegnebaSi, feradebis siZlieris gagebaSi da, TviT xalxis Sexedulebas feradebze didi daxmareba SeuZlia gagviwios. tradiciis dacvisaTvis da qarTuli mxatvruli principebis gagebisaTvis saWiroa SevignoT Cveni warsuli mxatvroba. saWiroa Segneba aramc Tu warsuli mxatvrobis, aramed xuroTmoZRvrebisa, qandakebisa da mwerlobisa. aq Cven dagvexmareba mecniereba, romlis meTodis saSualebiT Cven ufro male mivaRwevT mizans. Cven unda gvaxsovdes, rom xelovnebac mecnierebaa da codna xelovnebis winsvlisaTvis aucilebel saWiroebas warmoadgens.
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saWiroa Segneba Tanamedrove mxatvruli da, sazogadod, xelovnebis monapovarTa formisa. marTalia, XIX saukunem ver Seqmna didi mxatvroba, piriqiT, mxatvroba mudmiv kriziss ganicdida, magram mainc am xanam mogvca didad mniSvnelovani mxatvruli monapovarni. mecnierebam bevrad Seuwyo xeli warsuli kacobriobis xelovnebis Segnebas da bevri axali ram monapovarni aRmouCina. am mxatvrul monapovarTa – principebis codna gauadvilebs mxatvars Cveni bunebis Segnebas. mxatvrobas mxolod maSin SeuZlia aRorZinebis gzas daadges, rodesac igi mxolod wmida mxatvrul miznebs emsaxureba. es Cven kargad unda gvaxsovdes. riTi ganirCeva mxatvroba xelovnebis sxva dargebisagan, Tu ara Tavisi mxatvruli mizniT? amis mixedviT Cven unda vecadoT , rom mxatvrobas mieces namdvili mxatvruli miznebi da mxolod am farglebSi iyos misi ganviTareba. mxatvrobis saSualeba, romliTac igi Tavis formas qmnis, aris feradebi da naxazoba. idea ki mxolod azria yvela xelovnebisa da amitom is yoveli Semoqmedebis nawarmoebSi arsebobs. feradebi da naxazoba mxatvruli saSualebania ideis gamosaxatavad. Cven, mxatvrebma, amas unda mivaqcioT gansakuTrebuli yuradReba. feradebis(ferebis - red.) Tvisebebis gageba, naxazobis arsebiTi mniSvnelobis Segneba, naxazobis da feradobis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis zoma, yvela amas didi yuradRebiT unda ekidebodes mxatvari. Cveni warsulis xelovnebaSi naxazobas gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs. naxazobis araCveulebriv sidiades vgrZnobT Cveni xelovnebis yvela dargSi. xuroTmoZRvrebaSi naxazoba martiv, swor da simetriul formaSia daculi. amasve vxedavT Cven mxatvrobaSi. . . gavixsenoT Cveni oqromWedloba, xatebis moWedilobis saxeebi, CuqurTmebi – gana maTSi naTlad ar Cans naxazobis sidiade, misi brwyinvale ganviTarebis forma?
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anCis macxovris xatis SekeTebuli nawilis moWediloba, XIV saukune (moWedilobis nimuSi gadmoxatulia kalmiT daviT kakabaZis mier)
ierusalimis macxovris xatis moWediloba, XII saukune (moWedilobis nimuSi gadmoxatulia kalmiT daviT kakabaZis mier)
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ierusalimis macxovris xatis moWediloba, XII saukune (moWedilobis nimuSi gadmoxatulia kalmiT TviT daviT kakabaZis mier)
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macxovris xatis moWediloba, lixauri XI saukune (moWedilobis nimuSi gadmoxatulia kalmiT daviT kakabaZis mier)
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iakob mociqulis xatis moWediloba, lixauri XI – XII saukune (moWedilobis nimuSi gadmoxatulia kalmiT TviT daviT kakabaZis mier)
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gabriel mTavarangelozis xatis moWediloba, sof. lagani (moWedilobis nimuSi gadmoxatulia kalmiT TviT daviT kakabaZis mier)
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xaxulis RvTismSoblis xatis moWediloba XII saukune (moWedilobis nimuSi gadmoxatulia kalmiT daviT kakabaZis mier)
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xaxulis RvTismSoblis xatis moWediloba XII saukune (moWedilobis nimuSi gadmoxatulia kalmiT daviT kakabaZis mier)
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wmida giorgis xatis moWediloba jumaTSi X - XII saukuneebi
(moWedilobis nimuSi gadmoxatulia kalmiT TviT daviT kakabaZis mier) CavukvirdeT mwerlobas, Cveni warsuli mwerlobis saukeTeso nimuSebi saucxoo naxazobis saxiTaa Sesrulebuli. unda iTqvas, rom am mxriv “vefxistyaosani” gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania. misi naxazoba gasaocari moqnilobisaa da ganuwyveteli. Cveni xalxuri simRerac amtkicebs xalxis mier naxazobis saukeTeso saxis Segnebas. aba daakvirdiT Cvens erovnul musikalur hangebs, musikalur ritms da naTlad dainaxavT moqnil da ganuwyvetel naxazobas. Cveni buneba didad mdidaria naxazobiT da bunebis dakvirvebiTi Segneba Cven migviyvans naxazobis saukeTeso formamde. Cveni Tanamedrove mxatvroba naxazobis saukeTeso formad unda iqces.
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feradobasac CvenSi gansakuTrebuli xasiaTi aqvs. Cveni Zveli mxatvroba damyarebulia feradebis siZlieris ganmtkicebaze. amas mowmobs rogorc saero, ise saeklesio mxatvroba. xelovnebis sxva dargebi – mwerloba, musika, xuroTmoZRvreba, adastureben Cven mier feradebis siZlieris Segnebas. Tanamedrove mxatvruli monapovarni feradebis siZlieris SegnebaSi didad mniSvnelovania da kidev axal gzebs gviCvenebs. da rom SevadaroT Cveni mxatvrobis feradobis siZliere Tanamedrove mxatvrul monapovarTan, maSin davinaxavT, Tu ras miaRwia Cvenma mxatvrobam am sakiTxSi. Cveni buneba feradebis siZlieris SegnebaSi didad xels gviwyobs. aba, daakvirdiT Cvens bunebas da dainaxavT yoveli feradis Zalas, mis Tvisebas. TviT xalxSi feradebis Zlierebis grZnoba jer kidev ar dakargula. davakvirdeT , ra saxis feradebisagan miiswrafvis xalxi, ra feradebs akavSirebs erTmaneTSi, rogor zomas iWers feradebis SexamebaSi, rogori feradebiT isaxeba maTi grZnoba. aRsaniSnavia, rom xalxi Zlieri da muqi feradebisaken miiswrafvis; Sav da TeTr ferads mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs. sxva feradebTan SedarebiT es ori feri Tavisi siZlieriT pirvel rigSi dgas. yoveli xelovneba isaxeba Tavis gansakuTrebul formaSi, da kerZod, mxatvrobas aqvs Tavisi forma. mxatvrul Semoqmedebas maSin eqneba namdvili mxatvruli saxe, Tuki is mxatvrul formaSi aris Camosxmuli. ra nawarmoebia is, Tu forma ar uvarga. ara mgonia, romelime sxva dargSi ise naTlad moCandes formis mniSvneloba, rogorc mxatvrobaSi. am garemoebas Cvenma mxatvrobam gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda miaqcios. aq xels Segviwyobs Tanamedrove mxatvruli monapovarni, sadac formam saucxoo saxe miiRo. sezanma, brakma da pikasom am mxriv bevri ram mogvca. Cveni bunebis saxe formis simartiveSia. martivi forma damaxasiaTebelia Cveni warsulis mxatvrobisa da xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis. Cveni momavali mxatvrobis SeqmnisaTvis saWiroa, rom Cven mtkice gzas davadgeT da vecadoT, ganviTareba
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swarmoebdes mxatvruli formis, feradebisa da naxazobis farglebSi. xelovneba isaxeba Semoqmedebis formaSi. Semoqmedebis forma ki imazedaa damokidebuli, Tu rogori gziT miuvalT Cven Semoqmedebis saxes formis micemaSi. am miznisaTvis xelovnebaSi arsebobs ori gza, ori meTodi – klasicizmi da romantizmi. klasicizmi da romantizmi, rogorc orgvari meTodi, xelovnebaSi mkafiod garkveuli saxea. mTeli XIX-saukune romantizmis mefobis xanaa da amitomac xelovneba mudmiv ryevas ganicdida. Cveni axali mxatvrobis damTavrebuli formis SeqmnisaTvis Cven unda davadgeT im gzas, im meTods, romelmac Seqmna brwyinvale xanis mxatvroba, xuroTmoZRvreba, mqandakebloba da mwerloba, im meTods, romelmac Seqmna brwyinvale sparsuli xelovneba, indoeTis, Cino-iaponiis mxatvruli forma, saucxoo mqandakebloba aRdgomis kunZulisa, egviptis, Zveli saberZneTis, axali bizantiis, italiis renesansis da XVI-XVII saukuneebis evropis qveynebis xelovneba. klasicizmi, rogorc meTodi, Seuryeveli gzaa Semoqmedebis damTavrebuli formis miRwevisaTvis. am meTodis saSualebiT Cveni axali mxatvroba miiRebs Tavis bunebriv saxes da ganamtkicebs namdvil qarTul mxatvrul suls.“ ori geniosis – daviT kakabaZisa da ivane javaxiSvilis SemoqmedebiTi urTierToba 1911 wels iwyeba, ivane javaxiSvili, aswavlida ra qarTuli xelovnebis istorias, axalgazrda daviT kakabaZes aZlevs davalebas, romelic formis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli paradigmis xedvasa da gamoxatvaze iyo orientirebuli, rogorc Cans imTaviTve ivane javaxiSvilisaTvis da ukve Semdgom daviT kakabaZisTvisac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba formis problemaTa sistemur Seswavlas. rogorc Cans ivane javaxiSvilisgan 1911-1914 wlebSi daviT kakabaZisaTvis micemul davalebaTa arsi ar iyo SemTxveviTi da iTvaliswinebda formaTa sistemuri kvlevebis fundamentur monacemTa SemuSvavebas rogorc
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istoriografiisa da xelovnebaTmcodneobisaTvis ise zogadad kulturuli memkvidreobisa da sulieri gavlenis sferoTaTvis, amitom gasakviri araa daviT kakabaZis daintereseba formis fundamenturi problemebiT, rac naTlad Cans misi, Jurnal “Svidi mnaTobi”(1919 w. N1, N 2.) gamoqveynebul erT-erTi werilidan, dasaxelebiT “forma” – “forma aris sagnis arsebiTi nawilebis erTmaneTSi SeTvisebuloba. yoveli sagani isaxeba misi garegnuli formis sibrtyeebiT, feradobiT, woniT. amas garda, yovel sagans axasiaTebs misi mdgomareoba. sagnebi sxvadasxva saxisaa; SeTvisebulobac sagnis sxvadasxva nawilebisa mravalsaxiania. … yovel formas saxavs oTxi elementi: sibrtye, feradoba, wona da mdgomareoba. pirveli sami elementi saxavs formis struqturas, xolo ukanaskneli sagnis sicocxles, dinamikas. “ formaTa sistemur kvlevebs ganekuTvneba qarTuli paleografia da sulierebis gamomsaxvelobiTi formaTa kvleva. qarTuli enis fonemuri sistemis grafikuli gamosaxvis niSnebis, qarTuli anbanis*, genealogiis fundamenturi kvlevis (“qarTuli damwerlobaTmcodneoba anu paleografia”) paralelurad, rogorc Cans, ivane javaxiSvili interesdeba marTlmadidebluri sulierebis gamomsaxvelobiT formaTa kvlevaTa problemebiT da axalgazrda, niWier mxatvars, daviT kakabaZes, romelic im periodSi(1911w.) misi studenti iyo, “qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis” ganxriT, uRvivebs interess sulieri gavlenis im motivebis mimarT, rac saqarTvelos marTlmadideblurma eklesiam Semogvinaxa saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. _______________ * 14 anbanTa Soris, romliTac msoflios mraval enaze molaparake xalxi sargeblobs(es anbanebi Semdegia: laTinuri, slavur-kiriluri, arabuli, induri, Cinuri, iaponuri, koreuli, eTiopuri, berZnuli, qarTuli, somxuri, ebrauli, monRoluri da siriuli), erT-erTi qarTuli anbania. qarTuli anbani sami saxisaa: asomTavruli, nusxuri da mxedruli. TiToeul maTgans damaxasiaTebeli grafikuli stili
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aqvs, magram aso-moxazulobaTa cvalebadobis TvalsazrisiT nusxuri damwerloba asomTavrulis ganviTarebis Sedegia, xolo mxedruli – nusxurisa. es cvlilebani Tavis mxriv gansazRvra swrafi gamartivebuli werisaken miswrafebam, rasac wignze mzardi moTxovnileba ganapirobebda. qarTuli damwerlobis SemoRebas XI s-is qarTveli istorikosi leonti mroveli(“qarTlis cxovreba”, xelnaweri Q-207, 12 gv.) farnavaz mefes (Zv.w. III s.) miawers, werilobiTi Zeglebi ki dReisaTvis mxolod V saukunidan mogvepoveba. asomTavruliT Sesrulebuli adreuli xanis nimuSebia palestinis 433 wlis bakurisa da griormizdis warwera, bolnisis sionis 493-494 wlebis samSeneblo warwera, V-VI ss. palimfsesturi xelnawerebi, mcxeTis jvris VI-VII ss. warwerebi da sxva. asomTavruliT daweril xelnawerebs XI s-is CaTvliT vxvdebiT. Semdgom saukuneebSi ki asomTavruls iyenebdnen rogorc epigrafikuli warwerebisaTvis, aseve xelnawerebSi saTaurebisa da sazedao asoebis Sesasruleblad, ris gamoc damwerlobis am saxes umkvidrdeba saxelwodeba “asomTavruli”. moxazulobaTa formebis mixedviT mas “mrgvlovanic” ewodeba. nusxuri damwerlobis pirveli nimuSi IX s-idan gvxvdeba, xolo mxedruli X s-is ZeglebSi dasturdeba. nusxuri damwerloba mxedrulis paralelurad arsebobs XIX s-mde, mxedruli ki dResac ixmareba. asomTavrulsa da nusxurs “xucur” damwerlobasac uwodeben, radgan am damwerlobiT sasuliero pirebi sargeblobdnen saeklesio moRvaweobisas, xolo mxedruli saero saqmeebisaTvis gamoiyeneboda, ris gamoc damwerlobis am saxem mxedrulis saxelwodeba miiRo. ivane javaxiSvili fundamentur gamokvlevaSi (“qarTuli damwerlobaT-mcodneoba anu paleografia”) qarTuli anbanis moxazulobis Sesaxeb askvnis: ”TiToeuli qarTuli asos (igulisxmeba qarTuli damwerlobis asomTavruli anbani) moxazulobis SedarebiTi Seswavla cxadyofs, rom qarTul damwerlobas maxlobeli aRmosavleTis sxva damwerlobaTa Soris sruli msgavsebiT uSualo naTesaobis an dednobis gamomJRavnebeli ar moepoveba. mis magier Cven xan finikiursa da sidoniur-punurSi, xan moabursa da uZveles ebraulSi, xan kidev arameulsa da palmirul-nabateurSi, zogjer TviT sabaursa da himiarulSi gvxvdeba qarTuli ama Tu im asos moxazulobis Taviseburebis msgavsi movlenebi.” magram es msgavseba, misive daskvniT – “ar SeiZleba qarTuli anbanis sadaurobis gamosarkvevad gamoyenebuli iyos.” iv. javaxiSvilis saboloo daskvniT qarTuli damwerloba gacilebiT Zvelia(vidre damwerlobis jer-jerobiT aRmoCenili Zeglebi) da misi
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dasawyisi Soreul warsulSi da mcire aziaSi da ara saberZneTSi unda veZioT.” sulierebisa da gamomsaxvelobiTi formis sinergia mniSvnelovani, da amave dros, mcired Seswavlili, aspeqtia msoflio civilizaciisa, dRes ukve arsebobs uSualo kavSiris damadasturebeli kvlevebi - uZveles bibliur gamosaxulebebsa da locvebs Soris (Fr.Henri; Croix sculptees irlandaises, Dublin, 1964, p.40-42). am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa rom uZvelesi qarTuli reliefebis Tematika garkveulad emTxveva katakombebis uZvelesi moxatulobebis adreqristianul nawarmoebTa siuJetebs, magaliTad, Zveli aRTqmis scenebi (“danieli lomebis ormoSi”), romlebic gamoisaxeboda, rogorc saxarebis siuJetebis gansaxiereba. adreqristianuli siuJetis SerCevis meTodis Seswavlisas dadginda paralelizmi am siuJetebsa da qristianobis uZvelesi periodis liturgiis locvaTa Soris (Ch. R. Morey; Early christian art, London, MCMXLII). qristianuli xelovneba katakombebSi aRmocenda. igi gaCnda im dros, roca xelovneba, romelic miiswrafoda adamianis sxeulis formisa da moculobisken, Secvala Taviseburma eqspresionizmma. sulis moZraobaTa ferweruli gamosaxvis axali Zieba saukeTesod pasuxobda pirvel qristian mxatvarTa miswrafebebs. katakombebi pirvel rigSi miwisqveSa saflavebi iyo, sadac qristianebi midiodnen TavianT wmida micvalebulTa Tayvanissacemad. radgan qristianoba devnaSi iyo, igi moiTxovda Tavis mimdevarTa did msxverpls. aqedanaa xatebis Tematika, romelic mogviTxrobs Tavis mowameebze, xolo Tu siuJeti Zveli aRTqmidan iyo, mogviTxrobda RvTis Sewevnaze Tavisi erisTvis: noe, abraami, egviptis faraoni, mose, romelic kverTxiT aRmoacenebs wyals kldidan da a.S. xSirad gvxvdeba Zveli aRTqmis scenebi, romlebic gamosaxaven sam yrmas cecxlovan RumelSi, daniels, romelic icavs garyvnili moxucebis mier mruSobaSi
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dadanaSaulebul susanas. qristiani mxatvrebi farTod iyenebdnen Tavisi drois warmarTuli warmosaxvis wyaroebs. ase, magaliTad: antikur dros did dafasebaSi iyvnen filosofosebi. im drois mravali nawarmoebi gamosaxavda naxevar wreze mjdomare brZenkacebs (es motivi aisaxeba sulTmofenobis xatze, sadac ase arian ganlagebuli mociqulebi), erTi maTgani ki aswavlis danarCenT. qristianobam Zalian swrafad aiTvisa da gadaamuSava es nimuSebi. ase gaxda sibrZne - qriste, udidesi filosofosi. aRmosavleTSi yvelaze miRebul am siuJets mieZRvna „aia sofia“ (berZ. „wmida sibrZne“), iustiniane I mier 537 wels konstantinepolSi agebuli taZari, romelic aRmosavleTis qristianobis guli iyo, Turqebis mier 1453 wels konstantinepolis dapyrobamde, romlebmac igi meCeTad aqcies. ase rom, qristianebma aiTvises da gadaamuSaves warmarTuli simbolika. weliwadis droTa ganaxleba gaxda mkvdreTiT aRdgomis simbolo. farSevangi, mtredi, palma da baRi gvaxsenebs samoTxes. magram qristianoba ar Semoifargleba mza simbolikis martivi aTvisebiT, Cndeba axali simboloebic, gansakuTrebiT II saukuneSi. ase magaliTad, mogvTa Tayvaniscema ganasaxierebs warmarTTa moqcevas WeSmarit sarwmunoebaze, puris gamravleba - saidumlo serobas, vazi - monaTlulSi RvTiuri sicocxlis saidumloebas. es xelovneba, ra Tqma unda, atarebda didaqtikur xasiaTs, qristiani mxatvrebi cdilobdnen SeenarCunebinaT, gaeZlierebinaT da ganeviTarebinaT axalmoqceulTa rwmena. simboloTa ena iZleoda saSualebas ametyvelebuliyo is, rasac sityviT ver gamoTqvamdi. mtrulad ganwyobili warmarTuli samyaros garemocvaSi simboloebi garkveuli saidumlo kodis rols asrulebdnen, romelsac nel-nela uxsnidnen kaTakmevlebs. devnisa da wabilwvis SiSiT pirveli sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi jvars ZiriTadad gamosaxavdnen rogorc Ruzas, samTiTs, an ubralod, rogorc qristes
saxelis berZnul monogramas ( ), yvelaze gavrcelebul da mniSvnelovan simbolod, romelic farTod iyo gavrcelebuli III s-Si, iyo Tevzi, Zvelad
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Tevzi siuxvis simbolod iTvleboda, mogvianebiT romaelebSi ezoTerizmis (faruli, saidumlo) simbolo gaxda. qristianobaSi igi sarwmunoebis simbolos mokle formulad iqca, berZnuli sityva ΙΧΘΥΣ (Tevzi), romelic xuTi asosagan Sedgeba, warmoadgens Semdegi frazis abreviaturas “ Ιησόυς Χριστός Θεού 'Υιός Σοτήρ “, rac niSnavs “ieso qriste, Ze RvTisa, macxovari”. amitomac ar aris gasakviri, rom es simbolo yvelgan gamoiyeneboda, razedac ambobs klimenti aleqsandrieli (+215). „Cveni beWedi unda moirTos mtrediT, an TevziT, an gemiT, an liriT, rogorc amas polikarpe akeTebda, an RuziT...“ („pedagogi“ III, 11,59,2). imdroindeli qristianuli simbolikis Tematuri da stilisturi erTianoba sruliad gasagebia, maSin xom italiis, CrdiloeT afrikis, espaneTisa da mcire aziis adgilobriv eklesiebs Soris Zalian mWidro kavSirebi arsebobda. [ Mishel Keno (Michel Quenot) miSel keno _ “xati, maradisobis sarkmeli” –“ The Icon: Window on the Kingdom” http://www.orthodoxy.ge/khatebi/keno/khati1.htm]. samyaros koncefciis gamomxatveli xelovneba, garkveul enas warmoadgens, Tanac, zedmiwevniT damuSavebul enas. rom gaigo xatis ena, mxolod adamians ki ar unda icnobde, aramed am enis sintaqsic unda gesmodes. xatis xelovneba gacilebiT ufro metad, vidre sxva yvelaferi, iTvaliswinebs xilulidan uxilavze gadasvlas. swored amisken miiswrafian misi faqizi da rTuli struqturebi, maT Soris, xatebis moWedilobis saxeebi. Tu am struqturebs moiSoreb - teqstis arsebiT elementebs moakldebi. amgvarad, xatis gageba SesaZlebelia mxolod misi sruli saxiT. xatis silamazes xom Sinagani arsi aqvs, misi wyaro - arqetipia (pirvelsaxe). cxadia, es silamaze esTetikasac ganekuTvneba, radgan xatis arsis Secnoba Sinagani naTeliT aRavsebs macqeral adamians. igi aZlevs adamians SesaZleblobas, Seicnos naTeli, romelic TviT RmerTia (in. 1,9; 8,12), raTa ganwmendili xedviT ixilos Taboris naTlis sispetake, romelic fers ucvlis materias.
