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18 : Educational standards are ……………. year by year because of lack of funds.
1) preceding 2) overlapping 3) degenerating 4) restricting
19 : After doing this project, we will ……………… a new project later this year.
1) bear on 2) break up 3) stand out 4) embark on
20 : The soil in this part of the world is not rich enough to …………….. a large population.1) survive 2) sustain 3) suspend 4) submit
21 : After years of research, scholars have finally ………………. this theory to a scholar in ancient Greece.
1) pondered 2) ascribed 3) depicted 4) disclosed
22 : They …………………. a 500-year lifespan for a plastic container.1) alleged 2) survived 3) diverged 4) postulated
23 : Short questions are more likely to ………………… a response.
1) elicit 2) undergo 3) perceive 4) register
24 : Many principles are ……………. in the Declaration of Human Rights.1) resided 2) embodied 3) proceeded 4) submitted
25 : In late October, the prime minister …………………… an emergency meeting.1) associated 2) summoned 3) deduced 4) collaborated
26 : The contract between the two companies will ……………. at the end of the year.
1) surrender 2) obstruct 3) expire 4) extinguish
27 : An elderly man has ……………. doctors at the hospital by living after he was officially declared dead.1) confounded 2) conducted 3) converted 4) corresponded
28 : What was intended as a peaceful demonstration rapidly ………………. into violence.1) degenerated 2) agitated 3) preceded 4) discriminated
29 : The Democratic Party …………….. 70 percent of the vote.1) esteemed 2) garnered 3) obligated 4) assembled
30 : Some animals can …………………. very high temperatures.
1) submit 2) detach 3) obstruct 4) withstand
31 : Researchers have discovered that up to one half of all children born of alcoholics are genetically
…………………… to alcoholism.
1) apprehended 2) discerned 3) predisposed 4) impressed
32 : Computers are used to store and later to ………………. information efficiently.1) retrieve 2) fabricate 3) proceed 4) absorb
33 : Birds …………….. less accurately when the earth’s magnetic field is disturbed.1) ponder 2) accompany 3) navigate 4) probe
34 : The story of the scientist’s life is ……….. in this new biography.
1) revolved 2) reconciled 3) revoked 4) recounted
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35 : It has been ……………. that dinosaurs became extinct because the Earth’s climate changed.
1) detested 2) speculated 3) founded 4) fostered
36 : The love and support of his family …………. him during his time in prison and made him feel less desperate there.
1) resolved 2) sustained 3) assumed 4) determined
37 : The road ……………. the highway a mile from here- you can’t miss the signs for it.1) intersects 2) interferes 3) intervenes 4) intercepts
38 : Make sure you ………….. that present carefully or it may get damaged in the post.
1) flourish 2) consume 3) wrap 4) dispatch
39 : The pattern ………. from our analysis of the accident data shows that bad roads are responsible for the majority
of accidents.
1) occurring 2) assuming 3) identifying 4) emerging
40 : The changes to the national health system will be ………….. next year; people won’t have to worry about long
waiting lists for hospitals anymore.
1) converted 2) intervened 3) accompanied 4) implemented
41 : She ………… him into handing over all his savings, and then ran away with all the money.
1) inclined 2) betrayed 3) deceived 4) conceived
42 : High winds have …………. fire-fighters in their efforts to put out the forest.1) diverted 2) released 3) hindered 4) interfered
43 : His mother …………. him for breaking the vase her mother had given her as a wedding gift.1) scolded 2) clashed 3) disputed 4) quarreled
44 : Governments usually …………. freedom of movement into and out of the country in time of war.
1) detect 2) induce 3) restrict 4) simulate
45 : The government …………….. that the buildings would not be redeveloped in the historical parts of the town.1) tackled 2) confronted 3) committed 4) undertook
46 : She intends to ………… a medical career, but her father would like her to study law.
1) engage 2) resolve 3) aspire 4) pursue
47 : The war would have ended if the enemy planes had not …………. the cease-fire agreement.1) violated 2) enforced 3) exceeded 4) attributed
48 : The skilled use of make-up in films is essential to ……….. the actors’ best features and makes them more
attractive.1) occur 2) attain 3) encounter 4) enhance
49 : She …………. Several famous experts to back up her argument : we can learn a foreign language well even in old
age.
1) attributed 2) derived 3) invoked 4) deviated
50 : A marriage is likely to ……………. If you and your partner are similar in personality.
1) refuse 2) refer 3) pass 4) last
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51 : He was arrested by the police when he tried to ……………. a gun into the airport.
1) smuggle 2) impose 3) emerge 4) obtain
52 : Her new book ………… the essay you ‘re looking for though you might also find it as a separate piece in The
Asian Journal of Sociology.1) denotes 2) inserts 3) enhances 4) incorporates
53 : The airline hopes to …………… deaths in fires by using more fire-resistant materials.1) survive 2) neglect 3) eliminate 4) correspond
54 : It is difficult to ………… these statistics without knowing how they were obtained.1) derive 2) establish 3) interpret 4) circulate
55 : I don’t want to ……………… her achievements, but she did have a lot of help.1) collapse 2) estimate 3) encounter 4) diminish
56 : My parents have ………… to give a big party for the whole family at the weekend.
1) arranged 2) checked 3) described 4) provided
57 : “ Could you turn down the TV? I have to do these problems today and I am trying to …………….”1) consult 2) conclude 3) conserve 4) concentrate
58 : Exercise improves your body and your mind and enables you to …………. better in the work place and at home.
1) persuade 2) perform 3) receive 4) retire
59 : The presidents of the companies concerned ………….. the terms of the agreement.1) intended 2) worked 3) negotiated 4) represented
60 : It was decided that the duties of part-timers should be …………….. .1) declined 2) reduced 3) required 4) devoted
61 : Most accidents could be …………. if people paid more attention to safety recommendations.1) avoided 2) forbidden 3) allowed 4) recognized
62 : If you ……………. that something is true, you suggest that it is true without actually saying so.1) contradict 2) consider 3) ignore 4) imply
63 : Deep freezing is now a common way of ……………. fruit and vegetables.1) identifying 2) preserving 3) preventing 4) recovering
64 : They didn’t finish the project in time though they had ………….. three weeks to it.
1) adhered 2) supplied 3) allocated 4) regarded
65 : Water waves are ……………. by the action of the wind.1) generated 2) designed 3) delivered 4) encouraged
66 : The court …………. the agreement after months of debate.1) nullified 2) penetrated 3) vanished 4) inclined
67 : This poem is ………… to Shakespeare.
1) proceeded 2) identified 3) estimated 4) attributed
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68 : After six months of working overtime, she ………… paying off her debts.
1) succeeded in 2) complained to 3) removed from 4) reminded of
69 : James didn’t have any trouble ………… to the climate in Atlanta because he had grown up in the south.
1) applying 2) adjusting 3) appointing 4) confirming
70 : Boiling water …………. rapidly.
1) evacuates 2) evaporates 3) increases 4) inflates
71 : The army is reported to be ……………….. considerable resistance in some remote rural areas.
1) encountering 2) interacting 3) transferring 4) concentrating
72 : The news broadcast …………… the rumor that a circus was coming to town.
1) contended 2) induced 3) confirmed 4) inferred
73 : She was …………. hiding the stolen jewelry in her closet.
