قواعد اللغة الأنكليزية باللغة العربي

إ��ع �� إ��ع �� ه�ا ا�� --��httphttp://://wwwwww..eqla3eqla3 �� ه�ا ا��softsoft..comcom

GRAMMARGRAMMAR��ا�� ا ��ــــــــــ� ا�� ا�� ا ��ــــــــــ� ا��

Prepared by: Mulla (2002)Prepared by: Mulla (2002)May 2002 (version 0)May 2002 (version 0)

Reference: Reference: ““Grammar For All LevelsGrammar For All Levels”” By Adnan By Adnan NaimNaim

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Main Menu Main Menu �� ا�� ا�� ا�� ا��

�� English Alphabetic English Alphabetic -./01234ا6278.- ا01234/.-ا6278.- ا�� Parts of SpeechParts of Speech أ@?<م ا=>;م أ@?<م ا=>;م�� Sentences Sentences BC2=اع اF3أBC2=اع اF3أ�� Verb to BE Verb to BE ““ نF<. نF<.”” BIJ BIJ�� Verb to DO Verb to DO ““BCI.BCI.”” BIJ BIJ�� Verb to HAVEVerb to HAVE ““ N1C. N1C.”” BIJ BIJ�� NounsNouns ء>CP8ءا>CP8ا

–– Countable Nouns Countable Nouns 6ودةIC=ء ا>CP86ودة اIC=ء ا>CP8ا–– Spelling Rules for Plurals Spelling Rules for Plurals VC2=ء ا;W6 إYاF@ VC2=ء ا;W6 إYاF@–– Uncountable Nouns Uncountable Nouns 6ودةIC=ء ا=\0] ا>CP86ودة اIC=ء ا=\0] ا>CP8ا–– Definite & Indefinite Articles Definite & Indefinite Articles و ا=_>]ة `.[Ia=و ا=_>]ةأدوات ا `.[Ia=أدوات ا

�� Pronouns Pronouns [c>Cd=ا[c>Cd=ا–– Object Pronouns Object Pronouns f7 لFIhC=ا [c>Ci f7 لFIhC=ا [c>Ci–– Reflexive Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns -0P><I3kا [c>Ci -0P><I3kا [c>Ci–– Relative Pronouns Relative Pronouns BlF=ا [c>Ci BlF=ا [c>Ci

�� Making Questions Making Questions -1oP8ا p.F<q -1oP8ا p.F<q�� اk>CIaPتاk>CIaPت How How �� some/some/ rI7 rI7 any/any/ أي أي�� Making Negative Making Negative th_=ا p.F<q th_=ا p.F<q�� TENSESTENSES -_Wا8ز -_Wا8ز

–– Present Simple Tense Present Simple Tense w0?x=رع ا>dC=ا w0?x=رع ا>dC=ا–– Past Simple Tense Past Simple Tense w0?x=ا ti>C=ا w0?x=ا ti>C=ا–– Future Simple TenseFuture Simple Tense w0?x=ا Bxza?C=ا w0?x=ا Bxza?C=ا–– Present Continuous TensePresent Continuous Tense [Ca?C=رع ا>dC=ا [Ca?C=رع ا>dC=ا

–– Past Continuous Tense Past Continuous Tense [Ca?C=ا ti>C=ا [Ca?C=ا ti>C=ا–– Future Continuous Tense Future Continuous Tense [Ca?C=ا Bxza?C=ا [Ca?C=ا Bxza?C=ا–– Present Perfect TensePresent Perfect Tense م>a=رع ا>dC=م ا>a=رع ا>dC=ا–– Past Perfect Tense Past Perfect Tense م>a=ا ti>C=م ا>a=ا ti>C=ا–– Future Perfect Tense Future Perfect Tense م>a=ا Bxza?C=م ا>a=ا Bxza?C=ا–– Present Perfect ContinuousPresent Perfect Continuous [Ca?C=م ا>a=رع ا>dC=ا [Ca?C=م ا>a=رع ا>dC=ا

�� ImperativesImperatives [W80\- اl[W80\- اl�� ModalsModals -{@>_=ل ا>IJ8ل ا=_<@}-ا>IJ8ا�� Comparing Adjectives Comparing Adjectives ت>h{=ر3- ا>zWت>h{=ر3- ا>zW�� AdverbsAdverbs الF|8الا=~]وف اF|8ا=~]وف ا�� Active & Passive Active & Passive لF�2C1= t_xC=م و اF1IC1= t_xC=ل اF�2C1= t_xC=م و اF1IC1= t_xC=ا�� Transitive & Intransitive Verbs Transitive & Intransitive Verbs و -Wل ا=;ز>IJ8و ا -Wل ا=;ز>IJ8ا

-.6IaC=ل ا>IJ86.-اIaC=ل ا>IJ8ا......�� Prepositions Prepositions [2=وف ا=2]|]وف ا[|�� QuestionQuestion--Tags Tags -1.�C=1- اoP81-ا.�C=1- اoP8ا�� Conditional Conditional ““ifif”” =F= F “ “ ا=�]�0- ا=�]�0- ””�� Reported Speech Reported Speech لFz_C=ل ا=>;م اFz_C=ا=>;م ا�� Countries and Nationalities Countries and Nationalities 61ان و ا=2_?0<تx=61ان و ا=2_?0<ت اx=ا

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English AlphabeticEnglish Alphabetic ��ا&%!$�� ا#"! �� ا&%!$�� ا#"! ��

1.1. Capital Letters Capital Letters 0]ةx<=0]ةا6278.- ا01234/.- اx<=ا6278.- ا01234/.- ا

2.2. Small Letters Small Letters ا6278.- ا01234/.- ا=}\0]ةا6278.- ا01234/.- ا=}\0]ة

�� Consonant Letters Consonant Letters -_وف ا=?<آ[�ا=�]وف ا=?<آ_-ا=

�� Vowels Letters Vowels Letters -آ[�aC=وف ا[��]آ-ا=aC=وف ا[�ا=

-0?0c[=ا -Cc>z=دة إ=� اFY -0?0c[=ا -Cc>z=دة إ=� اFY

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

ZZYYXXWWVVUUTTSSRRQQPPOONN

MMLLKKJJIIHHGGFFEEDDCCBBAA

zzyyxxwwvvuuttssrrqqppoonn

mmllkkjjiihhggffeeddccbbaa

ww xxmmllkkjjhh ssrrqqppnn zzyyvvttggffddccbb

uuooiieeaa


Parts of SpeechParts of Speechأ/ �م ا�.-مأ/ �م ا�.-م


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

Ahmed writes Ahmed writes quickly.quickly. -Y[?7 �a<. 6C|أ-Y[?7 �a<. 6C|أ..

هxY F<رة pY آq -C1}` ا=BIh أو هxY F<رة pY آq -C1}` ا=BIh أو >|Fiو -h{=6 ا./q >|Fiو -h{=6 ا./q

AdverbAdverb�4ل �4ل

Play, played, will playPlay, played, will play tJ ءt� �1 |6وثY 6ل. >W Fه>W �@و

VerbVerb 678 678

richrich manman t_� Bر� t_� Bر� �Pkا �zxP >_ه -h{=أن ا �|k �Pkا �zxP >_ه -h{=أن ا �|k

ta=07- ا[I=ا=1\- ا �<I7 فFlFC=ا ta=07- ا[I=ا=1\- ا �<I7 فFlFC=اF<qن �0J< ا=}6I7 -h ا�Pk ا=FlFCفF<qن �0J< ا=}6I7 -h ا�Pk ا=FlFCف

�Pkا `{q -C1آ pY رة>xY Fه �Pkا `{q -C1آ pY رة>xY Fه f1x@ نF<qو f1x@ نF<qو

Adjective Adjective �:; �:;

�7�<=>�ل=>�ل?>��7?

I, he, she, it, etc. I, he, she, it, etc. ………….... B�هW F< .6ل �1Y ا�P أو . f1�W

Pronoun Pronoun ��@��@

Ahmed, bookAhmed, bookNounNoun BCا BCا





t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

AlasAlas! She died.! She died. `P�= >. `P�= >. ! !�q>W 6z=�q>W 6z=..

0�<ت l ات أوFlأ pY رة>xY Fت ه>�0l ات أوFlأ pY رة>xY Fه �2Ia=ا pY [xIq �2Ia=ا pY [xIq

Interjection Interjection E!7? �4ف E!7? �4ف

Ali Ali andand Ahmad visited us yesterday.Ahmad visited us yesterday. t1Y t1Y وو�W6 زارو3< أC|أ �W6 زارو3< أC|أ

هF آp07 >W B{q -C1 آC1- و هF آp07 >W B{q -C1 آC1- و -1C1- و�C� أو -C11- آC1- و�C� أو -C1آ . .

Conjunction Conjunction >H7�4ف ا� >H7�4ف ا�

�7�<=>�ل=>�ل?>��7?Ahmed goes Ahmed goes to to school school

ا=6CرP- ا=6CرP-إ=�إ=�أ|6C .�ه� أ|6C .�ه�

They traveled They traveled by by planeplane<=�<c]ة<=�<c]ة77ه� J>P]وا ه� J>P]وا

هF آVW tq�q -C1 ا�Pk أو هF آVW tq�q -C1 ا�Pk أو ا=C1<7 fa@;Y p0xa= [0Cd- أ¡]ى ا=C1<7 fa@;Y p0xa= [0Cd- أ¡]ى

Preposition Preposition �4ف ا�!� �4ف ا�!�





t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

This is This is anan apple.apple. -|>hq ¢ه�-|>hq ¢ه�..

a?q£6م @Bx ا�Pk ا=_>]ة �]ك aW ف[�. ا=�ي .6xأ 7

This is This is thethe book I bought yesterday.book I bought yesterday. �Wأ fa.[aب ا=�ي ا�>a<=ا Fه�ا ه�Wأ fa.[aب ا=�ي ا�>a<=ا Fه�ا ه..

.[Ia1= 6م£a?q .

�7�<=>�ل=>�ل?>��7?

This is This is aa book.book...ه�ا آa<به�ا آa<ب

a?q£6م @Bx ا�Pk ا=_>]ة pآ>P ف[�. ا=�ي .6xأ 7

ه_<ك ¦;ث أدوات tJ ا=1\- ه_<ك ¦;ث أدوات tJ ا=1\- : : ا01234/.- ا01234/.-

a, an, thea, an, the

ArticleArticleأداة أداة

a

an

the



�L4-= �L4-=::

�Faي q 67 وأنk -./012341- اC2=ي ا=62.] 7<=�آ] أن اFa�q 67 وأنk -./012341- اC2=ا=62.] 7<=�آ] أن ا >�0J نF<q 6@ ta=07- ا[I=ف ا=1\- ا;¡ BIJ �1Y >�0J نF<q 6@ ta=07- ا[I=ف ا=1\- ا;¡ BIJ �1Y

B§W BIJ 0- أي 67ونCP1- اC2=ا B§W BIJ 0- أي 67ونCP1- اC2=�0 : (: (اx� t1Y �0x� t1Y ( (::و=F أرد�aC�[q >3< إ=� اFz3 >0J[| -./01234ل و=F أرد�aC�[q >3< إ=� اFz3 >0J[| -./01234ل

Ali doctor.Ali doctor. �1Y >�cاFa|6م اI= -o�>¡ -./01231- إC� ¢�1 وه�Y >�cاFa|6م اI= -o�>¡ -./01231- إC� ¢وه�

¨x{aJ BIJ >�= Vd3 0¨ أن�: : BIJ وا=}�0¨ أن BIJ ¨x{aJ BIJ >�= Vd3 وا=}Ali Ali isis a doctora doctor


ا=?<�7ا=?<�7



SentencesSentencesأ"Pاع ا�!�6 أ"Pاع ا�!�6

�� Simple SentencesSimple Sentences -�0?7 BC�-�0?7 BC�

�� Compound SentencesCompound Sentences -xآ[W BC� -xآ[W BC�

�� Complex SentencesComplex Sentences �6zIW BCة �6zIW BCة


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7



Simple Sentences Simple Sentences �H� % 6�R�H� % 6�R

wzJ 6|وا BIJ �1Y يFa�q ta=1- اC2=ا tه wzJ 6|وا BIJ �1Y يFa�q ta=1- اC2=ا tه : :::W§<لW§<ل

1)1) I I sawsaw a boy.a boy.2)2) The boy The boy waswas riding a bicycle.riding a bicycle.

: : .p<C رw7 ا=F<_= p0a1C2ن �1C- وا|6ة p<C. -�0?7 رw7 ا=F<_= p0a1C2ن �1C- وا|6ة 7?�0- I I sawsaw a boy riding a bicycle.a boy riding a bicycle.


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7



Compound SentencesCompound Sentences�S6 =�آ�R�S6 =�آ�R

-1l >C�= p0a�0?7 p0a1C� pW آ�[aq ta=1- اC2=ا t1- هl >C�= p0a�0?7 p0a1C� pW آ�[aq ta=1- اC2=ا tه _W B<=و rIx=ا >C�dIx7 _W B<=و rIx=ا >C�dIx7�� a. ©0| Bza?W �_IW >C �a. ©0| Bza?W �_IW >C B§W `�Y ف[�7 >C��7ر B§W `�Y ف[�7 >C��7ر : :

and/ but /orand/ but /or

andand:: >H7واو ا� >H7واو ا�: : >C�dI7 p07 -@;Y >C�= p0a1C� w7[q>C�dI7 p07 -@;Y >C�= p0a1C� w7[q

Ahmed did his homework. Anas helped him.Ahmed did his homework. Anas helped him.::.p<C رw7 ا=F<_= p0a1C2ن �1C- وا|6ة .p<C رw7 ا=F<_= p0a1C2ن �1C- وا|6ة

Ahmed did his homework Ahmed did his homework andand Anas helped him.Anas helped him.


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7



Compound SentencesCompound Sentences�S6 =�آ�R�S6 =�آ�R

butbut: : V.�V.�: : p0d@>_aW أو p0h1a£W p0o0� pY p0a1C� w7[qp0d@>_aW أو p0h1a£W p0o0� pY p0a1C� w7[q

Khaled is rich. He is unhappy.Khaled is rich. He is unhappy.::.p<C رw7 ا=F<_= p0a1C2ن �1C- وا|6ة.p<C رw7 ا=F<_= p0a1C2ن �1C- وا|6ة

Khaled is rich Khaled is rich butbut he is unhappy.he is unhappy.

oror: : 0<ر : :أوأو¡ >C�0J نF<. p0a1C� w7[q0<ر¡ >C�0J نF<. p0a1C� w7[q

We can play football. We can watch TV.We can play football. We can watch TV.::.p<C رw7 ا=F<_= p0a1C2ن �1C- وا|6ة .p<C رw7 ا=F<_= p0a1C2ن �1C- وا|6ة

We can play football We can play football oror we can watch TV.we can watch TV.


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7



Complex SentencesComplex Sentences6�R =�7$ة6�R =�7$ة

-xآ[W وا|6 و BIJ pW [§�1 أآY يFa�q ta=1- اC2=ا tه -xآ[W وا|6 و BIJ pW [§�1 أآY يFa�q ta=1- اC2=ا tهp0a1C� pWp0a1C� pW::

Main ClauseMain Clause -0P>P1- أC� -0P>P1- أC�

: : وهt ¦;¦- أF3اع وهt ¦;¦- أF3اع Subordinate Clause Subordinate Clause -.F3>¦ -1C�-.F3>¦ -1C�� Noun ClauseNoun Clause -0CP1- أC� -0CP1- أC�� Adjectival ClauseAdjectival Clause -0hl1- وC� -0hl1- وC�� Adverbial ClauseAdverbial Clause -0J[ª -1C� -0J[ª -1C�


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

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Clause & PhraseClause & Phraseا�!� � و YSZ ا�!� �ا�!� � و YSZ ا�!� �

�� A clause is a combination of words containing a verb and A clause is a combination of words containing a verb and has a complete meaning.has a complete meaning.

�Faي BIJ �1Y و =�< q �_IW<مq ت>C1آ -YFC2W t1- هC2=ما>q �_IW >�= و BIJ �1Y يFa�q ت>C1آ -YFC2W t1- هC2=ل. . ا>§Wل>§W::I saw the man I saw the man who was carrying a stick.who was carrying a stick.

�� A phrase is a combination of words forming part of the A phrase is a combination of words forming part of the sentence but without a verb. sentence but without a verb.

BIJ 1- 67ونC2=ا pW ن �/ءاF<q ت>C1آ -YFC2W pY رة>xY -1C2=ا fx�BIJ 1- 67ونC2=ا pW ن �/ءاF<q ت>C1آ -YFC2W pY رة>xY -1C2=ا fx� . .::W§<لW§<ل

I saw the man I saw the man carrying a stick.carrying a stick.


ا=?<�7ا=?<�7



Verb to BE Verb to BE ““ �.Pن �.Pن ””678 678

�� It is used as a principal and a helping verb.It is used as a principal and a helping verb.

6Y>?Wو t?0cر BIh6م آ£a?. 6Y>?Wو t?0cر BIh6م آ£a?. : :

beenwereareWe, They, You

beenwasisHe, She, It

beenwasamI

Past participleأBC ا��:P7ل

Paste@�=

Present=�gرع

Subject6h�8


t=>a=اt=>a=ا



Verb to BE Verb to BE ““ �.Pن �.Pن ””678 678

-a7>¦ �c>z| دات أو>Y pY [0xIa1= رع>dC=0\- اl 6م£a?3-a7>¦ �c>z| دات أو>Y pY [0xIa1= رع>dC=0\- اl 6م£a?3..

tJ ��a3وا B{| ءt� pY [0xIa1= ti>C=0\- اl 6م£a?3 tJ ��a3وا B{| ءt� pY [0xIa1= ti>C=0\- اl 6م£a?3ti>C=اti>C=ا . .

:Examples:Examples -1§W1- أ§Wأ1.1. I I amam a pupil.a pupil.2.2. They They areare boys.boys.


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7




Negative Sentences with the verb to BENegative Sentences with the verb to BE 67:��% ��:i67 ا�!�6 ا��:��% ��:iن””ا�!�6 ا��P.��.Pن““

�� We make negative statements with the verb to BE We make negative statements with the verb to BE by using the word by using the word notnot after the verb to be.after the verb to be.

BIJ VW -0h_W BC� نF<3 BIJ VW -0h_W BC� نF<3))نF<.نF<. ( (-C1آ ViF7-C1آ ViF7 ¢6I7 ¢6I7 . . (not)(not)

You You areare notnot tall.tall.You You areare tall.tall.

I I am notam not at home.at home.I I amam at home.at home.

NegativeNegativee:"e:"

AffirmativeAffirmativeإ�Skتإ�Skت


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7



Making Questions with the verb to BEMaking Questions with the verb to BE 678 o= الp �V ا�P.? 678 o= الp �V ا�P.?””نP.��.Pن““

�� ““YesYes”” or or ““NoNo”” questions and short answersquestions and short answers

: : و ا�4<7<ت a£W}]ة و ا�4<7<ت a£W}]ة ) ) k k ((و و ) ) �I3 �I3 ((ا1oP8- ب ا1oP8- ب

No, they were No, they were not.not.

Yes, they were.Yes, they were.at school?at school?the boysthe boysWereWere

No, I am not.No, I am not.Yes, I am.Yes, I am.a teacher?a teacher?youyouAreAre

No + Subject + No + Subject + Be + notBe + not

Yes + Subject Yes + Subject + Be+ Be

+ Complement+ Complement-1C<q-1C<q

+Subject +Subject BY>JBY>J

BeBe



Short AnswersShort Answers

إ�<7<ت a£W}]ة إ�<7<ت a£W}]ة ““YesYes”” or or ““NoNo”” questionsquestions

k و �I3 7ـ >�a7>1- إ�oPأk و �I3 7ـ >�a7>1- إ�oPأ


ا=?<�7ا=?<�7



Verb to DO Verb to DO ““ 678 678”” 6�7� 6�7�


6Y>?W BIJو t?0cر BIh6م آ£a?. 6Y>?W BIJو t?0cر BIh6م آ£a?.::

donediddoesHe, She, It

donediddoI, you, we, they


Paste@�=

Present=�gرع

Subject6h�8

-a7>¦ �c>z| دات أو>Y pY [0xIa1= رع>dC=0\- اl 6م£a?3-a7>¦ �c>z| دات أو>Y pY [0xIa1= رع>dC=0\- اl 6م£a?3..ti>C=ا tJ ��a3وا B{| ءt� pY [0xIa1= ti>C=0\- اl 6م£a?3ti>C=ا tJ ��a3وا B{| ءt� pY [0xIa1= ti>C=0\- اl 6م£a?3..