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xati mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli qristianuli azrovnebis evoluciasTan, amis mravali magaliTi katakomburma xelovnebam dagvitova. qristologia (swavleba qristeze), xatmebrZoleoba, pnevmatologia (swavleba suli wmidis Sesaxeb) - yovelive es aisaxa xatebSi, romlebic aigeba kanonebis Sesabamisad, rac Taviseburi zRudeebia, romlebsac maTi saRvTismetyvelo funqciisaTvis awesebs eklesia. qarTuli xatebis moWedilobis saxeebis kvlevisas da sakuTari xeliT gadmoxatvisas daviT kakabaZe detalurad ganixilavs mcenareTa saxeebs moWedilibaTa sxvadasxva formebSi, rogorc Cans Sua saukuneebis qarTuli plastikis Camoyalibebis sawyis etapze qristianuli xelovneba, aRmosavlur qristianuli kulturis centrebidan momdinare mza nimuSebis garda, iyenebda winamorbedi warmarTuli epoqidan aRebul motivebsa da saxeebs, romlebic saukuneTa manZilze farTod iyo gavrcelebuli xalxSi. yuradRebas ipyrobs agreTve aRmosavluri xelovnebis uZvelesi simboloebis Taviseburi gaazreba da aTviseba, ucxo rwmenaTa zogierTi motivisa da Temis adgilobriv niadagze gadmonergva da ganviTareba, xdeboda Zvel simboloTa SemoqmedebiTi Serwyma axal qristianul ikonografiasTan. gansakuTrebulad sainteresoa yvavilis Tema, romelic xSirad gvxvdeba qarTul plastikaSi (stela samwverisidan – V -VI s.s., brdaZoris stela – VI s., baSkiCeTis stela – VI s. – g. CubinaSvili, qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, I, gv.113.).
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Semoqmedis monastris feriscvalebis xatis moWediloba (moWedilobis saxe gadmoxatulia kalmiT daviT kakabaZis mier)
gelaTis saxarebis ydis moWediloba XI - XII sauk. (moWedilobis saxe gadmoxatulia kalmiT daviT kakabaZis mier)
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yvavilis gansakuTrebuli simboluri mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb sasanur xelovnebaSi bevri mosazrebaa gamoTqmuli. mkacrad kanonizebul sasanur gamosaxulebebSi – Zvirfas WurWelze, kldis reliefebSi, gemebze – yvavili warmoadgenda Zalauflebis simbolos, xazs usvamda personaJis maRal socialur mdgomareobas, ukavSirdeboda gansakuTrebulad pativcemul RvTaebebs. TviT saqarTveloSi, iberiis pitiaxSis armazisxevis samarxSi, aRmoCnda vercxlis Tasi sasaniani didebulis portretiT, romelsac xelSi yvavili ukavia misi maRali rangis niSnad. rogorc Cans, saqarTveloSi gasagebi iyo sasanur simboloTa ena da yvavili gamoisaxeboda qarTvel ostatTa mier “sainvestituro” stelebis reliefebze rogorc insignia, Zalauflebis simbolo. garda amisa, gvaqvs araerTi SemTxveva stilizebuli yvavilis gamosaxvisa qvis jvrebis mklavebze. am SemTxvevaSi warmodgena an mogoneba yvavilze, rogorc Zalauflebis simboloze, gaerTianebulia da Serwymulia qristianuli rwmenis mTavar simbolosTan – jvarTan (qarTuli xelovneba; seria A – Zveli xelovneba, kiti maCabeli; adreqristianuli qarTuli plastikis ganviTarebis zogierTi Taviseburebani; gamomcemloba “mecniereba”, Tbilisi 1987 w.) . daviT kakabaZe 1919 wels daweril samxatvro werilebSi beqa opizaris Sesaxeb wers: “beqa opizari iyo SesaniSnavi oqros mqandakebeli Cveni istoriis brwyinvale droSi, XII saukuneSi.
tbeTis saxarebis ydis moWediloba, XII saukune (moWedilobis saxe gadmoxatulia kalmiT, daviT kakabaZis mier)
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. . . oqrosmqandakeblobas xelovnebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia(asea qarTuli xelovnebis SemTxvevaSic - avt.) da mas aqvs Tavisi gansakuTrebuli formac. principi, romlis farglebSiac aq momwyvdeulia forma, gamomdinareobs qandakebis da mxatvrobis formis SeTanxmebisagan. sazogadod, xatebis moWediloba bareliefis principebzea damyarebuli. bareliefs Tavisi formiT ukavia Sua adgili mrgval qandakebasa da mxatvrobas Soris. qandakebis sruli forma aq SezRudulia sibrtyiT, romelzec saxe iqandakeba da mxatvrobis saxe bareliefSi imaSi gamoixateba, rom formebi sibrtyeze lagdeba. perspeqtivis principi arsebobs mxolod mxatvrobaSi, mrgval qandakebas ki es ar sWiria, radgan iq sagani ar lagdeba sxvadasxva sibrtyeze. bareliefSi Tu sagani sxvadasxva sibrtyeze lagdeba, saWiroa perspeqtivis dacva. magram saqmec imaSia, rom bareliefSi mxatvruli perspeqtivis namdvili principi sruliad ar ixmareba, amitom perspeqtivisaTvis mas Tavisi forma aqvs SemuSavebuli. Tu forma bareliefSi erT sibrtyeze lagdeba, maSin forma iqandakeba erTi sibrtyidan gamomdinare kanonis mixedviT. is TandaTanobiTi sibrtyeebis dalageba, romelic mrgval qandakebaSi arsebobs, bareliefSi ukve sxva saxiTaa Secvlili. bareliefSi arsebobs erTi umTavresi sibrtye, romelzedac forma isaxeba. sulerTia, erTi Tu ramdenime saxea gamosaxatavi bareliefSi, yvela am saxeebis forma erTi umTavresi bareliefis sibrtyis iqiT ver wava. swored es zRudavs bareliefis saxes da bareliefis dedaazri, misi ganviTareba da misi silamaze am sibrtyis da saxeebis erTmaneTSi zomier dalagebaSia. bareliefis erTgvari saukeTeso formebi Cven mogvca asiriis da egviptis xelovnebam. mas Semdeg Zvelma da axalma saberZneTma axali forma misca bareliefs da italiis renesansma donatelos saxiT kidev axali forma dagvanaxa. swored bareliefis dargSi beqas Semoqmedeba didad mniSvnelovania. rogorc misi nawarmoebidan Cans, mas hqonia am sakiTxSi didi codna. sruli misi nawarmoebis Seswavla Cven dagvarwmunebs, rom bareliefis formas
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beqam Taviseburi saxe misca, da sazogadod imdroindel qandakebaSi beqas suli naTlad brwyinavs. misi anCis macxovris karedis xatis samoseli amas mowmobs. bareliefis sibrtyis dacva, saxeebis sibrtyestan da erTmaneTTan dakavSireba, mxatvruli formis SeTanxmeba. bareliefis kanonebTan, saxeebis sibrtyeze ganawileba – yvela es saucxoo bareliefis saxiTaa Sesrulebuli da warmoadgens saukeTeso saxes bareliefis istoriisaTvis. . . . umTavresi Tviseba anCis xatis samoselis bareliefisa gamoixateba originalur formaSi, riTac ganirCeva es forma imdroindeli bizantiuri formidan. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom amnair formas verc bizantiur xelovnebaSi vpovebT. TviT samoselis arSias xom gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs Cveni xatebis moWedilobis saxeebis ganviTarebisaTvis.“ sakraluri Temaa, daviT kakabaZisaTvis, qarTuli ornamentis, rogorc qarTvelTa sulieri da mxatvruli gamovlinebis problemaTa kvleva, risi gemovnebac, unda vivaraudoT, ivane javaxiSvilma gauRviZa, jer kidev studentobisas, XX-saukunis dasawyisSi. mTeli cxovreba Tan sdevda daviTs fiqri qarTuli ornamentis RvTaebrivi madlmosilebis Sesaxeb da aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi amzadebda, maStabur, fundamentur gamokvlevas, romlis dausrulebeli masalebi dResac gvaocebs azris siRrmiT, naSromis moculobiTa da formatiT, unikaluri faqtobrivi masalis sistematizebiT da qarTuli ornamentis genezisis problemis sistemuri xedviT. daviT kakabaZes 1947 wlisaTvis ukve mzad hqonda saboloo daskvnebisaTvis 35 wlis ganmavlobaSi mokrebili masalebi qarTuli ornamentis genezisis Sesaxeb da am didi Canafiqris SesrulebisaTvis mxatvarma TanadgomisaTvis Tbilisis samxatvro akademias mimarTa – mxardaWeris nacvlad, is akademiidan daiTxoves da sicocxlis bolomde aRar mibrunebia “qarTuli ornamentis genezisis” fundamentur problemas. mxolod 2003 wels moxerxda, daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedebis es dausrulebeli nimuSi: “qarTuli ornamentis genezisi” –
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masalebis saxiT, enaxa mkiTxvels (daviT kakabaZe; qarTuli ornamentis genezisi; masalebi gamosacemad moamzades parmen margvelaSvilma da dea jabuam; Tbilisi “nekeri” 2003.). mxatvris azriT, qarTuli CuqurTmis safuZveli dakavSirebuli unda yofiliyo qriatianobis saTaveebTan, “saqristiano drois pirvel epoqasTan”, es xana xasiaTdeba wnuliT, radgan masSi gamoisaxeboda jvaris saxe. kakabaZis azriT wnuli ori saxisaa: wriani – ori gadawnuli Rerosagan Semdgari da sworxazovani, romelic warmoiSveba sami da mravali Rerosagan. “realobaSi wnuli gamosayenebeli saSualeba iyo – Toki – wnuli. . . gadajvaredineba – igive ideis gamomsaxvelia, nayofierebis, Zlierebis, sicocxlis, mTlianobis.“ wers kakabaZe, Semdeg agrZelebs: ”jvari – ganyenebuli simboloa. wnuli – realuri simbolo. warmoSobiT orive erT da imave dros SeiZleba Seiqmna, rogorc erTi ideis sxvadasxva gamosaxva. . . wnulSi aris gadajvarinebis gamravlebuli saxe. ras warmoadgens TviT wnuli? es aris ritmulad dalagebuli jvris saxeoba, ganmeorebuli dauboloeblad, rac qmnis amave dros ornamentalur ritms, da rac erTi jvris saxeSi ar aris. jvarSi ritmiuloba aris Tavis SigniT, rgolSi momwyvreuli da dauboloveba aklia. wnulSi ki mocemulia jvris daubolovebeli arseba, maRali ritmiuli saxe. . . pirveli qristianoba siria-kapadokiaSi warmoiSva da swored xalxSi aq iyo wnulis, rogorc jvris kultis saxeobis arseboba. amitom pirveli qristianobis saxe plastiur formaSi isaxeboda wnulSi, rogorc antiteza romaul, antiur plastiuri formisadmi. wnulma miiRo didi ganviTarebis saSualeba. wnulSi aris abstraqtoba, ganyenebuloba, aramiwieroba, ararealoba – riTac xasiaTdeba qristianobac.
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wnuli naskvniT Seiqmna mTavari dekoratiuli elementi qristianul xelovnebisa. wnuli unaskvnoT SerCa islamis xelovnebas, rogorc aRmocenebuli amave niadagze. qarTuli wnulis mTavari damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba aris naskvni. naskvnis saukeTeso gamoyenebiT xasiaTdeba qarTuli wnuli. arc erT sxva xalxs es ara aqvs. naskvni mdidari plastikuri elementia – maRali ritmuli saxe – sivrcis gamosaxvis mniSvnelovani saSualeba – ornamentaluri saucxoo plastiuri forma. wnuli naskvniT maRal plastiur formas gvaZlevs. dekoratiuli saxe ufro dabalia, vidre plastiuri. wnuli unaskvnoT kargavs plastiurobas da dekoratiul saxeobas Rebulobs. amitom qarTuli ornamenti ar aris arxiteqturis dekoracia, aramed plastikuri saxeobaa. ornamenti marto wnulisagan Semdgari, wminda geometriul saxeebSi isaxeba da amitom plastiurobac cota aqvs. geometriuli da mcenareuli saxeebis sinTezi naskvniT SeiZleba – rac qarTulma ornamentma Seqmna – da ornamentma plastiuri saxe miiRo. mcenareuli ornamenti TviT plastiuria, Tu mas ara aqvs dakarguli realobis saxe da ar aris gadasuli geometriul saxeebSi, Tu mcenaris saxe geometriul saxeSia gadasuli, is kargavs plastiurobas da gadadis dekoratiulobaSi. magaliTebi: plastiuri ornamenti: wnuli naskvniT(qarTuli), mcenareuli ornamenti (antiuri, gotikuri, indoeTis). dekoratiuli ornamenti: wminda geometriuli saxis, geometriuli wnuli (somxuri, musulmanuri, barbarebis). mcenaris saxis ornaments plastiuri elementi TviT SigniT aqvs, rogorc realobis asaxva. wnuli ki darCa rogorc saSualeba plastiurobis gamosaxvisa;
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. . . sadac mcenareuli ornamentia, iq wnuli zedmetia, imitom rom mcenareuli ornamenti sakmarisad TviT plastiuria. wnuli kidev imitom Seiqmna ornamentad, rom is bunebrivad imeorebs formas xlarTisas da qmnis ritmiul mwkrivs. amitom adamianisaTvis advili asaTvisebelia. wnuli – rogorc plastiuri elementis saxeoba – rasakvirvelia bunebaSi arsebobda da adamianma aqedan aiRo; rasakvirvelia pirvelad aq moxda mimbaZvelobis saxiT, plastiuri elementis saSualebiT – plastiuri elementis sibrtyeze gamosaxva. bunebaSi arsebobs rogorc ori, ise mravali Rerebisagan Semdgari wnuli. mimbaZvelobis sagnad orive gaxda – da es bunevrivia. mxolod ornamentaluri ritmuli mwkrivi orRerovan wnulSi saRad sCans, vidre mravalRerovan wnulSi. mravalRerovan wnulSi ornamentaluri ritmiuli mwkrivis dacva rTulia – ritmi yvela mimarTulebiT midis, orRerovan wnulSi ki mwkrivi erT xazzea. . . amave dros, rom mravalRerovani wnuli gamxdariyo plastiur ornamentad araviTari plastiuri xerxi ar sWirdeboda, saWiro iyo mxolod wnulis pirdapiri gadmocema, rogorc bunebaSia. orRerovani wnulisaTvis ki saWiroa gamoinaxos plastiuri xerxi, romlis saSualebiT wnuli miiRebs ritmul wyobas. da am saSualebis gamogoneba aris gadamwyveti Zala saerTod wnulis ornamentikis ganviTarebaSi da mis xangrZliv arsebobaSi. es gamogoneba aris wminda plastiuri xerxi, agebuli ritmiul, maTematikur da geometriul wesebze(rac ornamentikis safuZvelia). am wnulis Sesruleba adamians maTematikur – geometriul azrovnebas aZlevs, vinaidan am safuZvelze agebs mas. am wesis gamogonebam gardatexiTi roli iTamaSa wnulis Semdgom ganviTarebaSi. am wnulis geometriulma agebulebam warmoSva wnulis mravali geometriuli saxe, romelic Cven dRes viciT. amave dros SesaZlebeli Seiqmna sxvadasxva geometriuli saxis wnulad gamoyeneba. wnulis ganviTarebis procesi ori gziT mimdinareobda: erTi TviT orReriani wnulis agebulebis sistema
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analitiurad qmnida axal geometriul saxeebs; am axali saxeebis sintetiurad erTi meoresTan dakavSirebiT iqmneboda axali saxe. meore – xdeboda arsebuli geometriuli saxeebis transformacia wnulis saxeebSi, mTavari wnulis xerxiT (unda vigulisxmoT, rom geometriuli saxeebi adamians SeeZlo wnulis gareSec warmoedgina). amrigad, wrovani – or Reriani – wnuli Seiqmna dasabamad, wnulis ornamentikis ganviTarebis safuZvlad, romelmac wnuli aiyvana maRal plastiur safuZvelze. sworxazovani wnuli ki aris mcire saxeebis momcemi, is isaxeba am saSualebiT, Raribia plastiuri xerxiT da saSualebiT da amitom metad mcirericxovani formebis momcemia. analitiuri meTodiT aq miviRebT rombebs, kvadratebs. am axali formebis erTmaneTSi dakavSireba sworxazovani wnuliT sintetiuri meTodiT kidev axal saxeebs gvaZlevs, magram wnuli mainc Raribia plastiurad.amis magaliTi aris barbarebis xelovnebis wnuli, romelic Raribia plastiuri TvalsazrisiT. wnulis Tviseba - yovel geometriul figuras wnuli aZlevs cocxal saxes da akavSirebs mas realur formasTan – “wnulTan”, romelsac adamiani iTvisebs rogorc realur formas(es ufro gasagebi iyo Zvel droSi, rodesac wnuli TviT cxovrebaSi iyo). geometriuli figura uwnulod warmoadgens marto abstraqcias da amitom ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos namdvil plastiur ornamentad. mas aklia sicocxle, amitom man ver hpova gavrceleba. wnuli ki geometriul saxes aZlevs sinamdvilis saxes, es aris xorcSesxmuli abstraqcia – realobamde dayvanili. Tu wnulis ornamenti kargad mosCans, reliefuria, maSin is plastikuria, Tuki reliefi ara aqvs, is kargavs Tavis kavSirs realobasTan, amitom plastiuri araa. . . . saerTod qarTul klasikur ornaments axasiaTebs zusti agebuleba, simetriis dacva, maTematikuri zusti angariSi, kompoziciurad zustad wyoba, ise rom ornamentis saxe
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mosCandes(swori Sefardeba – lentis siganisa amoWril fonTan), plastikuri reliefis gamoyvana ise, rom skulpturul saxes grZnob, Crdilis da ganaTebis plastiuri TamaSi! ” daviT kakabaZem mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana qarTuli CuqurTmis saxeebis gamokvlevaSi, misi interesis sfero gulisxmobs qarTuli CuqurTmis saxeTa ganviTarebas uZvelesi droidan XVII-saukunemde, igi wers: “CuqurTmebiT qarTul xelovnebaSi Semkulia rogorc eklesiebi, ise cixeebi da sxva da sxva Senobebi. eklesiebSi CuqurTmebiT Semkulia garegani kedlebi uZveles xanaSi ki Sinaganic. qarTul xelovnebaSi CuqurTma ar kargavs Tavis daniSnulebas, rogorc Senobis samkauls da yovelTvis Tavisi adgili uWiravs da amkobs rogorc garedan sarkmelebis da karebis CarCoebs. . . xSirad CuqurTma gamoxatavs TviT eklesiis agebulebis azrs(mcxeTa). qarTul xelovnebaSi CuqurTmas rogorc eklesiis samkauls uWiravs mniSvnelovani adgili da am mxriv qarTulma CuqurTmam miaRwia Tavis ganviTarebis umaRles wertils. . . . qarTuli CuqurTma an wnuli Tavisi garegnuli saxiT SeiZleba ramdenime jgufad daiyos: 1) yvavilosani foTlosani, sadac gamosaxulia yvavili, foToli an sxva mcenares saxe. 2) geometriuli wreebi, sadac gamosaxulia sxva da sxva saxe jvrisa an ubralo wrisa erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTuli. 3) geometriuli da yvavilosani saxeebi erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTuli da 4) sadac gamoxatulia cxovelebi, frinvelebi, adamianis saxe da yvavilosani erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTuli. . . . qarTuli CuqurTmis ganviTareba: “IX-saukunemde CuqurTmis saxe umetes SemTxvevaSi yvavilosania. TviT wnuli naTlad gamosaxuli ar aris. . . X-saukunidan dawyebuli yvavilovani saxis garda, vxedavT, geometriuli da wreebis saxesac da wnuls, damaxasiaTebel Tvisebas
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qarTul xelovnebaSi, ukve gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs. ganviTareba gamoisaxeba wnulis mkafiod gamoxatvaSi. . . XI-saukunidan dawyebuli XIII-saukunemde xelovnebas etyoba ganviTarebis umaRles wertilamdis asvla. nimuSebi am xanis saucxovod aris Sesrulebuli rogorc texnikuri ise sazogado mxriv. aq Cven vnaxulobT oTxive saxis nimuSebs (yvavilovani, wris, geometriuli da yvavilovani, wrisa, yvavilovani da cxovelebis saxeebis erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTulisa). saucxoo CuqurTmebiT aris Semkuli bagratis taZari qauTaisSi (XI s.), sayuradReboa ramdenime svetis Tavis CuqurTma, romlebSiac naTlad Cans xelovnebis ganviTareba. es CuqurTmebi warmoadgens wnuls yvavilovanisa, wrisa da cxovelebis saxisa erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTuls. yvavilovani lotosis foTlis saxisaa. am nimuSebidan naTlad Cans Tu rogor scdilobda qarTuli wnuli Tavis ganviTarebaSi daekavSirebina yvavilovani saxe wreebTan. sayuradReboa wnuli, romelic unda ekuTvnodes gumbaTis sarkmels da kidev gumbaTis cas (Sinagan mxaris zeviTa nawils). ufro mkafioT yvavilovanis da wris wnuli erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTuli gamosaxulia savanes eklesiis CuqurTmaSi (yvirilis mazra) (XIs.). amgvar saxes Cven SemdegSi kidev vxvdebiT nikorwmindis da safaris monasterSi. . . metad sayuradRebo da sxvadasxva saxis CuqurTma moipoveba nikorwmindis monasterSi. am CuqurTmebSi Cven vxedavT rogorc yvavilovan ise ubralo saxeebs. umTavresi gza qarTul CuqurTmebis ganviTarebisa. daaxloveba yvavilovan da ubralo wnulis da maTi sazogadoT erTmaneTSi dakavSireba am CuqurTmidan naTlad sCans. nikorwmindis monastris kamarosani svetebi taZris yoveli mxridan Semkulia saucxovo CuqurTmebiT da sayuradReboa da Zlier damaxasiaTebeli am svetebis Tavebi da xarisxi, romlis saxes xSirad vxedavT qarTul xelovnebaSi. sazogadoT yvela zemoT aRwerili
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CuqurTmebi nikorwmindis monastrisa Zlier waagavs tbeTis monastris CuqurTmebs. . . . XII-XIII saukuneebSi TiTqmis Tavdeba qarTuli CuqurTmis ganviTareba. am xanis CuqurTmebi xasiaTdeba saucxovo gamosaxulobiT da SesrulebiT da Tavis simSvenieriT ar Camouvardeba arc erT romelime xalxis xelovnebas. . . . uZveles xanis CuqurTma dawyebuli VII s. IX saukunemde yvavilosania, Tumca zogierTi nimuSebic geometriuli saxisaa. wnuli ise rTuli ar aris, rogorc Semdeg xanebSi X saukunidan dawyebuli xelovnebas didaT win waweva etyoba. saxeebi rogorc yvavilosania, ise geometriuli da ubralo wnulisa. TviT wnuli Rebulobs ufro rTul xasiaTs da XII-XIII saukuneebSi ki adis umaRles wertilamdis. damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba am xanisa aris yvavilosanis da ubralo wnulis erTmaneTSi daaxloveba. sazogado xasiaTi am xanis nimuSebisa Zlier rTulia da amave dros ar kargavs saR gamoxatulebas. sazogadoT am xanis CuqurTma Tavisi saucxovo xasiaTiT arc erT xalxis xelovnebas ar Camouvardeba. XIV-XV s. xelovnebis aRorZinebis xanaT unda CaiTvalos. am saukuneebis nimuSebi Tavisi xasiaTiT arafriT ar Camouvardeba XI-XII s. nimuSebs. saxeebi rogorc yvavilovani ise ubralo wnulisaa, Tumca pirveli sWarbobs meore saxes. XVI saukuniT iwyeba xelovnebis dacemis xana. garegnuli Sesruleba CuqurTmisa Zlier sustia. saxe zogierT SemTxvevaSi Zveli wnulisaa da zogierTi ki ukve axali saxea, umetes SemTxvevaSi ki yvavilosani.” daviT kakabaZe qarTul ornaments saqarTvelos istoriis erT-erT maxasiaTeblad miiCnevs (daviT kakabaZe; qarTuli ornamentis genezisi; masalebi gamosacemad moamzades parmen margvelaSvilma da dea jabuam; Tbilisi “nekeri” 2003.) da wers: “qarTuli ornamentikis Zirebi unda veZioT qarTvel xalxTa tomebis uZveles periodebSi. saqarTvelos teritoriis miwa-wyalze adamians ganvlili aqvs kacobriobis kulturis yvela periodebi.
