מצגת מבוא באנטומיה
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Transcript of מצגת מבוא באנטומיה
שנת לימודים מוצלחת
פרופ' ישראל הרשקוביץ•
המחלקה לאנטומיה ואנתרופולוגיה•
6409495טלפון •
6408287פקס •
דואר אלקטרוני •[email protected]
שעות קבלה: לפי תאום טלפוני•
מבוא לאנטומיה
מערכות
אזורים
תנוחות
מישורים
תנועות
Organ Systems (11)
1-15
Organ Systems
Organ Systems
1-16
Organ Systems
Organ Systems
1-17
Organ Systems
חיצונית ופנימית
Body Regions
1-21
Body Regions
Standard anatomical position in humans
The body is considered as standing erect, feet together and toes pointed forward, arms at the sides and palms facing forward (forearms supine).
Anatomical position
The standard anatomical position is described as standing erect with the head facing forwards in a neutral position.
Anatomical position of the skull
• The Frankfurt plane (auriculo-orbital), a position where the lower margins of the orbits and the upper margins of the ear canals all lie in the same horizontal plane. This is a good approximation to the position where the subject is standing upright and facing forwards.
Planes:מישורים
• Body in anatomical position
• Median (midsagittal)
• Sagittal: parallel to median
•Coronal: right angle to median
• Horizontal/Transverse: at right angles to median, sagittal and coronal
Anatomical position
Standard anatomical position in other species
• Dorsal = Horizontal• Transverse = Coronal• Sagittal = Sagittal
Planes
• Three basic reference planes are used in zoological anatomy.
• A sagittal plane divides the body into left and right portions. – The midsagittal plane is in the
midline, i.e. it would pass through midline structures such as the spine and all other sagittal planes are parallel to it.
• A coronal plane divides the body into dorsal and ventral portions.
• A transverse plane divides the body into cranial (cephalic) and caudal portions.
Relationship
• Anterior (ventral)
•Posterior (dorsal)
•Superior (cephalic)
• Inferior (caudal)
•Medial (e.g. little finger)
• Lateral (e.g. little toe)
Terms of Relationship
Relationship• Objects near
the front are "anterior"; those near the rear are "posterior" -- these correspond to the terms “ventral", forward surface, and “dorsal" rear surface.
Relationship
• Portions of the body which are closer to the head end are "superior" (Latin "upper"); those which are farther away are "inferior" ("lower") -- "superior" corresponds to cranial ('at the skull'), or cephalic (head), and "inferior" corresponds to caudal ('at the tail').
Relationship
• Structures near the midline are called medial and those near the sides of animals are called lateral. Therefore, medial structures are closer to the midsagittal plane, lateral structures are further from the midsagittal plane.
Terms of Comparison
• Proximal
• Distal
• Superficial
• Deep
• Interior
• Exterior
• Ipsilateral
• Contralateral
Comparison
• On the limbs or other appendages, a point closer to the main body is "proximal"; a point farther away is "distal".
Comparison
• Structures that are close to the point of attachment of the body are proximal or central, while ones more distant from the attachment point are distal or peripheral.
9Superficial and deep layers
Comparison
Comparison
• Structures on or closer to the body's surface are superficial (or external) and those further inside are profound or deep (or internal).
Comparison• Structures in the midline of
the body are median, or medial. Ipsilateral means on the same side, contralateral means on the other side and bilateral means on both sides.
A patient with bilateral thyroid eye disease with upper lid retraction and exophthalmos. There are also bilateral periorbital oedema
Location
• When speaking of inner organs, visceral means attached to or associated with an organ, while parietal refers to a structure associated with or attached to the body wall (the chest wall or the abdominal wall).
location
• Parietal pleura in blue; visceral pleura in purple.