Verb to HAVE Verb to HAVE ““ 678 678””s ��s ��


6Y>?W BIJو t?0cر BIh6م آ£a?. 6Y>?W BIJو t?0cر BIh6م آ£a?. : :

hadhadhasHe, She, It

hadhadhaveI, you, we, they


Paste@�=

Present=�gرع

Subject6h�8

-a7>¦ �c>z| دات أو>Y pY [0xIa1= رع>dC=0\- اl 6م£a?3-a7>¦ �c>z| دات أو>Y pY [0xIa1= رع>dC=0\- اl 6م£a?3..ti>C=ا tJ ��a3وا B{| ءt� pY [0xIa1= ti>C=0\- اl 6م£a?3ti>C=ا tJ ��a3وا B{| ءt� pY [0xIa1= ti>C=0\- اl 6م£a?3..


t=>a=اt=>a=ا



Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE as a main verb as a main verb

678 o= ��:i678 ا�!�6 ا�� o= ��:iا�!�6 ا�� ””s ��s �� “ “e آ:67 ر�� eآ:67 ر��

breakfast this breakfast this morning.morning.

havehavenotnotdiddidTheyThey

A new watch.A new watch.havehavenotnotdoesdoesHeHe

a car.a car.havehavenotnotdodoI I

+ + ComplementComplement

� �.? � �.?

+ have+ have+ not+ not+ + do/does/diddo/does/did

SubjectSubject 6h�8 6h�8


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

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Making Questions with the verb to HAVE as a Making Questions with the verb to HAVE as a main verb main verb

678 o= الp �V ا�P.? 678 o= الp �V ا�P.? ””s ��s �� “ “e آ:67 ر�� eآ:67 ر��

No, he does notNo, he does notYes, he does.Yes, he does.a new watch?a new watch?havehaveheheDoesDoes

Breakfast this Breakfast this morning?morning?

a car?a car?

+ Complement+ Complement-1C<q-1C<q

No, they did not.No, they did not.Yes, they did.Yes, they did.havehavetheytheyDidDid

No, I do not.No, I do not.Yes, I do.Yes, I do.havehaveyouyouDoDo

No + Subject + No + Subject + do/does/diddo/does/did

+not+not

Yes + Subject + Yes + Subject + do/does/diddo/does/did

+have+have+Subject +Subject BY>JBY>J

Do/Does/DidDo/Does/Did



Short AnswersShort Answers

إ�<7<ت a£W}]ةإ�<7<ت a£W}]ة““YesYes”” or or ““NoNo”” questionsquestions

k و �I3 7ـ >�a7>1- إ�oPأk و �I3 7ـ >�a7>1- إ�oPأ


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7



Verb to HAVE as a helping verbVerb to HAVE as a helping verb 678 678”” s �� s �� “ “ $h� آ:67 = �h$ آ:67 =

�� Verb to have is used as a helping verb to form the Verb to have is used as a helping verb to form the perfect tense.perfect tense.

...?a£6م N1C. BIJ آF<0= 6Y>?W BIhن زpW ا=dC<رع ا=a<م .?a£6م N1C. BIJ آF<0= 6Y>?W BIhن زpW ا=dC<رع ا=a<م

-1§W1-أ§Wأ : :�� They They havehave lived here for two years.lived here for two years.�� Adel Adel hashas just finished his work.just finished his work.


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7



Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE as a helping verbas a helping verb

678 o= ��:i678 ا�!�6 ا�� o= ��:iا�!�6 ا�� ”” s �� s �� “ “ $h� آ:67 = �h$ آ:67 =

BIh=6 ه�ا اI7 Vd3 N1C. BIJ VW th3 p.F<a= BIh=6 ه�ا اI7 Vd3 N1C. BIJ VW th3 p.F<a= . .

-1§W1- أ§Wأ : :I have lived here for a long time.I have lived here for a long time.I have I have notnot lived here for a long time. lived here for a long time.


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

notnot



Making Questions with verb to HAVE as a Making Questions with verb to HAVE as a helping verb helping verb

678 o= الp �V ا�P.? 678 o= الp �V ا�P.? ””s ��s �� “ “$h� آ:67 = �h$آ:67 =

�� ““YesYes”” or or ““NoNo”” questions and short answersquestions and short answers

: : ا1oP8- 7ـ �I3 و k و ا�4<7<ت a£W}]ة ا1oP8- 7ـ �I3 و k و ا�4<7<ت a£W}]ة =P p.F<a®ال N1C. BIJ VW آ6z3 6Y>?W BIhم =P p.F<a®ال N1C. BIJ VW آ6z3 6Y>?W BIhم

BY>h=�1 اY BIh=ه�ا ا BY>h=�1 اY BIh=ه�ا ا . .::W§<لW§<ل

�� They They have livedhave lived here for a long time.here for a long time.�� HaveHave they they livedlived here for a long time?here for a long time?�� Yes, they Yes, they havehave. No, they . No, they havehave not.not.


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7



Other Uses of Verb to HAVE Other Uses of Verb to HAVE

678 o= ى�xا=�ت أ$yzC678 ا o= ى�xا=�ت أ$yzCا””s ��s �� “ “

�� To express necessity in the present and past To express necessity in the present and past have to, has to, have to, has to, had to.had to.

ti>C=رع و ا>dC=ا tJ ورة[d=ا pY [xI0= ti>C=رع و ا>dC=ا tJ ورة[d=ا pY [xI0= . .ل>§Wل>§W : :I I have to leavehave to leave now.now.________________________________________________________________________________________________________�� With some model auxiliaries.With some model auxiliaries.

: : W§<لW§<ل. . rI7 VW اIJ8<ل ا=_<@}-rI7 VW اIJ8<ل ا=_<@}-You You had betterhad better see a doctor.see a doctor.________________________________________________________________________________________________________�� To show that something is caused by another person.To show that something is caused by another person.

: : W§<لW§<ل. . =p0x0 أن �F7 B{| >W >o0ا�P- �£° ا¡]=p0x0 أن �F7 B{| >W >o0ا�P- �£° ا¡]I I havehave my shoes my shoes cleanedcleaned every week.every week.


ا=?<�7ا=?<�7



Nouns Nouns ء��C&ءا��C&ا

NounsNouns are words we use to name:are words we use to name:::اCP8<ء هt ا=>C1<ت ا=�W6£a?3 ta< =�آ] اCP8<ء هt ا=>C1<ت ا=�W6£a?3 ta< =�آ]

..اt� ، °£� ، �1Y ، �Pء ، W><ن ، أJ><ر ، �FIراt� ، °£� ، �1Y ، �Pء ، W><ن ، أJ><ر ، �FIر

happiness, anger, boredom, joy, happiness, anger, boredom, joy, ……..FeelingsFeelingsرFIر�FI�freedom, honesty, truth, freedom, honesty, truth, ……..IdeasIdeas ر><Jر أ><Jأschool, street, city, house, school, street, city, house, ……....PlacesPlacespآ>Wأpآ>Wأbook, table, sugar, fruit, book, table, sugar, fruit, ……ThingsThingsأ�0<ءأ�0<ء

man, father, teacher, neighbor, man, father, teacher, neighbor, ……PeoplePeopleأ�£<صأ�£<ص


t=>a=اt=>a=ا



Countable & Uncountable Nouns Countable & Uncountable Nouns ا&��Cء ا��7$ودة و |�� ا��7$ودة ا&��Cء ا��7$ودة و |�� ا��7$ودة

�� Countable NounsCountable Nouns: are things that be : are things that be counted as one, two, three, and so on.counted as one, two, three, and so on.

هt ا0�8<ء ا=6Y p<C. taه< 7ـ وا|6 ، هt ا0�8<ء ا=6Y p<C. taه< 7ـ وا|6 ، : : اCP8<ء ا=6ICودة اCP8<ء ا=6ICودة . . ا¦_<ن ، ¦;¦- وه>�اا¦_<ن ، ¦;¦- وه>�ا

�� Uncountable NounsUncountable Nouns: cannot be counted.: cannot be counted.

هt ا=6Y p<C. k taه< أي p<C. k هt ا=6Y p<C. k taه< أي p<C. k : : اCP8<ء ا=\6IW [0ودةاCP8<ء ا=\6IW [0ودة >�1x@ �@ر Vi�1< وx@ �@ر Viو..


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7



Countable Nouns Countable Nouns ا&��Cء ا��7$ودة ا&��Cء ا��7$ودة

�� These nouns have singular and plural forms.These nouns have singular and plural forms. VC� دة و[hW ³0l >�= ء>CP8ه�¢ ا VC� دة و[hW ³0l >�= ء>CP8ه�¢ ا..

�� Before singular countable nouns you can use Before singular countable nouns you can use a/ana/an....@Bx اCP8<ء ا=hC]دة ا=6ICودة V0�a?q اaP£6ام @Bx اCP8<ء ا=hC]دة ا=6ICودة V0�a?q اaP£6ام

�� You cannot use singular countable nouns alone You cannot use singular countable nouns alone without words such as: without words such as:

a, an, one, my, your, his, etc.a, an, one, my, your, his, etc.V0�a?3 k اaP£6ام أCP<ء hW]دة 6IWودة hC7]ده< 67ون V0�a?3 k اaP£6ام أCP<ء hW]دة 6IWودة hC7]ده< 67ون

-z7>?=ت ا>C1<=ا -z7>?=ت ا>C1<=ا..


ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

(a/an)(a/an)


t=>a=اt=>a=ا


Spelling Rules for Plurals Spelling Rules for Plurals o�!إ=-ء ا� $hاP/ o�!إ=-ء ا� $hاP/

We form plurals of most nouns by adding We form plurals of most nouns by adding ““ss””to the singular noun.to the singular noun.

-J>i´7 ء>CP8ا �~IW pW VC2=ن اF<3 -J>i´7 ء>CP8ا �~IW pW VC2=ن اF<3

.. =;�P ا=hC]د =;�P ا=hC]د ““ss””

many horsesmany horsesone horseone horsetwo bookstwo booksone bookone book

PluralPluralSingularSingular


t=>a=اt=>a=ا


ا=?<�7ا=?<�7



4ـــــــــ�~ت �x;ــــــــــــــ�4ـــــــــ�~ت �x;ــــــــــــــ�

�� >�g" وف��% e�zi? ezء ا��C&ا�� >�g" وف��% e�zi? ezء ا��C&اsh, ch, z, x, ssh, ch, z, x, seses

matchesmatchesmatchmatch

busesbusesbusbus

boxesboxesboxboxdishesdishesdishdish



t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7




4ـــــــــ�~ت �x;ــــــــــــــ�4ـــــــــ�~ت �x;ــــــــــــــ�>�g"ف و��? ،Vآ�C �4ف Y�SCف و��% e�zi? ezء ا��C&ا>�g"ف و��? ،Vآ�C �4ف Y�SCف و��% e�zi? ezء ا��C&ا

citcitiesiescitycitybabbabiesiesbabybaby


yyiesies yy

��8 >�g" ،ك��z= �4ف Y�SCف و��% e�zi? ezء ا��C&��8ا >�g" ،ك��z= �4ف Y�SCف و��% e�zi? ezء ا��C&ا.. yyss

keykeysskeykeyboyboyssboyboyPluralPluralSingularSingular


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7




4ـــــــــ�~ت �x;ــــــــــــــ�4ـــــــــ�~ت �x;ــــــــــــــ�>�g" ،Vآ�C �4ف Y�SCف و��% e�zi? ezء ا��C&ا>�g" ،Vآ�C �4ف Y�SCف و��% e�zi? ezء ا��C&ا

potatopotatoesespotatopotatotomatotomatoesestomatotomato

PluralPluralSingularSingularooeses

��8 >�g" ،ك��z= �4ف Y�SCف و��% e�zi? ezء ا��C&��8ا >�g" ،ك��z= �4ف Y�SCف و��% e�zi? ezء ا��C&ا.. ooss

zoozoosszoozooradioradiossradioradioPluralPluralSingularSingular


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7




4ـــــــــ�~ت �x;ــــــــــــــ�4ـــــــــ�~ت �x;ــــــــــــــ� و"g�< و"g�<ا&��Cء ا�e�zi? ez %��ف أو "��P إ�� 4ف ، ا&��Cء ا�e�zi? ez %��ف أو "��P إ�� 4ف ،

kniknivesvesknifeknifeshelshelvesvesshelfshelf


��x&ا BC~ا E 4 o�!? �Sء ا��آ��C&ا ��x&ا BC~ا E 4 o�!? �Sء ا��آ��C&ا::

policemenpolicemenpolicemanpolicemanclassroomsclassroomsclassroomclassroomPluralPluralSingularSingular

ffeses fefevv


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7




4ـــــــــ�~ت �x;ــــــــــــــ�4ـــــــــ�~ت �x;ــــــــــــــ�::ه�iك %�7 ا&��Cء ا��ذةه�iك %�7 ا&��Cء ا��ذة

feetfeetfootfoot

peoplepeoplepersonperson

childrenchildrenchildchild

womenwomenwomanwoman

menmenmanman

geesegeesegoosegoose

teethteethtoothtooth

micemicemousemouse



ا=?<�7ا=?<�7



Uncountable Nouns Uncountable Nouns ا&��Cء ا�� ا��7$ودة ا&��Cء ا�� ا��7$ودة

�� Uncountable nouns cannot be counted.Uncountable nouns cannot be counted. -J>i´7 >�= VC� k ta=ا tه -J>i´7 >�= VC� k ta=ا tه

::أW§1ــــــ-أW§1ــــــ-�� salt, coffee, tea, food, meat, gold, music, bloodsalt, coffee, tea, food, meat, gold, music, blood..

اCP8<ء اCP8<ء أو @Bx أو @V0�a?q k Bx اaP£6ام V0�a?q k اaP£6ام ا=\0] ا=6ICودة ا=\0] ا=6ICودة

es , ses , s

aaanan


t=>a=اt=>a=ا




C@clothcloth<ش@C<شmarblemarble�z0PFW�z0PFWmusicmusicر¡<مر¡<م

��Y��Ygrassgrass6.6|6.6|steelsteel[�W[�Wrainrain

ricericeرزرزhWfurniturefurniture��¡��¡woodwood]و�<تhW]و�<ت

/x¡/x¡breadbreadورقورقpaperpaper�01|�01|milkmilk

px�px�cheesecheese ز�<ج ز�<جglassglass ر>x¡ر أ>x¡أnewsnews

goldgold[<P[<Psugarsugarذه�ذه�bloodbloodدمدم

butterbutterز67زI�foodfood67<م �I<م �teatea<ي �<ي

-J[IW-J[IWknowledgeknowledgeةF�@ةF�@coffeecoffee ت>WF1IW ت>WF1IWinformationinformation

��=��=meatmeat¨1W¨1Wsaltsalt�0@د@�0دflourflour

�$ا =V ا&��Cء ا�� ا��7$ودة=��$ا =V ا&��Cء ا�� ا��7$ودة�=


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7




. . �V0C اCP8<ء ا=\0] ا=6ICودة 1W>IW BW>Iq- ا=hC]د �V0C اCP8<ء ا=\0] ا=6ICودة 1W>IW BW>Iq- ا=hC]د -1§W1-أ§Wأ : :

�� Coffee Coffee isis a traditional drink in Saudi Arabia.a traditional drink in Saudi Arabia.�� Milk Milk hashas many minerals. many minerals.

و =>F= p و�Ii آC1<ت 6qل �1Y ا=>Bx@ -0C ا�Pk ا=\0] و =>F= p و�Ii آC1<ت 6qل �1Y ا=>Bx@ -0C ا�Pk ا=\0] VC2=1- اW>IW BW>I. f3�J 6ودIW VC2=1- اW>IW BW>I. f3�J 6ودIW..

�� Two cups of tea Two cups of tea areare not enough for me.not enough for me.�� Five liters of oil Five liters of oil dodo not operate this machine.not operate this machine.


ا=?<�7ا=?<�7



Definite & Indefinite Articles Definite & Indefinite Articles �7�< و ا�i.�ة zة أدوات ا��.iو ا� >��7zأدوات ا�

aa//ananare used as indefinite articles. are used as indefinite articles. ن آ�دوات 3>]ة>W6£a?q ن آ�دوات 3>]ة>W6£a?q..

TheTheis used as definite articles. is used as definite articles. .[Ia1= 6م آ�داة£a?q .[Ia1= 6م آ�داة£a?q..

�� We put We put ““aa”” before a noun starting with a constant sound.before a noun starting with a constant sound. pآ>P ف[�..Bx@ Vd3 اCP8<ء ا=6xq taأ 7�]ف P<آBx@ Vd3 p اCP8<ء ا=6xq taأ 7

�� We put We put ““anan”” before a noun starting with a vowel sound.before a noun starting with a vowel sound.�]ك aW ف[��]ك Bx@ Vd3 اCP8<ء ا=6xq taأ 7aW ف[�..Bx@ Vd3 اCP8<ء ا=6xq taأ 7


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

aa

anan



Indefinite Articles Indefinite Articles ““aa”” & & ““anan”” أدوات ا�i.�ة أدوات ا�i.�ة

�� We put We put ““aa”” before a noun starting with a constant before a noun starting with a constant sound.sound.

pآ>P ف[�..Bx@ Vd3 اCP8<ء ا=6xq taأ 7�]ف P<آBx@ Vd3p اCP8<ء ا=6xq taأ 7

�� We put We put ““anan”” before a noun starting with a vowel before a noun starting with a vowel sound.sound.

�]كaW ف[��]كBx@ Vd3 اCP8<ء ا=6xq taأ 7aW ف[�..Bx@ Vd3 اCP8<ء ا=6xq taأ 7

�]آ- aC=وف ا[��]آ- ا=aC=وف ا[�: : ا= VowelsVowels

a a –– e e –– i i –– o o -- uu

aa

anan


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7




We use We use a/ana/an::


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

He washes his hands ten times aday. (means every day).

t_Iq ta=ا8ر@<م ا VW t_Iq ta=ا8ر@<م ا VW””BآBآ “ “

With numbers that With numbers that mean every.mean every.

Saleh is a doctorHe is an engineer. She is an English women.

@Bx ا=h0ªF- أو @Bx ا=h0ªF- أو pW -_0IW -YFC2W pW -_0IW -YFC2W. . ا=_<س أو ا=2_?0- ا=_<س أو ا=2_?0-

Before a job, a Before a job, a particular group of particular group of people or a nationality.people or a nationality.

a table an egg

@Bx اCP8<ء ا=hC]دة @Bx اCP8<ء ا=hC]دة . . ا=6ICودةا=6ICودة

BeforeBefore a singular a singular countable noun.countable noun.




We We DO NOTDO NOT use use a/ana/an::


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

There are books on There are books on the table. the table. Milk is good for you.Milk is good for you.

a?q k£6م أي أداة a?q k£6م أي أداة @Bx ا=VC2 أو اCP8<ء @Bx ا=VC2 أو اCP8<ء

. . ا=\6IW [0ودة ا=\6IW [0ودة

No article is used No article is used before plural or before plural or uncountable nouns.uncountable nouns.

Love, beauty, Love, beauty, hatred, wood, hatred, wood, silver, goldsilver, gold

VW 6م أي أداة£a?q k VW 6م أي أداة£a?q kاCP8<ء ا=F_IC.- و اCP8<ء ا=F_IC.- و

. . أCP<ء ا=IC<دن أCP<ء ا=IC<دن

No article is used with No article is used with abstract nouns and the abstract nouns and the names of metals. names of metals.



The Definite Article The Definite Article ““TheThe”” >��7zأدوات ا� >��7zألأل”” أدوات ا�““

TheThe is used before: is used before: `.[Ia=6م أداة ا£a?q `.[Ia=6م أداة ا£a?q””ألأل “ “Bx@Bx@ : :


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

Can you play Can you play thethe duff?duff? -0z0PFC=ت اk»ء ا>CP0- أz0PFC=ت اk»ء ا>CPأ . .The names of musical The names of musical instruments.instruments.

Umar answered Umar answered thethequestion.question.

f7 لFIhW نF<. ا=�ي �Pkا f7 لFIhW نF<. ا=�ي �Pkا -1C2= -1C2= . .

A noun which is the A noun which is the object of a sentence.object of a sentence.

The The Arabian Gulf Arabian Gulf TheThe Red SeaRed Sea

أCP<ء ا�38<ر و أCP<ء ا�38<ر و �<ر x=ر ا>�x=ا=¼ ا=¼ . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .ا . .

