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Treaty of Versailles causes anger, resentment in Europe
World-wide DepressionDictators rise; driven by nationalism,
desire for more territoryThe rise of totalitarianism in Europe
and Asia lead to World War II.
Causes of WWII
Totalitarian government exerts almost complete control over peoplereplaces private farms with
collectivescreates second largest
industrial power; famines kill millions
purges anyone who threatens his power; 8–13 million killed
Stalin – Communism – Soviet Union
Josef Stalin Soviet
Dictator1879 – 1953
Soviet Collective Camp
Victims of Stalin’s Purges
Fascism stresses nationalism, needs of state above individual
Benito Mussolini plays on fears of economic collapse, communism
Supported by government officials, police, army
1922 appointed head of government, establishes totalitarian state
Mussolini – Fascism -- Italy
Benito MussoliniItalian Fascist1883 - 1945
Adolf Hitler leader of National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazi)
Mein Kampf—Hitler’s book, basic beliefs of Nazism, based on extreme nationalism
Unite German-speaking people, enforce racial “purification”
Nazis become strongest political party; Hitler named chancellor
Dismantles democratic Weimar Republic; establishes Third Reich
Hitler – Fascism -- Germany
Adolf HitlerGerman Reichs
Führer 1889 - 1945
Mein Kampf (My Struggle)Published 1925
Emperor HirohitoMilitarists control Japanese
government1931, Nationalist military leaders
seize Manchuria
Japan – Emperor + Militarists
Hirohito124th Emperor of
Japan1901 - 1989
Japan invades Manchuria (China)Mussolini invades EthiopiaGerman Aggression:
RhinelandAustriaCzechoslovakiaPoland
Aggressive Moves
Japanese Soldiers Enter Mukden,
Manchuria
Italy Invades Ethiopia 1935
Hitler’s Troops Enter the Rhineland 1935
DATE1922
7/1929
4/1930
6/1930
EVENTMussolini became
dictator of ItalyU.S. approved Kellogg-
Briand PactLondon Naval Treaty
limited tonnageHawley-Smoot Tariff
created trade barriers
9/1931-10/1931
Japan marched into Manchuria to take coal deposits; U.S. does nothingLeague of Nations
asked the world to boycott Japanese goods and stop exporting to Japan, U.S. did not boycott
1/1932-7/1932
U.S. Stimson Doctrine refused to recognize Japanese land gains in Manchuria
US refused to cancel war debts to Eur. Powers.
Germany did not pay war debts
Allies did not pay debts to US
2/1933-Fall 1933
Japan walked out of the League of Nations; no reprisals
Nazis came to power and set up a fascist government
Hitler became Chancellor of Germany
Hitler pulled Germany out of League of Nations and began building up German army
US formally recognized USSR
US issues good neighbor policy stating that no country had the right to intervene in the affairs of other nations.
4/1934 - Fall 1934
Mussolini sent Italian troops to attack Ethiopia
Japan gave notice it would terminate the Wash. Naval Conference agreement.
President Paul von Hindenburg of Germany dies; Hitler became Fuhrer
1935 Hitler announced that Germany would rearm despite Treaty of Versailles
Announced existence of German air force (Luftwaffe)
Hitler introduced compulsory military service for German men.
8/1935 - 12/1935
2/1936
US announced First Neutrality Act and forbade sales to belligerents
US announced Second Neutrality Act and said it would make no loans to belligerents
3/1936
7/1936
Hitler sent troops into the Rhineland in violation of Treaty of Versailles; world did nothing
Spanish Civil War began; fascists overthrew existing government with help of Germany and Italy.
General Francisco Franco rebels against Spanish republic
Hitler, Mussolini back Franco; Stalin aids opposition
Western democracies remain neutral
War leads to Rome-Berlin Axis - alliance between Italy and Germany
Franco wins war, becomes fascist dictator
Spanish Civil War
Francisco Franco
Spanish Dictator1892 - 1975
10/1936
5/1937
Germany and Italy formed a military alliance: Rome-Berlin Axis
US announced Third Neutrality Act and claimed it would trade on a “cash and carry” basis
Hitler repudiated all responsibility for WWI
Japan attacked China
10/1937
12/1937
1938
FDR’s “Quarantine the Aggressor Speech” (econ. Isolation); met with disinterest
Italy withdraws from League of Nations
Germany annexed Austria
12/1938
Fr., GB, It, and Germ. signed the Munich Pact (Appeasement) giving Hitler the Sudetenland and Hitler promised to leave the rest of Czechoslovakia alone.
