World War I
Transcript of World War I
The Great War (World War I) The War to
End All Wars
What is the main idea of this cartoon?
Do Now
The M.A.N.I.A. that caused WWI!
The M.A.N.I.A. that caused WWI!
MILITARISMMILITARISM
RISE OF INTERNATIONALISM• Imperialists thought that _____________________ was
bringing new enlightenment to inferior peoples of the world.
• 1864 – Geneva Conference established __________to offer humanitarian aid during wartime.
• Telegraphic and Postal Unions set international
procedures for exchanges of letters and messages.
• International exhibits in science, industry, sports developed. (World’s fair, Olympics)
• International socialist movement began to spread
• 1899 – ______________ at The Hague was establishedWorld Court
Western Leadership
Red Cross
Weaknesses of Internationalism
• Internationalism was heavily based on Western dominance and control of empires
• Most of the initial arrangements were made by Europeans for Europeans
• ________________ began to rise in Europe and elsewhere
• Internationalism was heavily based on Western dominance and control of empires
• Most of the initial arrangements were made by Europeans for Europeans
• ________________ began to rise in Europe and elsewhere
The process of weaning internationalism from Western control would be a long and painful one and would
take place particularly after 1945.
The process of weaning internationalism from Western control would be a long and painful one and would
take place particularly after 1945.
Nationalism
Causes of World War I
• M – Militarism
• A – Alliances
Europe in 1914 ALLIANCESALLIANCES
Allied PowersGreat Britain
FranceRussian Empire
Central PowersGerman Empire
Austro-Hungarian EmpireOttoman Empire
Causes of World War I
• M – Militarism
• A – Alliances
• N – Nationalism
• I - Imperialism
A 25-yr old Adolf Hitler cheers the start of war in 1914A 25-yr old Adolf Hitler cheers the start of war in 1914
Causes of World War I
• M – Militarism
• A – Alliances
• N – Nationalism
• I – Imperialism
• A – Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
June 28, 1914June 28, 1914
Gavrillo Princip
Archduke Franz-Ferdinand
greets the Mayor of Sarajevo
Serbian terrorist of The Black Hand moments after killing Archduke Franz-Ferdinand
Europe in 1914
Europe in 1914
6. France declared War on Germany and Austria-Hungary
8. Britain declared war on Germany
and Italy left Triple Alliance
1. Austria Hungary blamed Serbia for the murders of the archduke
and his wife and made harsh demands on Serbia
3. Russia, a Slavic nation and friend of Serbia, mobilized its forces in preparation for war.
4. Germany; an ally of Austria Hungary, declared war on
Russia
2. Serbia refused to comply with any demands
7. The Schlieffen Plan: Germany invaded Belgium on August 3,
1914, so that German forces could enter France more easily
5. Germany declared war on France an
ally of Russia.
Information or material spread to advance a cause, or damage an opponent’s cause.
What are some of the methods that
were used to spread
propaganda?
What are some of the methods that
were used to spread
propaganda?
What is one of the ways that governments would try to gain support from it’s citizens for the war effort?
Radios
Newspapers
Magazines
MoviesPosters
Newsreels
Recruitment Posters
Propaganda Posters
What ideas about war are reflected in these
images?
British, French and Australian Posters.
C. R. W. Nevinson, Paths of Glory (1917)
Otto Dix
Shock Troop Advancing under Gas Attack (1923)
Do you think Nevinson and Dix are artists who created
paintings of patriotism and innocence or paintings of
firsthand experiences? Explain.
How do these images differ from the propaganda posters?
WOMEN DURING THE WAR
What is being asked of the citizens that makes this war a total war?
WWI was one of the world’s first examples of a ____________. A ____________ is a conflict in which the participating countries devote
all their resources to the war effort.
A New Type of WarfareTotal War
Total War
HomeworkCreate your own
Propaganda Poster!
Pick the nation and topic of your poster:
•Recruitment
•Rationing
•Women’s Role
•Trench Life
• Realities of War
Place Your Slogan Here
Draw an image!
1916By Motorhead
1916By Motorhead
How does the soldiers view of war
change?
• How does this cigarette ad reflect life in the trenches? Do you think that it is accurate?