Names of rivers, seas, Names of rivers, seas, oceans, etcoceans, etc……..

TheThe river Nile river Nile TheThe KaKa’’abaaba

pW 6�F. k ا=�ي �Pkا pW 6�F. k ا=�ي �Pkا wzJ 6|ى واFP fYF3 wzJ 6|ى واFP fYF3 . .

A noun that is the only A noun that is the only one of its kind. one of its kind.




TheThe is used before: is used before: `.[Ia=6م أداة ا£a?q `.[Ia=6م أداة ا£a?q””ألأل “ “Bx@Bx@ : :


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

Listen to Listen to thethe radio/news.radio/news.Go to Go to thethe market/desert.market/desert.

-W>I=0]ات اxIa=ا rI7 VW -W>I=0]ات اxIa=ا rI7 VW . .With some general With some general expressions.expressions.

On On thethe first day of every first day of every month.month.

.VW . .With dates.With dates ا=Faار.¼ VW ا=Faار.¼

at at thethe weekendweekendin in thethe eveningevening

�1Y -=07] ا=6ا>Ia=ا rI7 VW �1Y -=07] ا=6ا>Ia=ا rI7 VW �@F=ا �@F=ا . .

With some time With some time expressions.expressions.

TheThe United Kingdom United Kingdom TheThe U.S.A.U.S.A.

Names of some Names of some. . أCP<ء rI7 ا=61xان أCP<ء rI7 ا=61xان countries. countries.





ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

on Monday, in Juneon Monday, in Junein summer (sometimes in summer (sometimes in the summer).in the summer).before breakfast.before breakfast.

VW 6م أي أداة£a?q k VW 6م أي أداة£a?q kأCP<ء B§W -_0IW ا8.<م و أCP<ء B§W -_0IW ا8.<م و

. . ا=��Fر ا=��Fر

No article is used before No article is used before such words such as day such words such as day and month names.and month names.

I am going to school.I am going to school.I always go to bed early.I always go to bed early.

Bx@ 6م أي أداة£a?q k Bx@ 6م أي أداة£a?q k ،-P6رW B§W -_0IW ء>CPأ ،-P6رW B§W -_0IW ء>CPأ

BCY ،[.[P ،ل/_W BCY ،[.[P ،ل/_W . .. . . .. .

No article is used before No article is used before such words as school, such words as school, home, bed, work, etc. home, bed, work, etc.

I do not like science. My I do not like science. My favorite subject is favorite subject is mathematics.mathematics.

VW 6م أي أداة£a?q k VW 6م أي أداة£a?q k -0Pاد ا=6راFC=ء ا>CP0- أPاد ا=6راFC=ء ا>CPأ . .

No article is used with the No article is used with the names of studies of names of studies of subjects. subjects.

I saw a man. I saw a man. TheThe man man was young.was young.

a?3£6م أداة ا=Ia].` أل a?3£6م أداة ا=Ia].` أل VW ا�Pk ا=�ي ذآ] =C1]ة VW ا�Pk ا=�ي ذآ] =C1]ة

. . ا=§<03- ا=§<03-

Use article with the name Use article with the name that is repeated.that is repeated.



Pronouns Pronouns ��gا� ��gا�

A pronoun replaces a noun . A pronoun replaces a noun . �Pkا B�W B�. [0Cd=ا�Pkا B�W B�. [0Cd=ا

ourselvesourselvesoursoursourourususWeWe

yourselfyourselfyoursyoursyouryouryouyouyouyou

himselfhimselfhishishishishimhimhehe

herselfherselfhershersherherherhersheshe

themthem

youyou

itit

meme

Object Object PronounsPronounsf7 لFIhC=ا [c>Cif7 لFIhC=ا [c>Ci

theirtheir

youryour

itsits

mymy

PossessivePossessiveAdjectivesAdjectives -0<1C=ت ا>hl -0<1C=ت ا>hl

themselvesthemselvestheirstheirstheythey

yourselvesyourselvesyoursyoursyouyou

itselfitselfitsitsitit

myselfmyselfminemineII

ReflexiveReflexivePronounsPronounsc>Ci] اI3k><سc>Ci] اI3k><س

PossessivePossessivePronounsPronouns -0<1C=ا [c>Ci -0<1C=ا [c>Ci

Subject Subject Pronouns Pronouns BY>h=ا [c>Ci BY>h=ا [c>Ci


t=>a=اt=>a=ا



Pronouns Pronouns ��gا� ��gا�

•• We use a pronouns instead of a noun when it is clear who or We use a pronouns instead of a noun when it is clear who or what we are talking about .what we are talking about .

a?3£6م ا=pW k67 [0Cd اF<3 >W6_Y �Pkن pW VW �1Y �1Y أو pY أي a?3£6م ا=pW k67 [0Cd اF<3 >W6_Y �Pkن pW VW �1Y �1Y أو pY أي �6ثa3 ءt6ث��a3 ءt�..

Examples Examples -1§W1- أ§WأAli is a good studentAli is a good student. . HeHe passes all his tests.passes all his tests.


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7



Object Pronouns Object Pronouns Y% لP7:ا�� @ Y% لP7:ا�� @

�� We use an object pronoun We use an object pronoun f7 لFIhC=0] اCi 6م£a?3 f7 لFIhC=0] اCi 6م£a?3..

–– After a preposition. After a preposition. [2=6 |]وف اI7[2=6 |]وف اI7

–– After After toto and and forfor with verbs like with verbs like make, give, send, lend, make, give, send, lend, pass, take, showpass, take, show. .

Do you live near them?Send the box directly to me.

The little boy made it for her.


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7



Reflexive Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns ��C�.7"~ا ��@ ��C�.7"~ا ��@

�� Reflexive pronouns are used: Reflexive pronouns are used: 6م£a?3 6م£a?3-0P><I34ا[c>Ci-0P><I34ا[c>Ci . . –– for emphasizefor emphasize 60آ�a1= 60آ�a1=

–– With some special expressions With some special expressions -l>£=07] ا>Ia=ا rI7 VW-l>£=07] ا>Ia=ا rI7 VW

Did you do the decorations yourself ?I did the painting myself.

Help yourself .Enjoy yourself.Behave yourself.I live by myself. (I live alone)


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7



Relative Pronouns Relative Pronouns 6;P6 @�� ا�;Pا� ��@

•• The relative pronouns are used to join sentences together.The relative pronouns are used to join sentences together.

rIx7 >�dI7 BC2=ا w7[= BlF=ا [c>Ci 6م£a?q rIx7 >�dI7 BC2=ا w7[= BlF=ا [c>Ci 6م£a?q . . -0q»ات اF�£=ا Vxqا BC2=ا w7[= 0- وq»ات اF�£=ا Vxqا BC2=ا w7[= و::

11-- >�I@FW pY ©�x3 �¦ -03>§=1- اC2=ا tJ رة[<aW -C1آ pY ©�x3 >�I@FW pY ©�x3 �¦ -03>§=1- اC2=ا tJ رة[<aW -C1آ pY ©�x3 . . BCIa?3 ;@>Y ;Y>J �3>ذا آ´J BCIa?3 ;@>Y ;Y>J �3>ذا آ´J

. . >6I7 -C1 ا=6I7 -C1< BIh ا=BIh وإذا آ<BCIa?3 ;@>Y f7 kFIhW �3 و I3]ف ذ=F�F7 Nد ا= وإذا آ<BCIa?3 ;@>Y f7 kFIhW �3 و I3]ف ذ=F�F7 Nد ا= BCIa?3 B@>Y [0� �3>و إذا آ BCIa?3 B@>Y [0� �3>و إذا آ..

k >_3أ kإ -z7>?=ت ا>C1<=ا pW -C16م 67ل أي آ£a?aJ >Wأ k >_3أ kإ -z7>?=ت ا>C1<=ا pW -C16م 67ل أي آ£a?aJ >Wأ Bdh3 Bdh3 BC2=ا V0C� tJ >�=>CIaPا BC2=ا V0C� tJ >�=>CIaPا..

-C1آ BCIa?3 -0<1C1= �3>و إذا آ -C1آ BCIa?3 -0<1C1= �3>و إذا آ..

22-- f1§W �J�| ا=�ي �Pkا Vi1- ا=§<03- وC2=ا pW رة[<aC=ا -C1<=ا|�ف ا f1§W �J�| ا=�ي �Pkا Vi1- ا=§<03- وC2=ا pW رة[<aC=ا -C1<=ا|�ف ا tJ tJ . . ا=1C2- ا8و=�ا=1C2- ا8و=�


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

whowhom

which

whose

that




�B ا=BY>h ا=B@>I و �I3 >Ix]ف ا=F�F7 BY>hد¢ W B�a= 6م£a?q ¢دF�F7 BY>h=ف ا[I3 >Ix� و B@>I=ا BY>h=ا B�W B�a= 6م£a?q-1C2=1-أول اC2=أول ا . . t=>a=ل ا>§C=ا �|k t=>a=ل ا>§C=ا �|k : :

Here is the man. The man is a doctor.Here is the man. The man is a doctor. >�_W k67 Vd3 1- ا=§<03- وC2=ا pW -C1ف آ��3 >�_W k67 Vd3 1- ا=§<03- وC2=ا pW -C1ف آ��3 -1C2=ا Vd3 �¦ -1C2=ا Vd3 �¦ x{aJ �=1- ا8وC2=ا tJ >�1§W >_J�| ta=ا -C1<=6 اI7 -03>§=ا x{aJ �=1- ا8وC2=ا tJ >�1§W >_J�| ta=ا -C1<=6 اI7 -03>§=ا::

Here is the man Here is the man whowho is a doctor.is a doctor.

-1§W1-أ§Wأ::1) The man came here. The man was a doctor.1) The man came here. The man was a doctor.

The man The man whowho was here is a doctorwas here is a doctor2) My friend swims well. He lives here.2) My friend swims well. He lives here.

My friend My friend whowho lives here swims well.lives here swims well.


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

who

Who ez6 ا�6/�7[ ا��ي، ا�h�: �[ Who ez6 ا�6/�7[ ا��ي، ا�h�: �[

The manwho




�B ا=FIhCل f7 ا=B@>I و �I3 >Ix]ف ا=FIhCل W B�a= BCIa?q لFIhC=ف ا[I3 >Ix� و B@>I=ا f7 لFIhC=ا B�W B�a= BCIa?q ¢دF�F7 f7 ¢دF�F7 f7 BIh=6 اI7 BIh=6 اI7 . . t=>a=ل ا>§C=ا �|k t=>a=ل ا>§C=ا �|k : :

The man came here. I visited him.The man came here. I visited him.3��ف آpW -C1 ا=1C2- ا=§<Vd3 �¦ -03 أول ا=3��ف آpW -C1 ا=1C2- ا=§<Vd3 �¦ -03 أول ا= Vd31- ا=§<03-، وC2 Vd31- ا=§<03-، وC2 >�1§W >_J�| ta=ا -C1<=6 اI7 -03>§=1- اC2=ل و اFlFC=ا �Pk�1< ا§W >_J�| ta=ا -C1<=6 اI7 -03>§=1- اC2=ل و اFlFC=ا �Pkد إ=�0< ((اFI. ta=د إ=�0< اFI. ta=ا

[0Cd=0]اCd=ا ( (¨x{aJ¨x{aJ:: The man The man whomwhom I visited came here.I visited came here.

-1§W1-أ§Wأ::1) The man was working with me. I paid him.1) The man was working with me. I paid him.

The man The man whomwhom I paid was working with me.I paid was working with me.2) This is the girl. You gave her a flower.2) This is the girl. You gave her a flower.

This is the girl This is the girl whomwhom you gave a flower.you gave a flower.


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

whom

Whom ezا�6/�7[ ا��ي، ا� Y% لP7:ا��[ Whom ezا�6/�7[ ا��ي، ا� Y% لP7:ا��[

himwhom




3 >Ix� و B@>Y [0\=ل اFIhC=أو ا BY>h=ا B�W B�a= BCIa?q 3 >Ix� و B@>Y [0\=ل اFIhC=أو ا BY>h=ا B�W B�a= BCIa?q د¢ أولF�F7 BY>h=ف ا[I د¢ أولF�F7 BY>h=ف ا[I BIh=6 اI7 6�F0J f7 لFIhC=ا >W1- أC2=ا BIh=6 اI7 6�F0J f7 لFIhC=ا >W1- أC2=ا . . t=>a=ل ا>§C=ا �|k t=>a=ل ا>§C=ا �|k : :

He found his book. He lost it yesterday.He found his book. He lost it yesterday. Vd3 و >�J��_J -C1�1 آY دFIq -C13]ى أن آ Vd3 و >�J��_J -C1�1 آY دFIq -C1أول 3]ى أن آ tJ >�_W k67 أول tJ >�_W k67

-C1<=6 اI7 -03>§=1- اC2=ل و اFlFC=ا �Pkا Vd3 �¦ -03>§=1- اC2=ا -C1<=6 اI7 -03>§=1- اC2=ل و اFlFC=ا �Pkا Vd3 �¦ -03>§=1- اC2=�1< ا§W >_J�| ta=�1< ا§W >_J�| ta=ا)) [0Cd=د إ=�0< اFI. ta=0] اCd=د إ=�0< اFI. ta=ا ( (¨x{aJ¨x{aJ : :

He found his book He found his book whichwhich he lost yesterday.he lost yesterday.

-1§W1-أ§Wأ : :1) This is the house. I live in it.1) This is the house. I live in it.

This is the house This is the house whichwhich I live in.I live in.2) This book is cheap. It is very useful.2) This book is cheap. It is very useful.

This book This book whichwhich is very useful is cheap.is very useful is cheap.


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

which

Which ezا��ي، ا� ] Y% لP7:6 أو ا��h�:د ا��! �[ Which ezا��ي، ا� ] Y% لP7:6 أو ا��h�:د ا��! �[

himhis bookwhich




�B ا=BY>h أو ا=FIhCل f7 ا=B@>I و W B�a= BCIa?q و B@>I=ا f7 لFIhC=أو ا BY>h=ا B�W B�a= BCIa?q>�|[� �xP أي أداة B�W B�q أي B@>Y [0�>�|[� �xP أي أداة B�W B�q أي B@>Y [0� . . �|k �|k

-0=>a=1- ا§W80-ا=>a=1- ا§W8ا : :

This is the boy. You met her.This is the boy. You met her.This is the boy This is the boy that (whom)that (whom) you met.you met.

I have a bird. It sings.I have a bird. It sings.I have a bird I have a bird that (which)that (which) sings.sings.


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

thatThat ezا��ي، ا� ] Y% لP7:6 أو ا��h�:6/�7 و |�� ا�6/�7 ا� �[ That ezا��ي، ا� ] Y% لP7:6 أو ا��h�:6/�7 و |�� ا�6/�7 ا� �[




-0<1C1= BCIa?q-0<1C1= BCIa?q . .t=>a=ل ا>§C=ا �|kt=>a=ل ا>§C=ا �|k::

This is the man. His car hit the boy.This is the man. His car hit the boy.This is the man This is the man whosewhose his car hit the boy.his car hit the boy.

C=0] اCi ف��_J آ- =ـF1CW -C1ه_< 623 أن آ C=0] اCi ف��_J آ- =ـF1CW -C11>0- و 1>0- و ه_< 623 أن آ -C16ه< آI7 Vd3 �¦ لFlFC=ا �Pkا f_W k67 Vd3 -C16ه< آI7 Vd3 �¦ لFlFC=ا �Pkا f_W k67 Vd3. .


ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

whose

Whose ezا��ي، ا� ]��. � �[ Whose ezا��ي، ا� ]��. � �[

carcar whose

the man



Making Questions Making Questions

� �C&ا V�P.? � �C&ا V�P.?

tJ 6Y>?C=ا BIh=ا Vd3 ال®P �=إ -.[x£=1- اC2=ا B.F�a= tJ 6Y>?C=ا BIh=ا Vd3 ال®P �=إ -.[x£=1- اC2=ا B.F�a=: : ا=6xا.-ا=6xا.-

t6ة هY>?C=ل ا>IJ8ا t6ة هY>?C=ل ا>IJ8ا : : Helping VerbsHelping Verbs�� am am –– is is –– are are –– was was –– were were –– have have –– has has –– had had ––

will will –– would would –– shall shall –– should should –– can can –– could could –– may may ––might might –– must must –– ought toought to

::أW§1ـــــــــ-أW§1ـــــــــ-�� They They areare doctors. doctors. AreAre they doctors?they doctors?�� She She cancan help us?help us? CanCan they help us?they help us?�� I I willwill go to the market?go to the market? WillWill you go to the market?you go to the market?


t=>a=اt=>a=ا




� �C&ا V�P.? � �C&ا V�P.?

6Y>?W BIJ -1C2=>7 p<. �= 6 إذاY>?W BIJ -1C2=>7 p<. �= إذا

::VW ا=BIh ا=dC<رع 67ون a?3£6م VW ا=BIh ا=dC<رع 67ون a?3£6م ) ) 11: : أW§1ـــــــــ- أW§1ـــــــــ-

�� They They playplay tennis. tennis. DoDo they they playplay tennis?tennis?�� I I writewrite books.books. DoDo you you writewrite books?books?

::VW ا=BIh ا=dC<رع ا=�ي a?3 f7£6م VW ا=BIh ا=dC<رع ا=�ي a?3 f7£6م ) ) 22: : أW§1ـــــــــ- أW§1ـــــــــ-

�� Ahmed Ahmed playsplays tennis. tennis. DoesDoes Ahmed Ahmed playplay tennis?tennis?�� Huda Huda watchwatch TV.TV. DoesDoes Huda Huda watchwatch TV?TV?

f1lإ=� أ BIh=دة ا>Yإ �|k f1lإ=� أ BIh=دة ا>Yإ �|k)) ا8ول `.[{a=ا8ول ا `.[{a=6 ) ) اY>?C=ا BIh=د اF�F= N=6 و ذY>?C=ا BIh=د اF�F= N=و ذ


s

s

do

does


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7




� �C&ا V�P.? � �C&ا V�P.?

6Y>?W BIJ -1C2=>7 p<. �= 6 إذاY>?W BIJ -1C2=>7 p<. �= إذا

::VW ا=BIh ا=a?3 ti>C£6م VW ا=BIh ا=a?3 ti>C£6م ) ) 33: : أW§1ـــــــــ- أW§1ـــــــــ-

�� They They watchedwatched TV last night.TV last night.DidDid they they watchwatch TV last night?TV last night?

�� I I playedplayed football yesterday.football yesterday.DidDid you you playplay football yesterday?football yesterday?

W;|~ــــــــ- W;|~ــــــــ- : : 38 N=7ـ أو و ذ >�a7>ن إ�F<q -z7>?=1- اoP8ا V0C� 38 N=7ـ أو و ذ >�a7>ن إ�F<q -z7>?=1- اoP8ا V0C� 6أ �7داةxq �= >� 6أ �7داةxq �= >�

. . P®الP®ال


YesNo

did


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7




� �C&ا V�P.? � �C&ا V�P.?

B@>Y f7 لFIhW pY 1?®ال=B@>Y f7 لFIhW pY 1?®ال=pWpWWhom?Whom?

B@>Y BY>J pY 1?®ال=B@>Y BY>J pY 1?®ال=pWpWWho?Who?

p0o0� p07 0<رa¡;=p0o0� p07 0<رa¡;=أيأيWhich?Which?

?WWhat?What<ذا W<ذا / / W>W<=1?®ال t� pYء=1?®ال t� pYء

�x?=ا pY 1?®ال=�x?=ا pY ذا =1?®ال>C= ذا>C=Why?Why?

?�aW�aWWhen?When=1?®ال pY ا=/W<ن=1?®ال pY ا=/W<ن

?Where?Whereأ.pأ.p=1?®ال pY ا=C><ن=1?®ال pY ا=C><ن

::وات ا=?®ال ا=a<=0- و ا=�C?q taوات ا=?®ال ا=a<=0- و ا=�C?q taإذا آ<ن ا=�6ف pW ا=?®ال إ�Y<ء �20J -_0IW -WF1IW أن .6xأ 7´|6ى أدإذا آ<ن ا=�6ف pW ا=?®ال إ�Y<ء �20J -_0IW -WF1IW أن .6xأ 7´|6ى أد

Wh QuestionsWh Questions


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7




� �C&ا V�P.? � �C&ا V�P.?

-J>?C=ا pY 1?®ال= -J>?C=ا pY 6=1?®الI7 6آ�I7 آ�How far?How far?

[CI=ا pY 1?®ال=[CI=ا pY 1?®ال=[CY آ�[CY آ�How old?How old?

