Post on 21-Jan-2016
What makes you….you!
What type of cells are these?What type of cells are these?
What is the arrow pointing to?What is the arrow pointing to?
Video: Cracking the Code of Life | Watch NOVA Online | PBS Video
1800’s – with discovery of microscope, scientists realized something [DNA] existed in the nucleus
1950’s – Rosalind Franklin- using X-ray discovered a stand of DNA consists of a “double helix” or spiral shaped ladder
- Watson and Crick- “ sides of ladder” consists of sugars and phosphates and “steps of ladders” are nitrogen base pairs
DNA- [Deoxyribonucleic Acid] threads of chromatin
Shape - like a spiral ladder
1. Rungs = Pairs of Nitrogen Bases A-T = Adenine - Thymine G-C = Guanine - Cytosine 2. Handrails = Alternating Phosphate and Deoxyribose Sugar
* Base pairs always attached to sugar
Sugar
phosphate
Nitrogen base
Gene - a section of DNA coil, determines traits of organism
Inside the NucleusInside the Nucleus
Heredity- passing of genes from parent > offspring
The Human Genome Project, 3D Animation - YouTube
Alleles - different forms a gene may have for a trait
Genetics- study of how alleles affect generations of offspring
Chromosome Number of Base Pairs [millions]
1 279
2 251
3 221
4 197
5 198
6 176
7 163
8 148
9 140
10 143
11 148
12 142
13 118
14 107
15 100
16 104
17 88
18 86
19 72
20 66
21 45
22 48
X / Y 163 / 51
Total BasePairs = 3.2 billion
Total Genes = 30,000
98% of genes for Humans & Chimps are alike
Genes between Humans only differ by 0.01%
To read all 3.2 billionbase pairs aloud -it would take 9.5 years
A-T-C-A-T-T-C-T-G
http://app.discoveryeducation.com/search?Ntt=mutations
http://app.discoveryeducation.com/search?Ntt=mutations
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RjsU_rJpTWg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-EwtyO16dFg
One comes from mom, one from Dad
MomDad
Eye color
Genetic Cross- random pairing of one gene from each parent
Gregor Mendel = Father of GeneticsGregor Mendel = Father of Genetics
Dominant- “what is seen” [Capital letter]
Recessive- “what is hidden” [Lower case letter]
Phenotype- physical trait that appears ex: Tall
Genotype- genetic make-up or letters ex: TT
Homozygous [homo means same, zygous means pair] = TT, tt
Heterozygous [hetero means different, zygous means pair] = Tt
Dominant Traits
1. Tongue roller2. Hand clasp3. Unattached earlobe 4. Straight Pinky 5. Hairy finger- 2nd section6. Dimples7. Cleft Chin8. Straight hair line9. Freckles10. Hitch hiker thumb11.Brown eyes12. Second toe longer than big toe13. Finger divide- 2 vs 114. PTC
Punnett Squares- visual tool used to display the possibilities of a genetic cross
Mom’s Traits
Dad’s
T ra i t s
For For the Wisconsin Fast plant, purple stems are dominate to green stems. After growing several hundred plants, Johnny realizes that 75% of the offspring have purple stems and 25% of the offspring have green stems.
Find the genotypes of the parents using a Punnett square.
1. What are the steps of the DNA ladder made of?
Nitrogen Base Pairs : A-T, G-C
2. What are the sides of the ladder made of? Phosphates and sugars
3. What are base pairs always attached to? Sugar
4. Where are genes located? On chromosomes
5. Different forms of the same genes are called? Alleles
6. Physical appearance of a trait is called? Phenotype
7. Genetic make up of an organism? Genotype
8. What does the term heterozygous mean? Homozygous? Different gene combinations, dominant and recessive Same gene pairs
9.What is a mutation? Are they always harmful? Permanent change to an organism No create variety
10. What is the purpose of using a Punnett square? Determine probability of traits that can be inherited
11. What is the process that involves one cell dividing two times to create four new cells with half the number of chromosomes? Meiosis
12. What type of cells undergo meiosis? Sperm and Egg
13.How many chromosomes are in a human egg cell? 23 ----- Why not 46?
14.What is it called when many genes create ONE trait? polygenic inheritance
15. What is the term for more than two possibilities of a trait?
multiple alleles
16. When both genes are expressed equally for a trait it is called? incomplete dominance
Creation of ProteinsCreation of Proteins
Base pairs form amino acids which link together to form proteins