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RHODOPE MOUNTAINS IN ROMAN THRACE (45 284 AD)Jordan Iliev St. Clement of Ochrid Sofia University

ABSTRACT: The text states that the largest duty of the Bulgarian historiography to Rhodope Mountains is the lack of a systematic vision on the destiny of the Mountains and the indigenous peoples in the history of Antiquity. The proposed article is an attempt this important gap to be fill for only one period of the Mountains history, namely the Roman times. Its done a review of all available sources with major emphasis on their modern state, problems and perspectives. Its followed by attention to such essential problems as the Roman conquest of Rhodope Mountains and the subsequent political reforms in Thrace, the socio-economic, cultural and religious development of that area within the Roman Empire. Key words: Roman Empire, province of Thrace, Rhodope Mountains, history., . . . : (1) ; (2) ; (3) 45 284 . ; (4) - ; (5) . . : , ; , ; , ; , , . , . , . , . , . ,

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- . , (. . 1).1 10 , , . . . . : 29 . . . Georgica, , .2 , - : Carmina 3, 23 . . ., Fabulae 4, Heroides ( 25 16 . . .)5, Ars Amatoria (. 2 . . .)6, Metamorphoses ( 8 . . .)7 Fasti8 . .9 (6.87) - , - ( V . . .) . . . 10, () . (14 37 . . .). III . 11, - 12 .13 - 14, . . 15 , 16. . , 17, ( ) , 18 (73 63 . . .) . . /.191 MUSAIOS (TLG & TLL), Bibliotheca Classica Teubneriana . 2 Verg. Georg. 1.332; 3.351; 3.462; 4.461. 3 Horat. Carm. 3.25.12. 4 Hyg. Fab. 132.2.3. 5 Ovid. Heroid.2.1; 2.113. 6 Ars Amat. 3.321. 7 Met. 2.222; 6.87; 6.589; 10.11; 10.50; 10.77. 8 Fast. 3.739. 9 Fab. 1.6. 10 Thras. Fr. 1 = Ps.-Plut. De Fluv. 11.3.1. 11 Pomp. De Chronogr. 2.17.3; Senec. Herc. 144; 1032; 1050; 1538; Lucan. Bell. Civ. 6.618; 7.450; Plin. Nat. Hist. 4.3.6; 4.35.5; 4.41; Ital. Pun. 2.73; 3.494; 3.621; 9.605; 11.476; 12.400; 12.658; 14.121; Stat. Theb. 2.81; 4.655; 8.408; 11.195; Flac. Arg. 1,664; Mart. Spect. 21; Lucian. Fug. 25; De Salt. 51; Porphyr. Comm. in Hor. Carm. 3.25.10; Herod. De Prosod. 3.1.52.8; Hist. Aug. Div. Aurel. 31.3. 12 Stat. Silv. 4.6.9. 13 Plin. Nat. Hist. 3.149.6; Stat. Silv. 4.2.46; Flac. Arg. 1.728; Ptolem. Geogr. 3.11.5; Cass. Dio. Hist. Rom. 49.36.6; 51.22.7; Fr. 12.19. 14 Heroic. 3.16-17. 15 Stat. Theb. 5.121; 12.181; Mart. Spect. 3. 16 Theb. 5.189. 17 Epit. Bell. Omn. 1.39.20. 18 Mithr. 291-294. 19 Strab. Geogr. 17.1.33; Plin. Nat. Hist. 36.82.6; Lucian. De Salt. 2; Ach. Tat. Leuc. et Clith. 2.17.3; 8.12.18; Athen. Deipnosoph. 13.69; Ael. Var. Hist. 13.33; Herod. Partit. 231.12.

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- . - , - .20 , , - , , , . . . - , , , , , , . , . 333 , 326, , . . , , (. 2). . ( 57 %) . (. ).21 : ( ) , .. . (97 % ), . (3 % ) , . , - . , .22 , .23 24, , , . , Nicopolis ex Bessia.25 : (1) ; (2) , 26; (3)

20 , , - . 21 Tsontchev 1941: Pass. 22 2010: 177-186. 23 SEG, II: 685. 24 CIL, XVI: 12, 149, 188; RMD, III: 136. 25 Roxan 2004: 267-274. 26 , . 1991: Pass.; Prokopov 2011: Pass.

