© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-1 The Respiratory System PowerPoint®...

28-1

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

The Respiratory SystemThe Respiratory SystemPowerPoint® presentation to accompany:

Medical AssistingThird Edition

Booth, Whicker, Wyman, Pugh, Thompson


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Learning Outcomes28.1 Explain the functions of the respiratory system.

28.2 Explain the difference between internal respiration and external respiration.

28.3 Describe how the larynx produces voice sounds.

28.4 List the structures contained within the lungs.

28.5 Describe the coverings of the lungs and chest cavity.


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Learning Outcomes (cont.)

28.6 Describe the events that lead to the inspiration and expiration of air.

28.7 Explain how the brain controls breathing and how normal breathing patterns can be disrupted.

28.8 Describe how oxygen is transported from the lungs to body cells.


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Learning Outcomes (cont.)

28.9 Describe how carbon dioxide is transported from body cells to the lungs.

28.10 List and explain various respiratory volumes and tell how they are used to diagnose respiratory problems.

28.11 Describe the causes, signs, and symptoms, causes, and treatments of various diseases and disorders of the respiratory system.


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Introduction Function

Move air in an out of lungs (ventilation) Delivers oxygen (O2) Removes carbon dioxide (CO2)

External respiration Occurs in the lungs

Internal respiration Occurs in the hemoglobin

O2

O2

O2

CO2

CO2

CO2

Lungs


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Organs of the Respiratory System

Nose

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchial tree

Lungs


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Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.)

Nasal cavity Nasal septum divides the cavity into right and left

portions Nares – openings of the nose

Nasal conchae extend from walls of nasal cavity

Mucous membrane warms and moistens the air

Cilia help eliminate particles


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Paranasal sinuses Air-filled spaces within

the skull bones Open into the nasal cavity

Reduce the weight of the skull

Equalizes pressure

Gives the voice its certain tone

Skull bones with sinuses include: Frontal Sphenoid Ethmoid Maxillae bones


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Pharynx Serves both the respiratory and digestive system

Larynx

Also called the “voice box”

Moves air in and out of the trachea and produces voice

Composed of three cartilages: Thyroid cartilage Epiglottic cartilage Cricoid cartilage



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Vocal cords Stretched between the

thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage

Upper – false cords

Lower – true vocal cords

Glottis – the opening between the vocal cords

Stretch = pitch of voice

Glottis

True Vocal Cords

False Vocal Cords

Posterior Portion of Tongue


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Cilia move mucus up to the throat, where it is swallowed. Smoking destroys cilia.


Trachea Referred to as the windpipe Tubular organ made of rings of

cartilage and smooth muscle Extends from the larynx to the

bronchi Lined with cells possessing

cilia (microscopic hair-like projections)

Trachea


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Bronchial tree Bronchi

First branches off trachea

Bronchioles Secondary branches

Alveoli Thin sacs of cells

surrounded by capillaries Secrete surfactant

Bronchi

Bronchioles


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Bronchial tree Alveoli

Thin sacs of cells surrounded by capillaries

Secrete surfactant Fatty substance Helps maintains the inflation of the alveoli between

inspirations


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The lungs contain connective tissue, the bronchial tree, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and blood vessels.


Lungs Cone-shaped organs Right lung – three lobes Left lung – two lobes Pleura – membranes surrounding the lungs


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Apply Your Knowledge

Which of the following sites would be the most lethal if obstructed by a foreign body?

a. Right bronchus

b. Left bronchus

c. Trachea

ANSWER:


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The Mechanisms of Breathing

Inspiration Expiration

Breathing, or pulmonary ventilation, consist of inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation).

Air rich in O2 enters the lungs from the atmosphere

The diaphragm contracts or flattens

The intercostal muscles raise the ribs

Air rich in C02 exits the lungs

The diaphragm relaxes

The intercostal muscles lower the ribs


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The Mechanisms of Breathing (cont.)

Respiratory center of the brain

Medulla oblongata – controls rhythm and depth of breathing

Pons – controls the rate of breathing

Other factors

CO2 levels in the blood

pH of the blood

Fear and pain

Inflation reflex


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The Mechanisms of Breathing (cont.)

Causes of altered breathing patterns Coughing Sneezing Laughing Crying Hiccups Yawning Speaking


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Indicated whether each statement refers to (I) inhalation or (E) exhalation:

__ The intercostal muscles lower the ribs

__ The diaphragm contracts or flattens

__ The intercostal muscles raise the ribs

__ The diaphragm relaxes

__ Air rich in O2 enters the lungs from the atmosphere

__ Air rich in C02 exits the lungs

ANSWER:

E

E

E

I

I

I


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The Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood Most of the oxygen

binds to hemoglobin Oxyhemoglobin Bright red in color

Some oxygen remains dissolved in plasma

If CO2 combines with hemoglobin at O2 sites, it forms carboxyhemoglobin


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The Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood Carbon dioxide gets into the bloodstream

Reacts with water in plasma and forms carbonic acid

Carbonic acid ionizes and releases hydrogen and bicarbonate ions

Bicarbonate ions attach to hemoglobin Exhaled as waste product in the lungs


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Describe what happens to carbon dioxide in the blood.