• Why does the company portray this image?
Images of Trench Life
Weapons of The Great War
What new weapon do you think will change warfare forever?
The Automatic Machine Gun
Mounted guns fired a rapid, continuous stream of bullets.
Machine guns made it possible for a few gunners to mow down waves of soldiers. This helped create a stalemate by making it difficult
to advance across no man’s land.
Automatic machine
gun
Is Trench Warfare the Answer?
Trench Warfare
Trench warfare allowed little advance from either side creating a stalemate.
By 1916 the Germans lost 850,000 men, the French 700,000 and the British 410,000 with neither side advancing.
Australians resting up in a dug-out are
sheltered from shelling 15 feet underground
during the Battle of the Somme, July
1916.
Trench Life
Horrors of the Trench
What conditions and hardships do you think the soldiers had to endure?
Trenches were filled with dead bodies, rodents, lice, water, poison gas, and boredom which
resulted in trench fever and…
Trench Foot!
Trench Foot: The Sequel!
TANKS
Would the tank be an effective weapon during World War I?
Armored vehicle that travels on a track allowing it to cross many
kinds of terrain.
Protected advancing troops as they broke through enemy defenses. Early tanks were initially very slow and clumsy –
breaking down and awful to drive. However, they were a huge propaganda and morale boost, proved to be very
effective by the end of the war.
Early British Tank Early French Tank
NOT EFFECTIVE!
AIRPLANES
Invented in 1903, would the airplane be an effective weapon during World War I?
One or two seat propeller plane equipped with machine gun and bombs.
At first, mainly used for observation. Later, flying “Aces” engaged in individual combat,
though such “dogfights” had little effect on war.
NOT EFFECTIVE!
NEW YORK TIMES, 1915“Boulogne, April 25.-- The gaseous vapor which the Germans used against the French divisions near Ypres last Thursday, contrary to the rules of The Hague
Convention, introduces a new element into warfare.”
“The attack of last Thursday evening was preceded by the rising
of a cloud of vapor, greenish gray and
iridescent. That vapor settled to the ground
like a swamp mist and drifted toward the
French trenches on a brisk wind.”
“Its effect on the French was a violent nausea and faintness, followed by an utter collapse. It is believed that the Germans, who charged in behind the vapor, met no resistance at all, the French at their front being virtually
paralyzed.”
POISON GAS
How effective would poison gas be during World War I?
Lobbed by missile into enemy trenches,
killing or disabling troops.
Phosgene gas was one of the most pernicious of the new technologies that sprang from the Great War.
Usually fired by the artillery, the gas would choke, blind, then kill within 48 hours of exposure.
There were no effective treatments, and death was
painful and often a certainty.
The evil of phosgene and other gases motivated the Great Powers to outlaw this inhumane weapon.
The main weakness was that the wind could blow it back towards your own
side.Gas masks protect
soldiers from poison gas.
“Whazzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz UP!”
How can you defend against Poison Gas?
Development of gas masks lessened
the importance of
poison gas.
Gassed, John Singer Sargent
• Was Poison gas an effective weapon?
• How does this painting portray life in the trenches?
• How is it different from the cigarette ad?
Effective!
Do Now:Do Now:
1. What WWI weapons and tactics do you see in the film clip? (Name at least FIVE!)
2. Write an EIGHT word sentence describing Tristan’s experience in the war!
1. What WWI weapons and tactics do you see in the film clip? (Name at least FIVE!)
2. Write an EIGHT word sentence describing Tristan’s experience in the war!
“I Lost my brother in this meaningless
war!”
Legends of the Fall
WEAPONS FROM THE TRENCHPeriscope guns from the trenches
Mortar guns
FLAMETHROWERS
Barbed Wire Fences
Why do you think barbed wire fences would be effective?
Balloons and Zeppelins
Horse drawn ambulance
Field Telephones
Long Range Guns
ANIMALS AT WAR
Goat mascot preparing for battle!
World War I Pigeons Decorated For Heroism
in Battle.
Dispatches by pigeon-post: About to release a French Army bird
with a message for headquarters.
Dispatches by pigeon-post: About to release a French Army bird
with a message for headquarters.
