The Great War (World War I) The War to

End All Wars

What is the main idea of this cartoon?

Do Now

The M.A.N.I.A. that caused WWI!

The M.A.N.I.A. that caused WWI!

MILITARISMMILITARISM

RISE OF INTERNATIONALISM• Imperialists thought that _____________________ was

bringing new enlightenment to inferior peoples of the world.

• 1864 – Geneva Conference established __________to offer humanitarian aid during wartime.

• Telegraphic and Postal Unions set international

procedures for exchanges of letters and messages.

• International exhibits in science, industry, sports developed. (World’s fair, Olympics)

• International socialist movement began to spread

• 1899 – ______________ at The Hague was establishedWorld Court

Western Leadership

Red Cross

Weaknesses of Internationalism

• Internationalism was heavily based on Western dominance and control of empires

• Most of the initial arrangements were made by Europeans for Europeans

• ________________ began to rise in Europe and elsewhere

• Internationalism was heavily based on Western dominance and control of empires

• Most of the initial arrangements were made by Europeans for Europeans

• ________________ began to rise in Europe and elsewhere

The process of weaning internationalism from Western control would be a long and painful one and would

take place particularly after 1945.

The process of weaning internationalism from Western control would be a long and painful one and would

take place particularly after 1945.

Nationalism

Causes of World War I

• M – Militarism

• A – Alliances

Europe in 1914 ALLIANCESALLIANCES

Allied PowersGreat Britain

FranceRussian Empire

Central PowersGerman Empire

Austro-Hungarian EmpireOttoman Empire

Causes of World War I

• M – Militarism

• A – Alliances

• N – Nationalism

• I - Imperialism

A 25-yr old Adolf Hitler cheers the start of war in 1914A 25-yr old Adolf Hitler cheers the start of war in 1914

Causes of World War I

• M – Militarism

• A – Alliances

• N – Nationalism

• I – Imperialism

• A – Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand

June 28, 1914June 28, 1914

Gavrillo Princip

Archduke Franz-Ferdinand

greets the Mayor of Sarajevo

Serbian terrorist of The Black Hand moments after killing Archduke Franz-Ferdinand

Europe in 1914

Europe in 1914

6. France declared War on Germany and Austria-Hungary

8. Britain declared war on Germany

and Italy left Triple Alliance

1. Austria Hungary blamed Serbia for the murders of the archduke

and his wife and made harsh demands on Serbia

3. Russia, a Slavic nation and friend of Serbia, mobilized its forces in preparation for war.

4. Germany; an ally of Austria Hungary, declared war on

Russia

2. Serbia refused to comply with any demands

7. The Schlieffen Plan: Germany invaded Belgium on August 3,

1914, so that German forces could enter France more easily

5. Germany declared war on France an

ally of Russia.

Information or material spread to advance a cause, or damage an opponent’s cause.

What are some of the methods that

were used to spread

propaganda?

What are some of the methods that

were used to spread

propaganda?

What is one of the ways that governments would try to gain support from it’s citizens for the war effort?

Radios

Newspapers

Magazines

MoviesPosters

Newsreels

Recruitment Posters

Propaganda Posters

What ideas about war are reflected in these

images?

British, French and Australian Posters.

C. R. W. Nevinson, Paths of Glory (1917)

Otto Dix

Shock Troop Advancing under Gas Attack (1923)

Do you think Nevinson and Dix are artists who created

paintings of patriotism and innocence or paintings of

firsthand experiences? Explain.

How do these images differ from the propaganda posters?

WOMEN DURING THE WAR

What is being asked of the citizens that makes this war a total war?

WWI was one of the world’s first examples of a ____________. A ____________ is a conflict in which the participating countries devote

all their resources to the war effort.

A New Type of WarfareTotal War

Total War

HomeworkCreate your own

Propaganda Poster!

Pick the nation and topic of your poster:

•Recruitment

•Rationing

•Women’s Role

•Trench Life

• Realities of War

Place Your Slogan Here

Draw an image!

1916By Motorhead

1916By Motorhead

How does the soldiers view of war

change?

• How does this cigarette ad reflect life in the trenches? Do you think that it is accurate?