1) judged 2) resumed 3) maintained 4) detected
74 : The accused man was ………. by the jury.
1) condensed 2) inherited 3) inclined 4) condemned
75 : The enemy …………. before the advance of our soldiers.
1) retreated 2) remarked 3) reproduced 4) regulated
76 : The film ……………. their attention completely.
1) absorbed 2) abstained 3) abridged 4) abused
77 : He ………….. his speech with a summary.
1) confessed 2) concluded 3) neglected 4) notified
78 : Benevolent graduate …………. money to the college for the new library.
1) advocated 2) confirmed 3) donated 4) founded
79 : Nobody likes him. He is always …………… in other people’s affairs.
1) attempting 2) overlooking 3) stimulating 4) interfering
80 : I couldn’t concentrate on my homework, because my brother kept …………….. me with silly questions.
1) interrupting 2) competing 3) involving 4) providing
81 : The police officer ……………… Mary that the car she was driving had been used in a robbery two weeks ago.
1) described 2) informed 3) explained 4) ordered
82 : The actress killed the producer because he had …………… her film contract.
1) determined 2) undergone 3) undertaken 4) terminated
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Adjectives
1 : The philosopher’s explanation of the theory was rather ………… i.e. difficult to understand.1) immense 2) distinctive 3) inevitable 4) opaque
2 : When people saw picture of killed soldiers on TV, there was a ……….. reaction against the war.
1) spontaneous 2) comprehensive 3) preoccupied 4) primitive
3 : Low inflation is the key to …………. Economic growth.
1) congruous 2) sustained 3) extravagant 4) well-disposed
4 : The degree of punishment should be ………… to the seriousness of the crime.
1) receptive 2) inclined 3) prominent 4) proportional
5 :
Farmers are still a …………. Political force in France.
1) prognostic 2) plentiful 3) potent 4) provisional
6 : The success of the project is due to the ………. amount of work that has gone into it.
1) primary 2) leading 3) tremendous 4) celebrated
7 : Teachers settled for a 4 % pay rise with …………… effect from last April.
1) foregone 2) preceding 3) retrospective 4) substantial
8 : Do you think that these higher –than- average temperatures are ………… to global warming.
1) attributable 2) expansive 3) convertible 4) substitutional
9 : These chemicals are …….. to the environment.
1) exhaustive 2) contrastive 3) detrimental 4) forthcoming
10 : Flexibility is ……….. to creative management.
1) intrinsic 2) compatible 3) forthcoming 4) contemporary
11 : The …………… goal of this research is to gather data on the process of first language acquisition.
1) principal 2) successive 3) continual 4) insightful
12 : The slight difference in the way men and women are affected by the drug is not really ………….. .
1) intrinsic 2) contrary 3) predominant 4) significant
13 : The victim was able to give the police an …………. description of her attacker.
1) accurate 2) ultimate 3) identical 4) equivalent
14 : Violence is just one of the many problems ………. in city life.
1) explicit 2) empirical 3) available 4) inherent
15 : Roman coins that she showed me were ……….. to the one I had found in the garden.
1) crucial 2) specific 3) adjacent 4) identical
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16 : Technology advances could ……….. lead to even more job losses.
1) randomly 2) inherently 3) ultimately 4) empirically
17 : During the last one hundred years, ………… every aspect of life has been westernized.
1) conversely 2) primarily 3) virtually 4) redundantly
18 : Symptoms of the illness include a high temperature and a(n) ……………. dry cough.
1) effective 2) persistent 3) respected 4) considerate
19 : Anita had a(n) …………….. arrangement with her brother- each would take care of the other’s children if the
need arose.
1) adjacent 2) coherent 3) analogous 4) reciprocal
20 : She’s not very …………. In the way she treats her children; they may be punished today for something they were
rewarded for yesterday!
1) dominant 2) restrictive 3) consistent 4) proportional
21 : The report suggests that there has only been a (n) …………. improvement in women’s pay over the past few years.1) ultimate 2) eventual 3) marginal 4) enormous
22 : Even though she knew she was wrong, she was ……………. to openly admit it.1) variable 2) reluctant 3) disobedient 4) submissive
23 : Sleep has often thought of as being in some way …………… to death.1) alike 2) compatible 3) analogous 4) comparative
24 : Math is a(n) …………… part of the school curriculum almost anywhere in the world.1) eventual 2) intrinsic 3) concurrent 4) simultaneous
25 : His paintings show ……………. attention to details.1) inevitable 2) reliable 3) meticulous 4) attractive
26 : Her performance was ………….. affected by the behavior of the crowd and was not satisfactory.1) secretly 2) sincerely 3) adversely 4) punctually
27 : The ……………. export of the Middle East is Petroleum.
1) immense 2) exceeding 3) predominant 4) brilliant
28 : The Nobel Prize is one of the most …………… awards that a person can win.1) prestigious 2) pessimist 3) perfectionist 4) permanent
29 : Road accidents are generally caused by …………… driving and not by any factor relating to the roads.
1) Imprudent 2) fragile 3) reckless 4) ingenious
30 : The belief that the earth is flat is today regarded as …………….. .
1) absurd 2) abstract 3) absolute 4) abrupt
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31 : Because John didn’t take good care of himself, it was ………….. that he would get sick.
1) accidental 2) inevitable 3) measurable 4) typical
32 : The police were highly appreciative of the housewife’s …………. courage.
1) impulsive 2) futile 3) intractable 4) indomitable
33 : Is the Canadian dollar ………… to the U.S. dollar?1) invariable 2) potential 3) unanimous 4) equivalent
34 : He was found ………… of dangerous driving and forbidden from driving for three years.
1) violent 2) unbalanced 3) guilty 4) independent
35 : I posted the letter one month ago. It is very ………….. that my friend hasn’t received it yet.1) Impossible 2) orderly 3) suitable 4) unlikely
36 : …………. reports said that seven people had died, though this was not confirmed later.
1) initial 2) excessive 3) apparent 4) sufficient
37 : My schedule is quite …………….. . I can arrange to meet you any day next week.1) flexible 2) accurate 3) arbitrary 4) voluntary
38 : Despite differences in background and opinion, their partnership was based on ………….. respect.1) virtual 2) neutral 3) mutual 4) rational
39 : I’ve taught my daughter to be ……………. about giving people our address when she doesn’t know them quite
well.
1) wary 2) mutual 3) vital 4) naïve
40 : I …………… remembered having met her before though I couldn’t exactly remember when.1) vastly 2) urgently 3) stealthy 4) vaguely
41 : Wide tree-lined streets are ……………… to the town’s character; it’s not possible to imagine the town without
them.
1) precise 2) marginal 3) adjacent 4) intrinsic
42 : The more …………. your notes, the more useful they will be for revision purposes.
1) intact 2) drastic 3) extreme 4) thorough
43 : Refer to the footnote on the …………… page; you will find your answer there.1) Inherent 2) preceding 3) widespread 4) subordinate
44 : Students from countries as …………… as Colombia and Lithuania use the new series of books to learn English.
1) diverse 2) apparent 3) external 4) sufficient
45 : The majority of students felt ………………….. for teacher’s help.
1) frank 2) logical 3) grateful 4) beneficial
46 : The earthquake was very …………… .1) avoidable 2) distortable 3) deliberate 4) destructive
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Nouns
1 : This society enjoys cultural …………… despite the fact that it consists of different ethnic backgrounds.
