InSight Mission Science: Exploring the Interior of Mars InSight · 2018. 2. 26. · InSight InSight...

InSight

InSight Mission Science: Exploring the Interior of Mars

Interior exploration using Seismic Investigations , Geodesy and Heat Transport

Bruce Banerdt, Suzanne Smrekar, Philippe Lognonne, & Tilman Spohn

JPL USA, IPGP/CNES F, DLR IPF D

October 26, 2017

•! InSight will fly a near-copy of the successful Phoenix lander

•! Launch: May 5-June 8, 2018, Vandenberg AFB, California

•! Fast, type-1 trajectory, 6-mo. cruise to Mars

•! Landing: November 26, 2018 •! Two-month deployment phase •! Two years (one Mars year)

science operations on the surface; repetitive operations

•! Nominal end-of-mission: November 24, 2020

InSight (2.0) Mission Summary

19 September, 2017 1 Exploring the Origin of Rocky Planets – The InSight Mission to Mars

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A Mission 35 Years in the Making…

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Over the 35 years since Viking and Apollo, despite many proposals, several mission starts, and even a couple of launches, there have been no further geophysical investigations of the interior of any planet!

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Mars is Key to Understanding Early Formation of Terrestrial Planets, Including Rocky Exoplanets

Mars is uniquely well-suited to study the common processes that shape all rocky planets and govern their basic habitability.

Terrestrial planets all share a common structural framework (crust, mantle, core), which is developed very shortly after formation and which determines subsequent evolution.

Crust Questions

•! From orbital measurements we have detailed information on variations in crustal thickness (assumes uniform density).

•! But we don’t know the volume of the crust to within a factor of 2.

•! Does Mars have a layered crust? Is there a primary crust beneath the secondary veneer of basalt?

•! Is the crust a result of primary differentiation or of late-stage overturn?

•! These questions and more can be addressed by a simple thickness measurement.

14 January, 2015 4 InSight Flight School – Arcadia, CA

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Mantle Questions •! What is the actual mantle density,

which can be related to composition (e.g., Mg#, mineralogy, volatile content)?

•! To what degree is it compositionally stratified? What are the implications for mantle convection?

•! Where are the polymorphic phase transitions?

•! What is the thermal state of the mantle? How much of the heat escaping is primordial, how much is from radiogenic decay?

•! All can be addressed to a greater or lesser extent by basic seismic and heat flow observations.


Core Questions •! Radius is 1600±300 km, density is

uncertain to ±15% •! Composed primarily of iron, but what

are the lighter alloying elements? •! At least the outer part appears to be

liquid; is there a solid inner core? •! How do these parameters relate to

the start and stop of the dynamo? •! Does the core radius preclude a

lower mantle perovskite transition? •! Without radius and shear measure-

ments we are stuck with a family of possible core structures, each with significantly different implications for Mars origin and history.


How Will InSight Impact Our Knowledge About Mars?


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Exploring the Origin of Rocky Planets – The InSight Mission to Mars

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Martian Seismology – Single-Station Analysis Techniques

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Surface Wave Dispersion

Arrival Time Analysis

Event Location and Seismic Velocities from a Single Record


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36 Earthquakes Used to Simulate Single-Station Analyses


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Recovery of Earth Structure Using 7-Event Subsets


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SEIS Sensors

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Auxiliary Payload Sensors •! Environmental monitoring

–!Because a seismometer measures almost EVERYTHING better than it measures seismic waves, InSight will carry a sensor package to characterize the atmospheric and electromagnetic noise environment: •! Pressure Sensor for minute barometric fluctuations •! Anemometer and thermometers for wind speed and direction, air

temperature •! Radiometer for ground

temperature •! Magnetometer for ionospheric

magnetic fluctuations


Seismometer Frequency and Noise

SEIS has a 3 comp SP and VBB sensor

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INSIGHT specificationTotal noise of VBB sensorADC - Velocity Gain = 10Integrator correctorDCSDerivator correctorPhase and Gain correctorOutput gainBrownian Noise

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Seismometer Sensitivity

•! Acceleration noise req. over 1 Hz: "10-9 m/s2/Hz# –!For oscillatory motion,

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⇒!SEIS is sensitive to displace-ments of ~2.5x10-11m

This is about half the Bohr radius of a hydrogen atom

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Martian Seismology – Multiple Signal Sources

Atmospheric Excitation

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Precision Radio Tracking – RISE •! First measured constraint on Mars

core size came from combining radio Doppler measurements from Viking and Mars Pathfinder, which determined spin axis directions 20 years apart –! Difference of spin axis direction gives

precession rate and hence planet’s moment of inertia

–! Constrains mean mantle density, core radius and density, although only 2 parameters are independent.

•! InSight will provide another snapshot of the axis 20 years later still, providing stronger constraints on precession.