Pigeons were used for communication if telephone
lines were cut and runners were unable to get through enemy
lines.
Pigeons were used for communication if telephone
lines were cut and runners were unable to get through enemy
lines.
What new invention would change naval battles forever?
The U-Boat or Submarine
Underwater ship that can launch torpedoes, or
guided underwater bombs.
German U-Boat Surfacing
Used by Germany to destroy allied shipping. U-boat attacks and unrestricted submarine
warfare helped bring the United States into the war.
Patterns of War
Western front – A series of trenches ran from the Belgian coast to the Swiss mountains.
Eastern front – Mainly in western portions of Russia
*After 1915, Italy joined on the side of the Allies as they were wooed by promises of territory from Austria and the Middle East. A third
Italian front developed between the Italians and the Austrians.
The War Outside EuropeBritish dominions (Canada, Australia, New Zealand) –Sent forces.
African Colonies – Skirmishes fought over German colonies in Africa, involving Africans as colonial troops. France also used Africans in its armies on the European front.
Japan – Entered the war on the side of Britain and France. Japan moved into German holdings in China’s Shantung province.
China – Declared war on Germany in 1917, hoping not to be ignored by the European powers.
India – Large numbers of troops fought for the British in Europe. Hoped that it would lead to India’s freedom.
Middle EastMiddle East – Allied with Germany. The war weakened the already weak empire. The British sponsored a rebellion by Arab nationalists against their Ottoman overlords. They also promised support to Jewish settlers in Israel in the Balfour Declaration of 1917.
Dear Lord Rothschild:I have much pleasure in conveying to you on behalf of His Majesty'sGovernment, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet:His Majesty's Government view with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country. I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge the Zionist Federation.
Yours,Arthur James Balfour
What event is this poster based on?
Is this an effective
propaganda poster? Why?
Do Now
By 1917 the conflict we call The First World War had been raging for over two years, drawing in troops
from Europe, Africa, Asia, North America and Australia, although the main battles were in Europe.
Breaking the Stalemate!
In 1917, the focus of the war shifted to the high seas. That year, the Germans intensified the submarine
warfare that had raged in the Atlantic Ocean. Germany decided that a naval blockade of Great Britain would
cause severe food shortages and give them an advantage. In January 1917, the Germans announced that their submarines would sink without warning any
ship in the waters around Britain. This policy was called ___________________________.
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
The Sinking of the Lusitania
One result of this German policy was that a British passenger ship, the Lusitania, was sunk by a German submarine on May 7,
1915, with a loss of more than 1,100 passengers and crew, including 124
Americans.
1. What is the meaning of this cartoon?
THE CROWNING ACHIEVEMENT (THIS LATEST SUBMARINE VICTIM MAY BE THE LAST) May 3, 1916
Sussex Pledge
The Sussex Pledge was a promise given by the
German Government to the United States of America
on May 4th 1916 in response to US demands relating to the conduct of
the First World War.
Germany promised to alter their naval and submarine policy of unrestricted submarine warfare and stop the indiscriminate sinking of non-military ships. Instead, Merchant Ships would be searched
and sunk only if they contained contraband, and then only after safe passage had been provided for the crew and passengers.
1. Why is John Bull's claim supposed to be unconvincing?
2. What is the purpose of the Political Cartoon?
JOHN BULL USES THE AMERICAN FLAG FOR
PROTECTION ("CAWNT YOU SEE I'M A BLOOMING YANKEE!!")
March 1915
The 'Zimmerman Telegram' – often
called the Zimmerman Note - was a memo
sent from the German Foreign Minister Arthur
Zimmerman to the German Ambassador to Mexico through a supposedly secure channel devoted to
peace negotiations. It informed the
ambassador that Germany would be
resuming its policy of Unrestricted
Submarine Warfare (USW) and proposed
an alliance. If Mexico would join in a war
against the US, they would be rewarded
with financial support and re-conquered land in New Mexico, Texas,
and Arizona.
The Zimmerman
Note
Why do you think this was such a threat to the U.S.
