© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Stress and Illness/Disease Chapter 3.

© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.All rights reserved.

Stress and Illness/DiseaseStress and Illness/Disease

Chapter 3Chapter 3

Chapter OverviewChapter Overview

• Psychosomatic disease involves the mind Psychosomatic disease involves the mind and the body; it is a real disease, not and the body; it is a real disease, not “just in the mind”“just in the mind”

• Stress decreases our immunity to many Stress decreases our immunity to many diseases and illnessesdiseases and illnesses

• Stress increases our blood pressure and Stress increases our blood pressure and serum cholesterol, thereby increasing serum cholesterol, thereby increasing our chances of having hypertension, our chances of having hypertension, stroke, and coronary heart diseasestroke, and coronary heart disease


Hot ReactorsHot Reactors

• Hot reactors overreact to stressHot reactors overreact to stress

• This type of person tends to:This type of person tends to:– Become angry easilyBecome angry easily– Be anxious or depressedBe anxious or depressed– Urinate frequentlyUrinate frequently– Experience gastrointestinal problemsExperience gastrointestinal problems


Psychosomatic DiseasePsychosomatic Disease

• Process involving the mind affecting the Process involving the mind affecting the bodybody

• PsychophysiologicalPsychophysiological is used synonymously is used synonymously

• Diagnosed as a real disease, manifested Diagnosed as a real disease, manifested physicallyphysically

• Can be psychogenic (physical disease is Can be psychogenic (physical disease is caused by emotional stress) or somatogenic caused by emotional stress) or somatogenic (mind increases body’s susceptibility to (mind increases body’s susceptibility to some diseases)some diseases)


Stress and ImmunologyStress and Immunology• Stress can decrease your white blood cell countStress can decrease your white blood cell count

• A decrease in white blood cells will lead to poor A decrease in white blood cells will lead to poor healthhealth

• Immunological system includes the following white Immunological system includes the following white blood cell groups, which identify and destroy foreign blood cell groups, which identify and destroy foreign substances in the body :substances in the body :– PhagocytesPhagocytes– T cellsT cells– B cellsB cells


Interesting ResearchInteresting Research

• Friedman and Booth-Kewley (1987) cite Friedman and Booth-Kewley (1987) cite evidence of a disease-prone personalityevidence of a disease-prone personality– Depression, anger/hostility, anxietyDepression, anger/hostility, anxiety

• Hans Eysenck (1988) demonstrated Hans Eysenck (1988) demonstrated personality traits leading to: personality traits leading to: – Cancer (unassertiveness, overpatient, Cancer (unassertiveness, overpatient,

avoiding conflicts, not venting)avoiding conflicts, not venting)– Heart disease (anger, hostility, aggressive)Heart disease (anger, hostility, aggressive)


Interesting Research (cont.)Interesting Research (cont.)

• A study showed a reduction in A study showed a reduction in students’ antibody salivary IgA students’ antibody salivary IgA during stressful periods (exam day)during stressful periods (exam day)

• Dr. Candace Pert demonstrated a Dr. Candace Pert demonstrated a possible link between WBCs and possible link between WBCs and neuropeptide production; relaxation neuropeptide production; relaxation may be able to increase may be able to increase effectiveness of immune systemeffectiveness of immune system


Stress and Serum Stress and Serum CholesterolCholesterol

• Collect on the walls of your blood Collect on the walls of your blood vesselsvessels

• Can block the flow of oxygenated Can block the flow of oxygenated blood to the heart and brainblood to the heart and brain

• Studies show that one’s perception Studies show that one’s perception of a stressful situation can increase of a stressful situation can increase serum cholesterol levels serum cholesterol levels


More Interesting ResearchMore Interesting Research

• Friedman, Rosenman, and Carroll (1958) Friedman, Rosenman, and Carroll (1958) showed that deadlines/timelines for tax showed that deadlines/timelines for tax accountants increased serum cholesterol accountants increased serum cholesterol dramatically as April 15 drew closerdramatically as April 15 drew closer

• Medical students had their highest Medical students had their highest cholesterol levels just before their examscholesterol levels just before their exams

• Training military pilots showed high Training military pilots showed high cholesterol levels during exam periodcholesterol levels during exam period


HypertensionHypertension

• Excessive pressure of blood against Excessive pressure of blood against the walls of arteriesthe walls of arteries

• Rupture of arteries to the heart Rupture of arteries to the heart results in a myocardial infarction results in a myocardial infarction (heart attack)(heart attack)

• Rupture of arteries to the brain Rupture of arteries to the brain causes a cerebral hemorrhagecauses a cerebral hemorrhage


