eJournal USA

UJ­CE­LFH­CN­DTY­YSQ­LT­GFH­NF­VTYN­CIF­/­BÑYM­2008

NJV­13­/­YJ­VTH­6

http://www.america.gov/publications/ejournalusa.html

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Ukfd­ysq­ht­lfr­njh­ Léj­yf­nfy­Vfh­uj­kbc

Lb­htr­njh­gj­öe­lj­ét­cn­dty­ysv­­

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Aj­nj­ht­lfr­njh­ Väu­ub­Lé.­Ckfq­rth

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Öe­ljé­ybr­rjv­gmñ­nth­yjq­­

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Éeh­yfk­ds­öj­lbn­tét­vt­czx­yj­yf­fy­ukbq­crjv­zps­rt,­c­gj­cktl­e­ñob­vb­gt­ht­dj­lf­vb­yf­ahfy­wep­crbq,­gjh­ne­ufkmc­rbq,­hec­crbq­b­bc­gfy­crbq­zps­rb.­Jn­ltkm­yst­ds­gec­rb­gj­zd­kz­ñn­cz­nfr­ét­yf­afh­cb,­fhfå­crjv­b­rb­nfq­crjv­zps­rfö.­Kñ­åjq­ds­gecr­éeh­yf­kf­vjé­yj­yfq­nb­d­rf­nf­kj­ut­gj­tuj­nj­ve­b­yj­vt­he.

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Åñ­hj­vté­le­yf­hjl­ysö­by­ajh­vf­wb­jy­ysö­ghj­uhfvv­cj­öhf­yz­tn­nt­re­obq­b­ghji­kst­yj­vt­hf­éeh­yf­kf­d­yt­crjkm­rbö­äktr­nhjy­ysö­ajh­vf­nfö­yf­cfq­nt­ht tp://www.america.gov/publi cati ons/ejournalusa.html.­Ghj­cmåf­yf­ghfd­kznm­rjv­vty­nf­hbb­b­pf­vt­xf­ybz­d­gj­cjkm­cn­dj­CIF­Df­itq­cnhf­ys­bkb­d­ht­lfr­wbñ­éeh­yf­kf­gj­fl­ht­ce:

Ed itor, eJournal USAIIP/PUBJU.S. Dep artme nt of St ate301 4th St reet, SWWashi ngton, DC 20547Unit ed St ates of AmericaYfi­äktr­nhjy­ysq­fl­htc:­eJournalUSA@st ate.gov

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eJournal USA 1

Rj­vbc­cbz­gj­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­ve­hjc­ne­b­hfp­db­nbñ­ghb­Dct­vbh­yjv­åfy­rt­yt­lfd­yj­jgeå­kb­rj­df­kf­jn­xtn,­d­rj­nj­hjv­ghj­fyf­kb­pb­hj­df­kf­afr­nj­hs,­cgj­cjå­

cn­deñ­obt­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­ve­hjc­ne­hfp­db­dfñ­obö­cz­cnhfy.­Vté­le­yf­hjl­yfz­uheg­gf­cgt­wbf­kbc­njd,­d­cj­cnfd­rj­nj­hjq­döj­lb­kb­ldf­yj­åt­ktd­crbö­kfe­htf­nf,­ghb­ikf­r­ds­dj­le,­xnj­dfé­ytq­ibv­afr­nj­hjv­zd­kz­ñn­cz­≤pfc­ke­éb­dfñ­obt­lj­dt­hbz,­ltz­ntkm­yst­jh­uf­ys­dkfc­nb,­drkñ­xfñ­obt­ghtl­cnf­db­nt­ktq­hfp­kbx­ysö­cj­wb­fkm­yj­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbö­uhegg≥.­Cht­lb­lhe­ubö­jå­cnjz­ntkm­cnd,­dkbzñ­obö­yf­ärj­yj­vb­re,­rj­vbc­cbz­yf­pdf­kf­≤ehj­dtym­jå­ceé­lt­ybz≥­d­cnhf­yt­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yjq­gj­kb­nb­rb,­äa­atr­nbd­yjcnm­åjhm­ås­c­rjh­heg­wb­tq­b­hfd­yst­djp­vjé­yjc­nb­lkz­dctö­–­nj­tcnm­dcç­nj,­xnj­jåsx­yj­fc­cj­wbb­he­tn­cz­c­lt­vjr­hf­nb­tq.