1) conviction 2) homogeneity 3) demonstration 4) erection
2 : None of the journalist’s children showed the slightest …………….. to follow their father into journalism.1) extension 2) composition 3) impression 4) inclination
3 : It is hard to believe that hunger is a problem despite the ………… of the country.
1) prosperity 2) approximation 3) inspiration 4) advocacy
4 : War and illiteracy are two of the greatest …………… to human progress.
1) divergences 2) resolutions 3) impediments 4) phenomena
5 : Communication via the internet gives an important …………….. to international trade.1) exposure 2) dimension 3) expenditure 4) distribution
6 : Lack of childcare facilities can be a major ………….. for women wishing to work.1) routine 2) dispute 3) obstacle 4) contraction
7 : It is a common ……………. that women are worse drivers than men.1) impetus 2) essence 3) fallacy 4) amusement
8 : The …………. for using this teaching method is to encourage student confidence.1) rationale 2) advent 3) authenticity 4) constitution
9 : These reports are ……………. to the many hours of research completed by this committee.1) proximity 2) testimony 3) motion 4) submission
10 : The points the author makes are fine, but the whole essay lacks …………… .
1) coherence 2) profile 3) route 4) solidarity
11 : The rise in the interest rate had a direct …………… on the company’s profits.1) proportion 2) bearing 3) domain 4) convergence
12 : It is some researchers ……….. that exercise is more important than diet if you want to lose weight.1) undertaking 2) designation 3) exhibition 4) contention
13 : There is no ……….. on students to take so many subjects in one semester.
1) compulsion 2) momentum 3) impetus 4) affiliation
14 : Dogs and wolves are members of the same ………………..1) species 2) monsters 3) creatures 4) primates
15 : I’ve been prescribed iron tablets to make up the ………….. .
1) fault 2) nutrition 3) deficiency 4) protection
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32 : Feminists say that the book was written from a male ………… .1) objective 2) inspection 3) perspective 4) presumption
33 : The Highways Department is responsible for the construction and ……….. of bridges and roads.1) equipment 2) adjustment 3) manipulation 4) maintenance
34 : In exceptional …………. students may arrange to take examinations at other times.
1) alternatives 2) implications 3) circumstances 4) distributions
35 : After a full ………… lasting over 2 years, very little new evidence had come to light.1) approach 2) exploitation 3) investment 4) investigation
36 : A thorough understanding of mathematics is sufficient to explain a wide variety of natural ……….. .1) criteria 2) principles 3) phenomena 4) components
37 : For centuries housework and shopping have been identified as female ……….. .
1) targets 2) domains 3) sectors 4) contexts
38 : Modern example of this type of weaving for Persian carpets in the region show little …………. from traditional
patterns.
1) deviation 2) relevance 3) application 4) permanence
39 : Despite some doubts by the experts, the …………….. of this painting to Rembrandt had never been questioned.1) attribution 2) simulation 3) association 4) specification
40 : She has the …………. of being one of the few people to have received an honorary degree from the university this
year.
1) extraction 2) detection 3) distinction 4) simulation
41 : Financial ……………. on the company are preventing them from employing new staff.1) resolutions 2) deductions 3) approaches 4) constraints
42 : The course is essentially theoretical in ……….. , but you’ll need some practical work experience before you can
apply for the job.
1) process 2) function 3) orientation 4) exploitation
43 : There was widespread ………… over the plan, and the management had finally to revise it.1) discontent 2) antithesis 3) interaction 4) emergence
44 : The audience broke into ………….. as the old singer slowly climbed the stairs.
1) tribute 2) applause 3) compliment 4) encouragement
45 : Many of the residents here are ………….. of the original settlers emigrating to the area at the end of the 18 th
century.
1) prototypes 2) derivatives 3) procedures 4) descendants
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46 : I’ve made quite a lot of last-minute ………….. to the article: I think it’s now ready for publication in the
newspaper.
1) assembly 2) compliment 3) constitution 4) amendment
47 : Some institutions still have a strong ……………. against women and employ them if they are forced to.1) bias 2) restraint 3) morality 4) inclination
48 : Students can be expelled at the …………… of the head teacher, and they cannot return to school within a year
after expulsion.
1) foresight 2) judgment 3) alternative 4) discretion
49 : You can only come on school trip if your parents give their written …………… .1) device 2) consent 3) criterion 4) inclination
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!;;?
1 : !"#$% &'() '(*+,
2 : !"#$ 4'() '(%& .
3 : !"#$ 1'() '(%& .
4 : !"#$ 3'() '(%& .
5 : !"#$ 2'() '(%& .
6 : !"#$ 3'() '(%& .
7 : !"#$ 3'() '(%& .
8 : !"#$ 1) '(%& '(.
9 : !"#$ 2'() '(%& .
10 : !"#$ 1'() '(%& .
11 : !"#$ 2'() '(%& .
12 : !"#$ 4'() '(%& .
13 : !"#$ 1'() '(%& .
14 : !"#$% /'() '(*+,
15 : !"#$% -'() '(*+,
16 : !"#$% .'() '(*+,
17 : !"#$% /'() '(*+,
18 : !"#$% /'() '(*+,
19 : !"#$% &'() '(*+,
20 : !"#$% &'() '(*+,
21 : !"#$% -'() '(*+,
22 : !"#$% .'() '(*+,
23 : !"#$% .'() '(*+,
24 : !"#$% /'() '(*+,
25 : !"#$% /'() '(*+,
26 : !"#$% /'() '(*+,
27 : !"#$% &'() '(*+,
28 : !"#$% /'() '(*+,
29 : !"#$% &'() '(*+,
30 : !"#$% -'() '(*+,
31 : !"#$% /'() '(*+,
32 : !"#$% -'() '(*+,
33 : !"#$% .'() '(*+,
34 : !"#$% -'() '(*+,
35 : !"#$% .'() '(*+,
36 : !"#$% -'() '(*+,
37 : $% !"# &'() '(*+,
38 : !"#$% /'() '(*+,
39 : !"#$% /'() '(*+,
40 : !"#$% -'() '(*+,
41 : !"#$% .'() '(*+,
42 : !"#$% -'() '(*+,
43 : !"#$% /'() '(*+,
44 : !"#$% &'() '(*+,
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45 : !"#$% .'() '(*+,
46 : !"#$% .'() '(*+,
47 : !"#$% /'() '(*+,
48 : !"#$% .'() '(*+,
49 : !"#$% &'() '(*+,
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Essential Words for Exam
Adjectives
accurate: correct, precise, exact ! # $% &'()! &* # +
adjacent: near, close ),-./0 &)12.3
ample: enough, plenty 425 6 7,1,84 &
apparent: obvious, clear +9,1 &)2:;<
arbitrary: by chance 2=>,6 4!2?> &6
beneficial: useful, helpful =3 # @A3!-( &@
brilliant: bright B2AC2> & 72DE)!
controversial: F$C GH,8C # I &8JKD2A3 diverse: of different kinds L-AM3 &7-N2H-N
dizzy: confusing N # N8( &O@AA5 P # )1< K.