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. . . cnobilia, rom neoliTur xanaSi adamianma ukve icis wnulis warmoebis rTuli wesi – bawris da Tokis damzadeba, bawris Sekvra, qsovileba da wvna. liTonis gaCeniT ki saqarTvelos teritoriaze ukve warmoSobilia sazogadoebrivi organizaciis ufro maRali forma – saxelmwifoebrioba. cnobilia, rom kacobriobis kulturis dasawyiss wina aziis qveynebSi Caeyara saZirkveli. 5 - 4 aTasi wlis winad Zv.w. aq pirvelad Seiqmna didi kulturuli centrebi. qarTvelebi ki warmoSobiT am wina aziis Zvels mkvidr mosaxleobas ekuTvnis. amitom qarTvelTa tomebi uSualo monawileobas Rebulobdnen am kulturis SeqmnaSi. kacobriobis uZveles kulturis centrebs ekuTvnis elamis da sumeris kultura – 5-4 aTasi wlis winad Zv.w. me-3 aTaswleuls Zv.w. wina aziaSi cnobili iyvnen qarTvelTa monaTesave tomTa xalxebi – xeTelebi da subarebi. xeTelebi mosaxleobdnen mcire aziaSi. subarebi mosaxleobdnen CrdiloeT mesopotamiidan moyolebuli kavkasionamde. oTxi aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi wina aziis politikur istoriaSi wina aziis civilizaciis SeqmnaSi, SemoqmedebiTi unarianoba gamoiCina xalxebis orma jgufma – babilonis da xeTa-subaris. danarCen xalxTa jgufebs – da arc asirias – wina aziis civilizaciis SeqmnaSi SemoqmedebiTi Zala ar gamouCeniaT. amave dros xeTa-subaris civilizacia didad gansxvavdeba babiloniis civilizaciisagan.
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3-aTasi wlis damdegidan Zv.w. 2-aTasi wlis damdegamde wina aziaSi – babiloniaSi – sumeri-akodis saxelmwifoebrivi organizacia iyo Zlieri. me-18 s. Zv.w. xeTas samefo organizaciam did Zlierebas miaRwia. imave saukunis damlevisaTvis pirveli adgili subarebma daikaves. am dros nawilobrivad subarelebi ukve rkinas xmarobdnen. me-17 s. Zv.w. subarelebma daarses mitanis saxelmwifo. maT gavlenas daumorCiles mTeli aRmosavleTi da asureTi. me-14 da me-13 s. Zv,w. wina aziis politikuri centri kvlav xeTas daubrunda. me-12 s. Zv.w. damdegisaTvis aRmosavleTSi kvlav didi cvlileba xdeba, xalxis moZraoba. xeTas samefo daemxo. xeTa-subareTis mosaxleoba mraval wvril samTavrod daiqsaqsa. siria-xeTas samTavro – me-12 s. damdegidan me-8 s. damlevamde. me-11 s. subareTis xalxTa tomebidan ganirCeoda muskebi. me-9 s. ki cnobilia Tubalebi. Tubali – evfratis dasavleTiT mdebare vrceli qveyana iyo. umTavresi qalaqi – meleTi. me-9 da me-8 sauk. Zv.w. xeTur-subarulma tomebma axali Zlieri saxelmwifo Seqmnes – urartu, mis xalxs ki xaldebs uwodeben. me-8 s. damlevs urartus samefo asurelebma daarbies. me-7 s. damlevs urartus saxelmwifos bolo mouRes midielebma. amis Semdeg me-6 s. qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi centrebi ki ar mospobila, aramed ufro CrdiloeTisaken gadmoinacvles adgili – subareTis CrdiloeT adgilebSi – kerZod saqarTveloSi. amrigad warmoiSva iberiis da kolxeTis samefoebi. iberiis samefos dedaqalaqi – mcxeTa.
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qarTuli saxelmwifo centrebi mdebareobda samxreT nawilebSi (subareTis samxreT raionebSi). istoriis JamTaviTarebaSi es centrebi TandaTanobiT gadmovida CrdiloeTSi. amiT Tavdeba wina aziis da xeTa-subaris saxelmwifo Zliereba. civilizaciisa da kulturis centrebi icvlian adgilebs. saerTaSoriso asparezze gamodis midia da sparseTi – erTis mxriv da saberZneTi – meores mxriv. me-6 s. Zv.w. sparselebma midiis samefo daipyres da merme dasavleTisaken xmelTaSua zRvis mimarTulebiT gaaZlieres Tavis mflobeloba. ase warmoiSva aqemenidTa samefo. amave periodSi mcire aziaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba moixveWes xmelTaSua zRvis piras mdebare berZnulma qalaqebma. maTSi yvelaze Zlieri iyo mileTi – ionielTa qalaqi. am qalaqiT Tavdeba didi savaWro gza indoeTidan dawyebuli xmelTaSua zRvamde. amierkavkasiis xalxebs ZvelTa Zveli droidan hqondaT aReb-micemiTi kavSiri egeosis zRvis xalxebTan. me-7 s. Zv.w. imave mizniT mileTma gaiCina axalSenebi Savi zRvis sanapioroze. me-4 s. Zv.w. aqemenidebis samefos bolo mouRo aleqsandre makedonelma. aleqsandre makedonelis gardacvalebis Semdeg misi uzarmazari samefo daiSala da warmoiSva: baqtria (kaspiis zRvis aRmosavleTiT), parTa (arSakidebis samefo) – kaspiis zRvis samxreTiT da samxreT-dasavleTiT, pontos samefo – Savi zRvis samxreT napirebSi.
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arSakidebis samefom, romelmac TiTqmis xuTi saukune gaZlo, didi roli iTamaSa amierkavkasiis qveynebis istoriaSi. aleqsandre makedonelis da misi sardlobis xana elinistur xanad iwodeba (me-4 s. damlevidan 1-el saukunemde Zv.w.). elinisturma kulturam didi gavlena moaxdina im drois yvela qveynebze da saqarTvelozedac. gavrcelda CvenSi berZnuli ena da mwerloba. elinisturi periodis Semdeg iwyeba romis imperiis gavlena mTel aRmosavleTSi da saqarTveloSic. am periodSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi cxovreba maRal safexurze avida, gacxovelda Sinauri da sagareo vaWroba. saqarTveloze gadioda savaWro gza, romelic aerTebda Soreul indoeTs dasavleT evropis qveynebs, kulturis done amaRlda. I da II s. ax.w. qarTlis (iberiis) da kolxeTis (dasavleT saqarTvelos) cxovreba dawinaurda. III s. damdegs sparseTSi warmoiSva axali samefo – sasanidebis sagvareulo. iwyeba brZola sasanidebsa da romaelebs Soris, saqarTvelo ki dgas maTi brZolis mijnaze da es ori samefo erTimeores ecilebian saqarTveloze gavlenas. IV s. meore meoTxedSi qristianoba cxaddeba saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. V s. damdegs romis imperia sustdeba da aRmosavleTSi sparselebis gaZliereba xdeba. aRmosavleT saqarTvelo sparselebis moxarked xdeba. sparselebi cdiloben Tavis sarwmunoebis - mazdeizmis gavrcelebas saqarTveloSi. VI s. damdegs dasavleT saqarTveloSi qristianoba cxaddeba saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad, Tumca Savi zRvis
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napirebze qristianoba ukve Semosuli iyo IV s. damdegidan. amave dros arsebobda mWidro kavSiri ucxoel qveynebTan: ukve VI saukunidan arsebobs qarTuli eklesiebi palestinaSi. vinaidan mazdeizmis fexis mokideba saqarTveloSi ver moxerxda, amitom sparselebma romis sawinaaRmdego saSualebad gamoiyenes brZola monofizitebsa da diofizitebs Soris. romis saqristiano eklesia diofizituri iyo, maT winaaRmdeg sparselebi xels uwyobdnen monofizitobas. sparselebma aqac ver miaRwies mizans – saqarTvelos eklesia diofizituri darCa. somxeTSi ki sparselebis gavlena ufro metad iyo, vidre saqarTveloSi, amitom somxuri eklesia monofizituri darCa. amiT moxda qarTlis da somxeTis eklesiebs Soris ganxeTqileba (VII s. damdegs). sparselebi gandevnil iqnen saqarTvelodan VI s. damdegidan. am periodSi didi cvlilebebi gamoiara romis saxelmwifom. IV s. damlevs igi or nawilad gaiyo. aRmosavleT nawilis dedaqalaqi aris konstantinopoli. dasavleT romis imperia ki V s. damlevs mospobil iqna. VII saukunidan aRmosavleT romis imperias bizantias uwodeben. Tu romi monaTmflobeluri saxelmwifi iyo, bizantia ukve feodaluri qveyanaa. bizantiaSi laTinuri enis magier berZnuli enaa gamefebuli.
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saqarTveloSic igive movlenas aqvs adgili – feodalizmis weswyobilebam sabolood gaimarjva (VII s. damdegi). am periodis saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi cxovreba didad ganviTarebul saxes warmoadgens. ganviTarda qalaqebi, vaWroba, xelosnoba. qarTli awarmoebs vaWrobas somxeTTan, siriasTan, dasavleTis qveynebTan, egviptestan da sxvebTan. kulturuli done maRalia – iTargmneba saqriatiano wignebi berZnulidan, siriulidan da somxuridan. Zvel iberiasa da kolxeTSi gavrcelebuli iyo Zveli berZnuli ganaTleba, Zveli berZnuli filosofia da poezia. IV s-Si kolxeTSi arsebobda filosofiuri skola. am periodSi Caeyara saZirkveli qarTul saeklesio arqiteqturas. bolnisi, urbnisi, mcxeTis “jvari”. VII s. pirvel naxevarSi saqarTvelo da mTlianad amierkavkasia bizantielebis gavlenis qveS arian. amave dros gaZlierda aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos tomebis erTmaneTTan daaxloveba. VII s. damdegs msoflio istoriisaTvis didi mniSvnelobis ambavi moxda – arabeTSi warmoiSva muhamedis meTaurobiT axali sarwmunoeba, romelsac “islami” ewoda. arabebis dapyrobiT politikasTan dakavSirebiT ukve VII s. Sua wlebSi saqarTveloSi daiwyo arabTa Semosevebi. VII s. damlevs arabebs magrad hqondaT fexi mokidebuli qarTlSi da Semdeg gadavidnen dasavleT saqarTveloSi. magram qarTveli xalxi ganagrZobda brZolas arabTa dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg. arabTa Semosevam VIII s. damdegs gaanadgura xalxis meurneoba da Seamcira mosaxleoba. mxolod saqarTvelos ganapira adgilebi daculi iyo arabebisagan. amave dros warmoiSva axali feodaluri samTavroebi: kaxeTi – VIII s. damlevs, afxazeTi – VIII s. damlevs, tao-klarjeTi – IX s. damdegs.
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IX da X saukuneebSi saqarTvelo gaizarda da gaZlierda ekonomiurad. IX s. meore naxevridan didi omebi iSviaTi iyo. xdeboda omebi patara razmebis SetakebebiT, romelic ver abrkolebda qveynis zrdas da mSeneblobas. amitom kaxeTi, tao-klarjeTi, afxazeTi gaizardnen da gaSendnen IX saukunisaTvis. tao-klarjeTi bizantiis sazRvrebSi iTvleboda – amitom aSotma Tavis Tavi keisris vasalad gamoacxada da kurapalatis tituli miiRo. ukanasknelad amierkavkasiis damorCileba xalifam X s. damdegs scada, magram mizans ver miaRwies da maTi gavlena amierkavkasiaSi X s. Sua wlebidan sruliad moispo. darCnen mxolod adgilobrivi amirebi, rogorc magaliTad, Tbilisis amira, romlis sazRvrebi sul viwrovdeboda qarTuli samTavroebis – kaxeTis, tao-klarjeTis da afxazeTis – Semotevis wyalobiT. X s. Sua wlebidan amierkavkasiaSi arabebis gavlena srulebiT moispo. samive samTavroSi daiwyo brZola sakuTari teritoriis gafarToebisaTvis. ganviTarda aReb-micemobis saqme samTavroebs Soris. agreTve ganviTarda sagareo vaWroba trapezunTan, somxebTan, siriasTan. did rols TamaSobdnen TviT bizantiis imperiaSic tao-klarjeTis qarTvelebi. kulturuli done VIII-X s. metad maRali iyo. qarTuli saliteraturo ena metad gaizarda. tao-klarjeTSi, afxazeTSi, qarTlSi oficialuri da saeklesio ena qarTuli iyo. viTardeba proza da leqsebi. viTardeba Targmnili mwerlobac. qarTvelebs am dros aqvT sakuTari sazRvargareTuli kulturuli centrebi: palestinaSi, antioqiis maxloblad. X s. daarsda ganTqmuli qarTuli monasteri aTonis mTaze.
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filosofiis codna im dros ukve savaldebulod iTvleboda ganaTlebuli kacisaTvis. daviT kuropalatis mefobaSi – tao-klarjeTi didi da Zlieri samefo gaxda. X s. meore naxevarSi tao-klarjeTis samefo Seicavda uzarmazar teritorias, romlis samxreTi sazRvrebi vanis tbasa da qalaq erzinkamde aRwevda. amave dros daviTi Tavis gavlenas CrdiloeTiTac avrcelebda – afxazeTsa da qarTlSi. amiT saZirkveli Caeyara saqarTvelos gaerTianebas. IX-X s. saqarTvelos amnairi mdgomareoba mowmobs qarTveli xalxis am drois did SemoqmedebiT unarianobas yvela dargSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am dros mTlianad Camoyalibda qarTuli erovnuli saxe yvela dargSi, romlis Semdgomi ganviTareba mxolod gagrZelebaa am diadi epoqisa. qarTul arqiteqturaSi ki am dros mTlianad momwifebuli da damTavrebuli saxe mieca im saqristiano-saeklesio formebs, romlebsac V-VI s. Caeyara saZirkveli. afxazeTSi: martvili, moqvi(X s. Sua wlebi), ufro mdidari iyo tao-klarjeTi: oSki, iSxani, bana, xaxuli. XI s. saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv wyobilebas ukve ganviTarebuli feodalizmis saxe aqvs. XI s. moxda saqarTvelos mTliani gaerTianeba bagrat mesamis mefobis dros (975-1014 w.), magram aq xdeba qarTuli kulturis centrebis gadanacvleba tao-klarjeTidan ufro CrdiloeTisaken. amas xeli Seuwyo bizantielebis Semotevam saqarTveloze. 1001 w. daviT kuropalatis gardacvalebis Semdeg, bizantielebma daikaves tao. 1023 w. giorgi pirvelma iZulebiT dauTmo bizantielebs tao, kola-artaani da javaxeTi. magram kulturuli saqmianoba ar Sewyvetila. samonastro kulturuli
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centrebi ganagrZoben arsebobas: aTonSi, palestinaSi, siriaSi, balkaneTSi. arsebobs saistorio mwerloba, filologia, samarTali, xelovneba. am dros ekuTvnis Zeglebi: quTaisis bagratis taZari, bedia, mcxeTis sveticxoveli, nikorwminda, samTavisi. bizantielebTan brZolam qveyanas auria saqme. XI s. meore naxevarSi ki saqarTvelos sxva mxridan moadga gaWirveba: daiwyo Turqebis (selCukianebis) didi Semoseva. airia Sinagani da sagareo mdgomareoba. XII s. saqarTvelom ufro did Zlierebas miaRwia – daviT aRmaSeneblis dros (1089-1125). daviT aRmaSenebelma gandevna Turqebi saqarTvelodan. Turqebs ki im dros mdgomareoba Sesustebuli hqondaT evropiel jvarosanTa omis gamo TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (XI s. damlevs). saqarTvelo Seiqmna aRmosavleTSi erTi uZlieresi samefo. kulturuli viTareba daviT aRmaSeneblis dros Tavis simaRleze idga: gelaTi, Sio mRvimis didi taZari. Tamar mefis dros (1184-1213 w.) saqarTvelo Seiqmna wina aziaSi erTi uZlieresi saxelmwifo. XII s.-Si saqarTvelos sameurneo da kulturuli mdgomareoba maRal safexurze idga: aReb-micemoba samxreTisaken egviptemde, CrdiloeTisaken ruseTSi. qalaqebi gaZlierda. ayvavda Zveli qarTuli feodaluri kultura. es bunebrivi ganviTareba iyo warmateba qarTuli kulturisa. ganviTarda mecnieruli mwerloba, saistorio mwerloba, elinisturi kulturis memkvidreobac sakmarisad iyo Seswavlili, berZnuli enac kargad icodnen. arabul-sparsul kulturasac kargad icnobdnen. Xelovnebis sxva dargebic Tavis simaRleze iyo: xuroTmoZRvreba, kedlis mxatvroba, beWvdiTi xelovneba da sxva. xuroTmoZRvreba: ikorTa, samTavro, berTubani, beTania.
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XIII s. pirvel naxevars saqarTvelos mdgomareoba xelaxlav gaWirvebuli Seiqmna. qveyanas Semoesia monRolebi (Cingis xani). saqarTvelo gaxda monRolTa ymadnafici qveyana. saqarTvelos jari iRebs monawileobas monRolebTan erTad omebSi iranis da egviptis winaaRmdeg. miuxedavad am didi gaWirvebisa kulturuli muSaoba ar Camqrala. demetre meores “Tavdadebulis” (1270-1289) cda aoxrebuli qveynis aRdgenisa. misi aSenebulia metexis taZari(avlabarSi). XIV s. pirvel naxevarSi, giorgi mexuTem, “brwyinvalem”(1314-1346) SesZlo saqarTvelos samefos mTlianobis aRdgena. iranis xanebis Zliereba am dros Seryeuli iyo. XIV s. meore naxevarSi saqarTvelos axali saSineli ubedureba daatyda: saqarTvelos Semoesia Temur-lengi. am Semosevis Sedegebi is iyo, rom man imsxverpla auarebeli xalxi. arasdros aseTi ubedureba saqarTvelos ar dastydomia Tavze. XV-XVI s. mravali adgili ukacrielad iyo darCenili. qveynis sameurneo da kulturuli saqmianoba daqveiTda. XV s. Camoyalibda axali saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba: osmaleTis gaZliereba da bizantiis samefos mospoba. 1453 w. osmalebma aiRes konstantinopoli. amieridan saqarTvelos dasavleTis gza daexSo. amas mohyva saqarTvelos daSla calke samefoebad. XV s. daiwyo gauTavebeli brZola iransa da osmaleTs Soris. XVI s. mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi ufro gauaresda. iran-osmaleTis omis asparezi saqarTveloc iyo. kaxeTis mdgomareoba XVI s. meore naxevarSi ufro kargi iyo: qveyana aSenda da dawinaurda. kaxeTis mefe – aleqsandre (1574 - 1605) mdidari, Zlieri mefe iyo. ganaaxla vaWroba aziasa da evropaSi. aRadgina dangreuli materialuri kulturis naSTebi. dasavleT saqarTveloSi am dros mdgomareoba cudi iyo – osmalebis Semoseva (bagratis taZris dangreva).
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amis Semdeg saqarTvelos mdgomareoba ar gamosworebula XIX saukunemde.“ SemTxveviT ar mogviyvania daviT kakabaZis pirovnuli mosazrebebi – romlebic sistemuri(yovlismomcveli) xasiaTisaa da naTlad Cans mxatvris mcdeloba, yvela problema da maT Soris saxelovnebo, gamoikvlios sistemuri poziciidan, swored amitom dasWirda d. kakabaZes saqarTvelos istoriis, sistemuri TvalsazrisiT ganxilva, raTa Caswvdomoda qarTuli ornamentis da zogadad qarTuli saxelovnebo samyaros genezisis eTno-Taviseburebebs. daviT kakabaZis mravalmxrivi kvlevebi cxadad gamoxataven sistemuri azrovnebis konfiguracias. sistemuri azrovnebis mizania obieqturad da yovlismomcvelad (sistemurad) aRiqvas gare samyaro an Sesaswavli sfero da daadginos kanonebi da kanonzomierabani rogorc materialuri aseve aramaterialuri samyarosi; swored amgvari sistemuri kvlevebis gamovlinebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos mxatvris daintereseba ferweris, grafikis, Teatrisa da kinos mxatvrobis fundamenturi sakiTxebiT. 1928 wels, k.marjaniSvilma SesTavaza daviT kakabaZes piesis gaformeba da im periodidan iwyeba misi saTeatro moRvaweoba, rasac Semdgom dazguri mxatvroba miemata da niSandoblivia rom es ori gansxvavebuli dargi Semoqmedebisa urTierTzegavlenas ganicdis. „ daviT kakabaZis SexedulebiT Teatri saxviTi xelovnebis filiali rodia, rom TeatrSi mxatvari modis imisaTvis, raTa amoxsnas piesisa da speqtaklis dedaazri da igi emociurad zemoqmedi gaxados. mayurebelze amgvar zemoqmedebas ki, misi azriT, ganapirobebs is Teatraluri metyveli saSualebebi, romlebsac amjerad mimarTaven scenis xelovanebi dramaturgis nawarmoebis amosaxsnelad. es saSualebani garkveulad unda ukavSirdebodnen erTmaneTs, qmnidnen garkveul sistemas, maSin aRmocendeba am speqtaklis gaTamaSebis konkretuli
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piroba.“ (naTela uruSaZe. daviT kakabaZe TeatrSi. saqarTvelos Teatraluri sazogadoeba. Tbilisi 1982 w.). dramaturgisagan daviT kakabaZe moiTxovs scenuri drois zust SegrZnebas, raTa droSi gaSlili nawarmoebi erT mTlianobad Seikras. igi amas kompoziciis grZnobas uwodebs. mas miaCnia, rom personaJTa cxovreba rac SeiZleba farTo areSi unda iSlebodes: avanscena, TviT scena, kulisebi, mayurebelTa darbazic ki. igi ayenebs sakiTxs scena-kolofis Secvlis Sesaxeb ufro vrceli saTamaSo moedniT. mogvianebiT es sakiTxi sxvebmac wamoWres. daviT kakabaZes metad mniSvnelovnad miaCnia mxatvris roli, misi funqcia TeatrSi, is wers: „mxatvari ilustratori ki ar aris reJisoris azrisa, aramed reJisorTan erTad Slis dramatul moqmedebas... mxatvari muSaobs saxviTi xelovnebis saSualebiT, magram marto feri, moculoba, sivrce ki ar unda ainteresebdes, aramed TviT moqmedeba - speqtaklis dinamika... mxatvarma aucileblad unda gauwios angariSi dramaturgs, reJisors da mayurebels, magram upirveles yovlisa, unda gauwios angariSi aqtiors... mxatvarma unda Seqmnas sivrcis da moculobis forma Sefardebuli piesis ideur SinaarsTan, rom aqtioris TamaSi da piesis moqmedeba daubrkolebliv gaSlili iqnes... yvelaferi aqtioris TamaSobisaTvis... speqtaklis mTavari moqmedebisaTvis... speqtaklSi mTavaria msaxiobi. „ aseTia daviT kakabaZis Teatraluri mrwamsi. qarTul TeatrSi daviT kakabaZem ocdaSvidi speqtakli gaaforma(sxva TeatrSi mas arc umuSavia), is upiratesad qarTul literaturas acocxlebda scenaze, igi iltvoda sisadavisaken, ubraloebisa da simartvivisaken, erideboda scenis gadatvirTvas, iseT danadgars Seqmnida, rom misi Semobruneba mravali rakursiT iyo SesaZlebeli . moZravi konstruqcia moqmedebis adgilis wamieri Secvlis uflebas aZlevda reJisors. daviT kakabaZe speqtaklis dinamiur ganviTarebas ganapirobebda Tavisi scenografiiT.
