© 2018 JETIR November 2018, Volume 5, Issue 11 “An insight ...

© 2018 JETIR November 2018, Volume 5, Issue 11 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162)

JETIRDR06045 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 293

“An insight of Vitis vinifera (Draksha): A

Review”

1Aishwarya, 1Vijay Chopra, 2*Amrinder Kaur, 3Vandna Kalsi

1M. Pharmacy Ayurveda Scholar, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University,

Punjab,

2*Asst. Professor, Dept. of Ayurveda, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University,

Punjab ,

3Asociate. Professor, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab.

Abstract:

Vitis vinifera (Draksha) is native to Western Asia and Southern Europe and is frequently known as the

grapevine. It is a woody perennial, climbing plant that belongs to the Vitaceae family. The fruits are most

widely consumed in the world since ancient times. It consists of various active constituents like

polyphenols, resveratrol, catechin etc. It is Spain's national fruit as Spain abounds to a variety of

indigenous grapes that are widely used to produce wines. The ripe fruit is appetizer, aphrodisiac, diuretic,

fattening, purgative, laxative, cures jaundice, asthma, thirst, blood disease and so on. It is very essential to

have a proper documentation of such useful medicinal plants. In this review, an attempt is made to compile

and document information on Draksha from available literature.

Keywords: Draksha, Vitis vinifera, Vitaceae, Grapes

Introduction:

Vitis vinifera (Common Grape Vine), in Ayurveda, is known as Draksha. The fruits of Draksha are

commonly used all over the world. Because of their nutritional and therapeutic advantages, the fruits were

used for thousands of years. This is widely grown in western parts of India, Germany, Portugal, Morocco,

South western Asia, Europe and Mediterranean region.[1] As per Ashtanga Hridaya Sutrasthana, Draksha

is said as phalottama i.e, grape is the best and superior in all the fruits. Grapes are Spain's national fruit,

because in Spain over 400 varieties of this fruit can be grown. Most of those grapes are used in wine

making.[2] Grape vine got numerous synonyms by Ayurveda Acharyas because of its form and medicinal

properties. It is known as "Draksha," because one and all love it. The dried fruits are generally used by the

name Raisins. It is having numerous benefits and one of them is that it increases the moisture in body tissue

and also provides softness to dried tissue, by this activity the name “Mrudweeka” has been given. Grapes

also have another famous name “Gosthani” because the fruit is having the resemblance to mammary glands

of cow. The grapevine leaves and seeds are used in herbal formulations, and as a dietary supplement, their

fruits are used. They are rich in tannins, organic acids, anthocyanins and proanthocyanins, flavonoids,

sugars, vitamins, and mineral salts.[3]

Objective:

Review the information in all content beginning from the traditional till current and contrasting it and its

utilization now days.

http://www.jetir.org/



Botanical description:

Botanical Name: Vitis vinifera Linn.

Family: Vitaceae

Plant Part Used: Fruit, leaves [4,5]

Table 1: Vernacular names of Draksha [5]

Sanskrit Draksha, Swaduphala, Madhurasa, Kapisha, Mridvika, Harahura, Gostani,

Maneka, Dakh, Gustani, Charupahala

English Grape, Raisin, Dry Grapes, Common Grape Vine, Wine Grape, European Grape

Hindi Angur, Munakka, Dakh, Kishmish, Drakh

Bengali Maneka, Angurphala, Drakhyaluta, Kismis, Manakka

Gujrati Drakh, Darakh, Draksha

Kannad Draksha, Angur, Drakshi

Malyalam Munthringya, Buaangur, Muntiri

Punjabi Munaca, Angur, Dakh

Tamil Drakshai, Kottai, kodi-mun-dirrippasham, Kodimundiri, Gostanidraksha,

Kotumuntiri, Tiratcai

Telangana Draksha, Kottai, Drakshai, Gostanidraksha, kisumisuchettu

Arabian Mewis, Sabib, Ainab

Assam Dakh, Munaqqa

Oriya Drakya, Gostoni, Onguro

Sindhi Drakh

Urdu Munaqqa

Taxonomical classification:

Domain- Eukaryotes

Kingdom- Plantae

Phylum- Spermatophyta

Subclass- Angiospermae

Class- Dicotyledonae

Order - Rhamnales

Family- Vitaceae

Genus- Vitis

Species- Vitis vinifera [6]

Plant Description:

Draksha is a woody, perennial climber with up to 35 m long stems.