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(. 3)27. , .28 . , . , . , - , , . . (188 . . . 45 . . .) 188 . . . (, , ) . , divide et impera. 77 76 . . . , , V (7363 . . .). 29, 42 . . . , - , . 30 , , 45 . . ., 31, 32 - . . , .33 , . , , .34 :27 . 2010: 81 . . 28 Gerov 1980: 361-432. 29 B.C. 4.13.103. 30 . - 2011: 309331 . 31 1946: 257 .; Danov 1979: 145 sq.; 1982: 152 .; 1983: 66; 1987: 81 .; 2004: 28 . 32 , . Gerov 1980: 229. 33 1980: 101-2, 104; Gerov 1988: 137-8. 34 2000: 32-47; 2004: 33 .; Delev 2009: 245-253.

300

.35 - , - - (. . . . 12/13 . . .).36 - : (1) - , , . . .37 (2) . 38 39 40, . , . 41, . 42, . - (), . (97 117 . . .)43. , e . - , . , , , , , , [], , .44 [?] , , , ?.45 , , .46 . - 47, . , . , , ., . : ( ) .48 , 49 50, . .35 Gerov 1980: 229. 36 . 1987: 81 . 37 Gerov 1980: 229, not. 4. 38 Flor. 2.27. 39 Webber 2003: 529 . 40 - - , . 2000: 32. 41 2010: 99-108 . 42 IG, I: 677. 43 IGBulg., III/1: 1115. 44 IGBulg., IV: 2338; ibid., V: 5928. 45 IGBulg., III/1: 1116; ibid., V: 5479. 46 - Tatscheva 2007: 33-47. 47 CIL, XVI: 12. 48 2005: 434. 49 IGBulg., III/1: 1390.

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. . . - , . () , .51 () , latrones, , .52 . (161 180 .), Historia Augusta (v. M. Aur. 21.6-7) ... ... .53 , . () . , - .54 ; , . ( ) . , . , , . Coh(ortis) V Victores . . ., .55 56, , . . , .57 , . - . . . (211 217 .).58 , . . (235-238 .), .59 (244 249 .) , : , , . .60 . (249-251 .) 50 IGBulg., III/1: 1092. 51 IGBulg. III/1, 1126; ibid. V, 5481. 52 2006: 96 . . , , , . 53 . Jovanova 2006: 141. 176 . . McLynn 2009: 412. 54 (), . IGBulg., III/1, 1127; , : (IGBulg., III/1, 983) (IGBulg., V, 5794). 55 Gerasimova 1990: 1. 56 . Gerov 1980: 361 sq.; Boteva 2001: 37 sq.; Kulikowski 2007: 18 sq. 57 , ., . 58 Gerov 1980: 56. 59 Ibidem: 76. 60 Ibidem: 163, 167, 180.

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.61 ., , . . (251-253 .)62, - (253-268 63, (270 275 .)64 , .) . , Historia Augusta (Div. Aur. 31.3) . . , . - . , - 65, - , , .66 (8.116.1-2) 480 . . . (Var. Hist. 5.11), . , . 67 (7, fr. 36) , , . . (Theb. 2.81) , (conuiuia) . -, . , . 68 69, , , (. ) ().70 - Nicopolis ex Bessia, . 71 , , 72, . , ; 61 Ibidem: 248, 249. 62 Ibidem: 271. 63 Ibidem: 290. 64 Ibidem: 305. 65 . Delev 2005: 105-121; 2010: 96-111. 66 , . 2007: 89 . 67 2007: 89 . 68 . 2011 ( ). 69 , , , . 2004: 60. 70 . CIL, XVI: 10, 35, 45; RMD, I: 19; CIL, XVI: 83. 71 Roxan 2004: 274. 72 193 ., . 2004: 42.

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73 (bes/bessis), 126 . . . . . , , . . - , . . , . , 20 .74 . . - . . . . , . , .75 , : 5 -76; 2 . , 77; 1 . 78; 1 .79 . , , , . e , . ( , ), . , . . , . (97-117 . . .) . 80 - . , , , .81 . . , , , .82 - , . , - : 20 83, 30 84 50 .85 , ,

73 Grozdanovi 1991: 422. 74 1973: 29-30. 75 1975: 36. 76 Tryantaphyllos 2010: 25-52. 77 Kabakchieva 2010: 279-296. 78 1997: 251-256. 79 Seure 1901: 156-220. 80 Boteva 2007: 80-85. 81 Holger Komnick (2003), , , , . , , , , , . 82 , . 83 . , . , . 1976: 226 . 84 . , . , . 1997: 248. 85 . , . , . 1997: 105.

