,

, , . Windows , . 2 -I. A computer is a programmable machine that receives input, stores and manipulates data, and provides output in a useful format.

In regards to todays computers, the machine part of the computer is called the hardware, while the programmable part is called the software.(information) ? , , , , , , .. .

5 , , , . : () (, , , ) ( , , ) (, , ) ( , , )

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. (data), (result) .

(task) (problem) .

(problem solving) . 0 1 .: text- coding in binary numbers->coding in binary image -> coding in binary ? . .

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resolution- . 7 .

. Bit() . 8 . 8 1 Byte() .1 byte=8 bit1kbyte=1024 byte1 Mbyte=1024 kbyte1Gbyte =1024 Mbyte

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, . . (hierarchic organization) .

(memory) . (cell) . . (address) . i i+1 i+2 i+3 ?

1 8 .

8 1 (byte) . . . 1 . , .

0-7 . . 000000002=010, 111111112=255=28-1 . 25610=28 .

:1 =1024 =210 (1Kbyte)1 =1024 Kb=220 (1Mbyte)1 =1024 Mb=230 (1Gbyte)1 =1024 Gb=240 (1Tbyte)1 =1024 Tb=250 (1Pbyte)

- , -1 . . PC.PC 4 : (Memory) (Processor) - CPU (Input device) (Output device). . , , , .

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(address) . .

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- , -2ProgramA program is a sequence of instructions that can be executed by a computer to solve some problem or perform a specified task.

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(instruction) . , , 2- .

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- () - . /. : , . System busCPU, , . system bus. . .

3 : (Address bus) (Control bus) Data bus - .

CPU- - .

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System bus - .

-data bandwidth. . data bandwidth .

8 , 16 , 32 , 64 . , . 2 . RAMROM

RAM Random Access Memory , , () . "" (random) . v . . RAMROM Read only Memory . , . , . . ROM .

1980 64 kb, 256 kb, 512kb 1M . RAM 1GB, 2GB, 8GB byte . , . Hard disk driver Floppy disk driver Compact disk driver (CD) . . , .

Hard disk driverEasyDisk- . , . USB . EasyDisk- 16MB, 32MB, 64 MB, 128MB, 256MB, 512MB, 1G, 2G .

USB diskCD 1,2 . CD- 74 . Compacct Disk

Start+Turn off computer

Windows- . Windows F8 Windows Boot Table . Windows- . F8 .

- Normal mode - Logged (BOOTLOG.TXT) - Safe Mode - Safe Mode With Network Support - Step by Step confirmation - Command Prompt Only - Safe Mode Command Prompt Only - Previous Version of MS-DOS

Normal ModeWindows- . Logged Windows- Windows Bootlog.txt c:\ .

. Safe Mode

Windows , , Windows- . Windows . Windows- Restart / / . Step by Step confirmationWindows- . .

Command Prompt Only /config.sys autoexec.bat / Windows- . DOS . Windows- Windows- .

Safe Mode Command Prompt Only . Stand by . . Wake Up .

Shutdown . Windows- . Restart Windows- .

Restart in MS-DOS mode Windows- DOS . (ctrl+alt+del) DOS Windows- Windows- . - DOS- Windows . . Win

Windows . Windows- DOS . . -Start->Programs->MS-DOS Prompt

Windows -Exit cd..

cd tttttttt

Dir ,

Dir/w , DOS- My computer Properties

/Operation system/ Boot- . , , , , .

, . :Multitasking- Multiuser- . .Multiprocessing .Multithreading . :DOS LinuxWindows MacOSOS/2 SunOSUnix PalmOS , , : - , , , , . () , , , .. . Windows Microsoft Windows , , , , . 1975 Microsoft . , , . 1975 Altair . 1980 IBM / PC/ . QDOS /Quick and Dirty Operating System/ MS-DOS IBM- . 1981 . Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel . 1987 Windows .

Windows , .