Ghb­vth­yj­nj­ét­gj­rf­ps­df­tn­b­uhf­abr.­Tc­kb­chfd­ybnm­20­cnhfy,­pf­yb­vfñ­obö­gth­dst­vtc­nf­d­htq­nby­ut­By­ltr­cf­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rjq­cdj­åj­ls,­b­20­cnhfy,­gth­dsö­gj­By­ltr­ce­lt­vjr­hf­nbb,­xnj­vs­edb­lbv?­Pyf­xb­ntkm­yjt­cj­dgf­lt­ybt­änbö­ldeö­uhegg.­D­jåj­bö­cgbc­rfö­ghb­cen­cn­deñn­jl­yb­b­­nt­ét­nhb­yfl­wfnm­cnhfy.­Gj­­db­lb­vj­ve,­rfr­vb­yb­vev­ce­ot­cn­detn­cdzpm­vté­le­äa­atr­nbd­ysv­cdj­åjl­ysv­hsy­rjv­b­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rjq­ajh­vjq­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb­jå­ot­cn­df.

Vfqrk­Vfy­ltkm­åf­ev,­fd­njh­yj­djq­ryb­ub­≤Ljå­hjt­bvz­lt­vjr­hf­nbb≥,­ds­crf­ps­df­tn­cz­åj­ktt­rjy­rhtn­yj.­≤Jc­yjd­ysv­bc­njx­yb­rjv­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjq­lt­vjr­hf­nbb,­–­gb­itn­jy­d­nt­re­otv­ds­gec­rt­eJournal USA,­–­zd­kz­tn­cz­hs­yjx­yfz­ärj­yj­vb­rf.­Rj­ytx­yj,­b­hfym­it­ce­ot­cn­djdf­kb,­b­ghj­ljk­éf­ñn­ce­ot­cn­dj­dfnm­cnhf­ys­c­hs­yjx­yjq­ärj­yj­vb­rjq,­yj­åtp­

lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rjq­gj­kb­nb­rb,­jl­yf­rj­d­ÖÖÈ­dt­rt­dct­cnhf­ys­c­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rjq­ajh­vjq­ghfd­kt­ybz­bvt­ñn­hs­yjx­yeñ­ärj­yj­vb­re≥.­D­nj­ét­dht­vz­ghj­atc­cjh,­ght­gj­lfdf­ntkm­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yjq­gj­kb­nb­rb­Hj­åthn­Hfqö­cdjñ­cnf­nmñ,­ds­it­lieñ­d­ghji­kjv­uj­le­d­ct­hmtp­yjv­éeh­yf­kt­≤Dyti­yzz­gj­kb­nb­rf≥­(Fo reign Policy),­yf­pdfk­≤Rfr­rf­gb­nf­kbpv­eybx­nj­éf­tn­lt­vjr­hf­nbñ≥.

Zc­yj,­xnj­cdzpm­vté­le­hsy­rjv­b­lt­vjr­hf­nb­tq­yt­ghz­vj­kb­ytq­yf.­C­ntö­gjh­rfr­d­1776­uj­le­Flfv­Cvbn­yf­gb­cfk­≤Bc­ckt­lj­df­ybt­j­ghb­xb­yfö­b­ghb­hj­lt­åj­ufn­cn­df­yf­hj­ljd≥,­jå­bö­ckjé­ysö­dpf­bvj­jn­yj­it­yb­zö­cgj­hb­kb­nf­rbt­rheg­yst­vsc­kb­nt­kb­ärj­yj­vbc­ns,­rfr­Vfrc­Dt­åth,­Qj­pta­Iev­gt­nth­b­Ktc­nth­Ne­hje.­Djp­vj­éty­kb­cdj­åjl­ysq­hs­yjr­åtp­lt­vjr­hf­nbb?­Xnj­pltcm­gth­dbx­yj?­Vj­étn­kb­vjo­ysq­eyb­dth­cfkm­ysq­cnb­vek­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­uj­hjc­nf­ghb­dtc­nb­r­hfp­db­nbñ­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­d­yt­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rbö­cnhf­yfö?