•! In addition, nutation amplitudes can be determined after 2 years of tracking with sub-decameter precision –! Free core nutation constrains core MOI

directly, allowing separation of radius and density.

14 January, 2015 21

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!! Heat flow provides InSight into the thermal and chemical evolution of the planet by constraining the concentration of radiogenic elements, the thermal history of the planet and the level of its geologic activity

!! Surface heat flow is measured by determining the regolith thermal conductivity, k, and the thermal gradient dT/dz:

!!"#$%&$'( !! Key challenges:

!! Measuring the thermal gradient disturbed by the annual thermal wave

!! Accurately measuring the thermal conductivity in an extremely low conductivity environment

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Heat Flow Measurement

Presenter Name 22 The technical data in this document is controlled under the U.S. Export Regulations, release to foreign persons

may require an export authorization.

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!HP3 Instrument Overview

RADIOMETER

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!X3"&•! Hammering mechanism (HM) •! Heater foils / sensors for active thermal conductivity

measurements (TEM-A) •! Static Tilt sensors (STATIL)

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Self-Hammering Mole, Thermal Sensors in 5-m Tether


STATIL Motor

TEM-A: foils within Mole outer hull )

Hammer Mechanism

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Instrument Overview: Hammering Timeline

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Instrument Overview: Hammering Timeline

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Instrument Deployment System – Robotic Arm

•! IDA – Instrument Deployment Arm –!Left-over hardware from MSP01 –!New mechanical grapple design

for lifting instruments –!Provides pointing for camera


Thank You

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Gelegenheiten •! Die ersten freigegebenen Daten (seismische) sollten im Sommer

2019 der wissenschaftlichen Öffentlichkeit zur Verfügung stehen. •! Demnächst (..) sollten participating scientist ausgeschrieben

werden. Erfolgreiche Bewerber/innen erhalten volle Datenrechte für die Mission (1-2 aus D)

•! Educational Outreach: suchen Schulen und betreuende Institute, die sich in einem weltweitem Netzwerk beteiligen wollen (seismische Daten und Wetter, Bodentemperaturen) –!Breite Beteiligung mit reduzierten Daten ab ca Sommer 2019.

Vorbereitung bald –!Einige ausgewählte Schulen (und deren betreuende Institute)

erhalten vollen Zugang zu den Daten.

•! Kontakt Tilman Spohn, DLR [email protected]

14 January, 2015 NASA Briefing-29 InSight Flight School – Arcadia, CA

Gelegenheiten •! Die ersten freigegebenen Daten (seismische) sollten im Sommer

2019 der wissenschaftlichen Öffentlichkeit zur Verfügung stehen. •! Demnächst (..) sollten participating scientist ausgeschrieben

werden. Erfolgreiche Bewerber/innen erhalten volle Datenrechte für die Mission (1-2 aus D)

•! Educational Outreach: suchen Schulen und betreuende Institute, die sich in einem weltweitem Netzwerk beteiligen wollen (seismische Daten und Wetter, Bodentemperaturen) –!Breite Beteiligung mit reduzierten Daten ab ca Sommer 2019.

Vorbereitung bald –!Einige ausgewählte Schulen (und deren betreuende Institute)

erhalten vollen Zugang zu den Daten.

•! Kontakt Tilman Spohn, DLR [email protected]

14 January, 2015 NASA Briefing-30 InSight Flight School – Arcadia, CA

Die ersten freigegebenen Daten (seismische) sollten im Sommer 2019 der wissenschaftlichen Öffentlichkeit zur Verfügung stehen.

participatingwerden. Erfolgreiche Bewerber/innen erhalten volle Datenrechte für

: suchen Schulen und betreuende Institute, die sich in einem weltweitem Netzwerk beteiligen wollen (seismische Daten und Wetter, Bodentemperaturen)

Breite Beteiligung mit reduzierten Daten ab

Einige ausgewählte Schulen (und deren betreuende Institute) erhalten vollen Zugang zu den Daten.

[email protected]

2019 der wissenschaftlichen Öffentlichkeit zur Verfügung stehen. participating scientist ausgeschrieben

werden. Erfolgreiche Bewerber/innen erhalten volle Datenrechte für

: suchen Schulen und betreuende Institute, die sich in einem weltweitem Netzwerk beteiligen wollen (seismische Daten und Wetter, Bodentemperaturen)

Breite Beteiligung mit reduzierten Daten ab ca Sommer 2019.

Einige ausgewählte Schulen (und deren betreuende Institute) erhalten vollen Zugang zu den Daten.

InSight Mission Science: Exploring the Interior of Mars InSight · 2018. 2. 26. · InSight InSight...

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Transcript of InSight Mission Science: Exploring the Interior of Mars InSight · 2018. 2. 26. · InSight InSight...