Leaves: Thin leaves are found, they are circular to circular-ovate in shape, width 5-23 cm, it is having

dentate margins or jagged, deep leaves lobes often overlapping, 5-7-lobed are present in them, above

surface is glabrous, tendrils are present which are branched, normally opposite two leaves out of three.

They are deep green in colour.

Flowers: Found in clusters and they are numerous, having very short sepals which are 5-lobed, petals are

having length about 5mm, pale green in colour, sweet-scented.

Fruits: They are found in long and heavy clusters, very soft berry and having pulp in it, having 2-3 small

seeds in it which are hard. Skin adhering to pulp, mainly having oval or oblong shape, or we can say

bearing ellipsoid to globose like shape, colour of the fruit may vary from time to time like green. yellow,

red, purple and black. Shiny and glabrous surface.

Dried fruit: Colour varies from dark brown to black, having stickyness, oval or oblong in shape

occasionally spherical also, having length 1.5 -2.5 cm and width 0.5-1.5 cm, the outer skin unevenly

wrinkled creating furrows and ridges. The fruit usually contains 1-4 seeds, seed length varies from 4-7 mm

in length, having ovoid shape triangular to rounded or simply ovoid, brown to black in colour, sweet and

pleasant odor and sweet taste.[7]

Figure 1: Dried fruit of Draksha [8]

Microscopy of Draksha fruit:

A single layer of cells with reddish-brown content filled in epidermis. Mesocarp is pulpy and consists of

thin-walled, irregular cells containing prismatic calcium oxalate crystals, and some fibro-vascular bundles

also found in this area. Seeds consisting of angular parenchymatic cells that contain cluster crystals

containing calcium oxalate and oil globules.[9]

Origin and distribution

The grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is mainly found in western parts of India, Germany, Portugal, Morocco,

South western Asia, Europe and Mediterranean region. Now it is mostly grown all over the world. In India

it is cultivated mainly in Jammu- Kashmir, Himanchal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana,

Delhi, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. [5,7]

Trade and Commerce

A large quantity of grapes (draksha) made and grown in India. It is mainly consumed in fresh form. Only a

small amount of Ayurvedic medicines, i.e. dakshasav, draksharishta, etc., and Unani medicines, are used in

the preparation. It is also used in some preservatives producing grape juice, grape syrup, canned grapes,

etc. The imports still partly meet the demand for good quality of fresh grapes. It also imports considered




quantities of raisins and sultans (grape variety) and other dried grapes, mostly from Afghanistan. Many

West Asian countries as well as Canada, the UK, Zambia and Nepal are exported to small quantities of

grapes.[10]

Historical aspects of Draksha

1. Samhita Era:

Charak Samhita: Draksha is mentioned in the particular gana (class) like snehopag,

kasahara, kanthya, virechanopaga, shramahara, jwarhar

Sushruta Samhita: It is mentioned in kakolyadi and Parushakadigana.

Ashtanga Hrudaya: It is mentioned in Parushakadigana [11]

2. Nighantu Era:

Kaiyadev Nighantu: Kept under Aushadhivarga in which group of medicinal herbs and

substances were discussed in detail. Also mentioned in Madya varga in which group of

herbs which causes intoxication after fermentation process.

