Warm Water Treatments against Codling Moth Larvae in Cherries.
Warm Water Treatments against Codling Moth Larvae in Cherries
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Transcript of Warm Water Treatments against Codling Moth Larvae in Cherries
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Warm Water Warm Water Treatments Treatments
against Codling against Codling Moth Larvae in Moth Larvae in
CherriesCherries
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Efficacy Efficacy TrialsTrials
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ReviewReview
Summer 2001Summer 2001
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0 1 2 3 4
% L
ive
4849.55152.554Temp
9876543210
Wash-Bath
Time
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0
10
% L
ive
4748.55051.553Temp
9876543210
Calif-Bath
Time
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RecentRecent
Summer 2002Summer 2002
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0 2 4 6 8
10
% L
ive
4849505152535455Temp(°C)
1311
97
53
1
California
Time(min)
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0 2 4 6 8
10
% L
ive
4849505152535455Temp(°C)
1513
119
75
31
Washington
Time(min)
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0
5
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15
Tim
e (m
in)
48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 Temp (°C)
Cal
Wash
Summer 2002100% Mortality
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Problem:Problem:
How to standardize the How to standardize the different types of different types of
water baths to allow water baths to allow for comparisons.for comparisons.
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10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Frui
t Cor
e Te
mp.
°C
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Time (Min)
Bath
Probe
48°CRep 3
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60
FCT
(°C
)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Time (min)
50°C-5 minRep 5
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
FCT
(°C
)
0 5 10 15 20 Time (min)
50°C, 7 minRep. 3
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25
30
35
40
45
50 FC
T (°
C)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Time (min)
48°C - 12 minRep 3
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Lethal TimesLethal Times• Based on heating block Based on heating block
exposuresexposures• Equivalent timesEquivalent times• Standardized to 48°CStandardized to 48°C
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Variables used for Variables used for calculationscalculations
• Bath temperaturesBath temperatures• Fruit temperatures at Fruit temperatures at
time time tt• Accumulative Accumulative
measurementsmeasurements
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Calculating Calculating Lethal TimesLethal Times
LTLT = = 10 10 -(T(t)-T-(T(t)-Trefref)/z)/ztt00
where where TTrefref = bath temperature = bath temperature and and zz = 4 = 4
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Standardize treatment Standardize treatment temperatures to 48°C temperatures to 48°C
by:by:
Corr. LT= LT/10Corr. LT= LT/10((TTrefref-48°)-48°)
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25
30
35
40
45
50 FC
T (°
C)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Time (min)
48°C - 12 minRep 3
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0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030 0.035
Let
hal T
imes
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Time (min)
48°C - 12 minRep 3
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Lethal TimesLethal Times::
Comparisons Comparisons across studiesacross studies
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Lethal Times Lethal Times based based on the equivalenton the equivalent time on Heating time on Heating Block set at 48°C.Block set at 48°C.
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50
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% D
ead
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Corrected L. T. (min)
Summer 2001
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20
40
60
80
100
% D
ead
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Corrected LT (min)
Summer 2002< 100% Mortality
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30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100 %
Dea
d
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Corrected LT (min)
Summer 2002Summer 2002AllAll
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30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100 %
Dea
d
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Corrected L. T. (min)
Combined< 100% Dead
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Treatment Treatment EquivalentsEquivalents
•48°C, 20 min48°C, 20 min•50°C, 5 min50°C, 5 min•52°C, 2 min52°C, 2 min•54°C, 1 min54°C, 1 min
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Future needs:Future needs:
Standardizing Standardizing treatment treatment
parametersparameters
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Treatment ParametersTreatment Parameters• LoadLoadTotal amountTotal amountAmount per unitAmount per unitFluid capacityFluid capacityConductivityConductivity
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Treatment ParametersTreatment Parameterscont.cont.
• Starting temperatureStarting temperature• Target temperatureTarget temperature• Holding timeHolding timeIn original containerIn original containerIn separate baths In separate baths
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ProblemsProblems• Uniformity--how much variability Uniformity--how much variability
is acceptableis acceptable• Duplication (replication)Duplication (replication)• Fruit circulation (design)Fruit circulation (design)• Parts for improvementParts for improvement• Lost larvaeLost larvae
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28
FCT
(°C
)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Amps
ApplesStart: 9°C
1 min
De-ionized
Tap CaCl2
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28 30 32 34 36 38 40
Fina
l Tem
p (°
C)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Amps
WaterStart: 20°C
Tap
De-ionized
1 min CaCl2
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46 47 48 49 50 51 52
FCT
(°C
)
0 10 20 30 40 50 Fruit #
Cherries6 min
Water Temp.Start: 34.8°CEnd: 55.2°C
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43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
FCT
(°C
)
0 10 20 30 40 50 Fruit #
Cherries2 min
Water Temp.Start: 51.0°CEnd: 52.3°C
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How Quarantine How Quarantine Treatments Are Treatments Are
Accepted by Accepted by MAFF-JapanMAFF-Japan
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Minimum RequirementsMinimum Requirements**• Least susceptible stageLeast susceptible stage• Demonstration with 30,000 Demonstration with 30,000 • Phytotoxicity testsPhytotoxicity tests• Safety and residue issuesSafety and residue issues• One cultivarOne cultivar• More tests for other cultivars More tests for other cultivars
* Based on MeBr treatments* Based on MeBr treatments
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APHISAPHISNPSNPSResearcherResearcherMAFFMAFF
JapanJapan
AreaArea
IndustryIndustry