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daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedeba ganuyofelia sareJisoro Canafiqrisgan, speqtaklisagan. TeatrSi d. kakabaZe, koleqtiuri Semoqmedebis momxrea da aRniSnuls ise aRwevda, rom arasdros arc mxatvrobis fundamenturi principebisTvis uRalatia da arc sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi stili daukargavs. daviT kakabaZe xelovnebis mkvlevari da gamomgonebelia, cxadia rom aq saqme gvaqvs saxelovnebo sferos sistemur kvlevebTan, rac naTlad Cans mis naSromebSi da es ukanaskneli produqtia sistemuri azrovnebisa. cnobilia, rom sistema warmoadgens garesamyaros nawilis warmodgenis formas, ris gamoc is(sistema) mecnieruli abstraqciaa. sistema rogorc mecnieruli abstraqcia gansxvavdeba realuri obieqtisagan im Sinagani maxasiaTeblebis ugelebelyofis xarjze, rac damkvirveblis azriT araa gadamwyveti kvlevis obieqtis sistemuri (yovlismomcveli) aRwerisas. fenomenaluri niWis mqone dargobriv profesionalebs, rogorc wesi, Camoyalibebuli aqvT sakuTari sistemuri azrovneba imisaTvis rom mTlianobaSi dainaxon obieqti an procesi. cxadia rom sistemuri azrovnebis efeqturoba miT ufro maRalia, rac ufro rTulia is sistema, ris mimarTac gamoiyeneba sistemuri azrovneba. daviT kakabaZem, rogorc mravalmxivma mecnierma, XX-saukunis 20 wlebidan daiwyo kvlevis sistemuri meTodebis gamoyeneba saxelovnebo sferosaTvis da sicocxlis bolomde ar Seuwyvetia am mimarTulebis Seswavla.
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ivane javaxiSvilis sulieri gavlenis sistemuri safuZvlebi ivane javaxiSvilis moRvaweobis umTavres mizans warmoadgenda saqarTvelos umdidresi istoriis da qarTveli eris sulieri da materialuri kulturuli memkvidreobis yovlismomcveli(sistemuri) Seswavla. manamde ki mxolod mwiri monacemebi arsebobda saqarTvelos istoriis kuTxiT da faqtobrivad arc erTi mecnieruli dargi saqarTvelos istoriisa ar arsebobda. saqarTvelos istoriis yovlismomcveli, sistemuri gamokvleva, ivane javaxiSvilma, martom Seasrula, man axali qarTuli istoriografia Seqmna. ivane javaxiSvilis kredo 1904 wels gamocemul wignSi – “mamuliSviloba da mecniereba” ivane javaxiSvilma sazogadoebas sakuTari mrwamsi warudgina anu Sexeduleba mecnieris maRali movaleobis Sesaxeb. XX-saukunis dasawyisSi, axalgazrda mecnierma, romelic kargad icnobda istoriografiis ganviTarebis sazRvrebs, gadawyvita mecnieruli istoriografiis Seqmna imis miuxedavad rom qarTuli istoriuli azrovneba uZvelesi droidan iRebda saTaves: ioane sabanisZe da giorgi merCule, basil zarzmeli da giorgi mtawmindeli, leonti mroveli da juanSeri, efrem mcire da daviT aRmaSenebelios istorikosi, Tamaris istorikosebi da laSa giorgis droindeli mematiane, JamTaaRmwereli da sxvani. qarTul istoriografiaSi axali etapi iwyeba vaxuSti bagrationis (1696-1757) moRvaweobiT, romelmac saqarTvelos istoria, geografia, kartografia da mecnierebis mravali dargi codnis specifiur CarCoebSi moaqcia.
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ivane javaxiSvilis ganmartebiT vaxuSti istorias or nawilad yofs: samoqalaqod da saeklesiod, xolo TiToeuli maTgani oTx nawilad iyofa: 1) “adgilis aRwera” (georgafiuli mimoxilva); 2) “naTesavTmetyveleba”(genealogia); 3) “wlismricxveleba”(qronologia); 4) “moqmedebis aRwera”(politikuri istoria). javaxiSvilis azriT, istoriis amgvari sistemiT danawileba pirvelad swored vaxuSti bagrationma moaxdina qarTul istoriografiaSi. XIX-saukunis 70-iani wlebidan qarTul istoriografiaSi kidev erTi axali etapi daiwyo, qarTuli enis, literaturisa da istoriisadmi interesis gazrda peterburgis universitetSi, mari broses* TaosnobiT daarsebulma qarTuli enis kaTedram ganapiroba. peterburgSi Caeyara safuZveli mecnierul qarTvelologias, romlis moTaveebi iyvnen al. cagareli, al. xaxanaSvili da n. mari, maTi skolidan mravali qarTvelologi gamovida, romelTa Soris yvelaze TvalsaCino adgili ivane javaxiSvils ukavia. ivane javaxiSvilma Seqmna kapitaluri Sroma “qarTveli eris istoria”, romelSic pirvelad mogvca, mis mierve SemuSavebuli kvlevis mecnieruli meTodologiiT Seswavlili saqarTvelos politikuri istoria, socialuri urTierTobebisa da saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis formebi, materialuri kulturisa da ideologia-sarwmunoebis sakiTxebi. ivane javaxiSvili mravalmxriv da masStabur gamokvlevebSi farTod iyenebs e.w. “kritikuli azrovnebis”** elementebs, rac akavSirebs mis msoflmxedvelobas, qarTvelTa udidesi mamis, ilia WavWavaZis (wmida ilia marTali) cnobier samyarosTan. ivane javaxiSvili WeSmaritad sulieri Tanamoazre iyo ilia WavWavaZisa, rogorc moRvawisa da mamuliSvilisa. ilias mravlismomcveli saqmianoba, kerZod ki istoriografiul-politologiuri, ekonomikuri, agraruli da qarTvelologiuri koncefcia warmoadgenda
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ivane javaxiSvilis Semoqmedebis zemtkice saZirkvels, ramac saetapo mniSvnelobis Sedegebi gamoiRo mecnierebis mraval dargSi. --------------- (*) brose (Brosset) mari felisite (1802-1880), frangi orientalisti da qarTvelologi, 1847-48 wlebSi imogzaura saqarTveloSi. didZali epigrafikuli, numizmatikuri, dokumenturi da sxva masala peterburgSi sam wignad gamoaqveyna(1849-51), dabeWda “qarTlis cxovreba”, vaxuStis “istoriis” geografiuli nawili da mravali sxva dokumenti, riTac didi wvlili Seitana qarTuli kulturis Seswavlisa da misi evropaSi popularizaciis saqmeSi. (**)kritikuli azrovneba - azrebisa da Sexedulebebis kritikulad Sefaseba. kkritikuli azrovnebis sistema sami ganxrisa(kiTxva, wera, kamaTis xelovneba) da Svidi donisagan(informaciuli codna, informaciis axali formiT wardgena, azrovnebis da funqciaTa kavSir-urTierTobani, novacia, analizi, sinTezi, Sefaseba) Sedgeba.
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ivane javaxiSvili XIX-saukunis saqarTvelos hyavda sulieri meufe, pirovneba, romelmac axali era daiwyo qarTuli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis istoriaSi, eris medroSe – ilia WavWavaZe. ilia WavWavaZe XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, TiTqmis naxevari saukunis manZilze sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis, azrovnebis, erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis ideuri Tavkaci iyo. ivane
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javaxiSvili XX-saukunis dasawyisidanve mtkice burjad Seudga ilias mier dawyebul saqmes eris kulturuli cxovrebis winsvlisaTvis. wmida ilia marTali (ilia grigolis Ze WavWavaZe) 1837 wlis 27 oqtombers (Zveli stiliT) daibada kaxeTSi, sofel yvarelSi. pirveldawyebiTi ganaTleba man ojaxSi miiRo: dedam Seaswavla wera-kiTxva, locvebi, saRvTo istoria. rva wlis ilia yvarlis mTavardiakon nikoloz sefaSvilisaTvis miubarebiaT. masTan gatarebulma samma welma waruSleli kvali datova wmidanis cxovrebaSi. iliam swavla jer Tbilisis kerZo pansionSi, Semdgom ki keTilSobilTa gimnaziaSi gaagrZela. mSoblebi mas adre gardaecvala da daoblebuli ojaxis meurveoba mamida makrinem itvirTa. 1857 wels ilia peterburgis universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis studenti gaxda. universitetSi swavlis periodSi ilia Zalian bevrs kiTxulobda, gansakuTrebiT Zveli qarTuli wignebiT iyo dainteresebuli. akademiuri moswrebac maRali hqonda, magram ilias iuridiuli ganaTlebis oficialuri mowmoba ar ainteresebda. man meoTxe kursidan miatova swavla da 1861 wels Rrmad da mravalmxriv ganswavluli dabrunda saqarTveloSi. jer kidev moRvaweobis dasawyisSi ganacxada ilia marTalma: „sami RvTaebrivi saunje dagvrCa Cven mama-papaTagan: mamuli, ena, sarwmunoeba. Tu amaTac ar vupatroneT, ra kacebi viqnebiT, ra pasuxs gavscemT STamomavlobas?“ mas saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenisaTvis mebrZolTa rigebSic vxedavT: 1905 wlis oqtomberSi daswrebia wmida nikolozis eklesiis saswavleblis SenobaSi gamarTul samRvdeloebis krebis, romelic saqarTvelos eklesiis avtonomiis sakiTxs mieZRvna, meTaurobda sazogado moRvaweTa jgufs, romelmac kavkasiis mefisnacvals mimarTa TxovniT, mxari daeWira qarTvelTa brZolisaTvis avtokefaliis dasabruneblad. ilias moRvaweoba imdenad aRizianebda da aSinebda eklesiisa da yovelgvari erovnulobis winaaRmdeg
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sabrZolvelad Seqmnili satanuri moZRvrebis gzaabneul mimdevrebs, rom ilias fizikurad mospoba ganizraxes... 1907 wlis 30 agvistos Tbilisidan saguramos mimavali etli, romelSic ilia da misi meuRle olRa guramiSvili imyofebodnen, wiwamuris tyesTan Sedga. Tofis grialma SeZra didebuli garemo. ilia zeze wamoiWra: „SesdeqiT, ubedurno, ilia var!!!“ - daiZaxa, magram tyviam gauCera qristesa da samSoblos siyvaruliT aRvsili guli. mTeli saqarTvelo dastiroda wmida ilias cxedars. kavkasiis samxedro sasamarTlom ilias mkvlelebs CamoxrCoba miusaja. Tbilisis general-gubernators mkvlelebis Sewynarebis TxovniT mimarTa TviT ilias qvrivma olRa guramiSvilma: „me Rrmad mwams, dRes rom Cemi qmari cocxali iyos, Seundobda maT, romelTac sasikvdilod gaimetes igi da Tavis ubedur, gzaabneul Zmebad miiCnevda... me TiTqos mxolod imisTvis davrCi amsoflad, raTa davaboloo is Rvawli kacTa mimarT mxurvale siyvarulisa, romelsac Cemma qmarma mTeli Tavisi sicocxle Seswira - Seundo im ubedur, gzaabneul moyvasT, romelTav TviT is Seundobda. Cemi dReebi daTvlilia, amJamad Tqvenganaa damokidebuli moiqceT ise, rom sicocxlis aRsasrulis Jams vigrZno umaRlesi netareba, romelsac adamianis suls ZaluZs miaRwios am wuTisofelSi - SeerTeba RmerTTan, romelic ganicada qristem, roca jvarze ganrTxmuli, sikvdilis Jams, RvTiuri siyvarulis SuqiT ganaTlebuli, evedreboda Semoqmeds Sendobas im mtrebisas, „rameTu ara ician, rasa iqman“. iliam ki sicocxleSive Seundo Tavis mkvlelebs cnobili leqsiT „locva“: „mamao Cveno, romeli xar caTa Sina, muxlmodrekili, lmobieri vdgavar Sen wina; arca simdidris, arc didebis Txovna ar minda, ar minda, amiT Seuracxvyo me locva wmida… aramed msurs me, ganminaTldes ciT Cemi suli, Sengan namcnebis siyvaruliT aRmenTos guli, rom mterTaTvisac, romelT Tunda guls laxvari mkran, gTxovde: „Seunde, ar ician, RmerTo, ras iqman!“
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1987 wels saqarTvelos eklesiis wmida sinodma ganixila ilia WavWavaZis Rvawli erisa da eklesiis winaSe da ganaCina: „ilia WavWavaZe Seracxil iqnas wmidanad da ewodos mas ilia marTali“. („qarTvel wmidanTa cxovrebani“, Tbilisi, 2004 w.). XX-saukunis dasawyisSi ilias mZime tvirTma ivane javaxiSvilis mxrebze gadainacvla, es iyo metad rTuli – ilia WavWavaZeoba gaewia erisaTvis.
wmida ilia marTali
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ivane javaxiSvili da XX saukunis qarTuli universiteti XIX-saukunis 50-iani wlebidan qarTuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis Tavkacebi universitetis gaxsnaze zrunavdnen, rasac abrkolebda carizmi da aRniSnuls “asabuTebda” – rusTavelis samSoblos xalxis “inteleqtualuri moumzadeblobiT”!?. XX-saukunis dasawyisSi qarTuli universitetis daarsebis Taosani iyo ivane javaxiSvili, im dros peterburgis universitetis privat-docenti. ivane javaxiSvilma Seqmna erovnuli universitetis daarsebis gegma. 1917 wlis gazafxulze ivane javaxiSvili peterburgidan TbilisSi Camodis da iwyebs pirveli organizaciuli RonisZiebebis Catarebas – imave wlis 12 maiss TbilisSi Catarda qarTuli universitetis sazogadoebis damfuZnebeli kreba, romelsac imdroindeli qarTuli elita daeswro: eqvTime TayaiSvili, filipe gogiCaiSvili, akaki SaniZe, korneli kekeliZe, dimitri uznaZe, luarsab bocvaZe, grigol veSapeli, ilia zurabiSvili da sxv. damfuZnebeli kreba gaxsna ivane javaxiSvilma moxsenebiT – qarTuli universitetis daarsebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb (gazeTi “saxalxo saqme”, 1917w. # 62, 63, 66, 68). es moxseneba Seaxsenebda qarTvel xalxs saqarTvelos uZvelesi kulturuli memkvidreobis siZlieres, xazs usvavda im garemoebas, rom “Cveni xalxi mezobel dawinaurebul did saxelmwifoebsa da erebs – berZen-bizantielebs, sparselebsa da arabebs – ganaTlebiTa da SemoqmedebiTi samwerlo moRvaweobiT kvaldakval misdevda. iyo dro meTormete saukuneSi, rodesac Cvenma winaprebma mcire aziasa da maxlobel aRmosavleTSi am mxriv umaRles xarisxs miaRwies.” iv. javaxiSvili acxadebda: “Cven winaparTa daucxromelma mxneobam da sulieri ganviTarebisa da codnismoyvareobisadmi Seuferxebelma miswrafebam qarTvelobas sazRvargareTac iseTi dawesebulebani
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Seuqmna, romelTa wyalobiT saqarTvelos saSualeba hqonda mezobelTa samecniero, samwerlobo da sakulturo warmatebisaTvis Tvalyuri edevnebina da rac misTvis saWiro iyo, droze SeeTvisebina kidec”. ivane javaxiSvilma yuradReba gaamaxvila, rom momdevno saukuneebSic iyo mcdeloba saqarTveloSi saswavlo centrebis Seqmnisa. “eris yoveli warmateba, TviT nivTier kulturis sferoSiac ki, Teoriuli mecnierebis warmatebasa da aRorZinebazea damokidebuli. . . amitom cxadze ucxadesia, rom Tu Cven gvsurs Cveni eris gonebrivsa da kulturuls norCs aRorZinebas fesvebi gavumagroT, mTeli Cveni Zal-RoniT qarTuli mecnierebis Seqmnas da ayvavebas unda xeli SevuwyoT.” ivane javaxiSvili gamowvlilviT axasiaTebda im gzebs, romliTac SeiZleboda am amocanis Sesruleba, Tanac moiTxovda, rom daarsebuliyo swored universiteti da ara samecniero akademia, an politeqnikumi. dasavleT evropis qveynebSic amgvarad moxda: jer universitetebi daarsda, xolo Semdeg akademiebi Seiqmna. samecniero akademiisa da universitetis erTdroulad Senaxva imdroindel saqarTveloSi praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iyo. ivane javaxiSvils naTlad esaxeboda, rom universitetTan SemdgomSi SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda sasoflo sameurneo da teqnikuri institutebis daarseba. mecnieris azriT, “qarTuli universiteti erTsa da imave dros samecniero kvleva-Ziebis da cdis dawesebulebac unda iyos da umaRlesi samecniero saswavlebelic, sadac mecnierebis Seswavla da samecniero muSaobis meTodebisa da praqtikis SeTviseba SesaZlebeli iqneba.” krebaze xangrZlivi kamaTis Semdeg gadawyda, rom daarsebuliyo, qarTuli Tavisufali universiteti. pirvelad sibrZnismetyvelebis fakulteti unda gaxsniliyo. iv. javaxiSvilis winadadebiT Seiqmna komisia (iv. javaxiSvili, e. TayaiSvili, f. gogiCaiSvili, k. afxazi, v. yifiani, i. lorTqifaniZe, g. Juruli) romelsac daevala saWiro saxsrebis gamonaxva-Segroveba da xarjTaRricxvis Sedgena. aRniSnul krebaze Seiqmna qarTuli Tavisufali universitetis gansakuTrebuli sazogadoeba.