Jewish persecution and pogroms are put in place throughout Germany
3 million German-speakers in Sudetenland
Hitler claims Czechs abuse Sudeten Germans, masses troops on border
Prime Ministers of Brit. and Fr. meet with Hitler
Sign Munich Pact, hand Sudetenland over to Germany
Appeasement—giving up principles to pacify an aggressor
Appeasement
British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and German Führer Adolf HitlerSeptember 1939
3/1939
8/1939
Germany invaded and took the rest of Czechoslovakia
Hitler-Stalin Nonaggression Pact signed; would not attack each other; secretly agreed to divide Poland between them
9/1939
9/3/39
Hitler invaded Poland (Blitzkrieg); Poland surrendered after a month and was split between Germany and USSR.
England & France declared war on Germany for violation of Munich Pact.
WWII begins
German Blitzkrieg“Lightning War”
The Maginot Line, 1940
British, French trapped on beach at Dunkirk; ferried to safety in UK miraculous rescue
1940, Italy invades France from south; Germans approach Paris
France falls; Germans occupy northern France
Nazi puppet government (Vichy Gov’t) set up in southern France
General Charles de Gaulle sets up government-in-exile in England
The Fall of France
French Leader
Charles de Gaulle
1890 - 1970
Evacuation of Dunkirk
1940
France FallsGermans Enter Paris -
1940
Summer 1940, Germany prepares fleet to invade Britain
Battle of Britain—German planes (Luftwaffe) bomb British targets
RAF – Royal Air ForceBritain uses radar to track, shoot
down German planesHitler calls off invasion of Britain.
Churchill became Prime Minister of England.
The Battle of Britain
DATE9/1940
EVENTDestroyers for Bases Deal:
US sends ships to Brit. And rec’d 99 year leases to naval and air bases in the Caribbean.
Japan continues south and invades French Indo-China (Vietnam)
US placed an embargo on exports to Japan
Japan, Germany, and Italy formed a military alliance called the Axis Powers.
DATE11/194
01/1941
6/1941
EVENTFDR elected to third termFDR delivers his “Four
Freedoms” Speech (speech, religion, want, fear)
Congress passed Lend-Lease Act
Germany invaded Soviet Union (USSR) – major mistake for Hitler, must now fight on two fronts, Germany underestimated the Soviet’s resolve.
The U S provides economic and military aid to help the Allies achieve victory.
Moving Cautiously Away from Neutrality
Congress passes “cash-and-carry” provision
Germany, Japan, Italy alliance aimed at keeping U.S. out of war by forcing fight on two oceans
America Moves Toward War
Nazi victories in 1940 lead to increased U.S. defense spending
First peacetime draft enacted—Selective Training and Service Act
Building U.S. Defenses
FDR tells nation if Britain falls, Axis powers free to conquer world
U.S. must become “arsenal of democracy”
Britain has no more cash to buy U.S. arms
1941 Lend-Lease Act—U.S. to lend or lease supplies for defense
Roosevelt sends lend-lease supplies to Soviet Union
“The Great Arsenal of Democracy”
American-made .38 revolvers shipped to England from the
United States under the Lend-Lease Program are unpacked at an English
ordnance depot
Hitler deploys U-boats to attack supply convoys
Wolf packs—groups of up to 40 submarines patrol North Atlanticsink supply ships
FDR allows navy to attack German U-boats in self-defense
German Wolf Packs
FDR, Churchill issue Atlantic Charter—joint declaration of war aims
Charter is basis of “A Declaration of the United Nations” or Allies
Allies—nations that fight Axis powers; 26 nations sign Declaration
The Atlantic Charter
Hideki Tojo - prime minister
Japan seizes French bases in Indochina; U.S. cuts off trade
Japan needs oil from U.S. or must take Dutch East Indies oil fields
1941 U.S. breaks Japanese codes; learns Japan planning to attack U.S.
Japan Attacks the U. S.