doubtful: uncertain Q!1! &!!83
drastic: sudden and violent @; &!2R S@
ecstatic: excited, joyful T,!2; &U-E8(
equivalent: the same in value Q!2V3 & W), X0 &8C,8C
exceeding: extreme, high W S@; &!2 S@
fictional: imaginary H2M(,!6 E & # Y2 6
fragile: breakable BW2H & O@AA:;
frank: honest, Z!2%
futile: useless, fruitless C6 24 S C &O@ 6 O!2=M(,
grateful: thankful ),[G(2\(
immense: huge, enormous ]^ &_)IC # W &X S!2
imprudent: unwise, careless C6 MR, # C &`2 6 8:4
impulsive: careless, thoughtless C &8:=> 71@C6 KH,!8E
indomitable: unbeatable [J2H QIYI> &a(,) S[J2H 'b:; & 8 S8
inevitable : unavoidable [J2H T2AMc, S 8ingenious: inventive, clever O@HW2( &8:Md3 &ZeE
inherent: intrinsic >,f6 H1)! &6
initial: first Y1, # ,@MC, &K 6S
intact: undamaged XY2( &O!)-gH '(!
interval: gap, break K=1 &Kh%24
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intractable: difficult to control or deal with H@DH i,)6 [J2H j2kVH, & l58( & S8
intrinsic: inherent, essential >,f6 H1)! &6 (2(, &6
invariable: unchanging m> 71@C &'C2n ## 8
marginal: oIc6 ;2R &B@H, & # , K pmediocre: average, ordinary Y-/V36 q(-M3 &
meticulous: careful ! # KH242:;-3 &*
mutual: joint, reciprocal KdH2c1! &K48r1!
naïve: O!2(s-Y
neutral: impartial C6 tAE &j8r6
peripheral: ;2R # , K p)2A5 &p
permanent: enduring, lasting ,! S / 6 @C, &p
pessimistic: C@C # u
preceding: previous hd6 J & # D # u
predisposed: likely to do or have something @VMb3 & O!23<
predominant: noticeable 8> KMbc8C S8> vY2w &u Su
prestigious: important, significant Xx3 &KMbc8C
primitive: first, original, ancient ,@MC,6S Y1, & # 1@C &K p
rational: logical, reasonable ykA3 &Q-yV36
reckless: careless C6 C &'!6 MR, # C &`2 6 Kc->
reliable: dependable 8dMV3 &!2/M^, zC2
requisite: essential, necessary, )189 &iW{p
spontaneous: N!23< 71@C6 hd6 U-c!-E &!-E KC !-E &
subordinate: inferior, lower 2J #SW &|C2> & 8MA S'(! 8
sufficient: enough 425 6
thorough: complete, perfect |32c &z325
a thorough search
unanimous: S*=M3 &K})2\:
a unanimous decision
vital: essential, important bC # R &Xx3 )2 # >2 6
voluntary: ME, # )2 pKH2dhr1,! &
wary: careful, cautious v~,-3 & `2M$3
widespread: common ,) SP
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Adverbsadversely: unfavorably T-hk32H )-r KC @^2b32H )-r KC &
approximately: nearly 8y> S2d
confidently: certainly /r, 2C & •=H KC !2/M^, 2C # 72A
consequently: as a result ,8C2AC S MH )! &u # K.
conversely: on the other hand 48r W, &•:^ 8C6 ! S8G
eventually: finally 2xH Si2.H,8( &2M
primarily: mainly 2>@/^ &2(2(,
punctually: on time '18( &|-3 KC
redundantly: not needed 429,6 ,W & S@
reluctantly: unwillingly 2/> 71@C & O,85, 2C S z
remarkably: noticeably G/D} )-r KC # Kc-> zC2 )-r KC &8 simultaneously: at the same time, concurrently KC723I/0 )-r
sincerely: honestly KH2!2% )-r KC
subsequently: ,@VC &2d2VM3
temporarily: transiently '-3 )-r KC
urgently: )-4 )-r KCp)-4 KC & S'
vaguely: ambiguously Xxd3 )-kxC
vastly: W )-r KC &O!8MbN )-r KC S!2
virtually: almost, very nearly 8y> S2d e/^ &
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illustration: 9-> # 8D> &+ Sz:; &+
inferiority: 2J #S Gd>) u 6 2J 71! & S G 6 }-5 &6
insight: perception, feeling, sense C # ! &lA S ?C &@ # "8
integrity: wholeness, completeness S G})2\: 6 32/> & # ' intention: H &@? # '
interaction: z32V>
intervention: KhE,@3
interpretation: => b # 9-> &8 # 8D> &+ S +
investigation: y$> # ()8C &* 6
jealousy: "!2bR
jeopardy: danger 8kE
morality: eE, # 2J &"2 S@Ad p eE,6
orientation: 'xc S C2 6 U8GH &
patience: :; 8d% # 2d 6S
priority: -Y1, S'
regulation: ",)8y3 &7-H2
repulsion: C &"8=H &)2cIH, # ),I p
reputation: "8x;
resistance: '=Y2g3 & '312y3
resolution: i@ "2dn iI^ &O!,), &z:D3 |4) &z:D3 zR
restraint: N-hc &'VH2/3 &|A3 # 8 p
resurrection: R, # @.> &2 S R @ # & !@.3 *H1) & "2
retaliation: i2yMH,
simulation: d; # W2( K p
solution: zR O,)
submission: hb> # & X -$> Sz
superiority: 8>8Cp
supervision: ")2]H
suppression: C-58( &T-58(6 survival: 7!8C )@C XY2( 72c &2yC
suspension: V> # 7!-C *hV3 &*
tradition: custom 'A( &X()
vanity: )18w &8d:>
vibration: 72(-H &U2V>),
violation: kg>6 &
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Verbsabridge: shorten, abbreviate 7!85 8?Mg3 &7!85 O2>-5
absorb: attract, take in 7!85 T[c
abstain: refrain, withdraw 08J # 7!85 T2AMc, &7!85 I
abuse: exploit 7!85 O!2=M(,-(
accompany: go with, go together with 2D3 S 0,8/0 &7!85 'V 6 7!85
adhere: 1. stick to 2. follow, advocate, obey '( db} # KC 7@ ) ( J # 18 p KC 7!-C ),!241 &7!85
adjust: adapt, accustom 7!85 )2NW2( &7!,! * 1
advocate: support 2/R S),@48r &7!85 ' p7!85
affect: influence n2> '$> # n2> & 7!,! ),8 8 # uM;,[N 8
agitate: disturb C &7!85 7,!8N8( &7!85 KM=; &7!,! +2?ME, # 7!,! $
anticipate: expect, predict J &uM;,! )2]MH, # C l # A 6 7!85
appoint: select uM;2/N &7!85 T-?A3,)25 KCp-
apprehend: 1. understand 2. arrest '( 5 B)! /x4 &7!8 # 7@ )( GM(! # 7!85 8
arrange: prepare, put in order ! B),@> S7!85 v>83 &7@
ascribe: attribute KC 7!,! qC) & KC 7!,! 'dbH
aspire: desire M;, &uM;,! 1W)assume: suppose, presume )! &7!8:984uM;,@AJ &uM48N 8]H
assign: 1. allocate 2. appoint '( 7!,! +2?ME,) (uM;2/N &7!85 T-?A3
associate: relate, have relationship with 2C uM;,! "8;2V3 1 `2d>), &7!,! qC)
attain: obtain, get 7!)1< '(@C
attribute: ascribe KC 7!,! qC) & KC 7!,! 'dbH
betray: to be disloyal E # 7!85 'H2
circulate: pass around 7!-C U!8N )!.)2cp7!-C
clash: disagree uM;,! KY!2.3 &uM;,! O8c2D3
coincide: occur at the same time, agree , overlap ;-\/0 & 7!-C 7)2y3 &7!-C 723I/06 uM;,!collaborate: work together )2:/0p712V> &7!85uM;,!