?How long?How longآ� �Fلآ� �Fل=1?®ال pY ا=�Fل=1?®ال pY ا=�Fل

-0C<=ا pY 0-=1?®الC<=ا pY 0-=1?®الC0-آ� آCآ� آHow much?How much?

?How many?How manyآ� 6Yدآ� 6Yد=1?®ال pY ا=6Iد=1?®ال pY ا=6Iد

-=>�?How?Howآ0`آ0`=1?®ال pY ا=�<=-=1?®ال pY ا=

-0<1C=ا pY 1>0- =1?®الC=ا pY 1?®ال=pC=pC=Whose?Whose?

Wh Questions (Cont.)Wh Questions (Cont.)


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7



Steps for Making a Question Steps for Making a Question

�V ا� pال PHxات PHxات P.? الp �V ا�P.?

11 ( ( B§W ،f_Y اد ا=?®ال[C=21/ء ا= -xP>_C=أداة ا=?®ال ا [a¡ا B§W ،f_Y اد ا=?®ال[C=21/ء ا= -xP>_C=أداة ا=?®ال ا [a¡ا : :

When, Where, WhyWhen, Where, Why………………..etc..etc 22 ( ( 6Y>?C=ا BIh=ا Vi 6Y>?C=ا BIh=ا Vi)) 66 أداة ) ) إن و�6 إن و�I7 أي BY>h=ا Bx@ 6 أداةI7 أي BY>h=ا Bx@

. . ا=?®ال xW<�]ة ا=?®ال xW<�]ة : : إذا =� .>6Y>?W BIJ -1C2=>7 p اaP£6مإذا =� .>6Y>?W BIJ -1C2=>7 p اaP£6م) ) 33

VW ا=BIh ا=dC<رع 67ون a?3£6م VW ا=BIh ا=dC<رع 67ون a?3£6م * * VW ا=BIh ا=dC<رع ا=�ي a?3 f7£6م VW ا=BIh ا=dC<رع ا=�ي a?3 f7£6م * * VW ا=BIh ا=a?3 ti>C£6م VW ا=BIh ا=a?3 ti>C£6م * * Vi ا=6I7 BY>h ا=BIh ا=FP 6Y>?Cاء ا=F�FCد 1C2=>7- أl; أو Vi ا=6I7 BY>h ا=BIh ا=FP 6Y>?Cاء ا=F�FCد 1C2=>7- أl; أو ) ) 44

f1lإ=� أ BIh=دة ا>Yإ -~|;W VW >36_Y pW >ه>_W6£aPا ta=ا f1lإ=� أ BIh=دة ا>Yإ -~|;W VW >36_Y pW >ه>_W6£aPا ta=ا ..أي fh.[{q ا8ولأي fh.[{q ا8ول

..ا|�ف ا=2/ء ا=C]اد ا=?®ال F� f38 f_Yاب ا=?®ال ا|�ف ا=2/ء ا=C]اد ا=?®ال F� f38 f_Yاب ا=?®ال ) ) 55

helping verb


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

ssdodossdoesdoes

diddid





أW§1ــــــــــــــــــــــ- أW§1ــــــــــــــــــــــ- : : They are going to eat meat.They are going to eat meat.WhatWhat are they going to eat?are they going to eat?

* * >_J�| �¦ 6Y>?C=ا BIh=ا t�1 �38< هY >_W6@ >_3أ �|k >_J�| �¦ 6Y>?C=ا BIh=ا t�1 �38< هY >_W6@ >_3أ �|k -C1آ -C1آ . . �38< ا=F2اب �1Y ا=?®ال �38< ا=F2اب �1Y ا=?®ال

They played tennis at school.They played tennis at school.WhereWhere did they play tennis?did they play tennis?

* * C=ا tJ BIh=6 و 8ن اY>?W BIJ دF6م و�I= >_W6£aPأ3_< ا �|k C=ا tJ BIh=6 و 8ن اY>?W BIJ دF6م و�I= >_W6£aPأ3_< ا �|kti>ti> . . و و f1lأ=� أ fqد>Y4 BIh=ا pW ف�| >d.أ �|k f1lأ=� أ fqد>Y4 BIh=ا pW ف�| >d.أ �|k . . >_J�| >_3أ �|k و >_J�| >_3أ �|k و

. . �38< ا=F2اب �1Y ا=?®ال �38< ا=F2اب �1Y ا=?®ال

they aremeat

didedat school


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7





::-~|;W-~|;W B§W �_IC=ا VW �P>_aq t<= [c>Cd=ا rI7 [00\q �|k B§W �_IC=ا VW �P>_aq t<= [c>Cd=ا rI7 [00\q �|k::

II ¨x{q youyou youyou ¨x{q IIyouryour ¨x{q mymy youyou ¨x{q wewe

pW 6اY>?W ;IJ 6م£a?3 k BY>h=ا pY إذا آ<ن ا=?®ال pW 6اY>?W ;IJ 6م£a?3 k BY>h=ا pY إذا آ<ن ا=?®الVd3 B7 >36_Y أداة ا=?®ال إذا آ<ن ا=Y BY>h<@; و Vd3 B7 >36_Y أداة ا=?®ال إذا آ<ن ا=Y BY>h<@; و

;@>Y [0� BIh=إذا آ<ن ا ;@>Y [0� BIh=إذا آ<ن ا ..

-1§W1-أ§Wأ::AhmedAhmed broke the window. broke the window. WhoWho broke the window?broke the window?The bookThe book describes accidents.describes accidents. WhatWhat describes accidents?describes accidents?

whowhat


ا=?<�7ا=?<�7



ا��7zC~ت ا��7zC~ت How How

How How muchmuch

pY 1?®ال= pY 1?®ال=-0C<=0-اC<=ا

You paid You paid five poundsfive pounds for this coat.for this coat.How muchHow much did you pay for this coat?did you pay for this coat?

How How oldold

pY 1?®ال= pY 1?®ال=[CI=ا[CI=ا

I am I am twenty years old.twenty years old.How oldHow old are you?are you?

How How manymany

pY 1?®ال= pY 1?®ال=ا=6Iدا=6Iد

Thirty boysThirty boys are in this class.are in this class.How many boysHow many boys are in this class?are in this class?

HowHow pY 1?®ال= pY 1?®ال=ا=�<=- أو ا=�<=- أو -0h0<=0-اh0<=ا

He was He was very pleasedvery pleased to meet his friend.to meet his friend.HowHow was he to meet his friend?was he to meet his friend?


t=>a=اt=>a=ا



ا��7zC~ت ا��7zC~ت How How

How How talltall

pY 1?®ال= pY 1?®ال=أ�Fال أ�Fال

ا�8£<صا�8£<ص

Sami is Sami is meter and a half tall.meter and a half tall.How tallHow tall is Sami?is Sami?

How How highhigh

pY 1?®ال= pY 1?®ال=ا4رY>hq<تا4رY>hq<ت

This fence is This fence is four meters high.four meters high.How highHow high is this fence?is this fence?

How How longlong

pY 1?®ال= pY 1?®ال=اF�8الاF�8ال

This rope isThis rope is two meters long.two meters long.How longHow long is this rope?is this rope?

How How farfar

pY 1?®ال= pY 1?®ال=ا=J>?C<ت ا=J>?C<ت

It is It is 450 KM450 KM from Dammam to Riyadh.from Dammam to Riyadh.How farHow far is it from Dammam to Riyadh?is it from Dammam to Riyadh?


ا=?<�7ا=?<�7



some/some/�7%�7% any/any/أيأي

. . ا=?®الا=?®الa?q£6م و أ¡FاtJ >�q ا=BC2 ا=£x].- و =0?� ا=0h_C- أو a?q£6م و أ¡FاtJ >�q ا=BC2 ا=£x].- و =0?� ا=0h_C- أو

th_=ا=?®ال و ا VW >�qاF¡6م و أ£a?qوth_=ا=?®ال و ا VW >�qاF¡6م و أ£a?qو . .

VW ا=?®ال VW ا=?®ال : :

: :th_=ا VWth_=ا VW

some


1) We had some books. 2) Somebody was there.3) He is somewhere.

any

1) Do you have any books? 2) Is anybody at home?3) Is he anywhere?

1) We do not have any books. 2) I did not see anybody.3) He is not anywhere.



Making Negative Making Negative e:iا� V�P.? e:iا� V�P.?

BIh=6 اI7 -C1آ Vd3 th3 �=إ -.[x£=1- اC2=ا B.F�a= BIh=6 اI7 -C1آ Vd3 th3 �=إ -.[x£=1- اC2=ا B.F�a= 6Y>?C=6 اY>?C=ا : :

t6ة هY>?C=ل ا>IJ8ا t6ة هY>?C=ل ا>IJ8ا : : Helping VerbsHelping Verbs

am am –– is is –– are are –– was was –– were were –– have have –– has has –– had had –– will will –– would would –– shall shall –– should should –– can can –– could could –– may may ––

might might –– must must –– ought toought to

::أW§1ـــــــــ-أW§1ـــــــــ-�� They They areare happy. happy. They They are notare not happy?happy?�� He He cancan help us?help us? He He can notcan not help us?help us?


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

notnot



Long forms & Short forms of Verb to beLong forms & Short forms of Verb to be

TheyThey’’re notre notThey are notThey are notWeWe’’re notre notWe are notWe are notYouYou’’re notre notYou are notYou are notItIt’’s nots notIt is notIt is notSheShe’’s nots notShe is notShe is notHeHe’’s nots notHe is notHe is notII’’m notm notI am notI am notShort FormsShort FormsLong FormsLong Forms


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

TheyThey’’rereThey areThey areWeWe’’rereWe areWe areYouYou’’rereYou areYou areItIt’’ssIt isIt isSheShe’’ssShe isShe isHeHe’’ssHe isHe isII’’mmI amI amShort FormsShort FormsLong FormsLong Forms

(Affirmative) (Affirmative) tJtJ ت>x¦4تا>x¦4ا (Negative) (Negative) th_=ا tJth_=ا tJ


Making Negative Making Negative e:iا� V�P.? e:iا� V�P.?


Making Negative Making Negative V�P.? V�P.? e:iا� e:iا�

>36_Y pW 6Y>?W BIh7 tq�_J 6Y>?W BIJ -1C2=ا tJ p<. �= 36<إذا_Y pW 6Y>?W BIh7 tq�_J 6Y>?W BIJ -1C2=ا tJ p<. �= إذا . .t6ة هY>?C=ل ا>IJ8وه�¢ اt6ة هY>?C=ل ا>IJ8وه�¢ ا : : Vd3 �¦ Vd3 �¦

..W VW ¢6I7;|~- إY<دة ا=BIh إ=� أf1l أي ا=a}].` ا8ولW VW ¢6I7;|~- إY<دة ا=BIh إ=� أf1l أي ا=a}].` ا8ول

-~|;W-~|;W : : -C1<=ا th_7 -1C2=ا th__J -1C2=ا tJ -0q»ت ا>C1<=إذا آ<�3 إ|6ى ا -C1<=ا th_7 -1C2=ا th__J -1C2=ا tJ -0q»ت ا>C1<=إذا آ<�3 إ|6ى اt=>a=ا=62ول ا tJ >Cآt=>a=ا=62ول ا tJ >Cآ::


ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

(do, does, did)(do, does, did)(not)(not)

no, not everyno, not everyevery every Bآ Bآ

not allnot allall all Bآ Bآ

not sonot so……………………..as..asasas………………as as f1§Wf1§W. .. .. . .. .. .. . . B§W B§W

neverneversometimes sometimes >3>0|أ|0<3< أ

neitherneither…………………….nor.noreithereither……..or ..or >Wإ>Wأو أو . . . .. .. . . .. .إ

neitherneither…………………….nor.norbothboth…………and and pW BآpW Bو و .. .... ..آ

no, anyno, anysome some rI7 rI7

Negative Negative th3 th3Affirmative Affirmative ت>x¦ت ا>x¦ا



>z�..a?.�c�c£6م ه�ا ا=/pY [0xIa1= pW ا=I<دات و ا=za<=60 و ا=6zرات و ا=�a?. >z£6م ه�ا ا=/pY [0xIa1= pW ا=I<دات و ا=za<=60 و ا=6zرات و ا=...F<aن ه�ا ا=/pW pW ا=a}].` ا8ول =BIh1 أي ا=BIh ا=2C]د .F<aن ه�ا ا=/pW pW ا=a}].` ا8ول =BIh1 أي ا=BIh ا=2C]د

B§W ت>C1آ VW دة>Y pW/=ه�ا ا tq�. B§W ت>C1آ VW دة>Y pW/=ه�ا ا tq�.::

from time to timefrom time to time [¡» p0| pW [¡» p0| pW

nevernever أ67ا أ67ا rarelyrarely 3<درا 3<درا

sometimessometimes >3>0|أ|0<3< أoftenoften >x=>� >x=>�generallygenerally >WFCY >WFCY

usuallyusually دة>Y دة>Yalwaysalways >Ccدا >Ccدا everyevery BآBآ

1. Present Simple Tense �� Sرع ا��gا��


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

TENSES TENSES �i=ا&ز�i=ا&ز




أW§1ــــــــــــــــــــــ- أW§1ــــــــــــــــــــــ- 1.1. I I gogo to school to school everydayeveryday..2.2. They They usuallyusually sleepsleep at 11.00 p.m.at 11.00 p.m.3.3. We We oftenoften drinkdrink coffee in the morning.coffee in the morning.4.4. She She isis never late to school.never late to school.

-~|;W-~|;W : : BIh1= 0` ز.<دةd3 �c>� د[hW BY>h=إذا آ<ن ا BIh1= 0` ز.<دةd3 �c>� د[hW BY>h=إذا آ<ن ا..1.1. Ali Ali drinksdrinks milk milk every morningevery morning..2.2. A cow A cow givesgives us milk.us milk.


s


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7




ti>C=ا tJ V@6ث و| pY [0xIa1= pW/=6م ه�ا ا£a?. ti>C=ا tJ V@6ث و| pY [0xIa1= pW/=6م ه�ا ا£a?... VW -J>iأي إ BIh1= t3>§=ا `.[{a=ا pW pW/=ن ه�ا اF<a. VW -J>iأي إ BIh1= t3>§=ا `.[{a=ا pW pW/=ن ه�ا اF<a.

. . W;|~- اIJ8<ل ا=�<ذةW;|~- اIJ8<ل ا=�<ذة B§W ت>C1آ VW دة>Y pW/=ه�ا ا tq�. B§W ت>C1آ VW دة>Y pW/=ه�ا ا tq�.::

in 1988 AD, in 1415 AHin 1988 AD, in 1415 AH: : B§W ti>C=ا tJ ¼.ر>q أو أي B§W ti>C=ا tJ ¼.ر>q أو أي

agoago �dW �dWlastlast ti>C=ا ti>C=ا yesterdayyesterday �Wأ�Wأ

2. Past Simple Tense �� Sا� e@ا��

ed


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

Past Simple Tense �� Sا� e@ا�� TENSES TENSES �i=ا&ز�i=ا&ز




I, He, She, it I, He, She, it waswasThey, We, YouThey, We, You werewere

أW§1ــــــــــــــــــــــ- أW§1ــــــــــــــــــــــ-

1.1. I I watchedwatched television television lastlast night.night.2.2. They They visitedvisited their uncle their uncle yesterdayyesterday..3.3. We We wentwent to Makkah two months to Makkah two months oftenoften..

2. Past Simple Tense �� Sا� e@ا��


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7




Bxza?C=ا tJ f¦6و| V@FaW 6ث| pY [0xIa1= pW/=6م ه�ا ا£a?.Bxza?C=ا tJ f¦6و| V@FaW 6ث| pY [0xIa1= pW/=6م ه�ا ا£a?. . . BIh1= ا8ول `.[{a=او ¦� ا pW pW/=ن ه�ا اF<a. BIh1= ا8ول `.[{a=او ¦� ا pW pW/=ن ه�ا اF<a. . .

t@>7 VW tq�aJ >W�1 و أ<aC=0] اCi VW tq�q t@>7 VW tq�aJ >W�1 و أ<aC=0] اCi VW tq�q[c>Cd=ا[c>Cd=ا.. -C16.§- و@6 |�1 آ� VW >�=67 VW >�=67 و=>p 63ر اaP£6اtJ >�W ا01234/.- ا=�6.§- و@6 |�1 آC1- و=>p 63ر اaP£6اtJ >�W ا01234/.- ا=

[c>Cd=ا V0C�[c>Cd=ا V0C� . .B§W ت>C1آ VW دة>Y pW/=ه�ا ا tq�.B§W ت>C1آ VW دة>Y pW/=ه�ا ا tq�. : :

in 2010 AD, in 1425 AHin 2010 AD, in 1425 AH: : B§W Bxza?C=ا tJ ¼.ر>q أو أي B§W Bxza?C=ا tJ ¼.ر>q أو أي

in the futurein the future Bxza?C=ا tJ Bxza?C=ا tJnextnext دم>z=دم ا>z=ا tomorrowtomorrow 6ا�6ا�

3. Future Simple Tense 6S�z ا�� Sا�

shall willshallwe Iwill

shallwill


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

3. Future Simple Tense �� S6 ا�S�z ا��



TENSES TENSES �i=ا&ز �i=ا&ز

أW§1ــــــــــــــــــــــ- أW§1ــــــــــــــــــــــ- 1.1. II willwill go go to school tomorrowto school tomorrow..2.2. They They will playwill play foot ball next Friday.foot ball next Friday.3.3. He He will joinwill join the army the army in the futurein the future..

: : ه_<ك p.F<q أ¡] =Bxza?C1 ا=aP>7 w0?x£6امه_<ك p.F<q أ¡] =Bxza?C1 ا=aP>7 w0?x£6ام am , is , are going toam , is , are going to

3. Future Simple Tense �� S6 ا�S�z ا��


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7




wzJ ا«ن Vz. 6ث| pY [0xIa1= pW/=6م ه�ا ا£a?. wzJ ا«ن Vz. 6ث| pY [0xIa1= pW/=6م ه�ا ا£a?. . . pW pW/=ن ه�ا اF<a. pW pW/=ن ه�ا اF<a.::

I am + verb + ingI am + verb + ingHe, she, it is + verb + ingHe, she, it is + verb + ingThey, we, you are + verb + ingThey, we, you are + verb + ing


listenlisten VCaPا VCaPا at the present timeat the present time [i>�tJ ا=F@� ا=�<tJ [i ا=F@� ا=

looklook ا«ن ا«ن tJ nownow ه�¢ ا=1�~- tJ ه�¢ ا=1�~- at the momentat the moment ا3~] ا3~]

4. Present Continuous Tense ��z ا��gرع ا��

am / is / are BIJ+ + ing

4. Present Continuous Tense ��z ا��gرع ا�� Present Continuous Tense ��z .4 ا��gرع ا��


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7





1.1. II am readingam reading a story a story at the momentat the moment..2.2. They They are watchingare watching television television nownow..3.3. Look!Look! the bus the bus is coming.is coming.


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7




understandunderstand ��h. ��h.trusttrust �§. �§.believebelieve 6ق .}6ق{.

fitfit �P>_. �P>_.considerconsider [xaI. [xaI.fearfear ��£. ��£.appearappear [�~. [�~.

seemseem 6وx. 6وx.thinkthink 6zaI. 6zaI.hearhear VC?. VC?.hopehope BW�. BW�.

feelfeel [I�. [I�.dislikedislike ¢[<. ¢[<.hatehate ¢[<. ¢[<.wishwish �_Ca. �_Ca.

preferprefer Bdh. Bdh.wantwant 6.[. 6.[.lovelove ��. ��.likelike ��. ��.