Views
• Frontal
• Posterior
• Lateral
• Superior
• Inferior
• Superolateral
• Superoposterolateral
3Frontal view
Lateral view
5No view
8Posterior view
7 Posterolateral view
Terms of Movement
Flexion
Extension,
HyperextensionAbductionAdductionOpposition
RepositionProtraction
RetractionElevation
Depression
Circumduction
Rotation EversionInversion
PlantarflexionDorsiflexionSupinationPronation
הגוף תנועות
תנועות : כלל הגדרת התנועה•אופי לפי מוגדרים האברים / עליו ים והמישור התנועה
התנועה מתבצעת
תנועות שמתבצעות
במישור הסגיטלי
מפרק הכתף
Flexion / Extension
עריכה:חיותה פסח
14
Flexion
התנועות ?מהן
מפרק ?באיזה
התנועה מישור ?מהו18
התנועות ?מהן
מפרקים ?באיזה
התנועה מישור ?מהו
19
התנועות ?מהן
מפרק ?באיזה
התנועה מישור ?מהו20
התנועות ?מהן
מפרק ?באיזה
התנועה מישור ?מהו21
תנועות המתבצעות במישור
הקורונאלי/פרונטאלי
הכתף מפרק
Abduction /Adduction
22
Metacarpal-Phalangeal Joints
Abduction /Adduction
23
התנועות ?מהן
מפרקים ?באיזה
התנועה ממהו ?ישור
24
?מהן התנועות
?באיזה מפרק
27?מהו מישור התנועה
Lateral (radial) flexionMedial (ulnar) flexion
29
ElevationDepression
תנועות שמתבצעות במישור ההוריזונטלי
30
ProtractionRetraction
31Torsion
מפרק הכתף
Medial / lateral rotation
32
?מהי התנועה
?באיזה מפרק
?מהו מישור התנועה
34
?מהן התנועות
?באיזה מפרק
?מהו מישור התנועה
35
תנועות שמתבצעות בכמה מישורים
מפרק הכתף
Circumduction
36
?מהי התנועה
?באיזה מפרק
?מהו מישור התנועה
37
38
Supination Pronation
Movements
• When the palm is directed anteriorly (or upwards when seated) is known as the supine position. Where the palm faces posteriorly (or downwards when seated), this is the prone position. Turning the hand from prone to supine is called supination; turning the hand from supine to prone is pronation.
Inversion /Eversion
40
41
?מהי התנועה
42
תנועות שמשלבות מספר •רב של מפרקים
Lateral flexion
43
?מהי התנועה
?באיזה מפרקים
?מהו מישור התנועה44
46
אזורים בגוף שבהם ניתן לבצע
פשיטה
47
אזורים בגוף שבהם ניתן לבצע כפיפה
?מהן התנועות
?באיזה מפרק
?מהם המישורים
מהם השמות הנוספים לתנועות ?אלו
48
49
?מהן התנועות
?באיזה מפרק
?מהם מישורי התנועה
50
?מהן התנועות
?באיזה מפרקים
?מהם מישורי התנועה51
?מהן התנועות
?באיזה מפרקים
?מהם מישורי התנועה52
Movements: Definition
• Flexion: Narrowing joint angle in saggital plane (bending elbow)
• Extension: Increasing joint angle in saggital plane (straightening elbows)
• Hyperextension: Increasing angle more than in natural position, e.g. bending backwards
Movements: Definition
• Abduction: Lifting a body part away from body midline (in frontal plane).
• Adduction: Returning a body part to body midline (in frontal plane).
• Rotation: Turning a body part on axis (horizontal plane) (not rotation all the way round - see circumduction).
Movement Definition
• Lateral flexion: Bending body sideways (frontal plane).
• Lateral extension: Returning body to anatomical position
Movements: Definition
• Elevation: Lifting a body part (shoulder shrugs)
• Depression: Lowering a body part (dropping the jaw)
• Protraction: Moving a body part outwards
• Retraction: Bringing a body part back
Movements: Definition
• Horizontal Flexion (starts from abducted position): Moving arm forwards in horizontal plane
• Horizontal Extension (starts from abducted position): Returning arm to the abducted position
Movements: Definition
• Dorsal Flexion: Bending ankle so that the toes are raised
• Plantar Flexion: Hyperextending ankle joint so toes point downwards
• Circumduction: Range of movements that create a complete circle (as opposed to a rotation of less than 360 degrees.)
סכום
התנועות העיקריות •במפרקי הגוף השונים
Shoulder girdle
Shoulder Joint
Elbow Joint
Wrist joint
Hip joint
Knee joint
Ankle joint
Spinal column
תודה רבה•