Create a title for
this Political Cartoon
Besides being culturally similar, England and France were our trade partners. From 1914 to 1916 trade with the
Allies grew from 825 million dollars to 3.2 billion dollars.
American increasingly saw Germany as the enemy.
Germany was a dictatorship fighting against the great
democracies of the world and America as a democratic
nation felt an obligation to support them.
How is this poster an example of Propaganda?
Kaiser Wilhelm II announced that Germany was going to continue unrestricted submarine
warfare and violate the Sussex Pledge.
Should the United States enter this war? Why?On April 6, 1917, by a vote of 82 to 6 in the Senate and 373 to 50 in
the House of Representatives, the United States of America declared war on Germany.
Wilson stated, "it is a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful people into war... But the right is more precious then peace and we shall fight for the things which we have always carried in our
hearts."
Russia Leaves The War
1918 – Russia gets out of the war. They sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany. This gives the Germans
territories in western Russia in exchange for peace.
1918 – Russia gets out of the war. They sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany. This gives the Germans
territories in western Russia in exchange for peace.
FRANCE
St. Mihiel
Argonne Forest
PARIS
The American Presence
Battle of the Argonne Forest
Last Night of the War, 10-11 Nov
1918
An Armistice is DeclaredGermany put their all into an
attack on March 21st 1918. For several months the offensive
pushed the Allies back, but in July the Germans were stopped at the Second Battle of the Marne. The Allied counter-offensive began in
August and in what became known as the Last Hundred Days,
they pushed the Germans back. Germany sought an armistice
which came into effect at 11 a.m. on November 11, 1918.
The Treaty of Versailles
Objective:
• To understand the events and process of the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles.
• What impact did American politics have on the treaty process?
World War I EndsOn January 18, 1919 representatives of 32 nations attended a conference at the Palace of Versailles outside Paris, France to establish terms of peace.
This was called the _________________________________Paris Peace Conference
The four personalties who dominated the conference were known as the ______________________Big Four
There were heated debates among these nations as they all
wanted different things. Woodrow Wilson wanted
lasting peace and wanted the ________________ to be the
basis for peace. This was a list of terms for resolving this and all future wars. It called for
the end of secret treaties, freedom of the seas, free trade and the large scale reduction
of arms.
What did Wilson believe to be the answer to the
world’s problems? Would it work?
Wilson’s Idealism
Fourteen Points
Wilson also felt that self-determination was
important.
The right of a people to determine how their own
nation should be governed.
The Goals of France
1. According to this cartoon, what was Clemenceau’s main concern? Why?
2. Why do you think Clemenceau was nicknamed “The Tiger?”
The British and French were more interested in demanding
harsh treatment for the Germans. The French leader had bore the nickname “The
Tiger” for his fierce war policy. His goal was to weaken Germany
so that it could never threaten France again.
The Treaty of VersaillesLasting-Peace Peace-Revenge
War-Guilt clause, Germany pays reparations, Arms limitation, Germany lost territory, Alsace-Lorraine to France, Poland is
created, Creation of the League of Nations, Germany forbidden to join League, France controls Rhineland, Polish corridor established,
no secret alliances
Arms LimitationCreation of the League of Nations
Polish Corridor established
France controls Rhineland
Poland is createdWar-Guilt clause- Blame
Germany pays Reparations
Germany lost Territory
Germany forbidden to join League
No secret alliances Alsace-Lorraine to France
The Treaty of Versailles
New Map of Europe!
1. Which major empires lost the most land? Why?
2. What problems could occur due to the structure of the European landscape?
Costs of War New Nations Treaty of Versailles
•Millions of lives lost
•$338 Billion spent
•Land, towns, cities were destroyed
•Led to worldwide depression
•Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman
Empire, Russia were broken up
•Poland, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Finland•Baltic states – Lithuania,
Estonia, Latvia•Turkey, Saudi Arabia,
Iraq, Iran, Palestine, Syria, Egypt, Trans
Jordan•Europe continues
imperialism, rejects self-determination for
colonies
•Germany accepts war guilt
•Germany pays reparations
•Germany loses colonies•Germany limits size of
military•League of nations is created but U.S. and
U.S.S.R. are not members
Results of WWI
EUROPE: 1919