Hypertension StatsHypertension Stats

• Blood pressure = systolic/diastolicBlood pressure = systolic/diastolic• Normal = 120/80 mm HgNormal = 120/80 mm Hg• High blood pressure = 140/90 mm HgHigh blood pressure = 140/90 mm Hg• 41% of those 20-74 years of age are 41% of those 20-74 years of age are

considered hypertensiveconsidered hypertensive• 16% of those 20-24 years of age are 16% of those 20-24 years of age are

considered hypertensiveconsidered hypertensive• Men > womenMen > women• Blacks > whitesBlacks > whites


Contributing FactorsContributing Factors

• GeneticsGenetics

• Poor diet (obesity)Poor diet (obesity)

• Cigarette smokingCigarette smoking

• Lack of exerciseLack of exercise

• High sodium intakeHigh sodium intake

• StressStress


StrokeStroke

• Lack of oxygen to the brain because Lack of oxygen to the brain because of a ruptured arteryof a ruptured artery

• Paralysis, speech impairment, motor Paralysis, speech impairment, motor function impairment, and/or death function impairment, and/or death may occurmay occur

• Stroke has been related to high blood Stroke has been related to high blood pressure, diet, and stresspressure, diet, and stress


Coronary Heart DiseaseCoronary Heart Disease

• Heart attacks kill more Americans Heart attacks kill more Americans than any other single cause of deaththan any other single cause of death

• Major risk factors associated with Major risk factors associated with CHD include high serum cholesterol, CHD include high serum cholesterol, hypertension, and cigarette smokinghypertension, and cigarette smoking

• Stress and a Type A behavior Stress and a Type A behavior (aggressive, competitive, time-(aggressive, competitive, time-urgent, hostile) have also been linked urgent, hostile) have also been linked to CHDto CHD


Coronary Heart Disease Coronary Heart Disease (cont.)(cont.)• A high level of ongoing hostility may A high level of ongoing hostility may

increase heart disease through increase heart disease through several mechanismsseveral mechanisms– Increased cardiovascular reactivityIncreased cardiovascular reactivity– Blood pressure morning surgeBlood pressure morning surge– Increased platelet activationIncreased platelet activation– Increased catecholamine levelsIncreased catecholamine levels– Prolonged neuroendocrine responsesProlonged neuroendocrine responses


UlcersUlcers

• Fissures or cuts in the walls of the Fissures or cuts in the walls of the stomach, duodenum, or intestinesstomach, duodenum, or intestines

• During stress, norepinephrine causes During stress, norepinephrine causes capillaries in the stomach to capillaries in the stomach to constrict, thereby reducing mucus constrict, thereby reducing mucus productionproduction

• As a result, hydrochloric acid eats As a result, hydrochloric acid eats away at the stomach liningaway at the stomach lining


Ulcers (cont.)Ulcers (cont.)

• Recent information shows Recent information shows Helicobacter pylori Helicobacter pylori often is the causeoften is the cause

• Antibiotics rather than histamine Antibiotics rather than histamine blockers should be prescribed for blockers should be prescribed for ulcersulcers

• Ingestion of aspirin or other anti-Ingestion of aspirin or other anti-inflammatories also can cause ulcersinflammatories also can cause ulcers


Migraine HeadachesMigraine Headaches

• Constriction and dilation of the Constriction and dilation of the carotid arteries on one side of the carotid arteries on one side of the headhead

• Constriction phase (prodrome phase) Constriction phase (prodrome phase) usually occurs about one to two usually occurs about one to two hours before the headachehours before the headache

• When dilation of the carotid arteries When dilation of the carotid arteries occurs, chemicals stimulate adjacent occurs, chemicals stimulate adjacent nerve endings, causing painnerve endings, causing pain


Migraine Headaches (cont.)Migraine Headaches (cont.)

• Migraines usually last about 6 hoursMigraines usually last about 6 hours

• About 18% of those 18 to 44 years old, women About 18% of those 18 to 44 years old, women > men> men

• Costs businesses more than $24 billion per Costs businesses more than $24 billion per yearyear

• Cause focuses on emotional stress and tensionCause focuses on emotional stress and tension

• Biofeedback, meditation, autogenic training Biofeedback, meditation, autogenic training are very effective in reducing the painful are very effective in reducing the painful effects associated with a migraineeffects associated with a migraine


Tension HeadachesTension Headaches

• Caused by muscle tension to such Caused by muscle tension to such areas as the forehead, jaw, or neckareas as the forehead, jaw, or neck