ا=rI7 ti>C اIJ8<ل p<C. k أن tJ Vzq اCaPk]ار FPاء ا=dC<رع ا=Ca?C] أو : IJ<ل ا=Ca?C] وه�¢ اIJ8<ل pY [xIq ا=�FIر وا8ذى وا4|?<س وpW ه�¢ ا8


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7






..] ] .?a£6م ه�ا ا=/BIJ pY [0xIa1= pW و@tJ V ا=ti>C أ¦_<ء و@Fع BIJ أ¡ .?a£6م ه�ا ا=/BIJ pY [0xIa1= pW و@tJ V ا=ti>C أ¦_<ء و@Fع BIJ أ¡ pW pW/=ن ه�ا اF<a. pW pW/=ن ه�ا اF<a.::


-ªF�1W-ªF�1W:: ti>C=ا B1£q و ا=�ي w0?x=ا ti>C=ا pWز fIW tq�. >W دة>Y pW/=ه�ا ا ti>C=ا B1£q و ا=�ي w0?x=ا ti>C=ا pWز fIW tq�. >W دة>Y pW/=ه�ا ا

f¦أ¦_<ء |6و V@أي ا=�ي و [Ca?C=ا f¦أ¦_<ء |6و V@أي ا=�ي و [Ca?C=ا..

asas 0© أن |0© أن|

becausebecause ن ن 88

whilewhile >C_07 >C_07

whenwhen >W6_Y>W6_Y


was / were BIJ+ + ing


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

5. Past Continuous Tense ��z ا��@e ا�� Past Continuous Tense ��z .5 ا��@e ا��




أW§1ــــــــــــــــــــــ- أW§1ــــــــــــــــــــــ- While While II was sleepingwas sleeping , , a thiefa thief enteredentered my room.my room.

))taJ[� °= B¡د ، >Cc>3 �_آ >C_07taJ[� °= B¡د ، >Cc>3 �_آ >C_07 ( ( p0¦6| �1Y يFa�q -1C2=ه�¢ ا p0¦6| �1Y يFa�q -1C2=ه�¢ اأ|6هCa?W ti>W >C] وهF ا=_Fم وا«¡] د¡Fل ا=1° ا=\]J- ا=�ي أ|6هCa?W ti>W >C] وهF ا=_Fم وا«¡] د¡Fل ا=1° ا=\]J- ا=�ي

..|}B أ¦_<ء ا=_Fم |}B أ¦_<ء ا=_Fم WhenWhen we we were eatingwere eating , my father , my father camecame ..

�Faي p0¦6| �1Y أ|6هC_07 ( ( >C< آ_< �3آB ، �<ء وا=6يC_07< آ_< �3آB ، �<ء وا=6ي( ( q -1C2=ه�¢ ا >Cأ|6ه p0¦6| �1Y يFa�q -1C2=ه�¢ ا Bأ¦_<ء ا8آ B{| ء وا=6ي ا=�يt2W [¡»وا Bا8آ Fوه [Ca?W ti>W Bأ¦_<ء ا8آ B{| ء وا=6ي ا=�يt2W [¡»وا Bا8آ Fوه [Ca?W ti>W

..

[Ca?W ti>W w0?7 ti>W

[Ca?W ti>W w0?7 ti>W


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7





أW§1ــــــــــــــــــــــ- أW§1ــــــــــــــــــــــ- -~|;W-~|;W : : x{aJ �_IC=0] ا\a. 1- دون أنC2=ا wPو w7[=أداة ا Viو p<C. x{aJ �_IC=0] ا\a. 1- دون أنC2=ا wPو w7[=أداة ا Viو p<C.

t1. >Cآ -z7>?=ن ا>a1C2=ا t1. >Cآ -z7>?=ن ا>a1C2=ا::

A thief A thief enteredentered my room my room while while II was sleepingwas sleeping ..

>Cc>3 �_آ >C_07 taJ[� °= B¡د >Cc>3 �_آ >C_07 taJ[� °= B¡د

My father My father camecame whenwhen we we were eatingwere eating ..Bآ_< �3آ >C_07 ء وا=6ي>�Bآ_< �3آ >C_07 ء وا=6ي>�

[Ca?W ti>Ww0?7 ti>W

w0?7 ti>W


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

[Ca?W ti>W





-~|;W -~|;W : :��ف qو -C1<7 -1C2=1- إذا 67أت اl>h=ا �a<q ف��qو -C1<7 -1C2=1- إذا 67أت اl>h=ا �a<q

. . إذا و@a_W tJ �I}` ا=1C2- ا8و=� إذا و@a_W tJ �I}` ا=1C2- ا8و=� B.F� ن ا8ول;IJ >�7 6ةY>@ أن >Ccآ] دا�q B.F� ن ا8ول;IJ >�7 6ةY>@ أن >Ccآ] دا�q

w0?7 ti>W Fوه Å�>hW [¡»و ا [Ca?W w0?7 ti>W Fوه Å�>hW [¡»و ا [Ca?W..


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

while

while





= [Ca?.و Bxza?C=ا tJ f¦6و| V@FaW ءt� pY [0xIa1= pW/=6م ه�ا ا£a?.= [Ca?.و Bxza?C=ا tJ f¦6و| V@FaW ءt� pY [0xIa1= pW/=6م ه�ا ا£a?. ة[ah ة[ah . . pW pW/=ن ه�ا اF<a. pW pW/=ن ه�ا اF<a.::



( will + be BIJ+ + ing )


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

afterafter 6I7 6I7allall V0C�، Bآ V0C�، Bآ

fromfrom……toto pWpW.... �=إ=� إ

inin نFd� tJ نFd� tJ

byby لF1�7�F1ل 7atat pW/1= 6_Y pW/1= 6_Y

6. Future Continuous Tense ��z ا�� 6S�z ا�� Future Continuous Tense ��z .6 ا�� 6S�z ا��





1.1. By By 7.30 tomorrow, 7.30 tomorrow, I I will be flyingwill be flying to Cairoto Cairo..2.2. They They will be waitingwill be waiting for you for you atat 5 o'clock 5 o'clock ..


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

6. Future Continuous Tense ��z ا�� 6S�z ا�� Future Continuous Tense ��z .6 ا�� 6S�z ا��




�~<ت = Bx@ ��a3و ا ti>C=ا tJ B{| 6ث| pY [0xIa1= pW/=6م ه�ا ا£a?. ت>~�= Bx@ ��a3و ا ti>C=ا tJ B{| 6ث| pY [0xIa1= pW/=6م ه�ا ا£a?. أو أو. . اtJ ��a3 ا=ti>C و kزا=� È¦<ر¢ F�FWدة |�a ا«ناtJ ��a3 ا=ti>C و kزا=� È¦<ر¢ F�FWدة |�a ا«ن

pW pW/=ن ه�ا اF<a.pW pW/=ن ه�ا اF<a.::



has / have BIh1= ©=>§=ا `.[{a=ا+ II


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

never never أ67ا أ67اeverever tJ yetyet اtJ678 ا678 |�a ا«ن|�a ا«ن

alreadyalready >W>Cq>W>Cq recentlyrecently >§.6| >§.6|

justjust Fa=ا tJFa=ا tJ forfor 6C= sincesinceة=6Cة �_W�_W

7. Present Perfect Tense م�zرع ا��g7 ا��. Present Perfect Tense م�zرع ا��gا��





1.1. I I have livedhave lived in Riyadh in Riyadh forfor six years. six years. 2.2. I I havehave not not visitedvisited him him sincesince 1995.1995.3.3. Ahmed Ahmed hashas alreadyalready finishedfinished his homeworkhis homework..4.4. She She has writtenhas written three letters three letters justjust now.now.


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

7. Present Perfect Tense م�zرع ا��g7 ا��. Present Perfect Tense م�zرع ا��gا��




•• SinceSince means means ““from some definite point or period n the past up to nowfrom some definite point or period n the past up to now”” -C1آ t_Iq -C1آ t_Iq””�i=�i= “ “ا«ن �a| و ti>C=ا tJ 6دة�W ة[aJ أو -�z3 pW را>xaYا«نا �a| و ti>C=ا tJ 6دة�W ة[aJ أو -�z3 pW را>xaYا..

•• ForFor means means ““a definite period of timea definite period of time”” -C1آ t_Iq -C1آ t_Iq””0-“ “ ��$ة��$ة_Wة ز[aJ �1Y-0_Wة ز[aJ �1Y..


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

a centurya centuryhe camehe came……………………

3 minutes3 minutesMondayMonday

an houran houryesterdayyesterday

many hoursmany hourslast nightlast night

3 days/ 5 weeks / 4 months3 days/ 5 weeks / 4 monthslast week/ last month/ last yearlast week/ last month/ last year

a yeara year19961996

a momenta moment2 o2 o’’clockclock

10 years10 yearslast centurylast century

ForFor 6ةC= 6ةC=sincesince �_W �_W

Since & ForSince & For




pWز tJ >W -~�= tJ ��a3و ا B{| 6ث| pY [0xIa1= pW/=6م ه�ا ا£a?. pWز tJ >W -~�= tJ ��a3و ا B{| 6ث| pY [0xIa1= pW/=6م ه�ا ا£a?.ti>C=اti>C=ا . .




had BIh1= ©=>§=ا `.[{a=ا+ II


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

as soon asas soon as 678ا tJ 678ا tJ

whichwhich ا«ن �a| ا«ن �a|

beforebefore 6ةC= 6ةC=

afterafter �_W �_W

8. Past Perfect Tense م�zا� e@8 ا��. Past Perfect Tense م�zا� e@ا��




أW§1ــــــــــــــــــــــ- أW§1ــــــــــــــــــــــ- 1.1. I I had washedhad washed before before I I prayedprayed. . 2.2. They They wentwent home home afterafter they they had finishedhad finished their worktheir work..3.3. Ahmed Ahmed had eatenhad eaten the cake the cake whichwhich he he boughtbought..4.4. As soon asAs soon as they they had boughthad bought a car, they a car, they drovedrove to Makkah.to Makkah.

k|� أن ه�ا ا=/fIW tq�. >W >x=>� pW زpW ا=ti>C ا=w0?x ا=�ي |6ث k|� أن ه�ا ا=/fIW tq�. >W >x=>� pW زpW ا=ti>C ا=w0?x ا=�ي |6ث 6I76I7م>a=ا ti>C=ء ا>�a3م ا>a=ا ti>C=ء ا>�a3ا ..


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

8. Past Perfect Tense م�zا� e@8 ا��. Past Perfect Tense م�zا� e@ا��




>W pWز tJ ¢ؤ>�a3و ا f¦6و| V@FaW 6ث| pY [0xIa1= pW/=6م ه�ا ا£a?. >W pWز tJ ¢ؤ>�a3و ا f¦6و| V@FaW 6ث| pY [0xIa1= pW/=6م ه�ا ا£a?. tJ tJ Bxza?C=ا Bxza?C=ا . .




will + have BIh1= ©=>§=ا `.[{a=ا+ II


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

atat 6_Y 6_Ybyby لF1�7�F1ل 7

9. Future Perfect Tense م�z6 ا�S�z ا�� 6S�z ا��zم Future Perfect Tense .9 ا��





1.1. ByBy 2.00 this afternoon, I 2.00 this afternoon, I will have finishedwill have finished my my work. work.

2.2. AtAt 10.00 tonight, she 10.00 tonight, she will have writtenwill have written five letters. five letters.


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

9. Future Perfect Tense م�z6 ا�S�z ا�� 6S�z ا��zم Future Perfect Tense .9 ا��




a?. f f£6م ه�ا ا=/pY [0xIa1= pW |6ث و@V �/ء f_W و tJ �q ا=ti>C و =>_.?a£6م ه�ا ا=/pY [0xIa1= pW |6ث و@V �/ء f_W و tJ �q ا=ti>C و =>_. . �a| [Ca?W ا«ن �a| [Ca?W ا«ن




has / have + been BIJ+ + ing II


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

sincesince �_W �_Wforfor 6ةC= 6ةC=

10. Present Perfect Continuous Tense ��z ا�� ا�� Present Perfect Continuous Tense ��z .10 ا��gرع ا��zم ا��gرع ا��zم





1.1. I I have been studyinghave been studying English English forfor six years. six years. 2.2. She She has been sleepinghas been sleeping sincesince 2 o2 o’’clock. clock.


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7





: : =>h3 t]ق p07 ا=dC<رع ا=a<م ا=Ca?C] و ا=dC<رع ا=a<م =>h3 t]ق p07 ا=dC<رع ا=a<م ا=Ca?C] و ا=dC<رع ا=a<م -0=>a=1- ا§W8ا �|k -0=>a=1- ا§W8ا �|k ::

•• Maha started making cakes three hours ago. There are now Maha started making cakes three hours ago. There are now one hundred cakes on the table. one hundred cakes on the table.

::pW ه�¢ ا=F<3 p0a1C2نpW ه�¢ ا=F<3 p0a1C2نPresent Perfect Continuous Tense ��z ا�� ا��zم ا��gرع

•• She She has been makinghas been making cakes cakes forfor three hours. three hours. Present Perfect Tense رع�gم ا��zا�

•• She She has madehas made 100 100 cakescakes. .


ا=?<�7ا=?<�7


Present Perfect



Imperatives Imperatives �=&ا �ا&=�;�� ;

•• ImperativesImperatives are verbs used at the beginning of sentences are verbs used at the beginning of sentences either in the affirmative or negative to indicate instructions,either in the affirmative or negative to indicate instructions,invitations, signs and notices or telling someone what to do.invitations, signs and notices or telling someone what to do.0l\- اW8] هt أIJ<ل a?q£6م tJ 67ا.- ا=BC2 أF<q >Wن tJ اx¦4<ت 0l\- اW8] هt أIJ<ل a?q£6م tJ 67ا.- ا=BC2 أF<q >Wن tJ اx¦4<ت =pY [xIa ا=C01Ia<ت، ا=FY6ى، ا�4<رات و ا=C;|~<ت أو إ¡x<ر �£° =pY [xIa ا=C01Ia<ت، ا=FY6ى، ا�4<رات و ا=C;|~<ت أو إ¡x<ر �£°

BIh. ذا>WBIh. ذا>W..

•• The Imperatives uses the simple form of the verb such as: The Imperatives uses the simple form of the verb such as: walk, read, open,walk, read, open,…….etc..etc.

. . a?q£6م 0l\- اW8] ا=}0\- ا=BIh1= -�0?x أي ا=a}].` ا8ولa?q£6م 0l\- اW8] ا=}0\- ا=BIh1= -�0?x أي ا=a}].` ا8ول


t=>a=اt=>a=ا





t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

أW§1ــــــــــــــــــــــ-أW§1ــــــــــــــــــــــ-Give InstructionsGive Instructions ت>C01Iq ء>�Yت إ>C01Iq ء>�Yإ •• Mix Mix the flour and the sugar. the flour and the sugar. (Affirmative (Affirmative ت>x¦تإ>x¦إ))

•• Take Take two tablets every four hours. two tablets every four hours. (Affirmative (Affirmative ت>x¦تإ>x¦إ))

Make Invitations Make Invitations ىFY6=0\- اl ىFY6=0\- اl•• Come in; make Come in; make yourselves at home. yourselves at home. (Affirmative (Affirmative ت>x¦تإ>x¦إ))

•• Please Please start; do not waitstart; do not wait for me. for me. (Negative (Negative th3th3))

Tell someone what to do Tell someone what to do f1Ih0P >W °£� ر>x¡إ f1Ih0P >W °£� ر>x¡إ•• Open Open your book. your book. (Affirmative (Affirmative ت>x¦تإ>x¦إ))

•• Do not forget Do not forget to post the letter. to post the letter. (Negative (Negative th3th3))





ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

أW§1ــــــــــــــــــــــ-أW§1ــــــــــــــــــــــ-Give WarningsGive Warnings ات[.��q ء>�Yات إ[.��q ء>�Yإ •• Keep out. Keep out. Danger. Danger. (Affirmative (Affirmative ت>x¦تإ>x¦إ))

Make Signs & Notices Make Signs & Notices ت>~|;W إ�<رات و p.F<q ت>~|;W إ�<رات و p.F<q•• Push.Push. (Affirmative (Affirmative ت>x¦تإ>x¦إ))

•• InsertInsert 2 X 50 SR. 2 X 50 SR. (Affirmative (Affirmative ت>x¦تإ>x¦إ))

•• Keep offKeep off the grass. the grass. (Affirmative (Affirmative ت>x¦تإ>x¦إ))

Make Requests Make Requests �1�=ا p.F<q �1�=ا p.F<q•• Please Please open open the door. the door. (Affirmative (Affirmative ت>x¦تإ>x¦إ))



Modals Modals ��/�iا&�78ل ا��/�iا&�78ل ا�


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

�� A modal has only one form of the verb for all persons, but it caA modal has only one form of the verb for all persons, but it can n have several meanings and time frames, depending on the have several meanings and time frames, depending on the context in which it is used.context in which it is used.

ا=BIh ا=_<@° =0l f\- وا|6ة V0C� VW ا�8£<ص و=>6Y f= pة t3>IW و ا=BIh ا=_<@° =0l f\- وا|6ة V0C� VW ا�8£<ص و=>6Y f= pة t3>IW و f0J 6م£a?q ى ا=�يFa�C=0- |?� ا_Wأ�><ل زf0J 6م£a?q ى ا=�يFa�C=0- |?� ا_Wأ�><ل ز..

�� Form Form -\0{=ا=}0\- اshall, should, will would, may, might, can, could, must, ought tshall, should, will would, may, might, can, could, must, ought to + o +

))BIh1= ا8ول `.[{a=اBIh1= ا8ول `.[{a=ا((

�� Modals have no infinitives or past participles.Modals have no infinitives or past participles. ©=>¦ `.[{q 6ر أو{W °@>_=ا BIh1= �0= ©=>¦ `.[{q 6ر أو{W °@>_=ا BIh1= �0=..





t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

You You shouldshould stop smoking.stop smoking.Advice or opinionAdvice or opinionا=_}0�- أو ا=]أي ا=_}0�- أو ا=]أي

He He will will visit us tomorrow.visit us tomorrow.The simple future tense.The simple future tense. w0?x=ا Bxza?C=0\- اl w0?x=ا Bxza?C=0\- اlwillwill

I I willwill travel when I like.travel when I like.We We willwill do as you wish.do as you wish.

Determination or promiseDetermination or promise 6YF=�0 أو اC{a=6 اYF=�0 أو اC{a=ا

You You shouldshould obey your teachers.obey your teachers.DutyDutyshouldshouldا=Fا��ا=Fا��

You You shallshall be punished if you come late.be punished if you come late.ThreatThreat6.6�q6.6�q

He does not want to obey me: but he He does not want to obey me: but he shallshall..

DeterminationDetermination�0C{q�0C{q

You You shallshall take a reward.take a reward.PromisePromise6Y6وYوshallshall

ExampleExample=>�ل =>�ل

Expresses:Expresses:Vh �S7?Vh �S7?::

ModalsModals��/�iا&�78ل ا��/�iا&�78ل ا�





t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

YouYou mustmust listen to your teachers.listen to your teachers.NecessityNecessitymustmustا=d]ورةا=d]ورة

Faisal could not come to our dinner party. Faisal could not come to our dinner party. He hadHe had to stay home to study.to stay home to study.

The past form of must :past necessityThe past form of must :past necessityti>C=ا tJ ورة[d=اti>C=ا tJ ورة[d=اhad tohad to

Fahad Fahad couldcould drive his car a year ago.drive his car a year ago.Ali is not in class today. He Ali is not in class today. He couldcould be sick.be sick.Do not leave now. It Do not leave now. It couldcould rain now.rain now.

Past, present or future possibilityPast, present or future possibilityti>C=ا tJ -03><W4اti>C=ا tJ -03><W4رع / / ا>dC=رع ا>dC=ا / /Bxza?C=اBxza?C=اcouldcould

I I shall be ableshall be able to help you.to help you.Ability in the futureAbility in the future Bxza?C=�1 اY 6رةzC=ا Bxza?C=�1 اY 6رةzC=ا

shall be able, shall be able, will be ablewill be able

He He can can do it carefully.do it carefully.He He is able tois able to solve the problem.solve the problem.

AbilityAbilityا=6zCرةا=6zCرة

can, am/is/are can, am/is/are able toable to

I hoped that I I hoped that I mightmight succeed.succeed.I thought that the weatherI thought that the weather mighmight changet change

PossibilityPossibility-03><W403-ا><W4اmightmight








t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

You You ought to have ought to have studied.studied.(You did not. That was a mistake)(You did not. That was a mistake)

Actions that were advisable in the pastActions that were advisable in the past tJ >�1CY p?�a?C=ا pW أ|6اث آ<ن tJ >�1CY p?�a?C=ا pW أ|6اث آ<نti>C=اti>C=ا

ought to ought to havehave

You You ought toought to help the poor.help the poor.AdviceAdvice -�ought toought toا=_}0�- ا=_}0








t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

MightMight I succeed?I succeed?I I might notmight notsucceed.succeed.

I I mightmight succeed.succeed.

MayMay I sleep?I sleep?I I may notmay not sleep.sleep.I I maymay sleep.sleep.

No, he No, he will notwill not..Yes, he Yes, he willwill..WillWill he leave?he leave?He He will notwill not leave.leave.He He willwill leave.leave.