Bhavaprakash Nighantu: Kept under Amradiphalavarga

Dhanvantari Nighantu: Swadutriphala grapes, dates and kashmari fruit (Gmelina abrorea)

[11]

3. Modern Era: -

Indian Material Medica: In this book many essential things are discussed of draksha like

chemical composition its synonyms and vernacular names and different indications of

fruits.[12]

Indian Medicinal Plants: In this book two parts are consisting this plant in which Sanskrit

meanings described, part used mentioned, properties and uses of draksha also mentioned,

five different varieties of fruits have been discussed with indications of leaves, dried fruits

and ash of the stem. [13]

The Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India: It includes constituents, properties, actions,

formulation, microscopic and morphological description of draksha. Identity, purity and

strength of draksha and dose also mentioned. [5]

Table 2: Identity, Purity and Strength of Draksha [5]

Foreign matter Not more than 2 percent

Loss on drying Not more than 15 percent

Total ash Not more than 3 percent

Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 0.2 percent

Water-soluble extractive Not less than 70 percent

Alcohol-soluble extractive Not less than 25 percent




Table 3: Ayurvedic Properties (Rasapanchak) [5]

Rasa (taste) Madhura (sweet), Kashaya (astringent)

Guna (properties) Guru (heavy), Sara (mobility), Snigdha (oilyness)

Virya (potency) Sheeta

Vipaka (metabolic property) Madhura

Doshakarma (effect on doshas) Vatapittahara (reduces vata and pitta)

Table 4: Chemical constituents [5,14]

Plant part Constituents

Fruits Catechin, Epicatechin, Beta-Sitosterol, Ergosterol, Jasmonic Acid,Glucose,

Fructose, Galactose, Mannose, Arabinose, Rhamnose, Tannic Acid, Mallic

Acids. Malic, Tartaric, Oxalic Acids, Carbohydrates and Tannins

Seeds Proanthocyanidins (mostly hexamers), Procyanidin B5-3′-gallate procyanidins,

Procyanidin C1, Procyanidins dimers (B1B5), (−) Epicatechin-3-O-gallate, (−)

Epicatechin, (+) Catechins, Polyphenols, Myricetin, Kaempferol-3-O-

glucosides, Quercetin, Quercetin-3-O-glucosides, Flavonoids, Vitamin B6,

Thiamine, Riboflavin, Vitamin C and Potassium

Traditional uses according to Ayurvedic perspective:

Trishnanigrahan (excessive thirst), jvara (fever), kasa (cough), svasa (antiasthmatic), daha (burning

sensation), raktapitta (bleeding disorder), arshoghan (piles), agnimandya (indigestion), madatyaya (used

for fermentation), pandu (anaemia) [5,14]

Table 5: Indication of Draksha as per Ayurvedic point of view [15]

Nervous

system

Medya (Beneficial in the nervous system, it enhances the memory and used as

a booster of brain).

Digestive

system

Trishnanigrahan (thirst), Snehan (lubrication), Anuloman (reduce the

constipation)

Circulatory

System

Hridaya (cardiac tonic), Raktaprasadan (blood purifier), Raktapittashamak

(hemorrhagic sedative). It strengthens the heart muscles, and increases blood

nutrient (haemoglobin) components. Grapes are very useful in diseases that

arise from rakta (blood) and pitta vitiation. That is why it is very beneficial in

gout and allergies.

Respiratory

System

Phuphusbaladayak (provide strength to lungs), Kaphanisarak (expectoration

of kapha or phlegm). Grapes are used in Ayurvedic formulations that are

given in respiratory problems such as bronchitis, cough, tuberculosis etc.

Reproductive Vrushya (help in erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation),




system Garbhasthapan (help to increase fertility in women).

Urinary

System

Mutral (functions as diuretics and increases urinary frequency and volume).

The interior layers of the bladder are soothed. So, they are suggested in

cystitis and burning micturition.

Effect on

skin

Dahaprashmanam (reduce burning sensation of skin). It boosts and detoxifies

skin immunity. It is also helpful in preventing various skin disorders.

