Post on 18-Mar-2016
description
Warm Water Warm Water Treatments Treatments
against Codling against Codling Moth Larvae in Moth Larvae in
CherriesCherries
Efficacy Efficacy TrialsTrials
ReviewReview
Summer 2001Summer 2001
0 1 2 3 4
% L
ive
4849.55152.554Temp
9876543210
Wash-Bath
Time
0
10
% L
ive
4748.55051.553Temp
9876543210
Calif-Bath
Time
RecentRecent
Summer 2002Summer 2002
0 2 4 6 8
10
% L
ive
4849505152535455Temp(°C)
1311
97
53
1
California
Time(min)
0 2 4 6 8
10
% L
ive
4849505152535455Temp(°C)
1513
119
75
31
Washington
Time(min)
0
5
10
15
Tim
e (m
in)
48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 Temp (°C)
Cal
Wash
Summer 2002100% Mortality
Problem:Problem:
How to standardize the How to standardize the different types of different types of
water baths to allow water baths to allow for comparisons.for comparisons.
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Frui
t Cor
e Te
mp.
°C
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Time (Min)
Bath
Probe
48°CRep 3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
FCT
(°C
)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Time (min)
50°C-5 minRep 5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
FCT
(°C
)
0 5 10 15 20 Time (min)
50°C, 7 minRep. 3
25
30
35
40
45
50 FC
T (°
C)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Time (min)
48°C - 12 minRep 3
Lethal TimesLethal Times• Based on heating block Based on heating block
exposuresexposures• Equivalent timesEquivalent times• Standardized to 48°CStandardized to 48°C
Variables used for Variables used for calculationscalculations
• Bath temperaturesBath temperatures• Fruit temperatures at Fruit temperatures at
time time tt• Accumulative Accumulative
measurementsmeasurements
Calculating Calculating Lethal TimesLethal Times
LTLT = = 10 10 -(T(t)-T-(T(t)-Trefref)/z)/ztt00
where where TTrefref = bath temperature = bath temperature and and zz = 4 = 4
Standardize treatment Standardize treatment temperatures to 48°C temperatures to 48°C
by:by:
Corr. LT= LT/10Corr. LT= LT/10((TTrefref-48°)-48°)
25
30
35
40
45
50 FC
T (°
C)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Time (min)
48°C - 12 minRep 3
0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030 0.035
Let
hal T
imes
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Time (min)
48°C - 12 minRep 3
Lethal TimesLethal Times::
Comparisons Comparisons across studiesacross studies
Lethal Times Lethal Times based based on the equivalenton the equivalent time on Heating time on Heating Block set at 48°C.Block set at 48°C.
50
60
70
80
90
100
% D
ead
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Corrected L. T. (min)
Summer 2001
20
40
60
80
100
% D
ead
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Corrected LT (min)
Summer 2002< 100% Mortality
30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100 %
Dea
d
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Corrected LT (min)
Summer 2002Summer 2002AllAll
30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100 %
Dea
d
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Corrected L. T. (min)
Combined< 100% Dead
Treatment Treatment EquivalentsEquivalents
•48°C, 20 min48°C, 20 min•50°C, 5 min50°C, 5 min•52°C, 2 min52°C, 2 min•54°C, 1 min54°C, 1 min
Future needs:Future needs:
Standardizing Standardizing treatment treatment
parametersparameters
Treatment ParametersTreatment Parameters• LoadLoadTotal amountTotal amountAmount per unitAmount per unitFluid capacityFluid capacityConductivityConductivity
Treatment ParametersTreatment Parameterscont.cont.
• Starting temperatureStarting temperature• Target temperatureTarget temperature• Holding timeHolding timeIn original containerIn original containerIn separate baths In separate baths
ProblemsProblems• Uniformity--how much variability Uniformity--how much variability
is acceptableis acceptable• Duplication (replication)Duplication (replication)• Fruit circulation (design)Fruit circulation (design)• Parts for improvementParts for improvement• Lost larvaeLost larvae
18
20
22
24
26
28
FCT
(°C
)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Amps
ApplesStart: 9°C
1 min
De-ionized
Tap CaCl2
28 30 32 34 36 38 40
Fina
l Tem
p (°
C)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Amps
WaterStart: 20°C
Tap
De-ionized
1 min CaCl2
46 47 48 49 50 51 52
FCT
(°C
)
0 10 20 30 40 50 Fruit #
Cherries6 min
Water Temp.Start: 34.8°CEnd: 55.2°C
43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
FCT
(°C
)
0 10 20 30 40 50 Fruit #
Cherries2 min
Water Temp.Start: 51.0°CEnd: 52.3°C
How Quarantine How Quarantine Treatments Are Treatments Are
Accepted by Accepted by MAFF-JapanMAFF-Japan
Minimum RequirementsMinimum Requirements**• Least susceptible stageLeast susceptible stage• Demonstration with 30,000 Demonstration with 30,000 • Phytotoxicity testsPhytotoxicity tests• Safety and residue issuesSafety and residue issues• One cultivarOne cultivar• More tests for other cultivars More tests for other cultivars
* Based on MeBr treatments* Based on MeBr treatments
APHISAPHISNPSNPSResearcherResearcherMAFFMAFF
JapanJapan
AreaArea
IndustryIndustry