No, they No, they should notshould not..Yes, they Yes, they shouldshould..ShouldShould they eat they eat now?now?

They They should notshould noteat now.eat now.

They They shouldshould eat eat now.now.

No, he No, he would notwould not..Yes, he Yes, he wouldwould..WouldWould he leave?he leave?He He would notwould notsucceed.succeed.

He He wouldwouldsucceed.succeed.

QuestionQuestionإ�Skتإ�Skت

AffirmativeAffirmative

Short AnswersShort Answersإ�R%�ت =��zyةإ�R%�ت =��zyة


NegativeNegative






ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

No, I No, I must notmust not..Yes, I Yes, I mustmust..MustMust you go now?you go now?You You must notmust not go go now.now.

You You mustmust go now.go now.

No, I No, I ought notought not..Yes, I Yes, I oughtought toto..OughtOught you you toto help help them?them?

You You ought not toought not tohelp them.help them.

You You ought toought to help help them.them.

No, he No, he couldcould notnot..Yes, he Yes, he couldcould..CouldCould he talk?he talk?He He couldcould notnottalk.talk.

He He couldcould talk.talk.

No, you No, you cancan notnot..Yes, you Yes, you cancan..CanCan I do it?I do it?I I can notcan not do it.do it.I I cancan do it.do it.

No, he No, he could notcould not..Yes, you Yes, you couldcould..CouldCould we have a we have a test tomorrow?test tomorrow?

We We could notcould nothave a test have a test tomorrow.tomorrow.

We We couldcould have a have a test tomorrow.test tomorrow.

QuestionQuestionإ�Skتإ�Skت

AffirmativeAffirmative

Short AnswersShort Answersإ�R%�ت =��zyةإ�R%�ت =��zyة


NegativeNegative




Comparing AdjectivesComparing Adjectives=��ر"� ا��:�ت=��ر"� ا��:�ت

11 . . V��yZ أو V��Z V�% �"ا��ر V��yZ أو V��Z V�% �"ا��ر : : ا=z}0]ة ¦� آC1- ا=z}0]ة ¦� آtJ -C1 ه�ا ا=_Fع pW ا=zC<ر3- 3;|� إJ>i- ا=;|z- �1�8 ا=}h<ت tJ ه�ا ا=_Fع pW ا=zC<ر3- 3;|� إJ>i- ا=;|z- �1�8 ا=}h<ت

•• Ali is oldAli is olderer thanthan Ahmed. Ahmed. •• My Car is fastMy Car is fasterer thanthan yours.yours.

wzJ `0d3 >_3�J ف[�7 -h{=ا ��a3إذا ا wzJ `0d3 >_3�J ف[�7 -h{=ا ��a3إذا ا..•• safsafee safsaferer thanthan•• simplsimplee simplsimplerer thanthan

d3 �¦ �=�1 ال إz3 >_3�J ف[�7 -h{=ا ��a3إذا ا d3 �¦ �=�1 ال إz3 >_3�J ف[�7 -h{=ا ��a3دة إذا ا>I=>دة 0` آ>I=>0` آ . .

•• easeasyy easeasierier thanthan•• heavheavyy heavheavierier thanthan


er


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

1. Comparing Short Adjectives ا��:�ت ا��ة �1 =��ر". Comparing Short Adjectives ا��:�ت ا��ة �ر"��=

than

er

er yyi



22 . . V��yZ أو V��Z V= �<أآ V�% �"ا��ر V��yZ أو V��Z V= �<أآ V�% �"ا��ر : :

. . J>i- ه�¢ ا=C]ة J>i- ه�¢ ا=C]ة 3;|� ه_< أه0C- آC1- ا=�x?q ta ا=}h- ا=zC<ر3- و .;|� إ 3;|� ه_< أه0C- آC1- ا=�x?q ta ا=}h- ا=zC<ر3- و .;|� إ

•• Everest is Everest is thethe highhighestest mountain. mountain. •• This is This is thethe bigbiggestgest building in Riyadh.building in Riyadh.

7�]ف 0d3 k >_3�J` �6.6ة -h{=ا ��a30` �6.6ة إذا اd3 k >_3�J ف[�7 -h{=ا ��a3إذا ا..•• safsafee thethe safsafestest

d3 �¦ �=�1 ال إz3 >_3�J ف[�7 -h{=ا ��a3إذا ا d3 �¦ �=�1 ال إz3 >_3�J ف[�7 -h{=ا ��a3دة إذا ا>I=>دة 0` آ>I=>0` آ . .

•• easeasyy thethe easeasiestiest


the


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

est

1. Comparing Short Adjectives ا��:�ت ا��ة �1 =��ر". Comparing Short Adjectives ا��:�ت ا��ة �ر"��=

ee

est yyi




11 . . V��yZ أو V��Z V�% �"ا��ر V��yZ أو V��Z V�% �"ا��ر : :

p0J[| pW [§�1 أآY يFa�. V�zW Bآ ،V�zW pW [§أآ pW -h{=ن اF<aq >_ه p0J[| pW [§�1 أآY يFa�. V�zW Bآ ،V�zW pW [§أآ pW -h{=ن اF<aq >_ه p0آ[�aW p0آ[�aW p.6Y>xaWp.6Y>xaW . .

k و Bxz. k ت>h{=ا pW عF_=ه�ا ا k و Bxz. k ت>h{=ا pW عF_=ه�ا ا..thJ -C1 -C1 |<=- ا=zC<ر�x?q p0o0� p07 -3 ه�¢ ا=}h<ت آC1- ¦� آ thJ |<=- ا=zC<ر�x?q p0o0� p07 -3 ه�¢ ا=}h<ت آC1- ¦� آ

•• Jeddah is Jeddah is more beautifulmore beautiful thanthan Riyadh.Riyadh.•• French is French is more difficultmore difficult thanthan English.English.

-0?0c[=ا -Cc>z=دة إ=� اFY

-0?0c[=ا -Cc>z=دة إ=� اFYt=>a=ا

t=>a=اا=?<�7

ا=?<�7

erest

correctcorrect ¨0�l ¨0�ldangerousdangerous [�¡ [�¡

FluentFluent ¨0{J ¨0{JImportantImportant ��W ��W

difficultdifficult �Il �Ilbeautifulbeautiful B0C� B0C�

2. Comparing Long Adjectives � �PHا��:�ت ا� �2 =��ر". Comparing Long Adjectives � �PHا��:�ت ا� �ر"��=

than more




22 . . V��yZ أو V��Z V= �<أآ V�% �"ا��ر V��yZ أو V��Z V= �<أآ V�% �"ا��ر : :

-C1ت آ>h{=ه�¢ ا �x?q p0o0� pW [§أآ p07 -3ر>zC=ا -=>| tJ -C1ت آ>h{=ه�¢ ا �x?q p0o0� pW [§أآ p07 -3ر>zC=ا -=>| tJ

•• Amal is Amal is thethe most beautifulmost beautiful girl in her class.girl in her class.•• This is This is thethe most importantmost important subject in this book.subject in this book.


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7


the most




: : =-L4ــــــــــــ� =-L4ــــــــــــ�

•• Adel is Adel is betterbetter thanthan his brother at school.his brother at school.•• This girl is This girl is thethe worstworst one in her class.one in her class.


ا=?<�7ا=?<�7


fartherfarther thanthan

lessless thanthan

moremore thanthan

worseworse thanthan

betterbetter thanthan

p0_¦أ p07 -3ر>zW p0_¦أ p07 -3ر>zW

the the bestbestgoodgood60�60�

the the mostmostmanymanymuchmuch

))=6IC1ود =6IC1ود ((آ§0] آ§0] ))=\0] ا=6ICود =\0] ا=6ICود ((آ§0] آ§0]

the the leastleastlittlelittle B01@ B01@)) 6ودIC=6ود =\0] اIC=0] ا\=((

the the worstworstbadbadÅ0PÅ0P

the the farthestfarthestfarfar60I760I7

p0_¦أ pW [§أآ p07 -3ر>zW p0_¦أ pW [§أآ p07 -3ر>zW -h{=ا -h{=ا �_IC=ا �_IC=ا



t=>a=اt=>a=ا


asas…………..as ..as 6<= Y <= 6<= Y <= )) �Sg��% �Sg��% ( ( not asnot as…….as .as 6<= Y <= �� 6<= Y <= ��

p0ahl p07 واة>?W دFو� p0| ح;�lk6م ه�ا ا£a?. p0ahl p07 واة>?W دFو� p0| ح;�lk6م ه�ا ا£a?...• Ali is as tall as his brother.• This bag is as big as my bag.

..p0ahl p07 واة>?W دFو� p0ahl p07 واة>?W دF6م و�Y6مY -=>| tJ ح;�lk6م ه�ا ا£a?. -=>| tJ ح;�lk6م ه�ا ا£a?.• Ali is not as tall as his brother.• This bag is not as big as my bag.


as……..as 6<= Y <= )�Sg��%(as……..as 6<= Y <= )�Sg��%(

not as……..as 6<= Y <= �� not as……..as 6<= Y <= ��


ا=?<�7ا=?<�7


AdverbsAdverbs ]]ا&P4الا&P4ال[[ا��Lوف ا��Lوف

•• AnAn Adverb Adverb always modifies a verb.always modifies a verb. >Ccدا BIh=ا=~]ف .}` ا >Ccدا BIh=ا=~]ف .}` ا

•• Most adverbs are formed by adding to the adjectives.Most adverbs are formed by adding to the adjectives.

-h{1= -J>i´7 نF<q ا=~]وف �~IW-h{1= -J>i´7 نF<q ا=~]وف �~IW..

slowslow slowlyslowly nicenice nicelynicelyhappyhappy happilyhappily carefulcareful carefullycarefully

-0?0c[=ا -Cc>z=دة إ=� اFY

-0?0c[=ا -Cc>z=دة إ=� اFYt=>a=ا

t=>a=ا

ly

ly




There are many kinds of adverbs::ه�iك h$ة أ"Pاع =V ا��Lوف

1. Adverbs of manner: express how an action was done.. ا=~]وف ا=pY [xIq ta آ0h0- و@Fع ا=�6ث :ا��Lوف ا�$ا�� h � ا� Pك

• I closed the window carefully.• The soldier fought bravely.

2. Adverbs of time: express the time when an action is or was done..ا=~]وف ا=pY [xIq ta آ0h0- زpW |6وث ا=BIh :¡�وف ا��=�ن

• I’m going to leave for Cairo tomorrow.• What’s going to happen next?


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7




3. Adverbs of place: express when an action is done.. ا=~]وف ا=W pY [xIq ta><ن و@Fع ا=�6ث :¡�وف ا��.�ن

• I shall stand here.• I’ve looked everywhere for my lost pen.

Some words that end in can be both adjectives or adverbs. Most of them refer to time.IW~� ه�¢ ا=>C1<ت 6qل rI7 . �1Y ا=>C1<ت ا=t�a_q ta 7ـ pW ا=p<CC أن F<qن ª]وف أو hl<ت

�@F=ا .B§W:

• A daily newspaper is published daily.• We get up early to catch an early train.


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

lyly

yearlyyearly >.F_P >.F_P

monthlymonthly >.[�� >.[��

weeklyweekly >0YFxP0< أYFxPأ

dailydaily >0WF. >0WF.




4. Adverbs of frequency : tell how often we do something.وpW ه�¢ . ا=6Y pY >3[x£q taد W]ات |6وث ا=�tء :ا��Lوف ا�$ا�� h � ا�z.�ار

:ا=~]وف

Verb to BE: .�ª tq]ف ا=a>]ار 6I7 ا=BIh ا=F<. BIJ : 6Y>?Cن Ali is always on time.Other Verbs: .�ª tq]ف ا=a>]ار @Bx ا=BIh ا=I<دي : اIJ8<ل ا8¡]ى Ali sometimes reads a book.


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

RarelyRarely 3<درا 3<درا seldomseldom 3<درا �6ا 3<درا �6ا

sometimessometimes >3>0|أ|0<3< أusuallyusually دة>Y دة>Y

OccasionallyOccasionally [¡» t| pW [¡» t| pWNeverNever أ67ا أ67ا

oftenoften >x=>� >x=>�alwaysalways >Ccدا >Ccدا



Adverbial Clause of TimeAdverbial Clause of Time£/Pا� � h �ا�$ا� �8��Lا�!�6 ا�£/Pا� � h �ا�$ا� �8��Lا�!�6 ا�

Conjunctions: �%أدوات ا��when, whenever, as, as soon as, while, after, before, until, since

• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of time with the main sentence.

. ]0c?0-أدوات ا=]w7 ه�¢ w7[q ا=BC2 ا=~]0J- ا=6ا=- �1Y ا=VW �@F ا=1C2- ا=

W§<ل:• I found a watch. I was walking in the street.• I found a watch while I was walking in the street.


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7



Adverbial Clause of PlaceAdverbial Clause of Placeا�!�6 ا�8�L�� ا�$ا�� h � ا��.�نا�!�6 ا�8�L�� ا�$ا�� h � ا��.�ن

Conjunctions: �%أدوات ا��where, wherever

• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of place with the main sentence.

. =]0c?0- أدوات ا=]w7 ه�¢ w7[q ا=BC2 ا=~]0J- ا=6ا=- �1Y ا=C><ن VW ا=1C2- ا

W§<ل:• Wherever he goes his brother follows him.


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7



Adverbial Clause of CauseAdverbial Clause of CauseES ا�!�6 ا�8�L�� ا�$ا�� h � ا� ESا�!�6 ا�8�L�� ا�$ا�� h � ا�

Conjunctions: �%أدوات ا��because, since, as

• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of cause with the main sentence.

. ]0c?0- أدوات ا=]w7 ه�¢ w7[q ا=BC2 ا=~]0J- ا=6ا=- �1Y ا=?VW �x ا=1C2- ا=

W§<ل:• I stayed at home yesterday because it was raining.


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7



Adverbial Clause of MannerAdverbial Clause of Mannerا�!�6 ا�8�L�� ا�$ا�� h � ا� Pكا�!�6 ا�8�L�� ا�$ا�� h � ا� Pك

Conjunctions: �%أدوات ا��

As, as if, as through

• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of manner with the main sentence.

. =]0c?0-أدوات ا=]w7 ه�¢ w7[q ا=BC2 ا=~]0J- ا=6ا=- �1Y ا=?F1ك VW ا=1C2- اtz0z| [0� ti>W 6I7 tq�. >Ccدا.

W§<ل: • He speaks as if he were a king.

-0z0z| [0� >�38 pW k67 6ام£aPا �|k2]د ¡0<لW و .• It looks as if it would rain.

z| [0� ti>W Fوه pW k67 6ام£aPا �|kV@Fq 2]دW >�3و أ tz0.


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

as if

will would

was were



Adverbial Clause of PurposeAdverbial Clause of Purposeا�!�6 ا�8�L�� ا�$ا�� h � ا��ضا�!�6 ا�8�L�� ا�$ا�� h � ا��ض

Conjunctions: �%أدوات ا��

that, so that, in order thatThese words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of purpose with the main sentence.

.]0c?0- أدوات ا=]w7 ه�¢ w7[q ا=BC2 ا=~]0J- ا=6ا=- �1Y ا=\]ض VW ا=1C2- ا=

a) We use (may + infinitive) when the main verb is in the present or future.. F<. >W6_Yن ا=BIh ا=]tJ t?0c ا=dC<رع أو ا=Bxza?C ) ا��$ر+ر%��(a?3£6م

W§<ل:� He works hard. He wishes to succeed.� He works hard so that (that or in order that) he may succeed.

b) We use (might + infinitive) when the main verb is in the simple past.. F<. >W6_Yن ا=BIh ا=]tJ t?0c ا=ti>C ا=w0?x ) ا��$ر+ر%��(a?3£6م

W§<ل:� He was walking quickly in order that he might not be late.


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7



Adverbial Clause of ResultAdverbial Clause of Result�!�ziا� � h �ا�$ا� �8��Lا�!�6 ا��!�ziا� � h �ا�$ا� �8��Lا�!�6 ا�

We use:

to link the main sentence with the adverbial clause of result.

C2=ا VW -20a_=�1 اY -=0- ا=6اJ[~=ا BC2=ا w7[= 6م ه�¢ ا=}0\<ت£a?q -0?0c[=1- ا .

W§<ل:• The man is so weak that he can not walk.• He wrote such good answers that he got he marks.


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

so + adverb + that such + noun+ that



Adverbial Clause of ContrastAdverbial Clause of Contrast�/�izا� � h �ا�$ا� �8��Lا�!�6 ا��/�izا� � h �ا�$ا� �8��Lا�!�6 ا�

Conjunctions: �%أدوات ا��though, although

• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of contrastwith the main sentence.

-1C2=ا VW r@>_a=�1 اY -=0- ا=6اJ[~=ا BC2=ا w7[q ¢ه� w7[=0?0- أدوات اc[=ا .

W§<ل:• He is poor. He is happy.• Although (though) he is poor, he is happy.


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7



Adverbial Clause of ContrastAdverbial Clause of Contrastا�!�6 ا�8�L�� ا�$ا�� h � ا��ر"�ا�!�6 ا�8�L�� ا�$ا�� h � ا��ر"�

Conjunctions: �%أدوات ا��as….as, so……as

• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of contrastwith the main sentence.

-1C2=ا VW -3ر>zC=�1 اY -=0- ا=6اJ[~=ا BC2=ا w7[q ¢ه� w7[=0?0- أدوات اc[=ا .

W§<ل:• Nabeel is as clever as his father.• Sami is not so strong as his brother.


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7



Adverbial Clause of ConditionAdverbial Clause of Conditionا�!�6 ا�8�L�� ا�$ا�� h � ا��ا�!�6 ا�8�L�� ا�$ا�� h � ا��

Conjunctions: �%أدوات ا��if, unless

• These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of condition with the main sentence.

. =]0c?0-أدوات ا=]w7 ه�¢ w7[q ا=BC2 ا=~]0J- ا=6ا=- �1Y ا=�<=- VW ا=1C2- ا

W§<ل: • If we are ill, we go to bed.• If we work hard, we will succeed.• If we worked hard, we would succeed.• If he had fallen, he would have hurt himself.• Unless the rain falls, the crops will not grow.


ا=?<�7ا=?<�7


t=>a=اt=>a=ا


asas…………..as ..as 6<= Y <= 6<= Y <= ]] �Sg��% �Sg��% [ [ not asnot as…….as .as 6<= Y <= �� 6<= Y <= ��

p0=>| p07 واة>?W دFو� p0| ح;�lk6م ه�ا ا£a?. p0=>| p07 واة>?W دFو� p0| ح;�lk6م ه�ا ا£a?...

• Ahmed drives as dangerously as his brother.

..p0=>| p07 واة>?W دFو� p0=>| p07 واة>?W دF6م و�Y6مY -=>| tJ ح;�lk6م ه�ا ا£a?. -=>| tJ ح;�lk6م ه�ا ا£a?.

• Hamad does not drive as dangerously as his brother.


ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

as……..as 6<= Y <= ]�Sg��%[ as……..as 6<= Y <= ]�Sg��%[

not as……..as 6<= Y <= �� not as……..as 6<= Y <= ��



Active & PassiveActive & Passiveا��P 7� � eiSم و ا��P�!� � eiSلا��P 7� � eiSم و ا��P�!� � eiSل

�=P 7= �� h�8 نP.� ezا� �ا�!� Pم هP 7� � eiS��% $��=P 7= �� h�8 نP.� ezا� �ا�!� Pم هP 7� � eiS��% $��..�.Pن P 7= ��| �� h�8م ezا� �ا�!� Pل هP�!� � eiS��% $��.Pن P 7= ��| �� h�8م ezا� �ا�!� Pل هP�!� � eiS��% $��

..أو / �6 ا&ه��أو / �6 ا&ه��::ه�iك h$ة أ"Pاع =V ا��P 7� � eiSم و ا��P�!� � eiSله�iك h$ة أ"Pاع =V ا��P 7� � eiSم و ا��P�!� � eiSل

•• Statements Statements ��Syا�!�6 ا� ��Syا�!�6 ا�•• Questions Questions �ـــــــــــ �C&ا �ـــــــــــ �C&ا•• CommandCommand ا&=ـــــــــــــ� ا&=ـــــــــــــ�


t=>a=اt=>a=ا




Ahmed broke the window yesterday.Ahmed broke the window yesterday.وهF وهF ه�¢ ا=F1IC1= t_xW -1C2م وذ=N 8ن ا=F1IW >�0J BY>hم ه�¢ ا=F1IC1= t_xW -1C2م وذ=N 8ن ا=F1IW >�0J BY>hم

. . ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________The window was broken yesterday.The window was broken yesterday.The window was broken (by Ahmed) yesterday.The window was broken (by Ahmed) yesterday.