General

health

Jivaniya (tissue building and provides nutrients), Balya (provide strength),

Bruhan (increase body tissue). Grapes promote a good nutrient supply for

patient recuperation. It is also very beneficial for gaining weight.

Table 6: Uses of different plant parts [16]

Plant part Uses

Fresh fruits Eaten as it is or processed into juice, raisins wine.

Juice of unripe fruit It relieves throat infections and act as astringent

Dried fruit Sweet, cooling, stomachic, laxative, , useful in hoarseness,

coughs, heat of body and thirst.

Fruits after process Effective in tumours and cancer conditions and produce

hardness of the liver,

Grape seeds Utilised in eating purposes, soaps, and it can be also used

as linseed substitute.

Amalagma made from the seed Helpful in condyloma condition in the joints

Leaves Act as astringent, helpful to treat diarrhoea

Juice after different process Helpful in Tumours of the tonsils, tumours of the fauces

and neck, also useful in indurations,

Table 7: Treatments using primary formulations of Draksha with other drugs [17]

Diseases Treatment with draksha

Anaemia Soak a handful of raisins overnight in water for iron deficiency, and eat

with a teaspoon of honey in the morning.

Burning sensations Drink 1 cup of grape juice diluted with half teaspoon sandalwood

powder, half teaspoon fennel powder and half teaspoon cumin powder.

Constipation Soak a handful of raisins overnight in water, and eat in the morning.

Cough

Boil a few raisins, and drink the raisin tea.

Cystitis One cup of grape juice diluted with 1 teaspoon cumin powder and 1

pinch rock salt 2-3 times a day.

Excess heat Drink 1 cup of diluted grape juice with two spoonfuls of aloe vera and




some drops of rosewater.

Excess thirst One cup of diluted grape juice drink with some powdered sandalwood,

honey and vetiver.

Add a few drops of diluted grape juice inside the nostrils.

Fever Drink 1 cup diluted grape juice with ½ teaspoon sandalwood powder, ½

teaspoon fennel powder and ½ teaspoon cumin powder.

Low libido and

Sexual debility

1 cup of diluted grape juice, ½ teaspoon turbinado sugar, 1 pinch of

pippali,

For vata, add ½ teaspoon ashwagandha and for pitta ½ teaspoon

shatavari and drink one hour before bedtime.

Shortness of breath

and chest pain

1 cup diluted grape juice with ½ teaspoon dry ginger powder and 1

teaspoon honey.

Dose:

5-10 gm of the drug [18]

Formulations:

Drakshaghrita, Draksharishta, Drakshaavaleha, Drakshasava, Drakshadi kwatha churna, Drakshadichurna,

Eladigutika [18]

Conclusion:

Draksha (Vitis vinifera) and its bioactive compounds have astonishing uses and indications and are used

since ancient time for therapeutic purposes and in daily life as immunity booster and for rehydration.

Draksha has been frequently used for the treatment of multifarious afflictions in the traditional Indian

Ayurvedic medical system. It has many pharmacological actions, such as antibiotic, anti-inflammatory and

antioxidant activities. Extract of grapes seeds and its active components such as quercetin, resveratrol, and

proanthocyanidins is estimated to be intense antioxidants. It is also seen that the daily utilization of draksha

(fresh grapes) or its juice provides appreciating benefits to health condition, chiefly act advantageous in

post-menopausal women. This study shows that draksha and its chemically active components should be

contrived in additional attribute for inaugurate more formulations or which can be used in different

diseases and disorders to maintain the health of every individual. Lot more study required to prepare the

preparations which will act on cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and neurodegenerative diseases.