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1917 wlis 17 maiss iv. javaxiSvilis iniciativiT quTaisSi tardeba kulturul, sakredito dawesebulebaTa da periodul gamocemaTa warmomadgenlebis kreba(romelsac eswrebodnen: i. ocxeli, k. lorTqifaniZe, i. baqraZe, m. TaqTaqiSvili, gr.g velesiani, i. puradaSvili, m. faRava, s. wereTeli, v. WilaZe, i. quTaTelaZe, i. Ciqovani, d. niJaraZe, g. urataZe, o. SuSania, p. jafariZe, a. gorgaZe, k. gabaraSvili, v. beriZe, a. wereTeli, v. imnaZe, v. yifiani, m. yauxCiSvili, T. abaSiZisa, m. gvelesianisa, al. janeliZe) romelic qarTuli universitetis dfaarsebis sakiTxs ixilavs, krebam mxari dauWira iv. javaxiSvilis winadadebas universitetis daarsebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb, Semdeg iv. javaxiSvilma krebas gaacno universitetis daarsebasTan dakavSirebuli organizaciuli sakiTxebi. airCies komiteti 11 kacis SemadgenlobiT, romelsac TbilisSi arCeul komitetTan erTad unda gaetarebina sxvadasxva RonisZieba universitetis daarsebis mizniT. iv. javaxiSvilis sauniversiteto aRmSeneblobis idea da proeqti klasikuri nimuSia sistemuri azrovnebisa, ris gamoc imTaviTve garkveuli iyo qarTuli universitetis bedi – mis gaxsnas veravin SeuSlida xels, radgan igi qarTveli patriotebis Senawiri saxsrebiT unda Senaxuliyo. 1918 wlis 13 ianvars Sedga qarTuli universitetis profesorTa kolegiis pirveli oficialuri sxdoma(eswrebodnen: p. meliqiSvili, iv. javaxiSvili, a. SaniZe, f. gogiCaiSvili, e. TayaiSvili, S. nucubiZe, i. yifSiZe) airCies universitetis gamgeoba da iv. javaxiSvils mimarTes TxovniT – Tavs edo universitetis reqtoroba. am winadadebaze iv. javaxiSvilma kategoriuli uari Tqva da Tavis mxriv sxdomas mouwoda, reqtorad petre meliqiSvili aerCiaT, romelic, rogorc iv. javaxiSvili aRniSnavda, “cnobili mecnieria ruseTSiac da sazRvargareTac, da misi arCeva did prestiJs Seuqmnis Cvens universitetso”. . . profesorTa kolegiam miiRo es winadadeba da petre meliqiSvili
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airCia universitetis reqtorad. sibrZnismetyvelebis fakultetis dekanad airCies ivane javaxiSvili, romelmac, 1918 wlis 30 ianvars, qarTul universitetSi pirveli leqcia waikiTxa Temaze: “adamianis pirovneba da misi mniSvneloba Zvel qarTul saistorio-safilosofoso mwerlobasa da cxovrebaSi”. … yovlismomcvelia(sistemuria) iv. javaxiSvilis Rvawli, ilia WavWavaZis ideebisa da qarTveli eris sulieri samyaros da kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis TvalsazrisiT: qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebasTan, saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebasTan, konservatoriis sakiTxTan, qarTul enciklopediasTan da samuzeumo problematikasTan mimarTebaSi. ivane javaxiSvili qarTveli eris kulturuli memkvidreobisaTvis maRali mecnieruli principebis mqone ivane javaxiSvili kargad icnobda rogorc saqarTvelos aseve sxva qveynebis xelovnebaSi arsebul SemoqmedebiT mimdinareobebs da Tavisi damokidebuleba hqonda rogorc yvela movlenisa da mecnieruli Teoriisadmi zogadad, ise konkretulad xelovnebis sakiTxebisadmi. iv. javaxiSvili qarTuli universitetis daarsebisTanave Seudga qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis kaTedris SeqmnisaTvis zrunvas. igi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevda Zveli saqarTvelos meTad mniSvnelovan mxatvrul Semoqmedebas (plastikuri xelovnebis dargebs – arqiteqturas, skulpturas, oqromWedlobas da sxva) da mas qarTveli xalxis maRali kulturis, damoukideblobisa da Zlierebis maCveneblad aRiarebda. sagulisxmoa, rom mas jer kidev 1913 wels SeumuSavebia qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis Sedgenis saTanado gegma, xolo 1914 wels, “qarTuli xelovnebis istoria” iv. javaxiSvils ukve mzad hqonia. [“qarTveli eris istoriis”
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meore gamocema (t. I, 1913 w. winasityvaoba); “Христианский Восток”, т.3, вып. 1, СПб., 1914, стр. 17-31.]. gansakuTrebulia Rvawli ivane javaxiSvilisa qarTuli kulturis ZeglTa dacvisaTvis, igi iwonebda qarTvel xelovanTa sazogadoebis saqmianobas qarTuli mxatvrobis naSTebis gadarCenisa da gadmoRebis mizniT rasac akeTebdnen l. gudiaSvili, g. erisTavi, m. ToiZe da misi vaJi erekle, m. Wiaureli da dim. SevardnaZe nabaxtevSi muSaobisas (nabaxtevis mxatvroba; i. lorTqifaniZe, Tbilisi, 1973 w.). ivane javaxiSvili, samecniero da saxelovnebo sazogadoebebs konkretul praqtikul gegmas sTavazobda, ris mixedviTac, unda gadmoxatuliyo da gadmoeRoT iseTi Zeglebi, romelnic gansacdelSi iyvnen da romelTa gadarCenisaTvis dauyonebliv zrunva iyo saWiro. iseTi Zeglebi ki, romlebic SedarebiT normalur mdgomareobaSi iyvnen, saWiroebisamebr unda gaemagrebinaT. mTeli yuradReba gansacdelSi myof Zeglebze unda gadasuliyo. meore etapad ivane javaxiSvils miaCnda qarTuli xelovnebis Zeglebis Seswavla da gadmoReba-gadmoxatva. kedlis mxatvrobis Seswavla meTodologiurad sworad unda warmarTuliyo: pirvel rigSi is freskebi unda SeeswavlaT, romelTa Sesaxebac garkveuli cnobebi moipoveboda, xolo Semdeg – dauTariRebeli nawarmoebebi. mecnieri moiTxovda, rom gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT mopyrobodnen unikalur istoriul qandakebebsa da mxatvrobas, radgan TiToeuli aseTi daRupuli Zeglis aRdgena da danaklisis Sevseba aRar SeiZleboda. sistemuri azrovnebis kidev erTi mkafio gamovlenaa ivane javaxiSvilis qarTuli xelnawerebisadmi damokidebuleba, mas miaCnda, rom qarTuli mxatvrobis istoriis srulyofili SeswavlisaTvis aucilebeli iyo qarTul xelnawerebSi daculi naxatebis mxatvrul-mecnieruli gamokvlevac. mecnieri xelnawerebis mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT Seswavlas sxvadasxva miznebs usaxavda:
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1. qarTul xelnawerebSi daculi naxatebis, rogorc xelovnebis Zeglebis, ganxilva-gamokvleva, maTi Rirseba-naklis Sefaseba; feradovnebisa da teqnikuri mxareebis Seswavla, agreTve, maTi sadaurobis dadgena. 2. kamaraTa mwerlobisa da sxvadasxva arSia-saxeebis Seswavla. es, Tavis mxriv, ukavSirdeba CuqurTmebis, kedlis mxatvrobis, oqronaWedi arSiebisa da saxeebis Seswavlas (maTi SedarebiTi ganxilva metad mniSvnelovania xelovnebis istoriis SeswavlisaTvis). 3. qarTuli xelnawerebis ganxilva samwignobro xelovnebis Seswavlis mizniT, raTa gairkves mxatvruli anbanisa da sxvadasxva xelis(sazenao, xucuri da mxedruli, asomTavrulisa da daqselilis da sxva) ganviTarebis gza. ivane javaxiSvils kargad esmoda, rom misi gegmis ganxorcieleba erTbaSad ar SeiZleboda, radgan erTi da ori adamiani ver Seasrulebda mas. es gegma TandaTanobiT, kompleqsurad unda ganxorcielebuliyo. amasTan, mecnieri moiTxovda, rom qarTvel xelovanTa sazogadoebas sajaro sxdomaze drogamoSvebiT ganexila moxsenebebi calkeul ZeglTa Seswavlis mimdinareobis Sesaxeb, moewyo gadmoxatuli Zeglebis gamofenebi. “maSin, - miuTiTebda ivane javaxiSvili , - qarTveli farTo sazogadoebac. . . qarTvel xelovanTa did Rvawls daafasebs da Cveni Zveli xelovnebis mniSvnelobasa da maRal Rirsebas Tavisi TvaliT dainaxavs.” sistemuri azrovnebis naTeli ninuSia ivane javaxiSvilis fundamenturi gamokvleva “qarTveli eris istoria”(“qei”), romelic mas Cafiqrebuli hqonda 4 wignad: I wigni – uZvelesi droidan VII s. I naxevramde(arabobamde); II wigni – VII s. II naxevridan – XIII saukunis damdegamde (Tamaris
mefobis CaTvliT); III wg. – XIII-XV ss.; ჳv wigni – XIV-XVIII ss. dasasrulamde. ivane javaxiSvilma am gegmis mTliani ganxorcieleba ver SeZlo, “qei”-s Tanmimdevruli Txroba man mxolod XV s. miwurulamde miiyvana(am mizezis gamoa umniSvnelovanesi mimoxilva „politikuri da socialuri
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moZraoba saqarTveloSi XIX saukuneSi“, romelic rusulad daibeWda 1906 wels da mocemulia sistemuri analizi carizmis eqspansiisa saqarTvelos mimarT), swored es monakveTi iTvleba “qei”-is ZiriTad nawilad da am moculobiT ganxorcielda aRniSnuli naSromis ukanaskneli publikacia javaxiSvilis TxzulebaTa Tormettomeulis I, II, da III tomebSi. garda amisa, sxvadasxva dros, “qarTveli eris istoriis” saxelwodebiT gamoqveynebulia calkeuli fragmentebi XVI-XVII ss. istoriidan(“qei”, wg. IV, Tb., 1967), agreTve javaxiSvilis sxva publikaciebi, romlebSic gaSuqebulia saqarTvelo-ruseTis politikuri urTierTobebi XVII-XVIII ss.-Si, politikuri da socialuri moZraoba XIX s-Si(rusul enaze); IX-XIII ss-Si socialuri brZolis istoriis sakiTxebi (“qei”, wg. 5, Tbilisi, 1953 w.). “qarTveli eris istoria”-ze muSaobas ivane javaxiSvili XX-s. damdegidan Seudga. am naSromis I wigni pirvelad gamoica 1908 wels(momdevno gamocemebi ganxorcielda: 1913, 1928, 1951, 1960 da 1979 wlebSi); masSi Tanmimdevruladaa gaSuqebuli qveynis istoriis warsuli uZvelesi droidan VII s. I nax-mde; kapitaluradaa damuSavebuli mocemuli periodis sakvanZo problemebi: kavkasiisa da qarTvelTa nivTieri kultura rogorc arqeologiuri masalis, ise werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT; warmarToba qarTvelur tomebSi; uZvelesi sarwmunoebrivi Tqmulebebi; zogadad saqarTvelos kultura I-VII ss-Si. pirveli wignis ZiriTad nawils Seadgens saqarTvelos cxovreba da Tavgadasavali I-VII ss-Si. “qarTveli eris istoriis” II wignSi (pirvelad gamoica 1914 w.; momdevno gamocemebi: 1948, 1965, 1983 w.w.) ZiriTadad mimoxilulia VII-XII s.s. saqarTvelos istoria. wigns wamZRvarebuli aqvs “saqarTvelos saistorio geografia VII-XII ss. q.S.”, romlis dabeWdva avtors ganzraxuli hqonda “qarTveli eris istoriis” Sesaval tomSi, garda amisa, wignSi calkea gamoyofili arabTa orsaukunovani batonobis periodi; brZola saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis; saqarTvelos mdgomareoba VIII-X ss-Si; saqarTvelos gaerTianeba (XI s.); saqarTvelos Zlierebisa
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da ayvavebis xana (XII s.). sagangebo Tavebia daTmobili saqarTvelos socialur-kulturuli viTarebis mimoxilvisadmi XI-XII ss-Si. “qarTveli eris istoriis” III (pirvelad gamoica 1941; momdevno gamocemebi: 1949, 1966, 1982 w.w.) da IV (pirveli gamocema 1924; momdevno gamocemebia : 1948, 1967, 1982) wignebSi gadmocemulia qveynis istoria XIII-XV ss.-Si calkeul mefeTa moRvaweobis fonze – dawyebuli laSa-giorgidan (1213-1222) konstantine II-iT (1448-1505) damTavrebuli. dazustebulia aRniSnul mefeTa cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis qronologia; dawvrilebiTaa gaSuqebuli qarTveli xalxis brZola ucxoeli dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg; sagangebodaa gamaxvilebuli yuradReba socialur movlenebze, feodalur SuRlsa da Sinaomebze, qveynis erTianobis moSlis mizezebsa da Sedegebze. avtori gamocemidan gamocemamde xvewda naSroms, Sehqonda masSi calkeuli struqturuli da Sinaarsobrivi cvlilebebi. “qarTveli eris istoriis” oTxtomeuli warmoadgens pirvel cdas saqarTvelos istoriis sruli, mecnierulad dasabuTebuli kursis Seqmnisa. masSi, im droisaTvis istoriuli mecnierebebis gankargulebaSi arsebuli qarTuli da ucxouri werilobiTi wyaroebisa da sxva masalebis yovelmxrivi, gamowvlilviTi wyaroTmcodneobiTi analizis safuZvelze, gadmocemulia saqarTvelos istoriuli warsuli (uZvelesi droidan XV s. miwurulamde). “qarTveli eris istoria”-Si Rrma mecnieruli skurpuluzorobiTaa ganxiluli qarTveli xalxis istoriuli cxovrebis yvela sfero: qarTvelTa eTnikuri warmomavloba da nivTieri kultura; qarTuli saxelmwifos saSinao da sagareo politika; qveynis istoriul-geografiuli nomenklatura; socialuri, ideologiur-sarwmunoebrivi procesebi da a.S. “qarTveli eris istoria”-Si pirveladaa gamomzeurebuli da qronologiurad gamarTuli saqarTvelos saSinao Tu sagareo-politikuri istoriis uamravi faqti; saqarTvelos istoriis ganviTarebis procesi gaazrebulia msoflio istoriis movlenebTan mWidro
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kavSirSi – rac sistemuri azrovnebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. sistemur kvlevaTa rigs ganekuTvneba, ivane javaxiSvilis, kidev erTi gamokvleva, saxelwodebiT: “qarTveli eris istoriis Sesavali”, romelSic aRwerili da gaanalizebulia saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoriul-eTnologiuri problemebi, qarTuli da kavkasiuri enebis Tavdapirveli buneba da naTesaoba, qarTvelTa da kavkasielTa uZvelesi xanis kulturisa da istoriis sakiTxebi. naSromi Seicavs sam wigns: I wigni – “saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoriul-eTnologiuri problemebi”, daiwera 1930-40 wlebSi. misi pirveli publikacia moxda 1950 wels. meored naSromi gamoqveynda 1998 wels jaxiSvilis TxzulebaTa XI tomSi. II wigni – “qarTuli da kavkasiuri enebis Tavdapirveli buneba da naTesaoba” iv. javaxiSvilma yvelaze adre gamoaqveyna – 1937 wels, radgan misive TqmiT, es “. . . gamokvlevaTagan yvelaze ufro pasuxsagebia. . . da am enaTa Tavdapirveli bunebisa da naTesaobis problema yvelaze rTulsa da Tanac ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgens”. . . “mesame wignSi qarTvelTa da kavkasielTa uZvelesi xanis kulturuli viTarebisa da istoriis zogadi monaxazi iqmneba warmodgenili enisa, zneCveulebaTa analizisa da nivTieri kulturis arqeologiuri Zeglebis maragis bazaze”. sakvlevi obieqtebis sruli Seswavla moiTxovda kompleqsur midgomas: saistorio kvlevis gverdiT farTod ganixileba lingvisturi sakiTxebi. naSromSi gaanalizebulia winaazis toponimebi da eTnonimebi. kavkasiaSi gavrcelebuli geografiuli saxelebis kvlevis Sedegia daskvna sarmatebis Crdilo kavkasiuri warmoSobis Sesaxeb. ivane javaxiSvils miaCnda, rom sarmatebi unda yofiliyvnen sindur-RliRvur-leguri modgmis tomTa winaprebi. amJamad cnobilia, rom sarmatebi saerTo saxelia iranulenovani tomebisa, romlebic Zv.w. III – ax.w. IV ss-Si cxovrobdnen md. dunaisa da tobols Soris mdebare stepebSi. sarmatebis ZiriTadi saqmianoba iyo mesaqonleoba, eweodnen momTabare cxovrebas. Zv.w. III-II ss. mijnaze. Sarmatebma aitvises
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Crdilo kavkasia. monawileoba miiRers bosforis samefoSi warmoebul SinaomebSi da moaxerxes mis qalaqebSi dasaxleba. ax.w. I s-Si hunebTan erTad sarmatebma monawileoba miiRes xalxTa did gadasaxlebaSi. Crdilo kavkasiaSi darCenili sarmatebi Seerivnen Turqulenovan tomebs. sayuradReboa, rom herodotes [Herodotos] dros (Zv.w. 485-424 w.w.) termini “sarmatebi” tomTa mTeli jgufisa da TviT erTa gansakuTrebuli modgmis saerTo aRmniSvneli yofila. strabonis* (Strabon Zv.w. 64/63 – ax.w. 23/24) Tanaxmad sarmatebi emezoblebodnen qarTvelebs CrdiloeTiT. akademikosi simon yauxCiSvili werda 1953 wels: 1913 wels „qarTveli eris istoriis“ I - II wignebis gamocemis winasityvaobaSi iv. javaxiSvili werda: „istoria“ oTx wignad aris ganzraxuli; pirveli Seicavs uZvelesi xanis istorias VII saukunis pirvel naxevramde, anu saqarTveloSi arabebis batonobis damyarebamde, meore arabTa batonobiT iwyeba da Tamaris mefobiT Tavdeba, mesame XIII - XVI-s., xolo meoTxe XVII - XVIII-s. istorias unda Seicavdeso. Semdeg xanebSi gansvenebulma akademikosma Secvala es gegma da mesame wignad ganzraxuli XIII - XVI saukuneebis istoria or wignSi gaanawila: III wignSi moaTavsa XIII - XIV saukuneTa istoria, xolo meoTxeSi - XV - XVI saukuneebisa maSasadame, mexuTe wigni mas ganzraxuli hqonda mieZRvna XVII - XVIII saukuneTa istoriisaTvis. ---------- (*)straboni (Strabon daaxloebiT Zv.w. 64/63 – ax.w. 23/24), Zveli berZeni istorikosi da geografi. misi “saistorio Canawerebis” fragmentebi da “geografia”(17 wignad) srulad aris moRweuli. straboni Tavis TxzulebaSi axdens antikur mecnierebaSi dagrovebuli geografiuli codnis Tavmoyras. gvaZlevs calkeuli qveynebis ara marto geografiul aRweras, aramed safuZvlianad msjelobs maTi politikuri, ekonomikuri, kulturuli da eTnografiuli mdgomareobis Sesaxebac. strabonis “geografia” saqarTvelos Zveli istoriis erT-erT umniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens. iv. javaxiSvilis azriT strabonma daamkvidra termini “iberia” aRmosavleT saqarTvelos saxelwodebad.
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mimoxilva „politikuri da socialuri moZraoba saqarTveloSi XIX saukuneSi“, rusulad daibeWda 1906 wels. TviTon iv. javaxiSvils aqvs naTqvami CvenTvis, rom am mimoxilvis gamoqveynebam gamoiwvia represia: sami wliT aekrZala peterburgidan gasvla; meti sasjeli momelodao - dasZina gansvenebulma mkvlevarma, magram moxsenebuli viyavi rogorc Tavadi da aman mixsna ufro mkacri sasjelisagano. (sim. yauxCiSvili - redaqtori wignisa: ivane javaxiSvili - qarTveli eris istoria – tomi 5, 1953). mimoxilvaSi „politikuri da socialuri moZraoba saqarTveloSi XIX saukuneSi“, ivane javaxiSvili, dokumentur masalaze dayrdnobiT akeTebs daskvnas, ramac kinaRam imsxverpla kidec misi Tavisufleba da janmrTeloba, mecnieri aRniSnavs: “qarTveli xalxis saukunovanma Cagvram, yvela elementaruli uflebis sistematurma darRvevam da qarTveli eris sisxlxorceuli interesebis fexqveS gaTelvam, ruseTis carizmis mxridan, es ukanaskneli miiyvana moraluri gakotrebisa da yovelgvari ndobisa da prestiJis dakargvamde.” didi mecnieris, obieqturi daskvnebi, aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, dResac inarCunebs aqtualobas. ivane javaxiSvilis erT-erTi mTavari naSromi “qarTuli damwerlobaTmcodneoba anu paleografia” qarTuli damwerlobis sistemuri gamokvleis fuZemdebluri Sromaa – romliTac man safuZveli Cauyara qarTul paleografias, rogorc istoriul-filologiuri dargis specialur samecniero disciplinas, Tavad mecnieri naSromis Seqmnis istoriis Sesaxeb wignis mokle winasityvaobaSi Semdegs aRniSnavda: “winamdebare gamokvleva “qarTuli damwerlobaTmcodneoba, anu paleografia” dawyebuli mqonda 1914 wels, rodesac peterburgis universitetSi qarTuli epigrafikis kursis kiTxvas Sevudeqi, magram Sevsebuli da damTavrebuli maqvs 1918-1921 ww. Cveni universitetis (igulisxmeba 1918 w. gaxsnili Tsu) gaxsnis Semdgom, sadac am xnis ganmavlobaSi sxvaTa Soris qarTuli paleografiis
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kurssac vkiTxulobdi. axla es gamokvleva ibeWdeba”. es naSromi gamoqveynebulia samjer – 1926, 1949, 1996 ww. naSromi Sedgeba xuTi Tavisagan: 1. paleografiuli codnis mizani da Tanamedrove miRweulobani; 2. terminebi da cnobebi Zveli qarTuli da sxva erTa samwignobro xelovnebis Sesaxeb; 3. damwerlobaTmcodneobis zogadi debulebani da qarTuli sxvadasxva damwerlobis Sesaxeb cnobebi; 4. qarTuli damwerlobis ganviTarebis mTavari safexurebi; 5. qarTuli anbanis warmoSobis sakiTxi. TiToeuli Tavi Sedgeba calkeuli paragrafebisagan da patara monakvetebad dayofili qveTavebisagan, romlebSic dawvrilebiTaa ganxiluli qarTul da aseve zogad paleografiasTan dakavSirebuli mravali kerZo da konkretuli sakiTxi. nimuSad gamodgeba pirveli Tavis Sinaarsi: “paleografiis mokle istoriuli mimoxilva. paleografiis, anu damwerlobaTmcodneobis ori mTavari dargi – warweraTmcodneoba da xeliTnawerTmcodneoba. paleografiuli codnis mokle mimoxilva. damwerlobis safexurebi: babilonelTa damwerloba, finikielTa damwerloba, berZnuli damwerloba da misi warmoSobis sadauroba, finikielTa damwerlobis uZvelesi Zeglebi da finikiuris mermindeli ganviTareba – sidonuri, kvipruli, karTagenuli da numidur-punuri, anu axalpunuri, ebrauli, arameuli damwerloba, avesturi da fahlauri damwerloba, palmiruli damwerloba, nabatevelTa damwerloba, asuruli damcerloba, sabauri damwerloba, himiarituli damwerloba, eTiopuri damwerloba, arabuli damwerloba, somxuri damwerloba, qarTuli damwerloba.
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damwerlobaTmcodneobis Sesaswavli mTavari Zeglebis gamocemani da wyaroebi”. garda qarTuli damwerlobaTmcodneobis da werilobiTi Zeglebis konkretuli sakiTxebis gamokvlevisa, naSromis mTavar Rirsebas warmoadgens is, rom ivane javaxiSvilma masSi Camoayaliba qarTuli damwerlobis warmoSobis sakuTari Teoria. specialurad am sakiTxebs eZRvneba naSromis mexuTe Tavi, iv. javaxiSvilis daskvnebi qarTuli damwerlobis warmoSobis Sesaxeb aseTia: “b”, “g”, “e”, “a” da zogierTi sxva asos mdebareoba qarTul anbans TvalsaCinod aSorebs berZnul anbans, xolo finikiur-arameul da maTgan warmomdgar anbanebs uaxloebs. qarTuli uZvelesi anbanis berZnulisagan warmoSobilobis azri usafuZvlod da SeuZleblad gveCveneba. erTi mxriv, jerxanad cnobili VI-s. qarTuli damwerlobis Zeglebi(rodesac iv. javaxiSvili am sityvebs werda, maSin qarTuli damwerlobis V s-is Zeglebi jer kidev ar iyo cnobili) iseTi maRalxarisxovani kaligrafiuli ganviTarebis safexurebs warmoadgenen, rom qarTuli anbanis dasawyisi xana sul cota 7-8 saukuniT uwinares aris sagulisxmebeli, meore mxriv, qarTuli anbanis asoTa rigiTi mimdevnoba finikiur-semuri anbanisas mSvenivrad icavs, rac agreTve misi siZvelis momaswavebelia: finikiur-semuri anbanis uZvelesi moxazulobis msgavsad, qarTul bevr asos piri marcxniv aqvT mobrunebuli da aso “b”- anis qarTuli TavSekruli moxazuloba SesaZlebelia mxolod finikielTa, ebraelTa da aramevelTagan yofiliyo SeTvisebuli, rodesac TviT arameelnic jer kidev TavSekrul “b”-s xmarobdnen da roca qarTuli tomebi Tubal-mosoxebic aziaSi cxovrobdnen da finikielebTan aReb-micemoba hqondaT. qarTuli damwerlobis dasawyisi Soreul warsulSi da mcire aziaSi da ara saberZneTSi unda veZioT”.
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ivane javaxiSvili – “mSeneblobis xelovneba Zvel saqarTveloSi” 1946 wels, iv. javaxiSvilis gardacvalebis Semdgom, gamoica mecnieris metad mniSvnelovani gamokvleva – “masalebi qarTveli eris materialuri kulturis istoriisaTvis(mSeneblobis xelovneba Zvel saqarTveloSi)”. am sakiTxis kvleva iv. javaxiSvils jer kidev peterburgSi moRvaweobisas dauwyia da naSromis mTeli fabula sistemuri azrovnebiTaa konstruirebuli. qarTuli saero xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebi (sasaxleebi, sacxovrebeli saxlebi da Zveli nagebobebi) SemorCenili ar aris. iv. javaxiSvili swored amitom miiCnevda, rom kulturis istoriis Seswavla ori mimarTulebiT unda warmarTuliyo: 1. werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT da 2. nivTieri naSTebis gaTvaliswinebiT. werilobiTi wyaroebi saSualebas iZleva, Seivsos is xarvezebi, rac saero xuroTmoZRvrebis Zveli Zeglebis daRupviTaa gamowveuli. iv. javaxiSvilma Tavi mouyara xelovnebis Zeglebis Sesaxeb yvela im masalas, romelic im droisaTvis arsebobda da sakiTxi Rrma mecnieruli sizustiT gaaanaliza. mis mier Catarebul amgvar Sromas uaRresad didi mniSvneloba hqonda, radgan sakiTxi TiTqmis Seuswavleli iyo. iv. javaxiSvili gamokvlevis SesavalSi SeniSnavs: “kvlevis im safexurze, romelzedac amJamad Cven vimyofebiT, araerTi sakiTxi rCeba gaurkveveli. momavalSi mxolod, rodesac mravalricxovani mkvlevarebi aiReben am sagans Tavisi Seswavlis obieqtad, sul sxva mdgomareoba iqneba. amJamad Cven mxolod imas gadmogcemT, ris gakeTeba SeuZlia erT adamians da isic araspecialists am dargSi. am sakiTxze vmuSaob da vmuSaobdi mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac istorikosma unda icodes warsuli cxovrebis xorcSesxmuli sinamdvile, rasac marto sityvieri masaliT ise kargad ver warmoadgens kaci, rogorc nivTieri masaliT”. [iv. javaxiSvili, masalebi qarTveli eris materialuri kulturis istoriisaTvis, t. – 1 mSeneblobis xelovneba Zvel saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1946 w. gv.V (ilia abulaZis winasityvaoba)].