IW [0� >�0J BY>h=8ن ا N=ل وذF�2C1= t_xW -1C2=ه�¢ اIW [0� >�0J BY>h=8ن ا N=ل وذF�2C1= t_xW -1C2=م ه�¢ اF1 مF1 f7 لFIhC=ن ا><W Vi1- ا8و=� أو وC2=ا tJ >Cآ Fوه f7 لFIhC=ن ا><W Vi1- ا8و=� أو وC2=ا tJ >Cآ Fوه

..Fx?W@< 7ــ آtJ >C ا=1C2- ا=§<Fx?W -03@< 7ــ آtJ >C ا=1C2- ا=§<03-


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

by

ActiveAhmed

PassiveAhmed

A. Statements ��Syا�!�6 ا� A. Statements ��Syا�!�6 ا�




�pW B.F ا=F1IC1= t_xCم إ=� ا=F�2C1= t_xCل a1=-0=>a=ات اF�£=ا Vxa3 -.[x£=ا BC2=ا -=>| tJ :

1 . ;Y>J ¨x{. f7 لFIhC=ة . (ا[�>xW BIh=6 اI7 ¢دF�F7 f7 لFIhC=ف ا[I.(2 . f7 لFIhC1= >xP>_W -1C2=ا pWز �h3 tJ BIJ Vd3 ..Vi ا=BIh اtJ t1l8 ا=a}].` ا=§<=© . 3. Vd3 ا=Fx?W BY>h@< 7ــ و@6 .�� إذا آ<ن 0Ci]ا. 45 . [00\q 1- دونC2=�3<.- ا tJ Fه >Cآ ViF. -1C2=ا tJ أي ز.<دة.


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

by

Active

to be

Passive





أW§1ـــــــــــــــــــ- :


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

The lesson was written (by Huda).The lesson was written (by Huda).Huda wrote the lesson.Huda wrote the lesson.

A car A car will bewill be bought (by Saleh).bought (by Saleh).Saleh will buy a car.Saleh will buy a car.

Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).Khaled is helping Ahmed.Khaled is helping Ahmed.

The apple has been eaten (by her).The apple has been eaten (by her).She has eaten the apple.She has eaten the apple.

Letters are written (by Ali).Letters are written (by Ali).Ali writes letters.Ali writes letters.

PassivePassive لP�!� � eiS= لP�!� � eiS=ActiveActive مP 7� � eiS= مP 7� � eiS=




t1. >Cآ -h1a£C=ا -_Wا8ز VW BIJ ف[{.:


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7


��z was being, were beingا��@e ا��

��z am being, is being, are beingا��gرع ا��

�� S6 ا�S�z shall be, will beا��

has been, have beenا��gرع ا��zم

had beenا��@e ا��zم

$h� can be, could be, may be, might be, must be, oughtآ678 6 =to be

�� Sا� e@ا��was, were

�� Sرع ا��gا��am, is, are


to be



�pW B.F ا=F1IC1= t_xCم إ=� ا=F�2C1= t_xCل a1= -0=>a=ات اF�£=ا Vxa3 -1oP8ا -=>| tJ :

1 . ;Y>J ¨x{. f7 لFIhC=ة . (ا[�>xW BIh=6 اI7 ¢دF�F7 f7 لFIhC=ف ا[I.(. �h3 tJ BIJ Vd3 زpW ا=?®ال. 2.Vi ا=BIh اtJ t1l8 ا=a}].` ا=§<=© . 3. Vd3 ا=Fx?W BY>h@< 7ــ و@6 .�� إذا آ<ن 0Ci]ا. 45 . [00\q 1- دونC2=�3<.- ا tJ Fه >Cآ ViF. -1C2=ا tJ أي ز.<دة.


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

by

Active

to be

Passive

B. Questions � �C&ا B. Questions � �C&ا






t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

Was the cake eaten (by him)?Was the cake eaten (by him)?Did he eat the cake?.Did he eat the cake?.

Will a new car be bought (by Ali)?Will a new car be bought (by Ali)?Will Ali buy a new car?Will Ali buy a new car?

Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).Why is he using a pen?Why is he using a pen?

By whom the window was broken?By whom the window was broken?Who broke the window?Who broke the window?

Are Letters written (by Ali)?Are Letters written (by Ali)?Does Ahmed write letters?Does Ahmed write letters?


B. Questions � �C&ا B. Questions � �C&ا




�pW B.F ا=F1IC1= t_xCم إ=� ا=F�2C1= t_xCل a1= -0=>a=ات اF�£=ا Vxa3 [W8ا -=>| tJ :

1 .-1C2=أول ا tJ -C1آ Vi .2 . ;Y>J ¨x{. f7 لFIhC=ة . (ا[�>xW BIh=6 اI7 ¢دF�F7 f7 لFIhC=ف ا[I.(.�h3 tJ BIJ Vi ا=/pW أي اF<0J [W8ن . 3.Vi ا=BIh اtJ t1l8 ا=a}].` ا=§<=© . 4


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

be

Active

to be

Passive

C. Command �=&ا C. Command �=&ا

let






t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

Let the door be opened.Let the door be opened.Open the door.Open the door.

Let this letter be sent to your friend.Let this letter be sent to your friend.Send this letter to your friend.Send this letter to your friend.

Let the lesson be written.Let the lesson be written.Write the lesson.Write the lesson.


C. Command �=&ا C. Command �=&ا




kا®P 0- أوh_W لF�2C1= t_xC=�1< إ=� ا.F�q اد[C=1- اC2=ن اF<q 6@ �2. ا�= ;.�W = t_xC=إ=� ا B.F�a=6 ا_Y B0.�a=0\- ه�ا ا=?®ال أو اl �1Y -~J>�C=ل اF�2C1 .

أW§1ـــــــــــــــــــ-


ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

Those novels were written by Dickens, Those novels were written by Dickens, werenweren’’t they?t they?

Dickens wrote those novels, didnDickens wrote those novels, didn’’t he?t he?

That play wasnThat play wasn’’t written by Dickens, was it?t written by Dickens, was it?Dickens didnDickens didn’’t write that play, did he?t write that play, did he?

Letters are not written (by Ali).Letters are not written (by Ali).Ali Ali does notdoes not write letterswrite letters


=-L4ـــــــــــــــــــــــ�=-L4ـــــــــــــــــــــــ�



Transitive & Intransitive VerbsTransitive & Intransitive Verbs ��$7zو ا&�78ل ا�� ا&�78ل ا�-ز= ��$7zو ا&�78ل ا�� ا&�78ل ا�-ز=

:Intransitive Verbs ) �=ا&�78ل ا�-ز ( f7 kFIhW �¡�q k ta=ا tه .B§W :

The sun rises.

:Intransitive Verbs ) �=ا&�78ل ا�-ز (. هt ا=f7 kFIhW �¡�q ta وا|6ا أو أآ§]

Ali raised his hand.

�F.�1< إ=� F�2C1= t_xWل =6Iم و�Fد FIhWل *q p<C. k -Wل ا=;ز>IJ8ا BC2=ا >W�7<، أ f7 �F.�1< إ=� F�2C1= t_xWل q p<C0J -.6IaW ل>IJي أF�q ta=ا .

* C1= t_xW �=�1< إ.F�q p<C. ا�= p0=FIhC= -.6IaC=ل ا>IJ8ا rI7 ل ه_<كF�2 . ل>§W :

Ahmed gave Huda a flower . p0az.[�7 �_xq :

a) Huda was given a flower (by Ahmed).b) A flower was given to Huda (by Ahmed) ¢[0¡�q p0| B@>I=ا f7 لFIhC1= Viو �|k

.


BY>h=ا ا=f7BIh ا=FIhCل

BY>h=ا ا=FIhW f7BIhل FIhW f7ل

toHuda



PrepositionsPrepositions�4وف ا�!��4وف ا�!�

�.Pن � ��ف ا�Pا$4 $�8 ،�.%��z= ا4$ �4وف ا�!� آ>��ة وPن � ��ف ا�P.� $�8 ،�.%��z= �4وف ا�!� آ>��ة و4 e8 Y7/P= E ا�!� � sوذ� �i7= V= �<أآ�ا�!� e8 Y7/P= E 4 sوذ� �i7= V= �<و و . . أآ

�� h رب$zا� e�4وف ا�!� ه B 7z� � <ا�� Hا� �� h رب$zا� e�4وف ا�!� ه B 7z� � <ا�� Hا�� :i= آ��وف £ ..=x V-ل 6�R و �� £ آ��وف = �:i�x V=-ل 6�R و ��

A preposition shows the relation between the subject and the object. There are also prepositions of time and prepositions of place.

4 �g��وف �R دا�� وف �R دا�� ?$ل �4وف ا�!� h � ا�/-7� V�% ا�:�6h و ا��:P7ل %Y و �RP$ أ�g� 4 ?$ل �4وف ا�!� h � ا�/-7� V�% ا�:�6h و ا��:P7ل %Y و �RP$ أ. . h � ا��=V و �4وف �R دا�� h � ا��.�ن h � ا��=V و �4وف �R دا�� h � ا��.�ن


t=>a=اt=>a=ا



Use of PrepositionsUse of PrepositionsاyzC$ام �4وف ا�!� اyzC$ام �4وف ا�!�


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

The tea is The tea is onon the table.the table.To mean aboveTo mean above قFJ �_IC7 قFJ �_IC7

I will travel I will travel onon National Day.National Day.Special daysSpecial days -l>¡ أ.<م -l>¡ أ.<م

My birthday is My birthday is onon June 10.June 10.Afternoon, evening, dateAfternoon, evening, date ¼.ر>a=ر.¼ ا>a=ا

OnOn Friday morningFriday morningDay + morning, nightDay + morning, night ا=ah]ة ا=ah]ة + + ا8.<م ا8.<م

OnOn MondayMondayDayDay ا8.<م ا8.<مonon

Example Example ل =>�ل�<=Use Use ام$yzC~ام ا$yzC~اPrepositionsPrepositions�4وف ا�!� �4وف ا�!�





t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

I go home I go home inin the eveningthe eveningThe evening The evening ء>C?=ء ا>C?=ا

He is He is inin the mosque.the mosque.To mean aboveTo mean above B¡ا=6ا tJ B¡ا=6ا tJ

I go to work I go to work inin the morning.the morning.The morningThe morning ح>x{=ح ا>x{=ا

The test is The test is inin May.May.MonthMonth [�� [��

I was born I was born inin 1968.1968.Year Year -_P -_P

The trees grow The trees grow inin spring.spring.SeasonSeason B{J B{Jinin






t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

We sleep We sleep atat night.night.NightNight B01=ا B01=ا

We pray We pray atat noon everyday.noon everyday.Noon Noon [�~=ا=~�] ا

He is He is atat the grocerthe grocer’’s.s.To mean placeTo mean place ن><C1= ن><C1=

We will travel We will travel atat the weekend.the weekend.The weekendThe weekend عFxP8ع �3<.- اFxP8�3<.- ا

I will talk to my father I will talk to my father atat lunch.lunch.Meal timesMeal times ت>x�F=ت أو@<ت ا>x�F=أو@<ت ا

I will meat you I will meat you atat the school festival.the school festival.FestivalFestival تk>ha|k0<د و اY8ت اk>ha|k0<د و اY8ا

I will come back I will come back atat 2 o2 o’’clock.clock.TimeTime �@F=ا �@F=اatat






t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

The teacher is The teacher is in front ofin front of the class.the class. م>Wأ �_IC7 م>Wأ �_IC7in front ofin front of

The cat is The cat is underunder the table.the table. ��q �_IC7 ��q �_IC7underunder

Ahmed is Ahmed is atat work.work.at workat work BCI=ا tJ BCI=ا tJ

I go I go toto school everyday.school everyday.direction/place direction/place ن><Wن><W// ¢>2q2<¢ اqاtoto

They are standing They are standing atat the dinner tablethe dinner tableat the tableat the table -=�1 ا=�<وY -=�1 ا=�<وY

He lives He lives atat number 5, King Fahad Street.number 5, King Fahad Street.at an exact placeat an exact place 6د�W ن><W tJ 6د�W ن><W tJatat


Prepositions of PlacePrepositions of Place ا��.�ن � h �ا��.�ن ا�$ا� � h �ا�$ا� �4وف ا�!� �4وف ا�!�





t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

You were You were inin the club last night.the club last night.In a building or areaIn a building or area أو �_xW tJ أو �_xW tJ -z�_W -z�_W

The baby is The baby is inin bed.bed.in bedin bed اش[h=ا tJ اش[h=ا tJ

I live I live inin Saudi Arabia.Saudi Arabia.In a countryIn a country 617 tJ 617 tJ

Ali is sitting Ali is sitting inin his chair.his chair.In a chair In a chair tP[<=�1 اY tP[<=�1 اY

I live I live inin AlAl--Madina.Madina.In a town./streetIn a town./street -_.6W tJ -_.6W tJ // رع>� tJ رع>� tJ

Put this book Put this book inin the box.the box.To mean insideTo mean inside B¡دا �_IC7 B¡دا �_IC7inin







t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

Ali watches football Ali watches football onon TV every Saturday.TV every Saturday.TVTV نF./h1a=�1 �<�- اY نF./h1a=�1 �<�- اY onon

Samah is sitting Samah is sitting betweenbetween Fatma and Fatma and Salwa.Salwa.

p07 �_IC7 p07 �_IC7betweenbetween

The wall is The wall is behindbehind the class.the class. `1¡ �_IC7 `1¡ �_IC7bbehindehind

I am I am fromfrom Riyadh.Riyadh. pW �_IC7 pW �_IC7fromfrom

He arrives He arrives onon time.time.TimeTime 6د�C=ا �@F=6د ا�C=ا �@F=ا

I write I write withwith a pen.a pen. �_IC7 �_IC77ـ7ـ withwith







t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

The electrician is putting his hand The electrician is putting his hand intointo the TV.the TV.intointo tJ ،B¡دا tJ ،B¡دا

The bank is The bank is oppositeopposite to the post office.to the post office.oppositeopposite B7>zW B7>zW

The house is The house is betweenbetween the school and the mosque.the school and the mosque.betweenbetween p07 p07

Ahmed is sitting Ahmed is sitting nearnear the window.the window.nearnear pW ب[z=>7 pW ب[z=>7

The knife is The knife is onon the table.the table.onon �1Y �1Y

The water is spilling The water is spilling ontoonto the floor.the floor.ontoonto �1Y �1Y

Someone is Someone is atat the door.the door.atat ب[z=>7 ،6_Y ب[z=>7 ،6_Y

The medicine is The medicine is inin the bottle.the bottle.inin tJ tJ

Example Example ل =>�ل�<=PrepositionsPrepositions�4وف ا�!� �4وف ا�!�

More ExamplesMore Examples � <=&ا V= ا$��$ا =V ا&=> � =��=





t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

The teacher is sitting The teacher is sitting amongamong the students.the students.amongamong wPوwPو

The ball is going The ball is going throughthrough the window.the window.throughthrough xY]، ¡;لxY]، ¡;ل

The fire is The fire is underunder ((belowbelow) the stairs.) the stairs.under/belowunder/below ،��q،��q BhPأ BhPأ

The light is The light is overover ((aboveabove) the table.) the table.over/aboveover/above �1Yق، أFJ �1Yق، أFJ

The child is falling The child is falling out ofout of the window.the window.out ofout of FJ pWق FJ pWق The carpenter cut The carpenter cut acrossacross the wood.the wood.acrossacross xY]، ¡;لxY]، ¡;ل

The man is falling The man is falling offoff the chair.the chair.offoff �1Y pW�1Y pW







t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

The electrician is putting his hand The electrician is putting his hand intointo the TV.the TV.intointo tJ ،B¡دا tJ ،B¡دا

The bank is The bank is oppositeopposite to the post office.to the post office.oppositeopposite B7>zW B7>zW

The house is The house is betweenbetween the school and the mosque.the school and the mosque.betweenbetween p07 p07

Ahmed is sitting Ahmed is sitting nearnear the window.the window.nearnear pW ب[z=>7 pW ب[z=>7

The knife is The knife is onon the table.the table.onon �1Y �1Y

The water is spilling The water is spilling ontoonto the floor.the floor.ontoonto �1Y �1Y

Someone is Someone is atat the door.the door.atat ب[z=>7 ،6_Y ب[z=>7 ،6_Y

The medicine is The medicine is inin the bottle.the bottle.inin tJ tJ







ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

The bank is The bank is next tonext to the bakerthe baker’’s.s.next tonext to F27ارF27ار

The man is walking The man is walking alongalong the street.the street.alongalong F� �1Yل F� �1Yل

The garage is The garage is at the side ofat the side of the house.the house.at the side ofat the side of �3>27 �3>27

The sweets are The sweets are on top ofon top of the table.the table.on top ofon top of �1Y ،قFJ �1Y ،قFJ

The child is sitting The child is sitting in front ofin front of the TV.the TV.in front ofin front of أW<مأW<مThe headmaster is sitting The headmaster is sitting behindbehind the pupils.the pupils.behindbehind ¡1`، وراء¡1`، وراء

The car is going The car is going roundround the tree.the tree.roundround |Fل|Fل





QuestionQuestion--TagsTags � �ا&�C � ا�� ا&�C � ا��

�h § H �� ا&�C � ا�� وهe ?�7دل � �C&ا V= عPi�7دل ه�ا ا�? eوه � ��h § H �� ا&�C � ا�� C&ا V= عPiه�ا ا��oSz . . %�� ا��7%��%�� ا��7%��“ “ أ�� آ��s؟أ�� آ��s؟”” ��zy= الpC Vh رة�Sh Pوه oSz� ��zy= الpC Vh رة�Sh Pوه

V= � �!ه�© ا� >��y� Y�S وه�ا ا� pال �hدة =� ? ��Sx � �R V= � �!ه�© ا� >��y� Y�S وه�ا ا� pال �hدة =� ? ��Sx � �Re:iت أو أ��Sk#ا ª�4e:iت أو أ��Sk#ا ª�4 . . �zS<= Y�S ? ezا� �8»ذا آ�"£ ا�!� �zS<= Y�S ? ezا� �8»ذا آ�"£ ا�!�

�.Pن ا� pال ��:i= £"و إذا آ� e:iا� e8 الp �.Pن ا� pال �.Pن ه�ا ا� ��:i= £"و إذا آ� e:iا� e8 الp �.Pن ه�ا ا��zS<=�zS<=..

* * e:iت أو ا��Sk#ا ª�4 V= � �!ا� oSz�8 الp أ=� PRاب ه�ا ا� pال oSz�8 ا�!� � =ª�4 V ا#�Skت أو ا�e:i أ=� PRاب ه�ا ا�..أي ��y< ا� pال أي ��y< ا� pال

ه�ا ا�Piع =V ا& �C� z=$اول آ>��ا ih$ ا��z$ث %�� ه�ا ا�Piع =V ا& �C� z=$اول آ>��ا ih$ ا��z$ث %�� * * �%Pz.ا�� 6 اyzC$ا=e8 Y ا#"! �� Y"إ~ أ ��6 اyzC$ا=e8 Y ا#"! �� ا��.Pz%�ا#"! �� Y"إ~ أ ��. . ا#"! ��


t=>a=اt=>a=ا



f01Y -7>�4ا3~] ه�ا ا=?®ال و ا:* There’s a supermarket near here, isn’t there?

Yes , there is.* >�01Y ا �<ء ا=?®ال�= -ax§W -1C� ه�ا ا=?®ال �W6zq ta=1- اC2=ا) B0.�a=0< ) اh_W . >Wأ

.ا=F2اب F<0Jن x¦4>7<ت * Vd3 �¦ 6Y>?C=ا BIh=6م اz3 عF_=ه�ا ا pW kا®P نF<3 t<=و th_1= N=6¢ وذI7 .

t=>a=ل ا>§C=و ا«ن ا3~] ا :* You come from the United States, don’t you?

Yes, I do.. tJ 6Y>?W BIJ ه�ا ا=C§<ل B0.�q �q ا=?®ال aP>7£6ام وذ=6I= Nم و�Fد *


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

do

Yesnot

Questions that we expect the answer “Yes”“"B7“أ �C� o/Pz" ا#%�R� h �� %ـ

Questions that we expect the answer “Yes”“"B7“أ �C� o/Pz" ا#%�R� h �� %ـ




1) You don’t come from Saudi Arabia, do you?No, I don’t.