ANSWER: Carbon dioxide can combine with hemoglobin and form carboxyhemoglobin. Most reacts with water in plasma to form carbonic acid. The carbonic acid ionizes and releases hydrogen and bicarbonate ions. The bicarbonate ions then attach to hemoglobin and are exhaled as a waste product from the lungs.

Super!


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Respiratory Volumes

Different volumes of air move in and out of lungs with different intensities of breathing

Measured to assess health of respiratory system


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Respiratory Volumes (cont.)

Amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs during a normal breath

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled following a normal inhalation

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled following a normal exhalation

Tidal VolumeTidal Volume

InspiratoryReserve Volume

InspiratoryReserve Volume

ExpiratoryReserve Volume

ExpiratoryReserve Volume


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Respiratory Volumes (cont.)

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after the deepest inhalation possible

Volume of air that always remains in the lungs even after a forceful exhalation

The total amount of air the lungs can hold

Residual Volume

Residual Volume

Total LungCapacity

Total LungCapacity

Vital Capacity

Vital Capacity


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___ Amount of air that moves during a normal breath

___ Amount of air that always remains in the lungs

___ Total amount of air the lungs can hold

___ Amount of air forcefully exhaled after deepest inhalation possible

A. Total lung capacity

B. Residual volume

C. Tidal volume

D. Vital capacity

Match the following: ANSWER:

C

A

B

D

Good Job!


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Snoring Due to vibration of soft

tissues when muscles of the palate, tongue, and throat relax

Affects approximately 50% of men and 25% of women over the age of 40

Causes daytime sleepiness May be associated with

obstructive sleep apnea

Common Causes Enlargement of tonsils

or adenoids

Being overweight

Alcohol consumption

Nasal congestion

Deviated nasal septum


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Snoring (cont.)

Mayo Clinic’s Sleep Disorders Center rating of snoring:

Heard from close proximity

Heard from anywhere in the bedroom

Heard from just outside the bedroom door with door open

Heard outside the bedroom door with the door closed


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Snoring (cont.)

Lifestyle modifications to reduce snoring Lose weight Change sleeping position Avoid using alcohol or medications that induce sleep Use nasal strips to widen the nasal passages Use dental devices to keep airways open

Treatments CPAP Surgery (uvulotomy) Laser surgery


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Common Diseases and Disorders

Disease Description

Allergic Rhinitis

Hypersensitivity reaction to various airborne allergens

Asthma A condition in which the tubes of the bronchial tree become obstructed due to inflammation

Atelectasis Collapsed lung

Bronchitis Inflammation of the bronchi often follows a cold; one type of COPD


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Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)

Disease Description

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A group of lung disorders that limit airflow to lungs and usually cause enlargement of the alveoli

Emphysema A chronic condition associated with smoking that damages the alveoli; one type of COPD

Influenza A viral disease that attacks the respiratory system; commonly called the flu


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Disease Description

Laryngitis An acute inflammation of the larynx causing hoarseness (dysphonia)

Legionnaire’s Disease

Acute bacterial pneumonia caused by Legionnaire bacteria that usually grows in the standing water of air conditioning systems

Lung Cancer Cancer closely associated with smoking and exposure to second-hand smoke; four types of lung cancers

Pleural Effusion A buildup of fluid in the pleural cavity


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Disease Description

Pleuritis / Pleurisy Inflammation of the membranes that cover the lungs, known as pleura

Pneumoconiosis Lung diseases that result from years environmental or occupational exposure to different types of dust; three types

Pneumonia / Pneumonitis

An inflammation of the lungs that is most often caused by a a bacterial, or viral, or fungal infection


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Disease Description

Pneumothorax A collection of air in the chest around the lungs, which may cause atelectasis

Pulmonary Edema

A condition in which fluids fill spaces within the lungs, making it very difficult for the lungs to oxygenate the blood

Pulmonary Embolism

A blood clot (embolism) that travels usually from the legs and blocks an artery in the lungs


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Disease Description

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)

Syndrome in which a lack of surfactant in the lungs allows the alveoli to collapse on exhalation, resulting in poor oxygenation

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

A viral respiratory disease that is very contagious and sometimes fatal

Sinusitis An inflammation of the membranes lining the sinuses of the skull


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Disease Description

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A syndrome without characteristic signs or symptoms; usually a baby with this disorder simply goes to sleep and never wakes up

Tuberculosis Primarily a respiratory disease caused by various strains of the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Upper Respiratory (Tract) Infection (URI)

Coryza, or the common cold


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The medical assistant working for a general practitioner is taking the medical history of a new patient. The patient states, “Even after sleeping 8 to 9 hours, I still feel really tired.” The patient’s spouse states, “Well, you sure snore loud, as if the sleep is so good.” Which of the following is a possible cause for the excessive fatigue?

a. Sleep apneab. Depressionc. Tuberculosis


ANSWER:


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End of Chapter

The air of ideas is the only air

worth breathing.

~Edith Wharton

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28-1 The Respiratory System PowerPoint®...

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