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iv. javaxiSvilis am wigns, Zalian mniSvnelovani, “damatebani” axlavs. pirveli damateba – «Термины искусств и главнейшие сведения о памятниках искусства и материальной культуры в древнегрузинской литературе» - faqtobrivad Sevida iv. javaxiSvilis aRniSnul gamokvlevaSi, magram mis calke gamoqveynebas damatebis saxiT uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs mecnieris mier aRebuli problemiT dainteresebisa da kvlevis istoriisaTvis. meore damatebaa: “Zveli qarTuli kulturuli memkvidreobis aTvisebisa da Tanamedrove qarTuli xelovnebis amocanebi”. es problema mecnierma leqciis saxiT gaacno xelovnebis muSakebs. iv. javaxiSvilma sistemuri yovlismomcvelobiT dasva Tanadrouli qarTuli mSeneblobis problemebi. igi wuxda, rom sakiTxTa mTeli rigis Seuswavlelobis gamo “qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis niSandoblivi Tvisebebis daxasiaTeba, am dargis Seswavla Tanamedrove mdgomareobaSi yovels Cvengans mxolod zogadad SeuZliao”. iv. javaxiSvili konkretul amocanebs usaxavda qarTvel xuroTmoZRvarT. igi moiTxovda, rom samSeneblo xelovnebaSi aucileblad yofiliyo gaTvaliswinebuli qarTvel xalxSi saukuneebis win damkvidrebuli tradiciebi; iv. javaxiSvili Tvlida, rom xuroTmoZRvrebs meti unda efiqraT qarTveli xalxis esTetikuri grZnobis ganviTareba-amaRlebaze. amasTan, igi warsulis brma gadmoRebas ki ar moiTxovda, aramed mxolod imisas, rac saukeTeso da misabaZi Seqmna warsulma – “warsulis kulturaSi saukeTeso da saqeburi Tvisebebia misabaZi, iseTi Tvisebebi, romelTa Rirsebebic saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi gansxvavebisda miuxedavad, exlac cxadad moCans”. iv. javaxiSvili akritikebda Tavisi drois mxatvrebis warsulis mdidari mxatvruli kulturis gacnobisa da gonivruli aTvisebisadmi gulgrilobas. mecnieri, Tavis werilebsa da leqciebSi warsulis xelovnebis memkvidreobis ucilobel aTvisebas da monumenturi qandakebisa da kedlis mxatvrobis aRorZinebas moiTxovda,
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aucileblad miaCnda qarTuli istoriuli mxatvrobis Janris arseboba da wignis ilustraciebisa da Semkulobisadmi meti yuradRebis daTmoba. iv. javaxiSvils xelovnebis istoriis CamorCenilobis daZlevis gza imgvarad esaxeboda, rom upirvelesad unda gaRrmavebuliyo mkvlevarTa Teoriuli da istoriuli codna; xuroTmoZRvrebisa da mxatvrobis dargebis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli iyo saTanado samecniero dargebis arseboba. “saqarTvelo mTlianad muzeumia, - acxadebda iv. javaxiSvili, - da Cven amas ar viyenebT. Ra saocari movlenaa, rom dadgeba Tu ara gazafxuli, TiTqmis zamTris piramde mTeli saqarTvelo, mTeli sabWoTa kavSiridan da ucxoeTidan mosuli eqskursantebiT ifareba; Cven ki qarTvelebs ise gvezareba siaruli, rom TbiliSi raca gvaqvs, is ara gvaqvs Seswavlili. buneba saukeTesoa; Tu bunebas Tvals avaridebT, verasdros verafers ver gavakeTebT. aq aris uenergioba, unebisyofoba, ris mospobac aris saWiro”. mesame damateba am wignisa aris “terminebisaTvis (mowmobani)”, romelSic mimoxilulia saqarTveloSi mSeneblobis xelovnebasTan dakavSirebuli terminologiuri sakiTxebi. iv. javaxiSvilma sagangebod gamoikvlia qarTveli eris materialuri kulturis istoriis iseTi sakiTxi, rogoricaa, safenel-sageblis, avejis da WurWlis saxeebi Zvel saqarTveloSi. istoriuli wyaroebis Seswavla-ganxilvisa da Sejerebis safuZvelze mecnierma daaskvna, rom nivTieri kulturis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi, am dargis istoriis TvalsazrisiT, or periodad iyofa. pirveli(uZvelesi xana) – avejis Semcveli xanaa, xolo SemdegSi, garkveuli droidan moyolebuli, aveji Tandatan gaqra da gaCnda mofeniloba – xaliCebi, fardagebi da sxva(meore periodi). iv. javaxiSvilis kvlevis sferoSi moeqca nivTieri kulturis iseTi Zeglebi, rogoricaa: tanisamosi, qsovilebi, saomari saWurveli, agreTve – xelsaqme da
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samxedro saqme. amgvarad, zemoganxiluli masalidan naTlad Cans, rom iv. javaxiSvili grandiozul mniSvnelobas aniWebda qarTveli eris kulturuli memkvidreobis Seswavlisa da dacvis sistemurobas. ivane javaxiSvilis samecniero memkvidreoba - wyaroTmcodneoba da istoriografia XX saukunis dasawyisSi, roca ivane javaxiSvili samecniero asparezze gamodioda, saqarTvelos istoriis Seswavla saTanado doneze ver idga, moikoWlebda kvlevis meTodologia, naklebi yuradReba eqceoda wyaroebis kritikul Seswavlas, teqstebis aRdgenisa da gamocemis saqmes. iv. javaxiSvili moiTxovda, rom yoveli pirvelwyaro, naratiuli Zeglebi iqneboda es Tu dokumenturi masala, jer winaswar yofiliyo Seswavlili, kritikulad ganxiluli da Semdeg gamoyenebuli. mecniers aucileblad miaCnda TiToeuli mematianisa da istorikosis pirovnebis garkveva, “ra wresa da mimarTulebas ekuTvnoda saxeldobr igi, ra msoflmxedvelobisa da Tvalsazrisis kaci iyo – ise agreTve ra mizani hqonda da ra swamda mas, rodesac Tavisi Txzulebis weras Seudga. . .” ivane javaxiSvilma pirvelma Seafasa qarTuli wyaroebis realuri mecnieruli Rirebuleba, Tu ra unda iqnes miRebuli da ra uaryofili. amasTan, igi Tvlida, rom saqarTvelos istoria unda iqnes Seswavlili mezobeli xalxebisa da qveynis istoriasTan kavSirSi. igi qarTul wyaroebTan erTad swavlobs sxva xalxebis istoriul wyaroebsac da saTanadod iyenebs ama Tu im sakiTxis kvlevisas ucxour mwerlobaSi dacul cnobebs. ivane javaxiSvilma Seqmna fundamenturi gamokvleva Zveli somxuri saistorio mwerlobis Sesaxeb, riTac faqtobrivad udidesi amagi dasdo mecnieruli armenologiis Seqmna-ganviTarebas.
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ivane javaxiSvilma Seqmna kapitaluri naSromi – “istoriis mizani, wyaroebi da meTodebi winaT da axla”. igi oTxi wignisagan Sedgeba: “Zveli qarTuli saistorio mwerloba (V-XVIII ss.) ”; “qarTuli safas-sazomTmcodneoba anu numizmatika-metrologia”, “qarTuli damwerlobaTmcodneoba anu paleografia”, “qarTuli sigelTmcodneoba anu diplomatika”. ivane javaxiSvilma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia martirologiur literaturas. zogjer martvilTa da wmidanTa “cxovrebebi” metad saintereso masalebs Seicavs samoqalaqo istoriis SeswavlisaTvis. mecniers miaCnda, rom namdvili Rirsebis gageba iseTi wyaroebisa, rogoric daviT aRmaSenebelis da Tamaris istorikosTa Txzulebebia, SeuZlebelia, Tuki Tavdapirvelad basili zarzmelis, giorgi mTawmindelisa da efrem mciris saeklesio Txzulebebi ar gveqneba Seswavlili. qarTuli saeklesio mwerlobis Rrmad Seswavlam ivane javaxiSvili im daskvnamde miiyvana, rom Zveli qarTveli istorikosebi saistorio mwerlobas mowiwebiT da TavianTi movaleobis pasuxismgeblobis sruli SegnebiT ekidebodnen. maT Rrmad hqondaT gaazrebuli, rom “JamTa aRmwerloba WeSmaritebis metyueleba ars”. ivane javaxiSvilma gamoikvlia, Tu rodis daiwyo da rogor viTardeboda qarTuli istoriografia V-XVIII saukuneebSi, am grZel periodSi SeimCneva istoriografiis aRmavlobac da daqveiTebac. ivane javaxiSvilma es Cveulebriv movlenad miiCnia da aCvena, rom istoriografia uSualo nawilia qarTveli xalxis saxelmwifoebriobisa, misi politikuri da ekonomikuri cxovrebisa. ivane javaxiSvili miiCnevda, rom qarTuli istoriisaTvis sawyisebi uZveles drosaa saZiebeli. Cvenamde moRweuli istoriuli wyaroebis safuZvelze mecnieri askvnida, rom qarTuli istoriuli azrovneba gansakuTrebiT VIII saukunidan ganviTarda da XIV saukunemde grZeldeboda.
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ioane sabanisZe, giorgi merCule, leonti mroveli, juanSeri, basil zarzmeli, giorgi mTawmindeli, efrem mcire, daviT aRmaSenebelisa da mefe Tamaris istorikosebi, laSa giorgis droindeli mematiane, JamTaaRmwereli da sxvani qarTuli istoriografiis mSvenebas warmoadgendnen. ivane javaxiSvili Tvlida, rom am periodis istoriografiis miRweva iyo: “Txrobis sabuTianoba, gadmocemulis mTlianoba da analogiis meTodis gamoyeneba”. XIX s-is 80-iani wlebidan iwyeba qarTuli istoriografiis gamococxleba, raSic didi amagi miuZRvis dimitri baqraZes. amave periodSi warmatebiT moRvaweoben qarTvelologiaSi al. cagareli, al. xaxanaSvili da n. mari, swored am skolam warmoSva ivane javaxiSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis mravalmxrivi problemebis kvleviT ivane javaxiSvilma udidesi amagi dasdo zogadad istoriul mecnierebas. man praqtikulad qveynis erTiani, mTliani istoria warmogvidgina sistemuri xedvis TvalsazrisiT. istoriuli geografia - ivane javaxiSvili Tvlida, rom istoriis Seswavla SeuZlebelia, Tu Sesabamisi periodis geografia ar iqna gamokvleuli. istoriuli geografiis sakiTxebs mecnieri sxvadasxva naSromSi exeba da metad faseul mosazrebebs gamoTqvams. misi naSromi “saqarTvelos sazRvrebi istoriulad da Tanamedrove TvalsazrisiT ganxiluli” fundamenturi gamokvlevaa. iv. javaxiSvili farTod iyenebs qarTul istoriul wyaroebs (leonti mrovelis Txzuleba da sxva), iTvaliswinebs vaxuSti bagrationis metad mniSvnelovan memkvidreobasa da adgens qarTlis, kaxeTis, egrisis, tao-klarjeTis sazRvrebs; azustebs sagzao magistralebs. iv. javaxiSvili yuradRebas amaxvilebda im garemoebaze, rom saqarTvelos bunebrivi geografiuli sazRvrebi hqonda, igi Tavisebur SemozRudul qveyanas warmoadgenda. mecnieri miuTiTebda, rom “TviT bunebas Seuqmnia qarTveli erisaTvis bumberazi daraji kavkasionis
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mTavari uReltexili CrdiloeTiT da maRali mTebis zRude samxreTiT, dasavleTiT ki mis teritorias Savi zRvis, xolo aRmosavleTiT mdinareebis zoli aqvs Semovlebuli”. SemTxveviTi ar iyo bunebrivi sazRvrebis moxerxebulobaze xazgasma. miuxedavad imisa, rom geografiuli garemo ar aris gadamwyveti faqtori ama Tu im istoriuli procesis msvlelobaSi, igi mainc rCeba mniSvnelovnad qveynis Tavdacvasa Tu sameurneo saqmianobaSi. geografiulma garemom dadebiTi roli Seasrula qarTveli xalxis gadarCenis saqmeSi. roca mravalricxovani mteri moadgeboda qveyanas, xalxi mTebsa da xevebSi afarebda Tavs. ivane javaxiSvilma praqtikulad gansazRvra saqarTvelos teritoriuli erTeulebis adgilmdebareoba da saxelwodeba. gaarkvia ama Tu im kuTxis mniSvneloba saqarTvelos erTiani saxelmwifosaTvis. uaRresad mniSvnelovania ivane javaxiSvilis mier Sedgenili da gamocemuli saqarTvelos ruka. esaa erTiani saqarTvelo, “nikofsiidan darubandamde da oseTidan aregawamde”. niSandoblivia rom rukaze saqarTvelos yvela sofelia datanili. arqeologia - ivane javaxiSvilma didi Sroma Sealia saqarTvelos arqeologiur Seswavlas. mas miaCnda, rom arqeologia iyo saTanado specialistTa konkretuli kvleva-Ziebis sarbieli. Cveulebriv, arqeologiuri masaliT istorikosebi sargebloben garkveuli miznebisaTvis. ivane javaxiSvili Tavad xelmZRvanelobda arqeologiur kvleva Ziebas. misi TaosnobiT moewyo rusTavelis epoqis materialuri kulturis gamofena, sadac asaxuli iyo XI-XIII s.s.-is saxelmwifoebrivi cxovreba. am gamofenam sazogadoebas daanaxa ara mxolod qarTuli kultura, aramed maRali mecnieruli donec. 1937 wels gaTxrebi Catarda bolnisSi, aRmoCnda warwera, romelic iv. javaxiSvilma amoikiTxa. 1938 wels mcxeTaSi didi arqeologiuri muSaoba gaiSala, romelsac iv. javaxiSvili xelmZRvanelobda. gaTxrebma mniSvnelovani Sedegebi gamoiRo: iv. javaxiSvilma SesaZleblad miiCnia,
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rom mcxeTa brinjaos xanaSic didi da xalxmravali qalaqi unda yofiliyo. arqeologiuri masala aCvenebda, rom V saukunisaTvis mcxeTa daemxo, Tbilisi ki moZlierda. es asec iyo – Tbilisi am periodisaTvis faqtobrivi politikuri centri gaxda. iv. javaxiSvilma amagi dasdo arqeologiuri mecnierebis Semdgom ganviTarebas da araerTi saxelmZRvanelo debuleba mogvca. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri istoria – ivane javaxiSvilma aucileblad miiCnia saqarTvelos ekonomikuri istoriis Seswavla. saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba, xelosnoba, am dargebis produqcia – is aucilebeli Sesaswavl-gamosakvlevi sakiTxebi iyo, romelTac unda gaeca pasuxi, Tu ra iyo Zveli saqarTvelos ekonomikuri safuZveli. iv. javaxiSvilma yuradReba gaamaxvila im garemoebaze, rom jer kidev ilia WavWavaZe SeCerda da dainteresda Zveli saqarTvelos ekonomikis sakiTxebiT. amgvari midgoma axali iyo. roca mematianeni gadmogvcemen qarTvelTa gauTavebeli brZolebis ambebs, ekonomikur mdgomareobaze duman. ilia swored am mxareze SeCerda: “sakvirveli es aris – ra qonebam gauZlo amisTana yofas? Ra hkvebavda xalxs, ra qonebiT uZRveboda amodena omebsa da sisxlisRvrasa”. iv. javaxiSvils kargad esmoda, rom qveynisaTvis ekonomika arsebiTia da misi Seswavlac gadaudeblad miaCnda. sakmaod didi drois manZilze ikvlevda igi ekonomikis problemebs. fundamentur gamokvlevaSi – “saqarTvelos ekonomikuri istoria”(1907 w.) - iv. javaxiSvilma mniSvnelovani adgili dauTmo miwismflobelTa da miwismoqmedTa mdgomareobis Seswavlas. man gamoikvlia qveynis socialuri diferenciaciis, qonebis mflobelobis wesebi, vaWroba-xelosnoba da mrewveloba-aReb-micemoba, saxelmwifos Semosavlebi da sxva. iv. javaxiSvilma ekonomikuri sakiTxebis kvlevisas gamoiyena rogorc zogad-istoriuli, ise umTavresad,
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ekonomikuri xasiaTis wyaroebi. gamoikvlia Zveli saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba, misi calkeuli dargebi; sagangebod Seiswavla soflis meurneobis iaraRebi. mecnierma daadgina sasoflo-sameurneo mcenareebis gvareobaTa terminologia. ivane javaxiSvili sagangebod Cerdeba vaxuSti bagrationis Rvawlze, romelmac aRwera”Cveni qveynis buneba, Tvisebebi, mosaxleoba da ekonomiuri mdgomareoba”, gviCvena botanikur-geografiuli areebis mecnieruli dakvirvebis Sedegebi. iv. javaxiSvilma mimoixila Zveli saqarTvelos memindvreoba, mesaqonleoba, mebostneoba, mevenaxeoba. dasabuTebulad gausva xazi mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis dargis siZveles. mecnierma daasabuTa, rom qarTveli eris saqmianoba-moRvaweoba saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi mxolod politikuri, kulturuli an socialuri aspareziT ki ar ifargleboda, aramed sameurneo dargSic metad nayofieri yofila. iv. javaxiSvilis Rvawli saqarTvelos ekonomikuri istoriis kvlevaSi fasdaudebelia, radgan igi warmoadgens safuZvels Tanamedrove ekonomikuri mecnierebis sistemuri ganviTarebisaTvis. qarTuli samarTlis istoria - qarTuli samarTlis istoriis problemebis kvlevas mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia iv. javaxiSvilis mravalferovan SemoqmedebaSi. 1905 w. gamoica misi “saqarTvelos mefe da misi uflebis istoria” da «Государственный строй древней Грузии и древней Армений» . amave periodSi qarTul periodul gamocemebSi (“eri”, “Cveni eri”, “saqarTvelos moambe”) daibeWda mecnieris imave sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili statiebi. aq umeteswilad qarTuli samarTlebrivi azrovneba iyo mimoxiluli. niSandoblivia, rom Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi iv. javaxiSvili saqarTvelos istoriis zogadi Tu calkeuli speckursebis gverdiT, kiTxulobda qarTuli samarTlis istoriasac. es dargi iv. javaxiSvilma maRal mecnierul simaRleze aiyvana.
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iv. javaxiSvilma Seiswavla qarTuli, bizantiuri, sparsuli, arabuli, somxuri da sxva wyaroebi da am safuZvelze daadgina samarTlis istoriis mTeli rigi sakiTxebisa. man Seiswavla saxelmwifosa da socialuri wes-wyobilebis problemebi, gaarkvia saxelmwifos miwa-wylis, mosaxleobis, sazogadoebrivi da wodebrivi danawilebis, patronymobis, moxeleTa funqcia-movaleobebis sakiTxebi. iv. javaxiSvili miiCnevda, rom socialurad aRzevebuli pirebi mefis gverdiT saxelmwifo samsaxurSi idgnen. mecnieri gvaZlevs moxeleTa klasifikacias maTi saqmianobisa da uflebrivi mdgomareobis mixedviT. “xelisufali” iv. javaxiSvilis mixedviT, is moxelea, romelsac brZaneba-gankargulebis gacemis ufleba aqvs, xolo “saqmismoqmedi” – brZanebis aRmsrulebelia. moxeleebi or jgufad iyofodnen: “darbazis karis” moxeleni centralur dawesebulebaSi – “darbazSi” moRvaweobdnen. “saqveynod gamrigeni”(erisTavebi, cixisTavebi da sxva) qveynis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi saqmianobdnen. iv. javaxiSvilma gaarkvia vazirTa (Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesi, aTabagi, amirspasalari, mandaturTuxucesi, meWurWleTuxucesi, msaxurTuxucesi) ufleba-movaleobani. iv. javaxiSvilma sagangebod Seiswavla saeklesio msaxurebasTan da samefo xelisuflebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, samoqalaqo saqmis organizaciisa da sakorporacio sakiTxebi. armenologia (armenistika)* - ivane javaxiSvilma didi amagi dasdo Zveli somxuri saistorio mwerlobis Seswavlas. somxur Zeglebze muSaoba ivane javaxiSvilma 1898 wlidan daiwyo, studentobis dros. --------------- (*) – somexi xalxis istoriis, enis, literaturis, yofis, kulturis Semswavleli samecniero dargebis erToblioba.