collapse: destroy, to be destroyed )184 S ;2J184 &uMg # 1& 7@ S7!85 7,8
commit: obligate 7@; @xVM3 &7!,! @xV>
comply: conform, follow, obey J &7!85 '^2r, # 18 p2C 7@; / A02/0 &7!85
conceive: imagine 7!85 )-?>
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concentrate: focus &7!85 I58/>
condemn: criticize C-> &7!85 lHW8( # 7!85 a
conduct: 1. do, carry out 2. lead, direct '(7!,! i2.H,)(,@0 S 7!85 '
confess: admit, acknowledge 7!85 j,8M^, &7!85 ),8,confirm: approve 2> #S7!85 @
confound: confuse N # 7!85 XN)!8( &7!85 P
confront: face, encounter c,-37@; 18C1) &7@; K
conserve: preserve ),@xGHp7!85 0 =R &7!85
consult: refer uM48N ")-D3 & 7!85 KVc,83
consume: use, eat 7!85 O!2=M(, &7!)-E
contend: claim 7!85 2^!, &7!85 )2x~,
convene: assemble, gather 2/0 !8N 6S 7@; |/c X0 )1! &uM;,!
convert: change, transform @d> S m> &7!85 z ## 7!,! 8
correspond: agree, resemble 7!-C KC2D3 & 7!-C *4,-3
deceive: cheat, trick, mislead 84 S7!W Q-N &7!,! v
deduce: infer 7!85 ';,!8C
degenerate: worsen, deteriorate uM4) `2k$H, KC1) &7@; 8>@C
deliver: submit -$> S7!,! z
denote: mean } KH2DH # I p AV3 KC & 8C 7!85 'Y{! &7!-C6 } # I p7!-C
depict: show, portray -?> KC S D5 8 # 2/H &7@ S7!,! l
deposit: put (money) in bank ),1 S7!85 I
derive: get, gain, obtain 7@; *MD3 &uM48N
detach: separate from something larger ,W,8MN)IC '/bp-7!85 ,I.3 &7!85 ,@c
detect: distinguish, notice h(2A;6# 7!85
determine: find out, ascertain V> ## 7!85 u
detest: hate, dislike uM;,! "8=H
deviate: diverge b3 W, &7@; j8$A3 # 7@; )2E 8
devote: allocate, assign 7!85 * 1 &7!,! +2?ME,
diminish: reduce, decrease uM48N 8]H )! X5 &7!85 X5 &uM(25discern: perceive /x4 & # 7@; Kc-M3 &7@
disclose: reveal uME2( )2:;< &785 U24
discriminate: distinguish Vd> # 2 1 S /> &7@; z ## 2 I S 7@; z
dispatch: send, post 7!2M(84 &7!85 Q2(),
display: exhibit, show 2/H &7,! 72DH S 7!,! l
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dispute: debate, quarrel 7!85 F$C 1 Q@c &7!85 O8c2D3
distinguish: differentiate gD> # 7!,! $
diverge: deviate b3 W, &7@; j8$A3 # 7@; )2E 8
donate: give (money, etc.), esp. for a good purpose @0 & 7!85 ,@0, S!,! KH2^, & 7!85 K 7elicit: extract, bring out C # D5 718 # 7!85 ,8gM(, &7@
eliminate: remove, omit uM;,[N )2A5 &7!85 j[R
embark on/upon: do, carry out W)1 ")!2d3 &7!85 i,@, &7!,! i2.H, S7@
embody: give physical expression to 7!85 Xb.> &7!85 Xb.3
emerge: appear @; )2:; S :$> &7!85 ' # 7!85 X
enhance: improve, augment 7!,! 2y>), &7!,! !-dxC
enumerate: name one by one &7!8/;8C S : # 7!85 85f !
equip: provide with what is necessary 3< &7!85 Ix.37!85 O!2
establish: se up 7!85 2J 8C
esteem: respect 3,8N &uM;,[N i,8MR,6 uM;,!
estimate: calculate /g>&7!85 !)1 # C &7!85 K # 7!85 )2E &7!8C 718
evaporate: vanish, disappear @J2H &7@; )2gC S7@; @
exceed: go beyond, surpass } W,8>,84 # I puM4)
expire: finish, conclude 2 yA36 2J &7@; S72 SuM42
extinguish: destroy, eradicate , w 1 l> S-D> &7!85 P S7!85 *
garner: gather 7!85 |/c
generate: create, produce Y-> # , &7!85 @ S7!85 !2.
glance: look, glimpse Y2/c, 8]H6 KC uME,@H,
hinder: prevent & 7!85 'VH2/3identify: recognize gD> &uME2A; # 7!,! $
implement: carry out &7@H2() i2.H, KC7!85 ,8c,
imply: suggest -h> S C 2$ # 7!85 72
impose: /$> # 7!85 Q2/^, &7!85 z
impress: affect n2> # uM;,[N 8
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incline: tend 2/> S,8N &uM;,! z SuM;,! l
incorporate: integrate, include 7@H2.AN &uM48N8C )!
increase: 7!1I4, &7@; K429,
induce: persuade, encourage w8> # -D> &7!85 v S7!85 *inflate: fill with air, blow up 7!85 _)IC &7!85 !2C
inherit: } 3),1 # I pKC 7@; 3),1 &7!-C
insert: put in !-/H zE,! & 7!85 !),1
intercept: stop (sb or sth moving between two places) &uM;,! W2C, b5 6 S } 2 # I p C ,) # O,) u -7!85 * -M3
interfere: meddle with 7!85 KhE,@3
interpret: explain, clarify b=> # 9-> &7!85 8 # 7!,! +
interrupt: disturb b5 j8R6 b5 O,) 8( &7@; |H23 &7!85 |k ,)6 uM48N ),8
intersect: cut across @/0 S@/0W, &7!85 |k,) 8G SuM;[N 8G
intervene: mediate, come between, interfere C & 7!85 'r2(1 &7!85 KhE,@3 # }1! u # uM48N ),8I
invoke: refer KC 7@; z(-M3 &KC 7!85 !2AM(,
last: continue D5 Q-r &uM;,! K3,!, # 7@
locate: learn the position of } z$3 # I p J ,) # 72:3 &7!85 ,@ S C2 6 7!85
maintain: keep uM;,! KGH & 7!85 0 =R
monitor: control W &7!85 'd,83 S7!,! ),8 8]H 8
navigate: , MD5 6 J,-0 & # d3->, &2/ # z -,@0 &7@H,) S7!85 '
neglect: ignore C6 xc->6 !2H &7!85 SuM48N O@
negotiate: 7@; O85,[3!),1 &7!85 O85,[3
notify: inform 7!,! Ler,
nullify: cancel, abolish 7!85 zr2C &7!85 -mY
object: oppose, refuse W)1 '=Y2g3 &7!85 %,8M^, S7@
obligate: compel 7!85 )-d.3 &7!85 iIh3
obstruct: stop, hinder N-hc & 7@; |H23 # 8 p7!85
obtain: get, attain 7!)1< '(@C
occur: happen, take place 7!,! 4 ) &7!85 Z2=>,
overlap: ;-\/06 uM;,! zE,@> &uM;,!overlook: ignore, neglect !2H SuM48N O@
overwhelm: overload 7!85 Z8mMb3 & 7!8C184 !-E )!