• People usually take aspirin, put heat People usually take aspirin, put heat on the tense muscles, or get a on the tense muscles, or get a massagemassage


CancerCancer

• Ingested or inhaled carcinogensIngested or inhaled carcinogens

• Acquired virusesAcquired viruses

What happens?What happens?– T-lymphocytes are reducedT-lymphocytes are reduced– Cancer cells multiply, leading to tumors Cancer cells multiply, leading to tumors

and subsequent organ damageand subsequent organ damage– Stress may expedite this processStress may expedite this process


Cancer PatientsCancer Patients

• The following may help cancer The following may help cancer patients during treatment:patients during treatment:– Maintain a positive attitudeMaintain a positive attitude– Use cognitive restructuringUse cognitive restructuring– Use visualizationUse visualization


Typical Cancer-Prone PersonTypical Cancer-Prone Person

• Non-forgivingNon-forgiving

• Commonly uses self-pityCommonly uses self-pity

• Hard to develop and maintain Hard to develop and maintain interpersonal relationshipsinterpersonal relationships

• Poor self-imagePoor self-image


Allergies, Asthma, and Hay Allergies, Asthma, and Hay FeverFever

• Antigens enterAntigens enter

• Antibodies attack by releasing Antibodies attack by releasing chemicalschemicals

• Histamine is one of these chemicalsHistamine is one of these chemicals

• When too many histamines are When too many histamines are released, tissues swell, mucus released, tissues swell, mucus increases, and air passages are increases, and air passages are constrictedconstricted


Is Asthma An Emotional Is Asthma An Emotional Disease?Disease?• ResearchResearch

– A woman allergic to horses began to wheeze A woman allergic to horses began to wheeze when shown only a picture of a horse!when shown only a picture of a horse!

– Another woman, allergic to fish, had an Another woman, allergic to fish, had an allergic reaction to a toy fish and an empty allergic reaction to a toy fish and an empty fishbowl!fishbowl!

(McQuade & Aikman)(McQuade & Aikman)

• T-cells reducedT-cells reduced

• Cortisol increasedCortisol increased


Rheumatoid ArthritisRheumatoid Arthritis

• Inflammation of a joint, possibly Inflammation of a joint, possibly caused by a faulty functioning of the caused by a faulty functioning of the immune systemimmune system

• Stress can precipitate arthritic Stress can precipitate arthritic attacksattacks


BackachesBackaches

•Muscle weakness and bracing is Muscle weakness and bracing is usual causeusual cause

•Constant contractions found in Constant contractions found in certain personality typescertain personality types


TMJ SyndromeTMJ Syndrome

• TMJ patients may have:TMJ patients may have:– Facial painFacial pain– Clicking or popping soundClicking or popping sound– Earaches, ringing in earsEaraches, ringing in ears– Migraine headachesMigraine headaches– DizzinessDizziness– Sensitive teethSensitive teeth

• TMJ is usually brought on by bruxismTMJ is usually brought on by bruxism


BruxismBruxism

• Stress can increase bruxismStress can increase bruxism

• Bruxism = grinding of the teethBruxism = grinding of the teeth

• What can be done?What can be done?– Dental mouthpiece Dental mouthpiece – Relaxation techniquesRelaxation techniques– BiofeedbackBiofeedback


Posttraumatic Stress Posttraumatic Stress DisorderDisorder

• PTSD results from an extreme PTSD results from an extreme psychological and/or physical event psychological and/or physical event perceived as extremely distressing perceived as extremely distressing (e.g., threat to one’s life)(e.g., threat to one’s life)

• Many hurricane and 9/11 survivors Many hurricane and 9/11 survivors experienced symptoms of PTSD experienced symptoms of PTSD (sleeplessness, fear and helplessness, (sleeplessness, fear and helplessness, flashbacks, dreams and nightmares)flashbacks, dreams and nightmares)


Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (cont.)(cont.)

• Factors important to successfully Factors important to successfully managing PTSD:managing PTSD:– Supportive relationshipsSupportive relationships– Avoid dwelling on the traumaAvoid dwelling on the trauma– Faith/religion/hopeFaith/religion/hope– Sense of humorSense of humor


Stress and Other ConditionsStress and Other Conditions

• Obesity Obesity

• May lead to miscarriageMay lead to miscarriage

• Increase the risk of sport injuriesIncrease the risk of sport injuries


Stress and Illness/DiseaseStress and Illness/Disease


Chapter 3Chapter 3

© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Stress and Illness/Disease Chapter 3.

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Transcript of © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Stress and Illness/Disease Chapter 3.