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misi xangrZlivi muSaobis nayofia 1935 wels gamoqveynebuli “Zveli somxuri saistorio mwerloba”(pirveli wigni). mecnierma Cveuli yuradRebiT mimoixila somxuri agiografiuli literatura da is cnobebi, romlebic somxuri damwerlobis Sesaxeb arsebul wyaroebSi moipoveba. iv. javaxiSvilma qarTuli istoriografiis darad, udidesi yuradReba miaqcia wmidanTa cxovrebas. ivane javaxiSvilis moRvaweoba armenologiaSi metad mniSvnelovani iyo. man erTi mxriv gaamaxvila qarTvel istorikosTa yuradReba somxuri saistorio mwerlobis Seswavlaze, meore mxriv ki gaamdidra mecnieruli armenologia. ivane javaxiSvili iTvleba qarTuli da somxuri armenistikis fuZemdeblad. enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi - ivane javaxiSvili did yuradRebas uTmobda qarTuli enis uZvelesi agebulebisa da naTesaobis sakiTxis damuSavebas. man pirvelma daasabuTa qarTveluri enebis mTis iberiul-kavkasiur enebTan rogorc struqturuli, ise masalobrivi erTianoba ZiriTadi gramatikuli kategoriisa da leqsikis mixedviT. iv. javaxiSvilma niadagi moumzada iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis Camoyalibebas. mecnieris azriT, calkeuli – sinduri (afxazur-adiReuri), RilRuri (naxuri), legur-albanuri (daRestnuri) – enebis SeswavlasTan erTad saWiro iyo gamokvleva zogadi Saromatuli (Crdilokavkasiuri), qarTul-Saromatuli (iberiul-kavkasiuri) enebis problemebisac. iv. javaxiSvilma Camoayaliba maTi Seswavlis meTodika, romelic iTvaliswinebs jer cocxalenovani masalis analizs, Semdeg enaTa jgufis saerTo daxasiaTebas, da Sedarebas. ase gaanaliza, ivane javaxiSvilma, iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa yvela jgufis leqsikuri fondis masala: ricxviTi saxelebi, nacvalsaxelebi, saxelTa Zirebi, zmnis uRleba. ivane javaxiSvili Tvlida, rom msoflio aRmosavleTmcodneobisaTvis metad mniSvnelovani iyo qarTuli da kavkasiuri enebis bunebis garkveva, maTi
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naTesaoba iseT enebTan, rogorebicaa: xeTuri, xaldeuri da Sumeruli. ivane javaxiSvilis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli uZveles palimfsestur xelnawerebSi V-VII saukuneTa xanmeti teqstebis aRmoCena, rasac udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba qarTuli enis werilobiTi istoriis periodizaciisaTvis. mas gamokvleuli aqvs qarTuli mecnieruli da sameurneo-ekonomikuri Tu kulturuli cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela dargis terminologia da saerTod, leqsika, Catarebuli aqvs mniSvnelovani etimologiuri Ziebani. ivane javaxiSvili da qarTuli musika - qarTuli musikis istoriis Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba ganuyreladaa dakavSirebuli ivane javaxiSvilis saxelTan. musikis siyvaruli mas bavSvobidanve hqonda Sesisxlxorcebuli. qarTuli kulturis mdidar tradiciebze aRrzdils, mSvenieri musikaluri niWiT dajildoebul mecniers gansakuTrebulad uyvarda musika. ivane javaxiSvilma Tavisi rCeva-darigebebiT fasdaudebeli Rvawli dasdo zaqaria faliaSvilis Semoqmedebas. mecnieris azrs kompozitorisTvis metad didi mniSvneloba hqonia. yvela axal nawarmoebs zaqaria faliaSvili ivane javaxiSvils asmeninebda pirvelad. mecnieri aqtiurad exmareboda kompozitors xalxuri simRerebis SekrebaSi. ivane javaxiSvili qarTuli musikis istoriis Seswavlas gadaudebel saqmed Tvlida – mecnierma sxvadasxva wyaroebis analizis safuZvelze Seiswavla da Camoayaliba qarTuli musikis istoriis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi – qarTuli musikis ganviTarebis mTavari safexurebi: qarTuli musikis mravalxmianobis warmoSoba, qarTuli musikaluri terminebi, musikaluri sakravebi da sxva. ivane javaxiSvilma Zalze Sromatevadi muSaobis Catarebis Semdeg qarTuli musikis istoriis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi mecnieruli sizustiT ganixila. man gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia qarTuli musikis istoriis winamorbed mkvlevarebs, gulmodgined
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mimoixila da saTanadod Seafasa am mecnierTa (daviT maCabeli, polievqtos karbelaSvili, dimitri arayiSvili, zigfrid nadeli da sxva) Sromebi. qarTuli musikis istoriis sakiTxebis Seswavlis mdgomareoba ivane javaxiSvilamde ver idga saTanado doneze. musikis istoriis sakiTxebis safuZvliani mecnieruli kvleva epizodur xasiaTs atarebda. naklebad iyenebdnen qarTul istoriul wyaroebs, ris gamoc daskvnebi zerele iyo. qarTuli musikis istoriis kvlevisaTvis, rTuli amocana iyo gadasawyveti – Zvel qarTul da ucxour istoriul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, winamorbedi avtorebis Rvawlis gaTvaliswinebiT, msoflio mecnierebis imdroindel doneze unda gadaeWra mocemuli problema. Swored es mZime tvirTi ido Tavs ivane javaxiSvilma da qarTvelma xalxma miiRo uaRresad mniSvnelovani gamokvleva – iv. javaxiSvili, qarTuli musikis istoriis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 1938 w. aRniSnuli Sroma oTxi nawilisagan Sedgeba: I – xmieri musika, II – sakravieri musika, III – qarTuli musikis ganviTarebis mTavari safexurebi, IV – qarTuli musikisa da mravalxmianobis warmoSoba-ganviTarebis safexurebi. ivane javaxiSvils am wignSi sagangebod aqvs ganxiluli musikaluri terminologiis sakiTxebi. yvela daskvna, ivane javaxiSvils, gakeTebuli aqvs Zveli qarTuli istoriuli da literaturuli wyaroebis farTod moSveliebiTa da safuZvliani analizis Sedegad. ivane javaxiSvilma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia qarTuli musikis warmoSoba-ganviTarebis sakiTxs. qarTuli musika, ise, rogorc bevri sxva eris musika, sawyiss uZveles droSi iRebs. berZen istorikoss, qsenofontes, moepoveba cnobebi, rom warmarTobis xanaSi qarTvel tomebSi gavrcelebuli yofila saero musika (mxedruli da sacekvao simRerebi). misi sityviT, WanTa tomebi oms saomari simRera-cekviT iwyeben. saero musika, bunebrivia, sxva tomebsac hqondaT. SemTxveviT araa, rom
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dRemde SemorCenili warmarTuli xalxuri simRerebi saero xasiaTisaa. warmarTuli saero da sarwmunoebrivi musikis bunebriv ganviTarebas zRvari daudo qristianobam, romelsac, axal rwmenasa da msoflmxedvelobasTan erTad, wirva-locvis axali hangebic Semohyva. qristianobam, Tavis mxriv, ebraelTagan wirva-locvaSi erTxmiani galoba gadaiRo. amgvari (erTxmiani galoba) musika dRemde SemorCa bevr (berZnul, somxur, asurul) eklesias, gamonakliss qarTuli da dasavleT evropis kaTolikuri (meaTe saukunemde romis eklesiasac erTxmiani galoba hqonda) eklesiebi Sedagenen. ivane javaxiSvili varaudobs, rom Tavdapirvelad qarTul eklesiaSic erTxmiani saeklesio galoba unda yofiliyo. misi azriT, qristianoba “ramdenadac saqarTveloSi ori gziT, dasavleTidan, saberZneTidan erTi mxriT, da samxreTiTgan, palestina-somxeTis mxriTac, aris Semosuli, imdenadve ueWvelia, rom qarTuli saeklesio galobac uZveles xanaSi imave ebraelTa galobis tradiciebis da hangebis damcveli unda yofiliyo, romelic zemodasaxelebul qveynebSi iyo gabatonebuli”. Roca laparakia qarTuli saeklesio musikis Taviseburebaze, igi uTuod im periods unda davukavSiroT, rodesac upirvelesi tradiciebisa da hangebisagan Tavis daRweva moxda. amdenad, sakiTxi daisva ase: rodis unda CamoSoreboda qarTuli galoba ebraul-asurul-somxur da berZnul galoba-sagaloblebs da damoukidebel gansxvavebul erTeulad Camoyalibebuliyo. ivane javaxiSvilma dawvrilebiT ganixila yvela wyaro, romelic ki aRniSnuli sakiTxis garkvevis saSualebas iZleoda. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom qristianobasa da warmartobas Soris sisxlismRvreli brZola gaCaRda. am brZolam warmarTul da qristianul xelovnebaSic (kerZod, musikaSi) iCina Tavi. ivane javaxiSvili miiCnevda, rom xalxi miCveuli iyo Zvel warmarTul simRerebs, romelsac lxinisa da Wiris drosac ambobdnen xolme, rogorc warmarTul rwmenasa da cekva-gasarTobebTan
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umWidroesad dakavSirebuls; am saero simReras axali sarwmunoebisaTvis Zlieri metoqeobis gaweva SeeZlo, amitomac yvelgan qristianobis mesveurni warmarTuli simReris aseTi gavlenis yovelgvari saSualebiT jer Sesustebas, Semdeg mis sruliad mospobas cdilobdnen. ivane javaxiSvils mohyavda gamoCenili asuri moRvawis bardesanis magaliTi, romelmac TanamemamuleTa Soris warmarTobisaTvis niadagis gamosaclelad warmarTuli hangebi da cekvac ki gamoiyena, Tanac warmartuli sityvebi qristianuli locviT Secvala, aseTi brZola, bunebrivia, saqarTveloSic iyo. amis dasamtkiceblad iv. javaxiSvilma saTanado cnobebze miuTiTa. kerZod, petre qarTvelis cxovrebis asurul teqstSi naTqvamia, rom Tu didebulebi drostarebas mgosan qalTa da kacTa simRerebs usmenen, arCil mefem (mexuTe saukune) saeklesio mgaloblebi gaiCina, romelnic puris Wamisa Tu sxva dros RmrTis wmida sityvebs galobdnen. ase rom, misi sasaxle eklesiisagan arafriT gansxvavdeboda. aqedan gamomdinare, iv javaxiSvili askvnida, rom saqarTveloSi brZola warmarTuli musikis winaaRmdeg jer kidev, arCil mefis dros, mexuTe saukuneSi dawyebula, magram am sakiTxis (qristianuli galobis saeroze saboloo gamarjveba) gadawyveta ase male ar SeiZleboda, radgan xalxSi simRera Rrmad iyo fesvgadgmuli, mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli mis yofa cxovrebasa da saqmianobasTan. XI saukunidan moyolebuli, saqarTveloSi Cndeba saero mxatvruli mwerloba, rogorc naTargmn-gadmoqarTulebuli, aseve originaluric, yovelive aman farTo SesaZleblobebi Seuqmna saero musikis ganviTarebas. iv. javaxiSvilis daskvniT, qristianuli musika warmarTulTan brZolaSi gamarjvebas aRwevs mexuTe saukunidan, magram am droidan moyolebuli, ruis-urbnisis krebis (1104 w.) mier gatarebuli RonisZiebis miuxedavad, SemdgomSic aris xalxSi SenarCunebuli warmarTuli musika.
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sagangebodaa Seswavlili, iv. javaxiSvilis mier, musikis xelovnebis organizacia da moZRvreba Zvel saqarTveloSi [d.janeliZe; iv. javaxiSvilis erT-erTi ukanaskneli Sromis mniSvneloba qarTuli Teatris istoriisaTvis, Jurn. “mnaTobi”, 1946, N 4, gv. 152-153.]. iv. javaxiSvilma, qarTul istoriul Zeglebze dayrdnobiT, gaarkvia mTeli rigi sakiTxebisa. man daadgina, rom Tu ufro adre ara, IX saukunidan moyolebuli mainc, saqarTveloSi yofila galobis swavlebis moZRvreba. sazogadoebaSi daxelovnebuli momRerlebic iyvnen da mgalobelnic. Zveli sanaxaobani ramdenime, an bevr moTamaSeTa siRera-galobasa da rokva-cekvas Seicavda. iv. javaxiSvili wyaroebze dayrdnobiT askvnis, rom XII s. damdegisaTvis sagaloblebis problematikas ramodenime specialoba emsaxureboda, am droisaTvis saqarTvelos ukve hyolia iseTi pirebi, romlebic mxolod hangsa Txzavdnen. iv. javaxiSvili miuTiTebs, rom sityvieri Semoqmedebis nawarmoebisaTvis hangis SeTxzvas “xmisa dadebai” ewodeboda. aseTi samuSaos dawyebas “xmis dadebisa xelyofai” rqmevia. sayuradReboa, rom aseT xmis damdebTa (kompozitorTa) Soris yvelaze damsaxurebuli Tanamdebobis piri xelovanT-mTavris saxels atarebda. iv. javaxiSvili mimoixilavs sagalobo niSnebs, man yuradReba miaqcia, rom musikis xelovnebisa da istoriis qarTveli mkvlevarebis garda, am sakiTxs saTanado yuradReba dauTmo laTinuri da berZnuli sagalobo niSnebis cnobilma mkvlevarma abatma J.b. tibom, romelmac aRniSna, rom “qarTuli ZiriTadi sagalobo niSnebis garegnuli gamoyvaniloba uaxloess analogias warmoadgens dasavleTis, laTinTa, eklesiis nevmuri niSnebisas”. misive dakvirvebiT, qarTuli sagalobo niSnebis sistema 10 ZiriTad niSans Seicavda, romelnic mdebareobis mixedviT SeiZleba or jgufad gaiyos (xuTi niSani striqons zeviT iwereba, xuTi - qveviT).
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iv. javaxiSvilma literaturuli wyaroebis Rrmad Seswavlis safuZvelze bevri sagulisxmo daskvna mogvca sagalobo niSnebis Sesaxeb. igi am sakiTxs sabolood gadaWrilad ar Tvlida, magram misi garkvevis gzebs aSkarad iZleoda. saerTod, iv. javaxiSvilis mier mocemuli debulebebi musikis xelovnebis organizaciisa da moZRvrebis Sesaxeb Zvel saqarTveloSi, fasdaudebelia. iv. javaxiSvili gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevda im garemoebas, rom qarTuli simRerebi ZvelTaganve mravalgvari iyo. saqarTveloSi odiTganve farTod yofila gavrcelebuli soflis meurneobasTan dakavSirebuli simRerebi. jer kidev (XII-XIII ss.) wmida mefe Tamaris pirvel istorikoss aqvs sagangebod xazgasmuli – mefe Tamars iseTi saxeli hqonia saqarTveloSi, rom miwis xvnis dros simRerebSi (guTnurSi) Tamaris saqebar leqsebs CaurTaveno. saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva simReris Sesrulebis vrceli aRweriloba moepoveba XVII saukunis italiel mogzaurs arqanjelo lambertis, romlis cnobebidan irkveva, rom im drois saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli yofila Toxnuri, mgzavruli da sufruli sagundo simRerebi. Teimuraz II-s ekuTvnis cnoba niSnobis da saqorwino kabebis gamoWrisas simRera-mayrulis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb. iv. javaxiSvili ki samgloviaro moTqmiT tirils – zars – musikas miakuTvnebs. iv. javaxiSvili xazgasmiT Cerdeba qarTuli musikis warmoSobis sakiTxebze da mravali saxis istoriuli wyaroebis ganxilva-gaanalizebis safuZvelze askvnis, rom “qarTuli xmieri musika Tavdapirvelad TamaSobasTan yofila dakavSirebuli da iq yofila swored misi saTave”. iv. javaxiSvili saTanado istoriul masalaze dakvirvebis Semdeg miiCnevda, rom pirvelad dasakrav-dasartymeli sakravebi warmoSobila, xolo Semdeg – Zalebiani da Casaberi.
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udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda qarTuli mravalxmianobis sadaurobis dadgenas. iv. javaxiSvilma dasabuTebulad uaryo is Teoria, romelic miiCnevda, rom mravalxmianoba qarTul musikaSi dasavleT evropis gavleniTaa Semosuli. mecnieri mravalxmianobis wyaros TviT saqarTveloSi eZiebs. mas miaCnia, rom qarTuli mravalxmianobis istoriisa da sadaurobis sakiTxis garkveva SesaZlebelia mxolod yovelgvari wyaros safuZvliani gamoyenebiTa da ganxilviT. iv. javaxiSvili, iTvaliswinebs ra ZeglebSi sagaloblebisa da galobis Sesaxeb dacul cnobebs, sakravieri musikis terminologias, adamianisa da xmebis saxelebis Tavdapirvel mniSvnelobas, askvnis: “mravalxmianoba qarTul musikas warmarTobis xanaSive unda hqonoda da im droiTganve unda hqondes saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi SenarCunebuli”. gamarjvebuli qristianobisaTvis hangi ki ara, sityvebi iyo miuRebeli. xolo roca Zvel hangs saeklesio sagaloblis sityvebs miumarjvebdnen, hangi ukve eklesiisaTvis aRaraviTar winaaRmdegobas ar warmoadgenda. iv. javaxiSvili yvela garemoebisa da mosazrebis kritikulma ganxilvam im daskvnamde miikvana, rom mravalxmianoba qarTuli musikis Sinagani ganviTarebis nayofia. ivane javaxiSvilma sistemuri yovlismomcvelobiT gamoikvlia qarTuli musikis istoriis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, ganixila da daadgina xmieri da sakravieri musikis zogadi terminologia, mogvca Zvel saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli sakravebis dajgufeba da klasifikacia, Camoayaliba qarTuli musikis ganviTarebis mTavari safexurebi, xazi gausva qarTuli simReris siZveles da gamoamJRavna qarTuli musikis TviTmyofi xasiaTi – mravalxmianoba, axsna am mravalxmianobis warmoSoba da sadauroba. am TvalsazrisiT iv. javaxiSvilis, qarTuli mravalxmianobis, sistemur kvlevaSi SeiniSneba, uzarmazari gavlena saqarTvelos eklesiis gamorCeuli
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saWeTmpyroblis, wmida mRvdelmowame patriarqis kirion II*-is fuZemdebluri mosazrebebisa da daskvnebisa qarTuli saeklesio galobis Sesaxeb, rac wmida mRvdelmowamis samecniero memkvidreobaSia, da rasac “werilebi da statiebi” qvia. statiaSi “qarTuli saeklesio galoba” patriarqi kirion II wers: “qarTuli saeklesio galoba yvaoda rogorc Cvens samefoSi, agreTve mis gareSe mraval qarTul monastrebSiac. galobas qristianoba mudam did mniSvnelobas aniWebda wirva-locvaSi da, sazogadod, RvTismsaxurebaSi. amiT aixsneba is didi pativiscema, romelSiac yavdaT mgaloblebi Cvens winaparT, isini mudam iyvnen sasurvelni pirni Wirsa da lxinSi, da RvTiuri hangebiT uRviZebdnen xalxs sarwmunoebis Tbil grZnobas, yvela xalxs ara aqvs niWi, Seqmnas sakuTari nacionaluri galoba. Zogma vokaluri galoba rom ver Seqmna, mihmarTa instrumentul musikas (kaTolikeni). J. J. ruso Tavis msjelobaSi musikazed ambobs: “saRmrTo sagalobelni ar unda iyvnen gamomxatvelni vnebis mRelvarebisa, aramed mxolod misi didebulebisa, romelsac miewerebian da emsaxurebian. galobaSi aris erTgvari fasdaudebeli simdidre, romelic Zneli misawvdomia da romelsac iwvevs xmis amaRleba dadableba da gagrZeleba. zogi qristianeTagani cdilobs, SemoiRos eklesiaSi sazogado galoba. azri am reformisa aris qristianobriv sarwmunoebis gacxoveleba xalxSi, magram Cven amas vTvliT usafuZvlo saqmed da usargeblo wylis nayvad, radganac praqtikam sul sxva gvaCvena: aman ver uSvela mwvaleblobis gavrcelebas xalxSi, da xalxi isev garegnul qristianed darCa. sazogadod axali raimes SemoReba eklesiaSi unda didis awon-dawonviT xdebodes. aq saWiroa, SevniSnoT, rom qarTulma eklesiam, mudam mbaZavma da mimdevarma Zveli qristianuli wesebisa, ar icis sazogado galoba, romelic eklesiaSi daSlilia XV muxliT laodikiis saeklesio krebisa.
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qarTuli saeklesio mdidari melodiebi warmogvidgenen araTu mxolod sazogado sagaloblebs, aramed calke frazebis azrs da sityvebsac ki. am mxriv Cveni melodiebi Seudarebelni arian, da unda vmadlobdeT gamCens, rom aseTi didi saunje mouniWebia CvenTvis, Cveni morwmune erisTvis.
--------------------- (*)saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mwyemsmTavrebs Soris mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia kaTolikos-patriarq kirion II (1855-1918). sarwmunoebrivi da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis gamo 2002 wlis 17 oqtombers saqarTvelos marTlmadidebelma eklesiam wmida mRvdelmowamis saxeliT igi wmidanad Seracxa.
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friad didi mniSvneloba galobisa cxadad Cans iqidan, rom igi xorcSesxmul hyofs, hmosavs mTel sagalobels Tvisi rbili da haerovani formiT: aromatiT avsebs mas, Tavs dastrialebs, da, rogorc andamati, izidavs kacs grZneul samefoSi keTilisa da mSvenierebisa. yvela es auarebeli musikaluri simdidre Seqmna Sromisagan welSi gaRunulma ukvdavma da madlianma qarTvelma glexma. Cveni galobis dasawyisi uZveles dros ekuTvnis, rodesac Cvenni winaparni, qaldevelni, jer kidev warmarTni iyvnen. Cvens simRera-galobas oTxi-xuTi aTasi wlis istoria aqvs. axlandel Cvens xalxur simReras uwin religiuri xasiaTi hqonda da sakerpoebSi galobdnen. CvenSi Semotanilma qristianobam Zveli simRera mxolod gaaqristiana, misca mas religiuri xasiaTi, axlac xalxari simRera da saeklesio galoba Zalian waagvanan erTmaneTs. Soridan rom moismino simRera xalxisa, verc ki gaarCev, galoben Tu mRerian; aseTi mcire garCevaa maTSi. aTaswlobiT atkbobs qarTuli galoba Cvens smenas. galoba imTaviTve gvqonda samxmiani da ara unisonuri, rogorc aqvT berZnebsa da somxebs. Cveni galobis zegavlena etyoba bevr xalxs, gansakuTrebiT slavianebs, romelTac guluxvad isargebles bevri qarTuli kiloTi. berZnebiTgan qristianoba miiRes, magram maTi galobiT ki ver isargeblebdnen slavianebi, radganac TviT berZnebs ar hqondaT harmoniuli mravalxmovani galoba. eklesiaSi galobis dros qarTveli kaci Tavis Tavs zecaSi grZnobs, qveyniur zrunvas stovebs da lmobieri suliTa da mgrZnobiare guliT Semoqmedis win dgas da elis misgan wyalobas. aq uqarvdeba mas varami qveynisa, da gulSi energeba imedi ukeTesi momavlisa. amiT suldgmulobda patara saqarTvelo, wilxvdomili dedisa RmrTisa, da imedic ar ucruvdeboda. aseTi didi mniSvneloba hqonda Cvens saeklesio galobas warsulSi. saqarTveloSi galobas aswavlidnen rogorc zepirTqmulobiT, agreTve notebiTac, Zveli qarTuli
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notebis nimuSebi Cvenamde movida (ixile “saunje” mose janaSvilisa). eWvgareSea, rom Zvelad CvenSi saxarebisa da samociqulos kiTxvis notebic iyo. es notebi iwereboda sityvebis Tavzed da sityvebis qveS. Cvenamde moaRwia erTma xelnawerma, romelSiac aris noturi niSnebi asoebis Tavzed da maT qveS. amiT aixsneba, rom kiloebi saxareba-samociqulos kiTxvisa kargad aris daculi CvenSi. Cveni galoba dasces mahmadianebma, romelTac sagaloblis bude-monastrebi gaanadgures. araerTxel Caaqres maT kera Cveni tkbili saeklesio galobisa. iavar-hyves Cveni saeklesio kulturuli centrebi, maT fanatizms sazRvari ar hqonda. anadgurebdnen yvela imas, rasac ki niSanwyali hqonda qristianobisa: amoagdes CvenSi beroba, da bevrgan, sadac uwin qristianoba hyvaoda Zirian-fesvianad amoagdes igi. undodaT, mTeli saqarTvelo waeleknaT mahmadianTa okeaneSi, magram RmerTi Segvewia da RvTismSobelma dagvifara, kurTxeul iyos saxeli uflisa. monastrebis mooxrebis Semdeg galobas veRarsad swavlobdnen da igi ecemoda, hqreboda da ikargeboda. Sedegi amisa iyo is, rom xalxma guli aicrua eklesiebzed, sadac Zveleburi melodiuri galoba aRar gaismoda. erTi diakoni ra religiur grZnobas aRuZravda xalxs? qarTuli saeklesio galobis mcodneni, RvTis madliT, kidev mogvepovebian da, sruli imedi gvaqvs, rom qarTuli galobis aRdgena did siZneles ar warmoadgens, RmerTo SeniT.” qarTveli, klasikosi mwerlis, oTar WilaZis azriT, kultura uaRresad „kerZo sakuTrebaa“. iaponiasa da germanias, miuxedavad maTi geografiuli Tu eTnikuri sxvaobisa, SeuZliaT savsebiT identuri samrewvelo saqoneli Seqmnan, magram vidre gansxvavebuli kulturebi eqnebaT, erTi yovelTvis iaponiad darCeba, meore germaniad... (oTar WilaZe, medroveebi da dro, Jurn."mnaTobi", №1, 2006 w.)