penetrate: enter 7!85 f-=H
perceive: notice, distinguish Kc-M3&7@;B)!7!85
perform: do, carry out 7!85 ,8c, &7!,! i2.H,
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persuade: convince 7!85 T2.3 &7!85 @^2yM3
pinpoint: find or describe exactly V> '! KC ## ! &7!85 u # 7!85 $ gD3 2y
ponder: think deeply, contemplate 7!85 */V> &7!85 8:=>
postulate: accept as true @C &7!85 %84 Xhb3 S x 6 7!85precede: go before J # } W, l # I puM48N ),8
preserve: keep 85 ']42$3 &7!85 0 =R7!
probe: investigate, look into ()8C6 y$> &7!85 # 7!85 *
proceed: go on, continue 7!85 i,@, &7!,! i2.H,
promote: improve 7!85 8MxC &7!,! 2y>),
pursue: follow, go after J &7!85 Q2dH! # G # 8 p7!85
quarrel: argue, dispute 7!85 F$C 18c & 7!85 O8c2D3
recognize: distinguish, identify gD> # /() KC &7!,! $ # uME2A; '
reconcile: settle M; &uM48N 8]H )! &uMb 6 7!85
release: set free uME2( 20) &7!85 !,W<
reproduce: copy, duplicate t:> # Y-> &7!85 8 # 7!85 zt3 @
reside: live, inhabit N@HW &7@; u52(6 7!85
resolve: settle 7!85 j8r8C &7!85 zR
restore: bring back, return R, &7@H,!8N W2C # 7!85 2
restrict: limit, confine 7!85 !1@$3
resume: begin again 7!85 L18; -H W, &uM48N8( W,
retain: maintain, keep uM;,! KGH &7!85 0 =R
retreat: recede, withdraw DH vy^ # A 6 D5 vy^ ,) !-E &7!85 # 7@
retrieve: recover, regain hd 'Y2R KC6 R, &uMDN8C # 7!)1< '(@C O)2C1! & 7!85 2
reveal: disclose, make public 7!85 )2:;<revoke: cancel 7!85 zr2C &7!85 -mY
revolve: rotate, turn, circulate ,)-$3 Q-R S, KkyH 2 p- E8} & 7!85 7,)1! &uMDN # 7@
scold: criticize, blame C-> &7!85 lHW8( # 7!85 a
smuggle: take in or out secretly or illegally 2}2 &7!85 Z2}26 !),1 S7!85 )2E 2
speculate: guess 7!85 72/N 1 %84 &7!W 5@R
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stimulate: encourage, excite w8> # -D> &7!85 v S8$> & 7!85 * S7!85 !
submit: deliver -$> S7!,! z
summon: call, invite, convene 7@H,-E,84 &7!85 )2 2 R,
surpass: excel in, be better than J &7!-C 8>8C # D 6 uM48Nsurrender: give up hb> # &7@; X
survive: live longer 7@H23 O@HW &7!8C )! KC XY2( 72c
suspend: hang, swing 17!)1< T2> &uM;
tackle: cope with &KC uME,!8J
terminate: end, finish 2J &7!,! K/>2E S7!,! 72
transfer: transmit, deliver 7@; zyMA3 &7!,! Q2yMH,
trigger: cause, start 8c KC &7@; vc-3 S7!85 L18; &uME,@H, 72
undergo: tolerate, experience , } # 2;-E2H I S@A S h:D3 2 6 ,)-7@; z/$M3 &KC 7!,! u> &7!85 KC8.>
undertake: embark on, engage in 7@; ),! O@x^ &uM48N O@x^ KC
utilize: use 7!85 O!2=M(, &7!8C )2:C
vanish: disappear @J2H S7@; -$3 &7@; @
violate: breach 7!85 1 yH
withstand: resist !85 '=Y2g3 &7!85 '312y3 7
wrap: J # 6 # @AC KMbC &7@ p7!85
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8@;' A 8B' C%;DEsubject- verb agreement
! "#$ %&' ( )* +,&-& ) ./0 * ' 1& %23 4/5 %! 67( )-81& %98(: ;&1 :#8 H:?& "1! %& F23 4/5 67(.
!"#1 !"# $%&'% ( ) * +, )-% ./%# 0 .1# 23 45' 67 ./%# !"# 867%9/ 0 8%:;3 07 , 0 )??
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!"#58%:; least .T2U > N * much L P12! N 0 H:?& "1I& V"128 4&1W ? ' :#8. He gave me a little advice about choosing a school.
Susan has less money than I.
He did the least amount of work of anyone in the class,
There is not much time to finish this job completely.
!"#6 ;
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$F;B'Verbs
X& ": N "1 Y 7 B( # ?0(?G PZ(Y1& )[(#7 ": [1/5( 67": :?&"1! > 4I8 - #0"%3#=: G "(?W N :? .-& ) ./0 * ' D %! )> %23 CD ": 1 ) /5 651& 1 4
("(:Ying1& S67( to 0 ' D )- )( 1 )4/5 H:17 4I8 P"#M %& %I. )C>-&to( 0 "(?W %23 ": ' G N :? .
!"#1I S%1#6 I6 )1 ()1 .1# ,@S%1# 8754 C ing = 7%Q 3 J07.
enjoy quit (give up) postpone mention
appreciate finish delay discuss
mind avoid suggest keep on
I enjoy to play tennis. ´
I enjoy playing tennis. ü
!"#2I S%1#6 I6 )1 (% 7)l= 8754 C .1# ,to)infinitive( = 7%Q3 J07. hope to agree to seem to would like to forbid to
plan to offer to appear to want to
promise to refuse to pretend to ask to
I hope to see you again soon
He promised to be here by ten.
!"#3I S%1#6 I6 ^_ (, (VW6 [) ( :\ % *,( =3 B (^mW 0 ) (% 7)l= [to)infinitive( =3 (B ).
require someone to invite someone to tell someone to
order someone to permit someone to advise someone to
force someone to allow someone to encourage someone to remind someone to ask someone to
expect someone to
warn someone to
would kike someone to
want someone to
need someone to
The police ordered the driver to stop. ü
Mr. Johnson told me to be here at ten o \ clock. ü
!"#487%9/ I6 ^_%M@I (.1# ,ing = 7%
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He made the children look both ways before crossing the street.
The teacher let him leave early .
]1^ ": 9 ' B( -/& 4/5 -81& [#_`0 %23 4/5 %! let>make1& "-a0 P"#M %& to 0 "1I& ' :>". The student was made to speak in English.
[#_`0 "-a0
!"#6 gk S%1# I6 )13 )1 .1# @ (% ing = 3 T *J, (8754 C % A0) 0 LJ%W to = 7%Q 3 J07. gk S%1#63 I6 )?'7%9/ :
feel , hear , notice , observe, see , smell , watch.