References

1. Treasures of Nature (Prakriti ka khazana)-Draksha ,

Available from: https://www.athayurdhamah.com/about-ayurveda/draksha

2. What is the national fruit of Spain?,

Available from: https://www.proprofs.com/discuss/q/702260/what-is-the-national-fruit-of-spain


https://www.athayurdhamah.com/about-ayurveda/draksha

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5. Anonymous, “The Ayurvedic Pharmacopea of India,” Government of India, Ministry of Health and

Family Welfare, Department of ISM and H, AYUSH, Delhi, Part-I, Vol.-III, Ed-I, pp. 45-46, 2001.

7. A. Marjan Nassiri, and Z. Hossein, “Review of the Pharmacological Effects of Vitis vinifera

(Grape) and its Bioactive Compounds,” “Phytother. Res”, 23, 1197-1204, September. 2009.

10. P. C. Sharma, M. B. Yelne, and T. J. Dennis, “Database on medicinal plants used in Ayurveda and

siddha” Vol. 5, pp. 43-58, 2008.

11. J.L.N. Shastry, “Dravyaguna Vijnana,” Chaukambha Orientalia, Varanasi, Vol 2, Reprint edition,

pp. 673-1134, 2012.

pp. 77-316, Reprint 2012.

14. C. P. Khare, “Indian Medicinal Plants an Illustrated Dictionary” Springer, pp. 711-712, 2007.

Available from: https://www.academia.edu/39912676/Indian_Medicinal_Plants

15. N. Garg, and A. Jain, “Therapeutic and Medicinal Uses of Draksha - A Review,” International

Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), Vol. 6, Issue 3, pp. 2365–2369, 2017. Available from:

https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v6i3/29031705.pdf

16. N. S. S. A. V. Kanagarla, L. J. Kuppast, T. Veerashekar, and C.L. Reddy, “A Review on Benefits

and Uses of Vitis Vinifera (Grape),” Research & Reviews in Bio Sciences, Vol. 7, Issue 5, pp. 3–8,

2013.

18. T. Deepashri, and S. Kumari, “Literature Review of Draksha (Vitis Vinifera),” International

Ayurvedic Medical Journal, Vol. 5, Issue 2, pp. 545-548, Feb. 2017.

3. Ayurveda Medicinal Properties Of Grapes- Draksha ,

Available from: https://aryanveda.in/blogs/blogs/ayurveda-medicinal-properties-of-grapes-draksha

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https://entranceindia.com/medicinal-plants-herbs-flowers/draksa-fruit-in-

ayurveda-botanical-name-vitis-vinifera-linn/

6. Vitis vinifera (grapevine),

Available from: https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/56504

8. Health benefit of Munakka (Raisin) you must know [updated 10 May 2018], Available from:

https://recipes.timesofindia.com/articles/health/10-health-benefit-of-munakka-

raisin-you-must-know/photostory/61724155.cms

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http://ayurveda.alandiashram.org/ayurvedic-diet/draksha-an-ayurvedic-perspective-on-grapes

12. A.K. Nadkarni, “Indian Material Medica” Popular Prakashan, Vol. 1, pp.222, 1976.

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https://aryanveda.in/blogs/blogs/ayurveda-medicinal-properties-of-grapes-draksha

https://aryanveda.in/blogs/blogs/ayurveda-medicinal-properties-of-grapes-draksha

https://entranceindia.com/medicinal-plants-herbs-flowers/draksa-fruit-in-ayurveda-botanical-name-vitis-vinifera-linn/

https://entranceindia.com/medicinal-plants-herbs-flowers/draksa-fruit-in-ayurveda-botanical-name-vitis-vinifera-linn/

https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/56504

https://recipes.timesofindia.com/articles/health/10-health-benefit-of-munakka-raisin-you-must-know/photostory/61724155.cms

https://recipes.timesofindia.com/articles/health/10-health-benefit-of-munakka-raisin-you-must-know/photostory/61724155.cms

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https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v6i3/29031705.pdf

http://ayurveda.alandiashram.org/ayurvedic-diet/draksha-an-ayurvedic-perspective-on-grapes

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