• Why does the company portray this image?

Images of Trench Life

Weapons of The Great War

What new weapon do you think will change warfare forever?

The Automatic Machine Gun

Mounted guns fired a rapid, continuous stream of bullets.

Machine guns made it possible for a few gunners to mow down waves of soldiers. This helped create a stalemate by making it difficult

to advance across no man’s land.

Automatic machine

gun

Is Trench Warfare the Answer?

Trench Warfare

Trench warfare allowed little advance from either side creating a stalemate.

By 1916 the Germans lost 850,000 men, the French 700,000 and the British 410,000 with neither side advancing.

Australians resting up in a dug-out are

sheltered from shelling 15 feet underground

during the Battle of the Somme, July

1916.

Trench Life

Horrors of the Trench

What conditions and hardships do you think the soldiers had to endure?

Trenches were filled with dead bodies, rodents, lice, water, poison gas, and boredom which

resulted in trench fever and…

Trench Foot!

Trench Foot: The Sequel!

TANKS

Would the tank be an effective weapon during World War I?

Armored vehicle that travels on a track allowing it to cross many

kinds of terrain.

Protected advancing troops as they broke through enemy defenses. Early tanks were initially very slow and clumsy –

breaking down and awful to drive. However, they were a huge propaganda and morale boost, proved to be very

effective by the end of the war.

Early British Tank Early French Tank

NOT EFFECTIVE!

AIRPLANES

Invented in 1903, would the airplane be an effective weapon during World War I?

One or two seat propeller plane equipped with machine gun and bombs.

At first, mainly used for observation. Later, flying “Aces” engaged in individual combat,

though such “dogfights” had little effect on war.

NOT EFFECTIVE!

NEW YORK TIMES, 1915“Boulogne, April 25.-- The gaseous vapor which the Germans used against the French divisions near Ypres last Thursday, contrary to the rules of The Hague

Convention, introduces a new element into warfare.”

“The attack of last Thursday evening was preceded by the rising

of a cloud of vapor, greenish gray and

iridescent. That vapor settled to the ground

like a swamp mist and drifted toward the

French trenches on a brisk wind.”

“Its effect on the French was a violent nausea and faintness, followed by an utter collapse. It is believed that the Germans, who charged in behind the vapor, met no resistance at all, the French at their front being virtually

paralyzed.”

POISON GAS

How effective would poison gas be during World War I?

Lobbed by missile into enemy trenches,

killing or disabling troops.

Phosgene gas was one of the most pernicious of the new technologies that sprang from the Great War.

Usually fired by the artillery, the gas would choke, blind, then kill within 48 hours of exposure.

There were no effective treatments, and death was

painful and often a certainty.

The evil of phosgene and other gases motivated the Great Powers to outlaw this inhumane weapon.

The main weakness was that the wind could blow it back towards your own

side.Gas masks protect

soldiers from poison gas.

“Whazzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz UP!”

How can you defend against Poison Gas?

Development of gas masks lessened

the importance of

poison gas.

Gassed, John Singer Sargent

• Was Poison gas an effective weapon?

• How does this painting portray life in the trenches?

• How is it different from the cigarette ad?

Effective!

Do Now:Do Now:

1. What WWI weapons and tactics do you see in the film clip? (Name at least FIVE!)

2. Write an EIGHT word sentence describing Tristan’s experience in the war!

1. What WWI weapons and tactics do you see in the film clip? (Name at least FIVE!)

2. Write an EIGHT word sentence describing Tristan’s experience in the war!

“I Lost my brother in this meaningless

war!”

Legends of the Fall

WEAPONS FROM THE TRENCHPeriscope guns from the trenches

Mortar guns

FLAMETHROWERS

Barbed Wire Fences

Why do you think barbed wire fences would be effective?

Balloons and Zeppelins

Horse drawn ambulance

Field Telephones

Long Range Guns

ANIMALS AT WAR

Goat mascot preparing for battle!

World War I Pigeons Decorated For Heroism

in Battle.

Dispatches by pigeon-post: About to release a French Army bird

with a message for headquarters.

Dispatches by pigeon-post: About to release a French Army bird

with a message for headquarters.