I heard the baby cry ¾¾® I heard the baby crying
Jane observed him leave ¾¾® Jane observed him leaving.
The professor forbids the students leaving early. ´ )KL(
The professor forbids the students to leave early. ü ) ,M N O (
I am opposed to go to war. ´ )KL(
I am opposed to going to war . ü ) ,M N O (
Do not let those children to eat a lot of candy. ´ )KL(
Do not let those children eat a lot of candy. ü ) ,M N O (
I was surprised to see a person to cry at that movie . ´ )KL(
I was surprised to see a person cry at that movie. ü ) ,M N O (
)1
I was surprised to see a person crying at that movie. ü ) ,M N O (
!"#7qP%D S%1#6 p%:' I6 ^_)modals(LJ%W .Q- 6S%1# (AJ5 7)l= % to = 7%Q 3 J07.I 7J ( j , *YW6 L)=B qP%D S%1#6 Yg:
can could must
may should will
might would shall
They can walk five miles without getting tired,
They could walk five miles without getting tired,
#b]( ": cW1A [1/5(YB ) A ? N 0 H:?& "1I& d ' -A#8:
) past participle) ([#/J0 e7((f#7 4I8([1/5+have) +modal((cW1A [1/5 Mr. and Mrs. Smith might have enjoyed the party.
He should have sent his application earlier.
We should not have eaten such a big dinner.
We must to water our plants regularly. ´ )KL(
We must water our plants regularly. ü ) ,M N O (
They could walked to school because it was close. ´ )KL(
They could walk to school because it was close. ü ) ,M N O (
The show will have begin by the time we arrive. ´ )KL(
The show will have begun by the time we arrive. ü ) ,M N O (
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G & " H)IJ ; adjective or adverb
B PZ(#7 ?0(?G gh& ": ):1 Y 2= :"#0 ": i1j]1L NN W B( 6JM d N - 0 k? e7( 6JM N M#= (" ? N 0 n ' > -.! ): P"1jE %& 1 )?b
51m( P1Eo$(' > e7( :"#0 ": ) 2m 1 N 0 10 %& ? ' -U:. bA( ": 6JM N X ' e7( B( 4jW )noun(4/5 B( -/& >)to be( 0' D )- .
His recent
Adj
accident
Noun
caused a sudden
Adj
change
noun
in his behavior.
He
Pron
is intelligent
Adj
W N 0 1U- ' 1/5( -.A(#= W > P1JM S[ N : :# ) M#= (" ?b N 12A n )-. .(?&1.& )": * 1U C1I0Y J9h0 ' 0 "(?W %23 ": ' G N -A? .
B Po23 ": ) W ? N - 1U( M#= (" [1/5 N 0 n ' -..! .
He had
verb
an accident recently
Adv
and his behavior changed
Verb
suddenly
Adv
Hespoke
Verb int elligently
Adv
W N - M#= eU (" P1JM 67( *I20 1U N -..! n .( ": ) W 6]1^ * N 0 6JM B( 4jW - ' D )- . 2A "(?W eU ?7 6lR 6JM >: :#8 6W:' G N -A? .>: ?G(
B( 4jW 6JM ) 01! :#3> C>-& e7( p 1 ) & N "(?W 1_AD * ( G N ? "#97:1A %23 -AY1& [>( 6JM H:#& ) W %& - N -j= - ):#8 4 .
He grew an especial
Adj
small
Adj
tree. ´ )KL(
He grew anespecially
Adv small
Adj
tree. ü ) ,M N O (
He is an extreme
Adj
pleasant
Adj
person. ´ )KL(
He is anextremely
Adv pleasant
Adj
person. ü ) ,M N O (
!"# P * ?a:M %M) * = 23 P )?D65' *%M)@J (,H@ 45' 67 *)??.
She could run very
Adv
quickly
Adv
.
!"# C
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.T2U > N W 4I8 * N - Y6JM good well 67(.
My sister plays the piano very good. ´ )KL(
My sister plays
verb
the piano very well
adv
. ü ) ,M N O (
You should order that book real soon. ´ )KL(
You should order that book really
adv
soon
adv
.ü )ON,M(
He worked hardly at the factory all day. ´ )KL(
He worked hard at the factory all day. ü ) ,M N O (
It was an interesting designed museum. ´ )KL(
It was an int erestingly
adv
designed
adj
museum. ü ) ,M N O (
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;KL;+M;>4 HN;.O H0$(! ; 4P Parallel structures
P"1jE > P12! 1UY )p ?7Y 0 "(?W eU?7 6lR %! P12! B( N b N -A? .1& )B(#0 - Y> )-.81& C1XI .-& ) ./0 * ' 1& 1_AD %! )?0(?G ?@A B( - Y
)-.81& %98(: 4I8 > "19q17 p .
1(! "#$
He likes music
Noun
, art
Noun
and histary
Noun
2(%&'( "#$))*++ing(
He likes swimming
V ing+
, dancing
V ing+
and horseback riding
V ing+
.
3(,-.
He is tall
Adj
, dark
Adj
and handsome
Adj
.
4(/ %&'(to)infinitives(
They wanted to paint the living room, to lay a new carpet, and to buy a new sofa.
!"#:C#%\6 r,k C
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5(than
Eating
V ing+
in a restaurant is more fun than cooking
V ing+
at home.
6(Although
Although he liked to eat good food, he did not like to pay high prices for it.
"-a0 "-a0
- Going on vacation is more fun than to work in the summer. ´ )KL(
Going on vacation is more fun than to working in the summer. ü ) ,M N O (
- Renting an apartment can be as expensive as to buy a house. ´ )KL(
Renting an apartment can be as expensive as buying a house. ü ) ,M N O (
- That soup should not be served hot, but at a cold temperature. ´
)KL(
That soup should not be served hot, but cold. ü ) ,M N O (
- Her husband had bought a house, found a job, and chose a school for the children before she arrived. ´ )KL(
Her husband had bought a house, found a job, and chosen a school for the children before she arrived. ü ) ,M N O (
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92(J(! *H;QR- who / whom
who >whoever %IN]1^ ": -.9XU 'E15 ?)12m whom>whomever -.9XU ']#/J0 ?)12m .
B( H:1J97( Y(?& '! "#$ %&Who> Whoever '0 H:1J97( ?)B Y#b]( B( :#8: Who (whoever) + verb
The woman who
WHO
sang
VERB
yesterday has studied voice for years.
who
WHO
came
Verb
to the party?
Give the money to whoever
WHOEVER
needs
VERB
it.
I said that whoever
WHOEVER
had
VERB
finished could leave.
B( H:1J97( Y(?& %! :#8 %3#=whom> whomever '0 H:1J97( ?)B Y#b]( B( :#8.
Whom (whomever) + subject (4E15) +verbThe woman whom I met yesterday is a voice teacher.
Give it to whomever you like.
They chose whomever was most interested. ´ )KL(
They chose whoever was most interested. ü )ON,M(
She gave it to the only person who she believed. ´ )KL(
She gave it to the only person whom she believed ü )ON,M(
I saw the man who john spoke to. ´ )KL( I saw the man whom john spoke to. ü )ON,M(
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9S*T UVQ6)conditional sentences(
)"(: '$?8 Po23 r#A %7 '! "#$ %&e :
*+) ,-.:6N/W#0 ?& '$?8 r#A *)(6N/m> > 1U:"(: 6]Z: *I20 > 42,90 Y1U.62XW ": Po23 r#A *)( ":if clause)[>( gh& 1& %! '$?8 Po23if '0 r>?8 :#8('0 H:1J97( H:17 [1^ C10B B(:#8.