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, . , . .86 7. 245 .87 . , .88 , (villae rusticae): - . . , . . 89, . , . .90 , . . 2132 2 , : , , , , , ., 11/7 . . , . . ., V . . ., . , . , . . . . . . . .: . , . .91 2 .92 , , , , , .93 . , . , .94 . . . . , . , .95 . , . . 96 . , . , .97 , , , : 98; 99; , 300 100; . . 86 1950: 236; 1975: 32-33. 87 CIL, XIV, 149. 88 . , . , . , . 1997: 82. 89 : 41 49 913 N, 26 10 695 E. . 1991: Pass. 90 1987: 147-148; 1990: 69. 91 1969: 249; 1997: 169-170. 92 , . 2,5 3,0 , . , . . - 1987: 67. 93 1997: 169-170. 94 1976: 24. 95 - 1984: 104-133. 96 1997: 140. 97 . 2009: 256 . 98 Andreeva 1997: 46 sq. 99 2009: 374-385. 100 .

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. . - . , 101 102, . . , .103 .104 (, ). , , .105 , 106. , . , , , , V . . . 107 , , . , . , , , , , .108 , , , . . , , , .109 , , . . , , .110 , . ... . 111 . , : , .101 Ovid. Ars Amat. 3.321; Ovid. Met. 10.11, 10.77; Pomp. Mela De Chr. 2.17.3; Sen. Herc. Oet. 1032. 102 Philostr. Her. 3.16-17. 103 Stat. Theb. 2.81. . Stat. Theb. 12.181. 104 Ovid. Met. 6.589: nocte sonat Rhodope tinnitibus aeris acuti. Ovid. Fast. 3.739. 105 Verg. Fab. 132.2.3. 106 Pomp. Mela De Chr. 2.17.3. 107 / , . 108 , , . , . , . , , . 1997: 267. 109 . (. 1993), . Tryantaphyllos (1998: 159-171). 110 . 111 2007: 257.

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!. , , , . - , , 112 113, 114, - 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121 122; 123 124; 125, 126 ( )127, 128; . 129 130 .131 * 45-284 . . . 1969: . . . ., , 1969. 1997: . . , , . , 1997. 1976: . . . . Rhodopica, 1976, 1. 1980: . . . , LXXII, 1977 (1980).112 IGBulg. III/1: 1094, 1096 (); 1101, 1103 (); 1131, 1148, 1155-1159?, 1167, 11721173, 1175, 1176, 1179-1181, 1188, 1190, 1192, 1200, 1205, 1217, 1221, 1223, 1240-1248, 1259-1261, 1264-1266, 1268-1272, 1278, 1281, 1284, 1302-1304 (); 1407-1408 (); 1831 (). 113 IGBulg. III/1: 1126, 1128, 1153, 1161-1163, 1171, 1174, 1177, 1178, 1184-1187, 1189, 1191, 1193-1195, 1203, 1224-1230, 1232, 1236-1239, 1277, (). 114 IGBulg. III/1: 1132-1140, 1145, 1154, 1257, (). 115 IGBulg. III/1: 1306 (); 1418 (); IGBulg. V: 2340-2341 ( ). 116 IGBulg. III/1: 1317 ( ); IGBulg. V: 5612 (). 117 IGBulg. III/1: 1106 (); 2005: 457 (). 118 IGBulg. III/1: 1319 (); 1330 (). 119 IGBulg. III/1: 1424 ( ). 120 IGBulg. III/2: 1829 (); 1833 (). 121 IGBulg. V: 2343 ( ). 122 IGBulg. III/1: 1446 (). 123 IGBulg. III/1: 1331 (). 124 IGBulg. III/1: 1431 (). 125 IGBulg. III/1: 1410 (). 126 IGBulg. III/1: 1293 (). 127 IGBulg. V: 5610 (). 128 IGBulg. III/2: 1834 ( ). 129 IGBulg. III/1: 1233-1234, 1286, 1287 (); 1321 (); 1335 (); 1385 (); 1398-1399 (); 1404 (); 1417 (); 5525 ( ); IGBulg. V: 1727 ( ); 2344, 2348 ( ). 130 IGBulg. III/1: 1124 (); 1447 (. ). 131 IGBulg. III/1: 1183 ().

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Official address of the author: Jordan Iliev, PhD Candidate Department of Ancient history, Thracology and Mediaeval history Faculty of History, St. Clement of Ochrid Sofia University 1504 Sofia, 15 Tsar Osvoboditel Boulevard, room 38. GSM: +359XXXXXXXXX; E-Mail: Jordan_Iliev@hotmail.com; Web page: www.jordan-iliev.eu

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