Pigeons were used for communication if telephone

lines were cut and runners were unable to get through enemy

lines.

Pigeons were used for communication if telephone

lines were cut and runners were unable to get through enemy

lines.

What new invention would change naval battles forever?

The U-Boat or Submarine

Underwater ship that can launch torpedoes, or

guided underwater bombs.

German U-Boat Surfacing

Used by Germany to destroy allied shipping. U-boat attacks and unrestricted submarine

warfare helped bring the United States into the war.

Patterns of War

Western front – A series of trenches ran from the Belgian coast to the Swiss mountains.

Eastern front – Mainly in western portions of Russia

*After 1915, Italy joined on the side of the Allies as they were wooed by promises of territory from Austria and the Middle East. A third

Italian front developed between the Italians and the Austrians.

The War Outside EuropeBritish dominions (Canada, Australia, New Zealand) –Sent forces.

African Colonies – Skirmishes fought over German colonies in Africa, involving Africans as colonial troops. France also used Africans in its armies on the European front.

Japan – Entered the war on the side of Britain and France. Japan moved into German holdings in China’s Shantung province.

China – Declared war on Germany in 1917, hoping not to be ignored by the European powers.

India – Large numbers of troops fought for the British in Europe. Hoped that it would lead to India’s freedom.

Middle EastMiddle East – Allied with Germany. The war weakened the already weak empire. The British sponsored a rebellion by Arab nationalists against their Ottoman overlords. They also promised support to Jewish settlers in Israel in the Balfour Declaration of 1917.

Dear Lord Rothschild:I have much pleasure in conveying to you on behalf of His Majesty'sGovernment, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet:His Majesty's Government view with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country. I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge the Zionist Federation.

Yours,Arthur James Balfour

What event is this poster based on?

Is this an effective

propaganda poster? Why?

Do Now

By 1917 the conflict we call The First World War had been raging for over two years, drawing in troops

from Europe, Africa, Asia, North America and Australia, although the main battles were in Europe.

Breaking the Stalemate!

In 1917, the focus of the war shifted to the high seas. That year, the Germans intensified the submarine

warfare that had raged in the Atlantic Ocean. Germany decided that a naval blockade of Great Britain would

cause severe food shortages and give them an advantage. In January 1917, the Germans announced that their submarines would sink without warning any

ship in the waters around Britain. This policy was called ___________________________.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

The Sinking of the Lusitania

One result of this German policy was that a British passenger ship, the Lusitania, was sunk by a German submarine on May 7,

1915, with a loss of more than 1,100 passengers and crew, including 124

Americans.

1. What is the meaning of this cartoon?

THE CROWNING ACHIEVEMENT (THIS LATEST SUBMARINE VICTIM MAY BE THE LAST) May 3, 1916

Sussex Pledge

The Sussex Pledge was a promise given by the

German Government to the United States of America

on May 4th 1916 in response to US demands relating to the conduct of

the First World War.

Germany promised to alter their naval and submarine policy of unrestricted submarine warfare and stop the indiscriminate sinking of non-military ships. Instead, Merchant Ships would be searched

and sunk only if they contained contraband, and then only after safe passage had been provided for the crew and passengers.

1. Why is John Bull's claim supposed to be unconvincing?

2. What is the purpose of the Political Cartoon?

  

JOHN BULL USES THE AMERICAN FLAG FOR

PROTECTION ("CAWNT YOU SEE I'M A BLOOMING YANKEE!!")

March 1915

The 'Zimmerman Telegram' – often

called the Zimmerman Note - was a memo

sent from the German Foreign Minister Arthur

Zimmerman to the German Ambassador to Mexico through a supposedly secure channel devoted to

peace negotiations. It informed the

ambassador that Germany would be

resuming its policy of Unrestricted

Submarine Warfare (USW) and proposed

an alliance. If Mexico would join in a war

against the US, they would be rewarded

with financial support and re-conquered land in New Mexico, Texas,

and Arizona.

The Zimmerman

Note

Why do you think this was such a threat to the U.S.