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kacobriobis „sicocxlis da ganviTarebis gza“ wignze gadis, wignma moitana dRevandelobamde yvelaferi is rasac „sulier gavlenas“ vuwodebT da aqedan gamomdinare, informaciuli teqnologiebis epoqaSi, rac ufro adre mivubrundebiT wigns, miT ufro adre aRmovaCenT sakuTar Tavsac da maSinve gagviCndeba ukeTesobisaken swrafvis survili, wigni gvetyvis, rogorebi varT da rogorebi SeiZleba viyoT, Tuki davujerebT da mivendobiT im sulier gavlenas rac wigns moaqvs Cvenamde. amasTan sayuradReboa, rom Tu sazogadoeba araa mtkice maradiuli cnebebis dasacavad da iolad icvlis azrs am ukanasknelze (maradiul cnebebze, igive sulier gavlenaze), amgvar sazogadoebriv sistemas momavali ar uweria iseve rogorc mutaciiT dazianebul cilis molekulas. mainc rogori SeiZleba iyos maradiuli cnebis(sulieri gavlenis) mTlian pirovnuli gamovlinebani? sinamdvile pirvel rigSi pirovnebaze moqmedebs, da masSi garkveul mTlian pirovnul reaqcias iwvevs, garkveul ganwyobas, romelic pirovnebis Semdgom qcevas edeba safuZvlad. sainteresoa, riT aRwevs xelovani Tavis mizans? raSia mxatvruli niWierebis arsi? xSirad acxadeben: “xelovani araCveulebrivi grZnobieri arsebaa, romelic mets xedavs da mets azrovnebs, vidre Cveulebrivi adamiani. igi faqizi da Rrma emociuri gancdebis adamiania, romelic mTeli Tavisi arsebiT ganicdis imas, rac Cveulebrivi adamianis emociis sferos mxolod zedapirulad Tu Searxevs. xelovani Rrma da SorsmWvreteli inteleqtis adamiania, romelic TiTqos sul umniSvnelo movlenaSic ki naTlad xedavs Cveulebrivi adamianisaTvis uxilav Zafebs, romelic mas msoflio mTlianobasTan akavSirebso”. Tanamedrove fsiqologiis klasikosi dimitri uznaZe (dimitri uznaZe. zogadi fsiqologia. gamomcemloba ”saqarTvelos macne”, Tbilisi, 2006 w. ) xelovanTa sxvadasxva fsiqikur funqciaTa Seswavlisas askvnis, rom isini arafers specifiurs ar warmoadgeneno: araa savaldebulo, rom grZnobelobis zRrubli, Tund
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ferTa samkvidroSi, mxatvars ufro dabali hqondes, vidre Cveulebriv adamians; anda musikoss ufro maxvili smena hqondes, vidre Cveulebriv normalur adamians: beThoveni dayruebis Semdegac genialur musikosad darCa. igive SeiZleba iTqvas danarCeni funqciebis Sesaxebac: arc grZnoba, arc inteleqti da arc nebeloba iseTs arafers Seicaven, rom specifikurad CaiTvalos mxatvruli SemoqmedebisaTvis. cxadia rom uflisgan dawesebuli suliereba da sulieri gavlena ganapirobebs adamianis imgvar niWs, unars, rasac aRfrTovanebaSi mohyavs sazogadoeba. wm. episkoposi gabrieli (qiqoZe) cdiseuli fsiqologiis safuZvlebSi ganmartavs sulis unarebs: “sulis moqmedeba orgvaria igi Tavis Zalisxmevas mimarTavs an raime codnis mopovebisaken, an Tavisi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisaken. amitom suli orgvar unars gviCvenebs: SemecnebiTs da surviliseuls anu moqmedebiseuls... is ori niSani, romlebic myarad asabuTeben adamianSi aramaterialuri sawyisis arsebobas, kerZod, SegrZneba da moZraoba, - ori ZiriTadi sulieri unaria. pirveli SemecnebiTia, meore ki, moqmedebiseulia.” (wm. episkoposi gabrieli (qiqoZe) cdiseuli fsiqologiis safuZvlebi; §28. sulis unarTa dayofa. http://www.orthodoxy.ge/fsiqologia/gabriel/fsiqologia-2.htm ). saqarTvelo uZvelesi akademiebis qveyanaa. akademes erqva berZen miTiur gmirs, xolo misi saxeli - qalaq aTenis gareubnis erT Walas. swored am WalaSi filosofosi platoni (Zv.w. 428-348 ww.) leqciebs ukiTxavda Tavis mowafeebs. mis mier am adgilas daarsebul skolas, adgilis dasaxelebis mixedviT, akademia Searqves. SemdgomSi sityva „akademia“ umaRlesi saswavleblebis aRmniSvnel zogad saxelad iqca. akademiebi sxvadasxva qveynebSi arsebobda. maT Soris, erT-erTi uZvelesTagania kolxeTis akademia. igi saqarTveloSi, qalaq fazisis (dRevandeli foTis) maxloblad arsebobda ax.w. III-VI saukuneebSi. samwuxarod, cnobebi, rom CvenSi manamdec arsebobda umaRlesi saswavleblebi, jer-jerobiT ar mogvepoveba, Tumca
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SeuZlebelia, ers, romelmac Zv.w. IV-III aTaswleulebis mijnaze Seqmna sakuTari damwerloba, ar hqonoda saganmanaTleblo kerebi. kolxeTis akademiis Sesaxeb cnobebi Semogvinaxes berZenma filosofosebma: libaniosma (Libanios) (314-393 ww.), Temistiosma (317-388 ww.), prokopi kesarielma (507-562 ww.), agaTia sqolastikosma (536-582 ww.) da sxvebma. kolxeTis akademiaSi swavlobdnen rogorc qarTvelebi, ise ucxoelebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom berZnebi, romelTac sakuTari akademiebi hqondaT, upiratesobas mainc qarTul akademiaSi swavlas aniWebdnen. cnobili berZeni filosofosi Temistiosi wers, rom mamamiss evgenioss, aseve cnobil filosofossa da ritors, kolxeTis akademiaSi uswavlia da SvilisTvisac urCevia iq swavla. mamis rCeva Temistioss Seusmenia da ganaTleba saqarTveloSi miuRia. igi kolxeTis akademiis damaarsebels „brZens“ da „saTnos“ uwodebs. kolxeTs kulturulad dawinaurebul eladas adarebs. im dros ganswavla aTenSic SeiZleboda, magram specialuri ritorikuli skola mxolod kolxeTSi arsebobda. am saswavlebelSi ganuyofeli iyo filosofia da mWevrmetyveleba. kolxeTis akademiaSi iwrTobodnen tanvarjiSSi, mWevrmetyvelebaSi, swavlobdnen filosofias, samarTals, miTologias, istoriis safuZvlebs, poezias, loRikas, metafizikas, fizikas, maTematikas, eTikas, politikas... imarTeboda sajaro Sejibrebebi samarTlisa da politikis sakiTxebis codnaSi. berSnul wyaroebSi aRniSnulia, rom aseT paeqrobebSi xSirad imarjvebdnen qarTvelebi. kolxeTis akademiam ucxoelTa garda bevri qarTveli filosofosi aRzarda. aq uswavlia msoflio mniSvnelobis qarTvel filosofoss, mweralsa da moazrovnes miTridate lazs (berad aRkvecis Semdeg igi ioane lazi gaxda). ioane lazi iyo msoflioSi saxelganTqmuli moRvawis petre iberis (V s.) aRmzrdeli da maswavlebeli. es swored is petre iberia, romelmac me-5 saukuneSi siriaSi qarTuli monasteri daaarsa da iq qarTuli skolis, umaRlesi ganaTlebis centris
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xelmZRvaneli iyo Tavis maswavlebelTan - ioane lazTan erTad. igi iyo aseve msoflio mniSvnelobis filosofiuri moZRvrebis - areopagitis - fuZemdebeli. kolxeTis akademiaSi uswavliaT cnobil qarTvel oratorebs - aets da fartazs. cnobilia am ori moRvawis sajaro paeqroba gubaz mefis mkvlelobasTan da saqarTvelos politikur orientaciasTan dakavSirebiT, rac agaTia sqolastikoss Cauweria. kolxeTis akademiaSi umoRvawia iberiis samefo gvaris warmomadgenels bakurs. filosofos libaniosis cnobiT, igi iyo Rirseuli rwmeniT, saTnoebiT, sikeTiTa da sulierebiT. misTvis ucxo iyo boroteba, gaxldaT samarTliani da zomierebis moyvaruli. bakuris nawerebi qarTulad ar SemorCenila, magram arsebobs libaniosis misdami gamogzavnili werili, saidanac Cans, rom bakurs kolxeTis akademiaSi umoRvawnia da ritorikisa da saoratoro xelovnebis didi mcodne da Semfasebeli yofila. XI-XII saukuneebi qarTuli saxelmwifos aRmavlobis da gaZlierebis xanaa. politikuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri ayvavebis Sedegad qveyanaSi didad dawinaurda kulturis TiTqmis yvela dargi, upirveles yovlisa, qarTuli mecniereba. saqarTveloSi mecniereba saxelmwifo politikis rangamde iyo ayvanili. qarTveli mefeebi did yuradRebas uTmobdnen kulturul-saganmanaTleblo da mecnieruli kerebis Seqmnas rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise mis farglebs gareT. saqarTveloSi ganaTlebis didi tradicia arsebobda, iyo gelaTis, iyalTos, gremis akademiebi, saswavleblebi; Cveni winaprebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevdnen amas. 1106 wels daviT aRmaSeneblis iniciativiTa da xelSewyobiT gelaTis monasterTan daarsda akademia,
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romelsac xelmZRvanelobda moZRvarT-moZRvari. igi udidesi pativiscemiT sargeblobda mTels saqarTveloSi da samefo karze. daviTma gelaTis akademiaSi samoRvaweod moiwvia swavluli qarTvelebi, mecnier-filosofosebi ioane petriwi, arsen iyalToeli, ioane tariWisZe da sxvebi. Tanamedroveni gelaTis akademias „sxuad aTinad“, an „aRmosavleTis meore ierusalimad“ moixseniebdnen. saswavlo programa moicavda Svid umTavres sagans, romelsac saerTod aswavlidnen Sua saukuneebSi saero
skolebSi: geometria - „qveynis sazomloჲ“, ariTmetika -
„ricxuni“, musika - „samusoჲ“, filosofia, ritorika, gramatika da astronomia - „varskvlavTmricxveloba“. gelaTis akademiaSi arsen iyalToels uTargmnia „didi sjuliskanoni“, ioane petriws - nemesios emeselis Txzuleba „bunebisaTvis kacisa“. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia berZnuli enidan Targmnili ioane qsifilinosis hagiografiuli krebuli, romlis originalic dakargulia. samecniero-mTargmnelobiTi saqmianoba gelaTis akademiaSi momdevno saukuneebSic ar Sewyvetila, Tumca sagrZnoblad Senelda. XIII saukuneSi aq moRvaweobdnen himnografi arsen bulmaisimisZe, filosofosi da ritori petre gelaTeli. XIV saukuneSi gelaTSi Seiqmna mniSvnelovani iuridiuli Zegli „garigeba xelmwifis karisa“ da saistorio wyaro „gelaTuri qoronikoni“. iyalTos akademiis daarsebac daviT aRmaSeneblis saxels ukavSirdeba. akademiis pirvel reqtorad mefem daadgina cnobili mecnieri da filosofosi arsen iyalToeli, romelic im droisaTvis friad ganswavluli pirovneba yofila. mas ganaTleba bizantiaSi konstantine monomaxis mier daarsebul manganis akademiaSi miuRia. „RvTismetyveli, filosofosi, fizikosi, anatomosi, aliRorikulTa SeTxzvaTa Sina qebuli, ucxo da maRali mestixe da saeklesio tipikonTa metyueli“ - ase axasiaTeben mas Tanamedroveni. swored aseT pirovnebas
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Caabara daviTma kaxeTSi axladgaxsnili akademia. swavleba iyalTos akademiaSic imave programiT mimdinareobda, rogoriTac gelaTSi, mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom aq damatebiT aswavlidnen kidev mWedlobas, keramikas da mevenaxeoba-meRvineobas. qarTveli eris cnobierebisaTvis, amgvari inteleqtualuri bazisis Seqmnas cxadia ukvalod ar Cauvlia da sulieri gavlenis kidev erTi mSvenieri nimuSi miviReT wmida mefe Tamaris epoqiT da rusTavelis evropuli renesansis fuZemdebluri SedevriT – “vefxistyaosaniT”. safuZvels moklebuli ar iqneba mosazreba, rom swored sulieri gavlenis gamo ivane javaxiSvili, samecniero moRvaweobis sxvadasxva etapze didi gatacebiT da Seunelebeli interesiT ikvlevda vefxistyaosanTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs, uxvad iyenebda poemaSi warmodgenil terminologiur masalas saqarTvelos istoriisa da qarTuli filologiis calkeuli, rogorc zogadi, ise konkretuli, sakiTxebis kvlevisas. poema vefxistyaosanSi aisaxa is politikuri tendenciebi, romlebic im drois(XII saukune) saqarTveloSi arsebobda. magram iv. javaxiSvilis daskvniT: “ra Tqma unda, genialuri poetis qmnileba politikuri traqtati rodia da, rodesac SoTa rusTaveli werda, mas ar hqonda ganzraxva, moeca CvenTvis yovelive imis amomwuravi axsna, rac im dros qarTveli sazogadoebis mowinave fenebs aRelvebda. magram, qmnida ra diad mxatvrul poemas, igi, Tavisi samSoblos mwvave sakiTxebiT aRelvebuli, Tavis ukvdav nawarmoebSi gadmogvcemda Tavis yvela azrs, yvela Tavis miswrafebas, yvela im ideals, romelTa sruli gamarjvebac mas surda exila maSindel saqarTveloSi.” garda amisa, poemis, misi avtoris, nawarmoebis epoqis materialuri da sulieri kulturis istoriis sakiTxebis Seswavlas man calke, sagangebo naSromebic uZRvna: 1. “SoTa rusTavelis dabadebis 750 wlisTavis zeimis gamo”; 2. “Личность и мировоззрение”; 3. “rusTavelis epoqis
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socialuri kultura da poema “vefxistyaosani”; 4. “vefxistyaosnis” axali gamocemis irgvliv”; 5. “vefxistyaosani”; 6. “amirandarejanianis” anarekli “vefxistyaosanSi”; 7. “SoTa rusTavelisa da misi epoqis gamofena”. sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebiT iv. javaxiSvilis mier dawerili es nawarmoebebi erTadaa Tavmoyrili misi filologiuri Sromebis krebulSi – “qarTuli enisa da mwerlobis istoriis sakiTxebi”. iv. javaxiSvili vefxistyaosans da mis avtors ase afasebda: “im moRvaweTa Soris, romelTa Rvawli da Semoqmedeba qarTvelTaTvis samaradisod dauviwyari darCeba, romelTa qmnilebisaTvis verc droTa cvalebadobasa da verc sigrZes veraferi dauklia, erTi pirveli adgilTagani, ueWvelia, SoTa rusTavels ekuTvnis. . . misi Rvawli mTeli qarTveli eris winaSe ganuzomelia da samaradiso ukvdavebiT aris Semosili” (ivane javaxiSvili. enciklopediuri leqsikoni. Tsu-s gamomcemloba 2002, gv. 314-315). rusTavelis epoqis saqarTvelos socialuri kulturis ganxilvisas, ivane javaxiSvili, naSromSi: “rusTavelis epoqis saqarTvelos socialuri kultura da poema vefxistyaosani”, aRniSnavs: . . . “Tamaris mefobis dros saxelmwifo wyobileba saqarTveloSi intensiuri politikuri brZolis Semdeg sabolood Camoyalibda da Seiqmna SezRuduli konstituciuri monarqia. am epoqaSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifos teritoria Seicavda mTel kavkasias Savi zRvidan kaspiis zRvamde da gadadioda CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, romelic, rogorc vasaluri samflobelo, saqarTvelos farglebSi Sedioda. garda amisa, mTeli CrdiloeTi sparseTi yazvinamde da ramturamde imyofeboda vasalur damokidebulebaSi, da dasavleTiTac – arzrumSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo droSa frialebda. qarTveli istorikosi gadmogvcems, rom Tamar mefe pativs scemda saqarTvelos saxelmwifos farglebSi Semavali saxelmwifoebisa da erebis uflebebs da uaryofiTad ekideboda inkorporacias, amyarebda mxolod vasalur damokidebulebas. istorikosis cnobiT, igi am politikas eweoda savsebiT
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Segnebulad, fiqrobda ra, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos konsolidaciisaTvis. amrigad, amocanas, romelic Tamar mefem daisaxa da romelsac, rogorc dogmas, scnobda saqarTvelos saxelmwifo, warmoadgens saerTaSoriso urTierTobaSi politikuri samarTlianobis aRdgena”. (iv. javaxiSvili, filologiuri Sromebis krebuli; qarTuli enisa da mwerlobis istoriis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi, 1956 w. gv. 16-19.).… ivane javaxiSvils kargad hqonda gaazrebuli istoriis filosofiis problematikaTa mniSvneloba, radgan Tavad istoriis filosofia – socialuri filosofiis dargia, istoriis filosofiuri gaazrebis cdaa, kacobriobis ganviTarebis procesis Sesaswavlad. 1902 wlis 18 noembers, peterburgis universitetSi wakiTxul sanimuSo leqciaSi – “aRmosavleTis istoria da saqarTvelosa da somxeTis istoriis monacemebi” ivane javaxiSvilma didi adgili dauTmo istoriis filosofiis problematikis konceptualizacias da waradgina istoriis filosofiis gansazRvreba: “dargi, romelic egreTwodebul saistorio kanonebis, sazogadoebriv cxovrebis warmatebisa da sxva kidev mraval ZiriTad kiTxvebs ikvlevs”. 1904 wels gamocemul naSromSi “mamuliSviloba da mecniereba” iv. javaxiSvili aRniSnavda: “TiToeuli xalxis istoriis Seswavlazea damokidebuli bevris mxriv is mecniereba, romelsac istoriis filosofias eZaxian da romelic Seadgens Cvenis mecnierebis uzenaes mizans”. istoriis filosofiis gaazreba ikveTeba ivane javaxiSvilis sxva gamokvlevebSic: “qarTveli eris istoria”, “istoriis mizani, wyaroebi da meTodebi winaT da axla”, saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebis sxdomaze wakiTxul moxsenebaSi “istoriis filosofia da SedarebiTi meTodi” iv. javaxiSvilma qarTvel mkvlevarTagan pirvelma ganixila da gaanaliza istoriis filosofiis erT-erTi sfero – formaluri istoriis filosofia.
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ivane javaxiSvilis ZiriTadi amosavali principi iyo istoriis mecnierebis dargad wardgena, man wyaroebis kritikuli SeswavliT aCvena, rodis da rogor SeiZleba istoria gaxdes mecniereba, iyos obieqturi Semecnebis forma. (e. kodua. ivane javaxiSvilis sociologiuri da istoriis filosofiuri Ziebani, Tbilisi, 1997 w. g. yoranaSvili. ivane javaxiSvili, Tbilisi, 1999 w.). 1904 wels gamocemul naSromSi “mamuliSviloba da mecniereba” iv. javaxiSvili aRniSnavda: “TiToeuli xalxis istoriis Seswavlazea damokidebuli bevris mxriv is mecniereba, romelsac istoriis filosofias eZaxian da romelic Seadgens Cvenis mecnierebis uzenaes mizans”. istoriis filosofiis gaazreba ikveTeba ivane javaxiSvilis sxva gamokvlevebSic: “qarTveli eris istoria”, “istoriis mizani, wyaroebi da meTodebi winaT da axla”, saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebis sxdomaze wakiTxul moxsenebaSi “istoriis filosofia da SedarebiTi meTodi” iv. javaxiSvilma qarTvel mkvlevarTagan pirvelma ganixila da gaanaliza istoriis filosofiis erT-erTi sfero – formaluri istoriis filosofia. ivane javaxiSvilis ZiriTadi amosavali principi iyo istoriis mecnierebis dargad wardgena, man wyaroebis kritikuli SeswavliT aCvena, rodis da rogor SeiZleba istoria gaxdes mecniereba, iyos obieqturi Semecnebis forma. ivane javaxiSvilis sazogadoebriv-politikur azrovnebasa, erovnul-politikur Sexedulebebze da mecnierul-patriotuli orientaciis Camoyalibebaze didi gavlena moaxdina XIX saukunis meore naxevris saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis medroSem, im periodis yvela umniSvnelovanesi sazogadoebriv-kulturuli wamowyebis iniciatorma da organizatorma ilia WavWavaZem(wmida ilia marTali, +1907). erovnuli interesebi aiZulebda ilias, istorikosis funqciebi ekisra: matianeebs uRrmavdeboda, iZiebda, ikvlevda da saqarTvelos Rirsebis Semlaxvelebs, istoriis falsifikatorebs Rirseul pasuxs scemda. am
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mxriv aRsaniSnavia misi werilebis cikli „ai, istoria“ da „qvaTa RaRadi“. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda mimdinare cxovrebis amsaxvel „Sinaur mimoxilvebsac“ - „iveriis“ saprogramo werilebs, romelTac ilia miznad usaxavda „Cvenis dacemulis vinaobis aRdgenas, fexzed dayenebas da dacvas yovelis mosalodnelis faTerakisagan“. Tavis mxriv ilia WavWavaZeze, saTanado gavlena moaxdina misi drois pozitivisturma filosofiam, romelic mecnierebasa da religias erTmaneTisagan ki ar TiSavda, aramed maT erTi movlenis or mxared miiCnevda, romelTaganac mecniereba efuZneba cdiseul codnas, religia ki imas, rac cdiseulis miRmaa. am TvalsazrisiT afasebda ilia WavWavaZe didi saeklesio moRvawisa da swavlulis wmida gabriel episkoposis(qiqoZis) damsaxurebas, romelmac ilias azriT, sarwmunoeba gaamecniera da mecniereba sarwmunoebrivi gaxada. wmida mRvdelmTavari gabrieli daibada 1825 wlis 15 noembers. 1856 wels, 32 wlis asakSi mas Tavs daatyda ubedureba: gardaecvala meuRle da xuTi Svili. 1860 wlis 2 ivliss imereTis eparqiis episkoposad ekurTxa da gardacvalebamde am samwysos mRvdelmTavari iyo. 1869 wels mis ganmgeglobaSi Sevida afxazeTis eparqia. xolo 1873 wels mas miemata samegrelos eparqia. episkoposma gabrielma orjer imogzaura svaneTSi: 1866 da 1877 wlebSi. misi moRvaweobis Semdeg svaneTSi ganmtkicda qristianuli sarwmunoeba. 18000 afxazma miiRo qristianoba. aigo 200-ze meti taZari, SekeTda: nikorwmidis, biWvinTis, moqvis, kacxis, iloris taZrebi. daarsda asamde samrevlo skola: 1887 wels Seiqmna „qarTuli saeklesio galobis aRmdgeneli komiteti“. xolo 1889 wels - komiteti daviT aRmaSeneblis saflavze samrevlo ekvderis gansaaxleblad da didTa mowameTa daviT da konstantines gvamTaTvis axali sanawilis gasakeTeblad. 1890 wels
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quTaisSi daarsda qalTa saswavlebeli, xolo 1894 wels sasuliero seminaria gaixsna.
wmida episkoposi gabriel qiqoZe mrevlis ganaTlebis mizniT meufe gabrieli xSirad mogzaurobda eparqiis farglebSi, xalxTan pirad Sexvedras da saubars did mniSvnelobas aniWebda. soflidan sofelSi gadadioda da dReSi sam-oTx adgilas damoZRvrida xolme samwysos. magram yvelaze metad mrevlze gavlenas axdenda gabriel episkoposis pirovneba, misi piradi magaliTi. rogorc pedagogma da moZRvarma, man icoda zneobrivi aRzrdis saSualebebi. jer kidev seminariaSi yofnis dros man, iakob gogebaSvilis TqmiT, „naTlad, mkveTrad da kategoriulad gansazRvra keTilgonivruli yofaqcevis mniSvnelovani da arsebiTi wesebi... keTili, jansaRi da zneobrivi cxovrebis saukeTeso saSualebad is Tvlida gonebrivi da fizikuri Sromis erTmaneTTan Senacvlebas. am wess igi TviTonac mkacrad icavda“. Wrida SeSas, Toxnida, pirutys sazrdos uzidavda, qaTmebs apurebda. axali taZrebis mSeneblobis dros xSirad TviTon iyo arqiteqtori, sofel-sofel eZebda karg ostatebs, zrunavda wesrigze.
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Turme „Tu sadme eklesiaSi usufTaobas naxavda, moitanda cocxs da Tavisi xeliT daxvetda“. episkoposi gabrieli mxolod piradi RirsebiT Semkul xalxs akurTxebda eklesiis msaxurebad da ar uwevda angariSs arc Tavads, arc mTavarsa da arc gubernators. cnobilia, Tu rogor Serisxa man grafi levaSovi sasuliero saqmeebSi uxeSi Carevis gamo. meufe gabrieli „adamianebs endoboda, radgan maTSi, upirveles yovlisa, RvTis xatebas xedavda da amitomac maT SiSi ar hqondaT“. erTi mogzaurobis dros avazaki Tavs daeca da gaZarcva moundoma. gabrieli ar daibna, jvari gadasaxa da uTxra: „Svilo, me sawyali beri var, gabriel episkoposi, fuli sad maqvs“. es saxeli avazaksac gaegona da SekrTa. meufe ar moeSva, sanam Tan ar waiyvana, gazarda da skolaSi maswavleblad ganamwesa. meufe gabrieli (+1896) erT-erTi mxurvale damcveli iyo qarTuli enisa, romelic XIX saukuneSi, saubedurod, gadagvarebis momakvdinebeli safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda. is gabedulad ebrZoda yvelas, vinc eWvqveS ayenebda mSobliuri enis arsebobis aucileblobis sakuTxs. am mizniT dawera mravali werili da qadageba. man amxila vaiqarTveli muxranski, romelic werda, rom mcire erebi, maT Soris qarTvelebic, „did“ xalxSi gaTqvefis aucileblobas ver acdebodnen, da rac ufro male moxdeboda es movlena, miT ukeTesi iyo. „riT amtkiceb Sen, rom es movlena (mcire xalxis enis ganqarveba) aris bunebis wesi?“ - ekiTxeba gabriel episkoposi muxranskis, - „piriqiT, xalxi unda ecados enis gavrcelebas, gamdidrebas da ara damarxvasa da dakargvas“.meufe gabrieli Tvlida, rom „xalxis individualobis umTavresi elementi“ swored enaa. mSobliur enas moklebuli yoveli xalxi moklebulia yovelgvari individualur niSan-Tvisebas da „usargebloa TavisTvisac da sxvisTvisac“.
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