1981 MS DOS 1.0 .

1983 MS DOS 2.0 PC- .

1984 MS DOS 3.2 . MS DOS 3.2 3.5 inch . Windows 1.0Windows 1.0 1985 11- 20- .CGA/Hercules/EGA ( ):MS-DOS 2.0256 KB Ram double-sided disk drives hard drive

Windows 2.10Windows 2.1 1988 5- 27- . : MS-DOS version 3.0 512 Kb RAM Windows 3.1x 1992-1994 .:Intel 80286 20001 MB . 6.5 9 MB- .

Windows 95 Windows 95 1995 8 24- . . :Intel 80386 DX CPU- RAM 4 MB 50 MBWindows 981998 6- 25- . . :486DX-2/66 MHz (Pentium )16 MB- RAM (24MB ) 500 MB- VGA higher resolution monitorCD-ROM DVD-Rom

Windows 2000Windows 2000 2000 2- 17- . . . ,Windows Desktop Update, Internet Explorer 5 Outlook Express- .

Windows 2000 Professional133 MHz CPU32 MB- RAM (64 MB)700 megabytes space (2 GB )Windows 2000 Server/Advanced Server133 MHz CPU 256 MB- RAM 2 GB

Windows Me2000 9- 24- . , XP .150 MHz Pentium 320 MB 32 MB RAM

Windows XP 2001 10- 25- Windows XP . 233 MHz 63 MB RAM 1.5 GB Super VGA video adapter CD-ROM drive DVD drive

Windows Vista2007 1- 30- Windows Vista . . Vista- .

Vista Premium Ready1.0 GHz 1 GB RAM128 MB 40 GB hard disk 15 GB Vista Capable800 MHz 512 MB RAM32 MB 20 GB 15 GB

2009/10/221 gigahertz (GHz) or faster 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x64) processor 1 gigabyte (GB) RAM (32-bit) or 2 GB RAM (64-bit) 16 GB available hard disk space (32-bit) or 20 GB (64-bit)

2012/10/26Processor: 1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster with support for PAE, NX, and SSE2 (more info)

RAM: 1 gigabyte (GB) (32-bit) or 2 GB (64-bit)

Hard disk space: 16 GB (32-bit) or 20 GB (64-bit)

32bit vs 64bit processor & OS32bit processor support up to 3.25GB RAM64bit processor support up to 1 billion gigabytes. The 64bit processor gives more greater performance then 32bit Processor.

64 bit OS not compatible with 32 bit processor. 32 bit OS compatible with 64 bit processor. 64 bit processor -> 32 bit OS-> not effective

Types of OS

Linux/Unix UNIX : (Carnel) , (storage/)- . (Shell) , . , . . ls , . bourn C . , . , , . Unix- . , . 4 FedoraCentOSUbuntuDebian

Windows :Microsoft Windows . . . Windows . Windows- . Windows- . .Windows : (Security) . Windows- . . Windows NT . UNIX .

. , IRIX .

Start button

TaskbarQuick Launch Toolbar

Start .Ctrl+Esc(Win logo)Start Lock the taskbar

Auto-hide the taskbar

Keep the taskbar on top of other

Group similar taskbar buttons

Show Quick Launch

Show the clock

Hide inactive icons

Taskbar-

Windows- . , , .

Title bar Menu bar . :

Alt+ :File = Alt+FEdit = Alt+EView = Alt+VTools = Alt+THelp = Alt+H

Alt+Spacebar Restore-

Move-

Size-

Minimize-

Maximize-

Close- Restore Alt-spacebar+rMoveAlt+spacebar+mSizeAlt+spacebar+sMinimizeAlt+spacebar+nMaximize Alt+spacebar+xCloseAlt+F4 Alt+Tab Win logo+D

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Windows- . , , icon. 256 . .

Icon . com, exe, bat sys, ini, inf bmp, jpg, gif, pcx avi, mpg, mpe mp3, wav, mid doc, xls, ppt, pdf htm, cla, php, asp arj, zip, rar, tgz cpp, pas, bas,mdb