Hideki TojoJapanese Prime
Minister1884 - 1948
December 7, 1941 Japanese attack Pearl Harbor
2,403 Americans killed; 1,178 wounded
Over 300 aircraft, 21 ships destroyed or damaged
Congress approves FDR’s request for declaration of war against Japan
Germany, Italy declare war on U.S. U.S. unprepared to fight in both
Atlantic, Pacific Oceans
Pearl Harbor
After Pearl Harbor, 5 million men volunteer for military service
10 million more drafted to meet needs of two-front war
Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC)—women in noncombat positions
Thousands enlist; “auxiliary” dropped, get full U. S. army benefits
Mobilizing for Defense
Minority groups are denied basic citizenship rights
Question whether they should fight for democracy in other countries
Recruiting and Discrimination
300,000 Mexican Americans join armed forces
1 million African Americans serve; live, work in segregated units
13,000 Chinese Americans and 33,000 Japanese Americans serve
25,000 Native Americans enlist
Dramatic Contributions
Navajo US Soldier
Black American Soldiers in Action
Japanese American Soldiers
Factories convert from civilian to war production
Shipyards, defense plants expand, new ones built
Produce ships, arms rapidlyuse prefabricated partspeople work at record speeds
The Industrial Response
Nearly 18 million workers in war industries; 6 million are women
Over 2 million minorities hired; face strong discrimination at first
FDR executive order forbids discrimination
Labor’s Contribution
Manhattan Project develops atomic bomb
Office of Scientific Research and Development—technology, medicine
Mobilization of Scientists
A gun-type nuclear bomb
Higher taxes, purchase of war bonds, lower demand for scarce goodsorganizes collection of recyclable
materials Office of Price Administration (OPA)
freezes prices, fights inflationMandatory rationingWar Production Board (WPB) says
which companies convert production allocates raw materials
The Fed. Gov’t Takes Control
Allied forces, led by the United States and Great Britain, battle Axis powers for control of Europe and North Africa.
Churchill convinces FDR to strike first against Hitler
The War for Europe and North Africa
Hitler orders submarine attacks against supply ships to Britain
Wolf packs destroy hundreds of ships in 1942
Allies organize convoys of cargo ships with escort:destroyers with sonar; planes with
radar
The Battle of the Atlantic
US Convoy Ships in the Atlantic
The Battle of StalingradSoviets defeat Germans in bitter
winter campaignOver 230,000 Germans, 1,100,000
Soviets dieTurning point battle in Europe:
Soviet army begins to move towards Germany
The Eastern Front and the Mediterranean
Battle of Leningrad
General Dwight D. Eisenhower commands invasion of North Africa
Afrika Korps, led by General Erwin Rommel, surrenders
Battle of El Alamein is turning point battle in North Africa
The North African Front
Field Marshal Erwin Rommel
1891 - 1944
Allies decide will accept only unconditional surrender from Axis
Summer 1943, capture Sicily; Mussolini forced to resign
The Italian Campaign
Benito Mussoline (center) Executed and Beaten by Italians in Milan April 1945
African Americans —Tuskegee Airmen, Buffaloes—highly decorated
Mexican-American soldiers win many awards
Japanese-American unit most decorated unit in U.S. history
Heroes in Combat
Japanese American Soldiers of 442nd Regimental Combat Team –
Most Decorated Unit in American Army – 21 Congressional Medal of Honor Winners in World War II
African American Pilots of the Tuskegee Airman
D-DayAllies set up phantom army,
send fake radio messages to fool Germans
Eisenhower directs Allied invasion of Normandy on D-Day June 6, 1944
The Allies Liberate Europe
Inflatable Rubber Decoy Tank
Aerial View of D Day Landings June 6, 1944
General Omar Bradley bombs to create gap in enemy defense line
General George Patton leads Third Army, reach Paris in August
FDR reelected for 4th term with running mate Harry S. Truman
The Allies Gain Ground
American General Omar
Bradley
American General
George Patton
December German tank divisions drive 60 miles into Allied area
Battle of the Bulge – Germans pushed backhave irreplaceable losseslast German offensive
The Battle of the Bulge
Allies in Germany, Soviets in Poland liberate concentration camps
Find starving prisoners, corpses, evidence of killing
Liberation of the Death Camps