2) It doesn’t take long time be car, does it?No, it doesn’t.

* >_W6£aPا ا�= w0?x=رع ا>dC=ا pWز tJ ه_< أن ا=?®ال �|k 6Y>?W BIhآ .

3) You didn’t travel last year, did you?No, I didn’t.

* >_W6£aPا ا�= w0?x=ا ti>C=ا pWز tJ ه_< أن ا=?®ال �|k 6Y>?W BIhآ .


ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

did

do/does

Questions that we expect the answer “No”“~“أ �C� o/Pz" ا#%�R� h �� %ـ

Questions that we expect the answer “No”“~“أ �C� o/Pz" ا#%�R� h �� %ـ




Conditional Conditional ““ifif””””P�P� “ “��°ا��ا��°�

.. fYF@و p<CW 6ث�ه�ا ا=�6ث p<CW و@fYF ه�ا ا=If it If it rainsrains tomorrow, I tomorrow, I will staywill stay at home. at home. )) �0x=ا tJ �z7�P ، 6ا� [�Cq �0 إنx=ا tJ �z7�P ، 6ا� [�Cq إن((

If you If you eateat too much, you too much, you will becomewill become fat.fat. : : W§<ل W§<ل


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

if + present رع>dW will (q +1}].` أول





t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

if + past ti>W would (q +2}].` أول

.. fYF@و B0�a?W أو p<CW [0� 6ث��B0 و@fYF ه�ا ا=a?W أو p<CW [0� 6ث�ه�ا ا=

If Shakespeare If Shakespeare livedlived today, he today, he would usewould use different English. different English. �B0 أن .>Fن |0< ا=F0م a?W [0x?<� أن �|k مF0=ن |0< اF<. أن B0�a?W [0x?<� أن �|k . . ti>C=ا BIh=ا >_W6£aPأ3_< ا >d.أ �|k ti>C=ا BIh=ا >_W6£aPأ3_< ا >d.أ �|k

ti>C=�1 اY 6ل. k f_<= -1C� VW w0?x=ا ti>C=�1 اY 6ل. k f_<= -1C� VW w0?x=ا . . >_W6£aPو ا >_W6£aP6ر ((و ا{C=6ر ا{C=6ة + ) + ) اY>z=ا t1- وه�¢ هC2=ا pW t3>§=ا=2/ء ا tJ 6ةY>z=ا t1- وه�¢ هC2=ا pW t3>§=ا=2/ء ا tJ::

a?3 k 6ة وY>z=ه�¢ ا tJ �=ل إF�aq أن >d.أ �|k a?3 k 6ة وY>z=ه�¢ ا tJ �=ل إF�aq أن >d.أ �|k F= �a| 6ام£aPا V0� F= �a| 6ام£aPا V0�. . آ<ن ا=hW BY>h]دا آ<ن ا=hW BY>h]دا

If I If I werewere you, I you, I would buywould buy a new car. a new car. ل>§Wل>§W : :

if + subject + past subject+ would + q}].` أول

would

bewerewas




If he If he had livedhad lived in Taif, he in Taif, he would have been would have been happyhappy..

If he If he had visitedhad visited Makkah, he Makkah, he would have seenwould have seen the Kathe Ka’’aba.aba.


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

if + had + ©=>¦ `.[{q would have ©=>¦ `.[{q +3)




..Cc- و ¦<Cc-a7- و ¦<a?.-a7£6م ه�ا ا=a]آtJ �0 ا=�<=- ا=F<q taن 20a3 >�0J- ا=z0z| BIh- دا.?a£6م ه�ا ا=a]آtJ �0 ا=�<=- ا=F<q taن 20a3 >�0J- ا=z0z| BIh- دا

If you If you boilboil water, it becomes steam. water, it becomes steam. )) 7£<را ¨x{. f3�J ،ء>C=أ3_< �01_< ا F= 7£<را ¨x{. f3�J ،ء>C=أ3_< �01_< ا F= ( ( -C1ا �<ءت آ�= p0IW �@F7 60ةzW �?0= و -a7>¦ -z0z| ¢و ه� -C1ا �<ءت آ�= p0IW �@F7 60ةzW �?0= و -a7>¦ -z0z| ¢رع و و ه�>dC=ا tJ رع و>dC=ا tJ

Bxza?C=ا tJ �?0= Bxza?C=ا tJ �?0= . .


ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

if + present رع>dW present رع>dW4)

if + present رع>dW instructions ت>C01Iq5) If the radio If the radio isis too loud, too loud, turn it offturn it off. Or . Or Turn the radio offTurn the radio off if it if it isis too loud.too loud.

If you If you areare under 17, under 17, dondon’’t drive a car.t drive a car. Or Or DonDon’’t drive a cart drive a car if you if you areare under 17.under 17.

becomes



Reported SpeechReported Speechا�.-م ا��P�iل ا�.-م ا��P�iل

[�>xW [0\=ا=>;م ا >d.أ �C?. BC2=ا pW عF_=ه�ا ا [�>xW [0\=ا=>;م ا >d.أ �C?. BC2=ا pW عF_=ه�ا ا..Indirect SpeechIndirect Speech

There are four kinds of direct and Indirect SpeechThere are four kinds of direct and Indirect Speech.. [�>xC=و �0] ا [�>xC=ا=>;م ا pW اعF3أ -I7ه_<ك أر [�>xC=و �0] ا [�>xC=ا=>;م ا pW اعF3أ -I7ه_<ك أر::

1) Statement 1) Statement -.[x£=1- اC2=ا -.[x£=1- اC2=ا2) Question 2) Question ا=?®ال ا=?®ال 3) Command 3) Command �1�=ا=��1 ا 4) Exclamation 4) Exclamation �2Ia=�2 اIa=ا


t=>a=اt=>a=ا




�xW pW -.[x¡ -1C� B.F<�] إ=� آ;م Fz_Wل * * a= لFz_W إ=� آ;م [�>xW pW -.[x¡ -1C� B.F�a=-0=>a=ات اF�£=ا Vxa3 -0=>a=ات اF�£=ا Vxa3 :: Vd3 ا�Pk أو ا=BIJ �¦ [0Cd ا=Fzل Vd3 ا�Pk أو ا=BIJ �¦ [0Cd ا=Fzل--1122-->�_Y ء>_\aPkا >__<C. و w7[=أداة ا Vd3 >�_Y ء>_\aPkا >__<C. و w7[=أداة ا Vd3 ..33--[c>Cd=و أه� ه�¢ ا �_IC=ا �?| [c>Cd=ل اF�3 [c>Cd=و أه� ه�¢ ا �_IC=ا �?| [c>Cd=ل اF�3 ::

II he, shehe, she wewe theytheyMyMy his, herhis, her ourour theirtheir

44--t1. >Cآ -_Wل ا8زF�3 t1. >Cآ -_Wل ا8زF�3 ::Present Present رع>dW رع>dW Past Past ti>Wti>WPast Past ti>Wti>W Past Perfect Past Perfect م>q ti>Wم>q ti>W

55--t1. >Cت إن و�6ت آ>C1<=ا rI7 لF�3 t1. >Cت إن و�6ت آ>C1<=ا rI7 لF�3 ::Now Now ا«نا«ن then then �o_0|�o_0|here here >_ه_<ه there there ه_<كه_<كLast night Last night >_ه_<ه the night before the night before ه_<كه_<كthis this >_ه_<ه that that ه_<كه_<كyesterday yesterday >_ه_<ه the day before the day before ه_<كه_<كtomorrow tomorrow >_ه_<ه the following day the following day ه_<كه_<ك


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

Statement ��Syا� �ا�!� Statement ��Syا� �ا�!�

that

DirectReportedsaid





t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

Statement ��Syا� �ا�!� Statement ��Syا� �ا�!�

She says thatShe says that sheshe will cook the food tomorrow.will cook the food tomorrow.She says: She says: ““I will cook the food tomorrowI will cook the food tomorrow””..

: : وا=t_Iq ta أi<ف وا=t_Iq ta أi<ف : : aW °£�= p0a1C� p07>�1 وا|xY >�_W k67 Vd3 6<رة aW °£�= p0a1C� p07>�1 وا|xY >�_W k67 Vd3 6<رة (. ) (. ) إذا آ<ن ه_<ك إذا آ<ن ه_<ك

He told meHe told me that he would that he would see see me the next dayme the next day..He said to me: "I shall see you tomorrowHe said to me: "I shall see you tomorrow””..

W0] أز\q k �o_0| رع>dW لFz=ا -C1إذا آ<�3 آ W0] أز\q k �o_0| رع>dW لFz=ا -C1إذا آ<�3 آ [c>Cd=ا tJ wzJ نF<. [00\a=ا >C31- إC2=ا -_ [c>Cd=ا tJ wzJ نF<. [00\a=ا >C31- إC2=ا -_::

They told himThey told him that they wouldthat they would see see him the next dayhim the next dayand added thatand added that they wouldthey would visit Ahmed.visit Ahmed.

They said to him: They said to him: ““We shall see you tomorrow. We We shall see you tomorrow. We shall visit Ahmedshall visit Ahmed””..

We say thatWe say that we are playing football now.we are playing football now.We say: We say: ““We are playing football nowWe are playing football now””..

She said thatShe said that she hadshe had not been to the school library not been to the school library recently.recently.

She said: "I have not been in the school library She said: "I have not been in the school library recentlyrecently””..

They said thatThey said that they werethey were happy.happy.““We are happyWe are happy””

He said thatHe said that hehe livedlived in Riyadh.in Riyadh.““I live in RiyadhI live in Riyadh””

IndirectIndirect [�>xW [0� [�>xW [0� Direct Direct [�>xW [�>xW

and added that

say, says




�P B.F®ال xW pW<�] إ=� آ;م Fz_Wل * * a= لFz_W إ=� آ;م [�>xW pW ال®P B.F�a= -0=>a=ات اF�£=ا Vxa3 -0=>a=ات اF�£=ا Vxa3 : :11-- t1. >Cآ tا=?®ال ، وه pW6د ز�. BIh=ا t1. >Cآ tا=?®ال ، وه pW6د ز�. BIh=ا : :

Present Present رع>dW رع>dW Past Past ti>Wti>WPast Past ti>Wti>W Past Perfect Past Perfect م>q ti>W م>q ti>W

22-- w7آ�داة ر >�?h3 6م£a?q ال®P �1 أداةY يFa�. . إذا آ<ن ا=?®ال .�Faي �1Y أداة P®ال a?q£6م h3?�< آ�داة رw7 إذا آ<ن ا=?®ال .�B.F ا=?®ال إ=� �x¡ -1C].- و ه6za7 F.� ا=�1Y BY>h ا=BIh ا= --33q �a. =ا BIh=�1 اY BY>h=6.� اza7 Fو ه -.[x¡ -1C� �=ا=?®ال إ B.F�q �a. 6Y>?C 6Y>?C . .44-- -1C2=ا �_IW �?| [c>Cd=ا rI7 [00\q �|;. -1C2=ا �_IW �?| [c>Cd=ا rI7 [00\q �|;. . .


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

Question الp ا� pال Question ا�

DirectReportedasked





t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

I asked himI asked him ifif he he wentwent to school.to school.““Does he go to school?Does he go to school?””..

He asked meHe asked me wherewhere I livedI lived..““Where do you liveWhere do you live””..

�Faي �1Y أداة P®ال . k 1?®ال ا=�ي= w76م آ�داة ر£a?q ال®P �1 أداةY يFa�. k 1?®ال ا=�ي= w76م آ�داة ر£a?q : :

. . Fل ا=BIh إ=� زpW ا=ti>C ا=F w0?xل ا=BIh إ=� زpW ا=ti>C ا=w0?x إذا آ<ن ا=?®ال .6xأ أو .�Faي �1Y أو ا|��J< و | إذا آ<ن ا=?®ال .6xأ أو .�Faي �1Y أو ا|��J< و |

He asked meHe asked me ifif my my schoolschool was was very largevery large. . ““Is your school very large?Is your school very large?””..

He asked meHe asked me where where mymy book book waswas..““Where is your book?Where is your book?””..

The teacher asked meThe teacher asked me why I was why I was latelate..““Why are you late?Why are you late?””

He He asked measked me what what mymy name name waswas..““What is your name?What is your name?””..


if


does do





t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

Ali asked meAli asked me ifif Ahmed Ahmed had boughthad bought a new car.a new car.““Did Ahmed buy a new car?Did Ahmed buy a new car?””..

Sami asked meSami asked me where where I had gone the day beforeI had gone the day before..““Where did you go yesterday?Where did you go yesterday?””..

::W_- ا=1C2- إC3< ا=F<. [00\aن tJ wzJ ا=W [c>Cd_- ا=1C2- إC3< ا=F<. [00\aن tJ wzJ ا=c>Cd] إذا آ<�3 آC1- ا=?®ال dW<رع |q k �o_0\0] أز إذا آ<�3 آC1- ا=?®ال dW<رع |q k �o_0\0] أز

They ask meThey ask me who mywho my English teacher English teacher isis. . ““Who is your English teacher?Who is your English teacher?””..

+ ). + ). q ©=>¦ `.[{q}].` ¦<=© ((=� زpW ا=ti>C ا=w0?x =� زpW ا=ti>C ا=w0?x إذا آ<ن ا=?®ال .6xأ أو .�Faي �1Y ا|��J< و |Fل ا=BIh إ إذا آ<ن ا=?®ال .6xأ أو .�Faي �1Y ا|��J< و |Fل ا=BIh إ

He asks meHe asks me what my what my marksmarks areare..““What are your marks?What are your marks?””..



didhad

ask, asks




�xW pW -0x1� -1C� B.F<�] إ=� آ;م Fz_Wل * * a= لFz_W إ=� آ;م [�>xW pW -0x1� -1C� B.F�a= اتF�£=ا Vxa3 اتF�£=ا Vxa3 -0=>a=0- ا=>a=ا : :

. . إذا آ<ن ا=>;م .f7 6{z اW8] إذا آ<ن ا=>;م .f7 6{z اW8] ) ) أW] أa?3 ) ) [W£6م a?3£6م --11. . إذا آ<ن ا=>;م .f7 6{z ا=]�<ء و ا=BPFa إذا آ<ن ا=>;م .f7 6{z ا=]�<ء و ا=BPFa ) ) ر�<ء ر�<ء ( ( و a?3£6م و a?3£6م . . إذا آ<ن ا=>;م .f7 6{z ا=_}0�- إذا آ<ن ا=>;م .f7 6{z ا=_}0�- ) ) 3}¨ 3}¨ ( ( و a?3£6م و a?3£6م إذا آ<ن ا=>;م pW f�FW �£° إ=� �£° .?<و.f إذا آ<ن ا=>;م pW f�FW �£° إ=� �£° .?<و.f ) ) أ¡x] أ¡x] ( ( و a?3£6م و a?3£6م -xq[C=ا tJ -xq[C=ا tJ . .

22-- BIh=ا Bx@ -C1آ Vi و -|FahC=اس اF@8ا|�ف ا BIh=ا Bx@ -C1آ Vi و -|FahC=اس اF@8ا|�ف ا 33-- >q61- إن و�C2=ا pW taC1ا|�ف آ >q61- إن و�C2=ا pW taC1ا|�ف آ . .44-- �xP >Cوآ �_IC=ا �?| [c>Cd=ت و ا>C1<=ا rI7 [0� �xP >Cوآ �_IC=ا �?| [c>Cd=ت و ا>C1<=ا rI7 [0� . .

II


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

Command E Hا� Command E Hا�

DirectReported

orderedbeggedadvised

told

toPlease, do





t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

He told meHe told me not to go to the market that not to go to the market that nightnight..

He said to me: He said to me: ““Do not go to the Do not go to the market tonightmarket tonight””..

The doctor The doctor advisedadvised meme to drink a lot of to drink a lot of water.water.

The doctor said to me: The doctor said to me: ““Drink a lot of Drink a lot of waterwater””..

The son The son beggedbegged his father his father to give him to give him some money.some money.

The son said to his father: The son said to his father: ““please , please , give me some moneygive me some money””..

He He orderedordered the servantthe servant to bring him a to bring him a glass of water.glass of water.

He said to the servant: He said to the servant: ““bring me a bring me a glass of waterglass of water””..


Command E Hا� Command E Hا�




�xW pW �2Iq -1C� B.F<�] إ=� آ;م Fz_Wل * * a= لFz_W إ=� آ;م [�>xW pW �2Iq -1C� B.F�a= اتF�£=ا Vxa3 اتF�£=ا Vxa3 -0=>a=0- ا=>a=ا : :

11-- B§W >�01Y 6لq -C1آ >�_W k67 Vi�2 وIa=ا -C1ا|�ف آ B§W >�01Y 6لq -C1آ >�_W k67 Vi�2 وIa=ا -C1ا|�ف آ : :

22---C1آ Vi اس وF@8ا|�ف ا -C1آ Vi اس وF@8ا|�ف ا . . =£x£= -.[x].- �0] ا=>C1<ت و ا=c>Cd] و اIJ8<ل |?� ا=IC_� وآtJ �xP >C ا=1C2- ا �0] ا=>C1<ت و ا=c>Cd] و اIJ8<ل |?� ا=IC_� وآtJ �xP >C ا=1C2- ا --33

-~|;W-~|;W : : B§W �2Iq -C1<آ BCIaPم ا>�haPف ا[| >W�2 إIa=ت ا>C1آ B§W �2Iq -C1<آ BCIaPم ا>�haPف ا[| >W�2 إIa=ت ا>C1آ : : -1C2=�3<.- ا tJ �2Iq -W;Y دF�F7 >�J[Iq1- وC2=�3<.- ا tJ �2Iq -W;Y دF�F7 >�J[Iqو

B§W >�q�2 �7اIq -C1أو آ B§W >�q�2 �7اIq -C1�2 : : أو آIa=ا -W;Y دF�F7 >�J[Iq �2 وIa=ا -W;Y دF�F7 >�J[Iq و ! ! . .


t=>a=اt=>a=ا

ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

Exclamation E!7zا� Exclamation E!7zا�

DirectReported

Alas, Hurrah, Oh

that

With sadnessWith sadness ن/�7�/ن 7

With admirationWith admiration 2<بY´7 2<بY´7With joyWith joy ح[h7 ح[h7

With angerWith anger �d\7 �d\7With regret With regret 7_6م 7_6م

how, what





ا=?<�7ا=?<�7

He said He said with regretwith regret that he had been that he had been foolish.foolish.

He said : He said : ““How foolish I have beenHow foolish I have been””..

He said He said with sorrowwith sorrow that he would not that he would not find his money.find his money.

He said : He said : ““Alas! I will not find my Alas! I will not find my moneymoney””..


Exclamation E!7zا� Exclamation E!7zا�



Countries and NationalitiesCountries and Nationalities ��ت i!ان و ا�$ Sت ا�� i!ان و ا�$ Sا�

: : �Pk ا=61x و ذ=p.F<a= N ا=Fz_J -0?_2ل �Pk ;§W ا=61x و ذ=p.F<a= N ا=Fz_J -0?_2ل W§; “ “ يي””tJ ا=1\- ا=Y -07[I<دة 0d3 >W` |]ف tJ ا=1\- ا=Y -07[I<دة 0d3 >W` |]ف FIPدي FIPدي : : ا=?FIد.- ا=?FIد.-

tو ه -J>iÏ= -1Ca�W وف[| �C¡ ك>_�J -./01234ا=1\- ا tJ >Wأ tو ه -J>iÏ= -1Ca�W وف[| �C¡ ك>_�J -./01234ا=1\- ا tJ >Wأ : :i, n, ian, ish, esei, n, ian, ish, ese

: : وه�¢ rI7 اW8§1- وه�¢ rI7 اW8§1- . . و =�0 ه_<ك @<6Yة ¦<a7- =��¢ ا=�]وف و =�0 ه_<ك @<6Yة ¦<a7- =��¢ ا=�]وف


LibyanLibyanLibyaLibya

AlgerianAlgerianAlgeriaAlgeria

OmaniOmaniOmanOman

PalestinianPalestinianPalestinePalestine

SyrianSyrianSyriaSyria

SaudiSaudiSaudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia

NationalityNationalityCountryCountry

FrenchFrenchFranceFrance

LebaneseLebaneseLebanonLebanon

ChineseChineseChinaChina

TurkishTurkishTurkeyTurkey

SwissSwissSwitzerlandSwitzerland

BritishBritishBritainBritain

NationalityNationalityCountryCountry


قواعد اللغة الأنكليزية باللغة العربي

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Transcript of قواعد اللغة الأنكليزية باللغة العربي