Create a title for

this Political Cartoon

Besides being culturally similar, England and France were our trade partners. From 1914 to 1916 trade with the

Allies grew from 825 million dollars to 3.2 billion dollars.

American increasingly saw Germany as the enemy.

Germany was a dictatorship fighting against the great

democracies of the world and America as a democratic

nation felt an obligation to support them.

How is this poster an example of Propaganda?

Kaiser Wilhelm II announced that Germany was going to continue unrestricted submarine

warfare and violate the Sussex Pledge.

Should the United States enter this war? Why?On April 6, 1917, by a vote of 82 to 6 in the Senate and 373 to 50 in

the House of Representatives, the United States of America declared war on Germany.

Wilson stated, "it is a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful people into war... But the right is more precious then peace and we shall fight for the things which we have always carried in our

hearts."

Russia Leaves The War

1918 – Russia gets out of the war. They sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany. This gives the Germans

territories in western Russia in exchange for peace.

1918 – Russia gets out of the war. They sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany. This gives the Germans

territories in western Russia in exchange for peace.

FRANCE

St. Mihiel

Argonne Forest

PARIS

The American Presence

Battle of the Argonne Forest

Last Night of the War, 10-11 Nov

1918

An Armistice is DeclaredGermany put their all into an

attack on March 21st 1918. For several months the offensive

pushed the Allies back, but in July the Germans were stopped at the Second Battle of the Marne. The Allied counter-offensive began in

August and in what became known as the Last Hundred Days,

they pushed the Germans back. Germany sought an armistice

which came into effect at 11 a.m. on November 11, 1918.

The Treaty of Versailles

Objective:

• To understand the events and process of the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles.

• What impact did American politics have on the treaty process?

World War I EndsOn January 18, 1919 representatives of 32 nations attended a conference at the Palace of Versailles outside Paris, France to establish terms of peace.

This was called the _________________________________Paris Peace Conference

The four personalties who dominated the conference were known as the ______________________Big Four

There were heated debates among these nations as they all

wanted different things. Woodrow Wilson wanted

lasting peace and wanted the ________________ to be the

basis for peace. This was a list of terms for resolving this and all future wars. It called for

the end of secret treaties, freedom of the seas, free trade and the large scale reduction

of arms.

What did Wilson believe to be the answer to the

world’s problems? Would it work?

Wilson’s Idealism

Fourteen Points

Wilson also felt that self-determination was

important.

The right of a people to determine how their own

nation should be governed.

The Goals of France

1. According to this cartoon, what was Clemenceau’s main concern? Why?

2. Why do you think Clemenceau was nicknamed “The Tiger?”

The British and French were more interested in demanding

harsh treatment for the Germans. The French leader had bore the nickname “The

Tiger” for his fierce war policy. His goal was to weaken Germany

so that it could never threaten France again.

The Treaty of VersaillesLasting-Peace Peace-Revenge

War-Guilt clause, Germany pays reparations, Arms limitation, Germany lost territory, Alsace-Lorraine to France, Poland is

created, Creation of the League of Nations, Germany forbidden to join League, France controls Rhineland, Polish corridor established,

no secret alliances

Arms LimitationCreation of the League of Nations

Polish Corridor established

France controls Rhineland

Poland is createdWar-Guilt clause- Blame

Germany pays Reparations

Germany lost Territory

Germany forbidden to join League

No secret alliances Alsace-Lorraine to France

The Treaty of Versailles

New Map of Europe!

1. Which major empires lost the most land? Why?

2. What problems could occur due to the structure of the European landscape?

Costs of War New Nations Treaty of Versailles

•Millions of lives lost

•$338 Billion spent

•Land, towns, cities were destroyed

•Led to worldwide depression

•Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman

Empire, Russia were broken up

•Poland, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Finland•Baltic states – Lithuania,

Estonia, Latvia•Turkey, Saudi Arabia,

Iraq, Iran, Palestine, Syria, Egypt, Trans

Jordan•Europe continues

imperialism, rejects self-determination for

colonies

•Germany accepts war guilt

•Germany pays reparations

•Germany loses colonies•Germany limits size of

military•League of nations is created but U.S. and

U.S.S.R. are not members

Results of WWI

EUROPE: 1919