April 1945, Soviet army storms Berlin; Hitler commits suicide
Eisenhower accepts unconditional surrender of German Reich
May 8, 1945, V-E Day: Victory in Europe Day
FDR dies April 12; Vice President Harry S. Truman becomes president
Germany Surrenders
Japan conquers empireGen. Douglas
MacArthur leads Allied forces in Philippines
March 1942 U.S., Filipino troops trapped on Bataan Peninsula (Bataan Death March)
FDR orders MacArthur to leave; thousands of troops remain
Japanese Advances
Japanese and Prisoners on Bataan
Death March
Battle of the Coral SeaMay 1942, U.S., Australian soldiers
stop Japanese drive to AustraliaFor first time since Pearl Harbor,
Japanese invasion turned backFirst naval battle fought completely
by aircraft carriers
War in the Pacific
USS Lexington Burning and Sinking after her crew
abandoned ship May 8 1942
Japanese Carrier Shokaku under attack at Coral Sea
Admiral Chester Nimitz commands U.S. naval forces in Pacific
Allies break Japanese code, win Battle of Midway, stop Japan again
Battle of Midway is the turning point battle of the Pacific
Allies advance island by island toward Japan
The Battle of Midway
Japanese Carrier Soryu (center) on fire at Battle of
Midway, 1942
Japan uses kamikaze attack—pilots crash bomb-laden planes into ships
The Japanese Defense
Kamikaze Pilots, 1944
Kamikaze Attack on USS Comfort Hospital Ship
Iwo Jima critical as base from which planes can reach Japan
6,000 marines die taking island; of 20,700 Japanese, 200 survive
The Battle for OkinawaApril–June: 7,600 U.S. troops,
110,000 Japanese dieAllies fear invasion of Japan may
mean 1.5 million Allied casualties
Two of the Bloodiest Battles
Landing Zone on Iwo Jima
American Marines in Action on Okinawa
The Manhattan ProjectJ. Robert Oppenheimer is research
director of Manhattan ProjectJuly 1945, atomic bomb tested in
New Mexico desertPresident Truman orders military to
drop 2 atomic bombs on Japan
The Atomic Bomb Ends the War
Hiroshima and Nagasaki August 6, Hiroshima, major military
center, destroyed by bomb3 days later, bomb dropped on city of
NagasakiSeptember 2, 1945 Japan surrenders
The Atomic Bomb Ends the War
Weapon and Testing Tower at Manhattan Project
Destruction at Hiroshima
February 1945, FDR, Churchill, Stalin meet in Yaltadiscuss post-war world
Temporarily divide Germany into 4 partsStalin promises free elections in Eastern
Europe; will fight JapanFDR gets support for conference to
establish United NationsHuman Costs of the WarWW II most destructive war in human
history
The Yalta Conference
Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin at Yalta 1945
During the Holocaust, the Nazis systematically execute 6 million Jews and 5 million other “non-Aryans.”
Europe has long history of anti-Semitism
Germans believe Hitler’s claims, blame Jews for problems
Nazis take away citizenship, jobs, property; require Star of David
The Holocaust
Jews Are Not Welcome Here
Kristallnacht—Nazis attack Jewish homes, businesses, synagogues
About 100 Jews killed, hundreds injured, 30,000 arrested
Jews Targeted
Hitler’s Final Solution—slavery, genocide of “inferior” groups
Genocide—deliberate, systematic killing of an entire population
Target Jews, gypsies, freemasons, Jehovah’s Witnesses, unfit Germans
Nazi death squads round up Jews, shoot themJews forced into ghettos, segregated areas in
Polish citiesSome form resistance movements; others
maintain Jewish culture
Hitler’s “Final Solution”
Many Jews taken to concentration camps, or labor camps
Prisoners crammed into wooden barracks, given little food
Work dawn to dusk, 7 days per weekThose too weak to work are killed
Concentration Camps
Germans build death camps; gas chambers used to kill thousands
On arrival, SS doctors separate those who can work
Those who can’t work immediately killed in gas chamber
At first bodies buried in pits; later cremated to cover up evidence
Some are shot, hanged, poisoned, or die from experiments
Mass Exterminations
The Nuremberg War Trials24 Nazi leaders tried, sentencedCharged with crimes against
humanity, against the peace, war crimes
Established principle that people are responsible for own actions in war
Results
Nazi War Criminals at Nuremburg Trials 1945 - 1946
The Occupation of JapanMacArthur commands U.S.
occupation forces in JapanOver 1,100 Japanese tried,
sentencedMacArthur reshapes Japan’s
economy, government
Results
General MacArthur and Emperor Hirohito 1946