%23 f>: 62XW ": >)result clause('0 H:1J97( H:17 H-.)D C10B B(:#8. If he comes to school, I will give him your message.
)-0D -U(#q >( %! 67( *I20 > 42,90 './)(
/+& ,-.:67( 42,90 ?NL > *I20 ?NL [1^ C10B ": %! :"(: H"18( '9N/m> > 6N/W#0 %& '$?8 r#A *)(.
62XW ":if clause'0 H:1J97( H:17 %98sG C10B B( `N9A 62XW ": > :#8'$?8 % )result clause([1/5( B(would>could> might
'0 H:1J97(:#8. If he studied he could get good grades.
%98sG
)-.! '2A %/]1( './)(
/-( ,-.:67( H:#& 42,90 ?NL > *I20 ?NL %98sG C10B ": %! :"(: 6]Z: '9N/m> > 6N/W#0 %& '$?8 r#A *)(.
62XW ":if clause-N/& 'm10 C10B B( (had+ pp)'$?8 %`N9A 62XW ": > )result clause(Y#b]( B(could
might have pp
would
+ +H:1J97(
'0:#8. If he had come to school, I would have given him your message.
)-01NA %7"-0 %& >( './)(
Moq% : > H:17 H-.)D ……………..H:17 [1^+if
[1/5 H:17 4I8+would……………………> ……………………H:17 %98sG +if
)[#/J0 e7(([1/5 f#7 4I8would + have + pp…> …………………...-N/& 'm10+if
!"#L%Ha*M 3;
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If you had lost your job, what would you have done? ü )ON,M(
If they had ask me, I would have given them my opinion. ´ )KL(
If they had asked me , I would have given them my opinion ü )ON,M(
If I have been there , I would make a speech. ´ )KL(
If I were there , I would make a speech. ü )ON,M(
1)
If I had been there , I would have make a speech. ü )ON,M(
If Bob had studied more, he would have pass the test. ´ )KL(
If Bob had studied more, he would have passed the test. ü )ON,M(
If Jane had known it was supposed to rain, she would have took an umbrella. ´ )KL(
If Jane had known it was supposed to rain, she would have taken an umbrella. ü )ON,M(
If I would have a degree from that university, I would get a good job.
´ )KL(
If I had a degree from that university, I would get a good job. ü )ON,M(
If he would have been on time, we would have asked him to the party. ´ )KL(
If he had been on time, we would have asked him to the party. ü )ON,M(
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Cloze Tests A little more than a hundred years ago, a number of European scholars began to record stories
………(1)……….. told in peasant cottages and compile them ………(2)……… the first great collections
of European folk tales. ………(3)………… evidence exists to prove that the folk tales they recorded
existed long before then, ………(4)……….. collections of sermons from the 12 th to the 15th century show
that mediaeval preachers knew of some of the same stories …………(5)…………. by the 19th century
folklorists.
1 :
1) that 2) were 3) which 4) being
2 :
1) for 2) into 3) from 4) within
3 :
1) To write 2) Written 3) They wrote 4) Writing
4 :
1) yet 2) too 3) though 4) perhaps
5 :
1) for being recorded 2) like those 3) are recorded 4) as those recorded
If you ask most people to list what makes them ……(6)……….. someone on first meeting, they ……..
(7)……. personality, intelligence, and sense of humor. But they’re probably deceiving …….(8)…… . The
characteristic that impresses people the most …… (9)…….. meeting anyone, from a job applicant
……(10)…… a classmate, is appearance.
6 :
1) like 2) to like 3) being like 4) liking
7 :
1) will say 2) are to say 3) are saying 4) will be saying
8 :
1) it 2) them 3) themselves 4) one another
9 :
1) is 2) for 3) when 4) during10 :
1) as 2) to 3) or 4) for
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Since water is the basis of life, …….. (11)…… the greater part of the tissues of all living things, the
crucial problem of desert animals is to survive in a world …… (12)……. sources of flowing water are
rare. And since man’s inexorable necessity …… (13)…. large quantities of water at frequent intervals,
……(14)…… comprehend that many creatures of the desert pass their lives …….(15)……. a single drop.11 :
1) composes 2) composing 3) it composes 4) that composing
12 :
1) which 2) that 3) there 4) where
13 :
1) is to absorb 2) of absorbing 3) that is to absorb 4) is absorbing
14 :
1) scarcely he can 2) he scarce can 3) he can scarcely 4) scarce can he
15 :
1) for 2) from 3) upon 4) without
Everyone brings some kind of power to the negotiating table. It’s easy to be awed ……(16)…… external
sources of power and influence while …….(17)…….. such internal sources of your own power
…….(18)……… your self-esteem, self-knowledge and confidence ……(19)……. fast on your feet.
Power in a negotiation can be very dynamic. Be patient and your own store of internal power ……(20)….
to your advantage.
16 :
1) for 2) with 3) by 4) from
17 :
1) overlooking 2) to overlook 3) be overlooking 4) being overlooked
18 :
1) of 2) as 3) like 4) about
19 :
1) you think 2) so thinking 3) to think 4) as you are thinking
20 :
1) being working 2) is working 3) is to work 4) will work
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Nature conservation means that protection of animals and plants in their natural homes. It means the
preservation of ……. (21)……. species that live with us on Earth, in the wild places, and even in our
gardens and homes. ……(22)…… the sensible use of all the Earth’s resources. It requires the
development ……..(23)……. a deep sense of responsibility for the long-term welfare of this planet.…….(24)……. man’s prehistoric ancestors mastered the use of fire, human beings have influenced the
natural environment. In Africa the burning of forests 50,000 years ago contributed to the creation of the
great grasslands there. But man’s ability to destroy nature ………(25)…….. in the last 100 years. The
pace of technological advance has been startling.
21 : 1) great various 2) great variety of 3) the great variety of 4) the great various
22 : 1) It involves 2) They involve 3) They are involved in 4) It is involved in
23 :
1) in man who 2) of man who 3) which man of 4) in man of
24 : 1) When 2) Until 3) Ever since 4) As long as
25 :
1) increased enormous 2) had increased enormously
3) has increased enormously 4) had an enormously increase
All living things need to be protected from heat, cold and weather conditions, injury, other animals and
germs. The skin ……..(26) …….. this work of protection. Birds are greatly helped by an outer covering
of feathers and most mammals …….(27)….. a coat of fur. Human beings have hair on their bodies but
not enough to act as a protection. However, the skin, although ……(28)…… with clothes for warmth inmost climates, does a great deal to keep the body healthy, and, …….(29)…… cut or pierced, is
practically germ-proof. The whole of the human body is covered by skin, …….(30)……. in thickness
according to the part of the body that it covers. It is thinnest over the exposed part of the eyeballs and
thickest on the soles of the feet.
26 : 1) does a lot 2) makes much 3) makes lots of 4) does much of
27 : 1) in 2) by 3) into 4) from
28 :
1) covering 2) it covers 3) it has to cover 4) it has to be covered
29 : 1) unless 2) though 3) it was 4) to be
30 : 1) the varies 2)