Vté­le­yf­hjl­yst­är­cgth­ns­ghtl­kf­uf­ñn­d­änjv­yj­vt­ht­jn­dt­ns­yf­yt­rj­nj­hst­bp­gj­cnfd­kty­ysö­dj­ghj­cjd­b­erf­ps­df­ñn­yf­nf­rbt­dfé­yst­gf­hf­vtn­hs,­rfr­djp­vjé­yjc­nb­yf­rjg­kt­ybz­rf­gb­nf­kf,­hjkm­jå­ot­cn­dty­yj­uj­lj­dt­hbz,­f­nfr­ét­ghtl­kf­uf­ñn­rjy­wtg­wbñ­≤ukf­cf­yf­hj­lf≥­b­jn­dtn­cn­dty­yjc­nb­dkfc­nb.­Jl­yf­rj­vs­cnf­dbv­gt­htl­cj­åjq­pf­lf­xe­yt­hfp­ht­ibnm­vyj­uj­dt­rj­djq­by­ntk­ktr­ne­fkm­ysq­cgjh,­f­eu­ke­åbnm­ghtl­cnfd­kt­ybz­yf­ibö­xb­nf­nt­ktq­j­yt­rj­nj­hsö­fc­gtr­nfö­dj­ghj­cf,­rj­nj­hsq­ct­ujl­yz,­åtc­cgjh­yj,­bvt­tn­åjkm­ijt­pyf­xt­ybt­lkz­rfé­lj­uj­éb­nt­kz­gkf­yt­ns.

Ht­lfr­wbz

Cnhf ys c ds cj rbv htq nby ujv jn rhs njc nb hsy rjd b lt vjr hf nbbCnhf­ys,­ds­lt­kty­yst­ébh­ysv­ihba­njv,­drkñ­xt­ys­d­jåf­cgbc­rf

1.Ujyrjyu2.Cbyufgeh3. Bh kfy lbz 4. Fd cnhf kbz 5. Cj tlb yty yst

Inf ns 6. Yj dfz

Pt kfy lbz 7. Rfyf lf8.Xbkb9. Idtq wf hbz10.Cjtlbytyyjt

rjhjktdcndj

11. Lf ybz12.Äcnjybz13. Yb lth kfy ls 14. Bc kfy lbz 15. Kñr ctv åehu 16. Aby kzy lbz 17. Zgj ybz18.Vfdhbrbq19.Åföhtqy 20. Åtkm ubz

1.Idtwbz2. Bc kfy lbz 3. Yb lth kfy ls4.Yjhdtubz5. Lf ybz 6. Aby kzy lbz 7. Kñr ctv åehu 8. Fd cnhf kbz 9. Rfyf lf 10. Idtq wf hbz 11. Bh kfy lbz/

Yj dfz Pt kfy lbz

13.Uthvfybz14.Fdcnhbz15.Vfkmnf16.Bcgfybz 17. Cj tlb yty yst

Inf ns18.Xticrfz

Htcgeåkbrf19.Gjhneufkbz 20. Åtkm ubz/

Zgj ybz

Dt le obt 20 cnhfy gj by ltr ce ärj yj vb xtc rjq cdj åj ls

Dt le obt 20 cnhfy gj by ltr ce lt vjr hf nbb

Bc­njx­ybr:­≤Ajyl­yf­ckt­lbz≥­b­uf­pt­nf­≤Ejkk-cnhbn-léjh­yfk≥

Bc­njx­ybr:­Ärj­yj­vbcn©­Ärj­yj­vbcn­­ymñc­gtq­gth­kb­vb­ntl­2007

Rjh yb cj dht vty yjq lt vjr hf nbbVfqrk Vfy ltkm åf eV, ght gj lfdf ntkm fVt hb rfy crjq dyti ytq gj kb nb rb, ghj atc cjh, ds cifz irj kf Vté le yf hjl ysö bc ckt lj df ybq eyb dth cb nt nf léjy cf öjg rby cf

Cdj­åj­lf­b­cf­vj­eg­hfd­kt­ybt­–­ldt­cj­cnfd­kzñ­obt­lt­vjr­hf­nbb.­Dyf­xf­kt­gj­zd­kz­tn­cz­cdj­åjl­ysq­hs­yjr­b­cj­plf­tn­yfl­kt­éf­obt­ec­kj­dbz­lkz­djp­ybr­yj­dt­ybz­lt­vjr­hf­nbb.

Cnt gt yb lt vjr hf nbb b ukj åf kb pf wbzXfy ötyu Xb, gj cjk cby uf ge hf d cif

Cnhf­ys­vj­uen­bvtnm­hfp­yeñ­cnt­gtym­cdj­åj­ls.­­Jn­rhs­nsq­hs­yjr­–­yt­jå­öj­lb­vjt,­yj­yt­ljc­nf­njx­yjt­ec­kj­dbt­lkz­lt­vjr­hf­nbb.­Jgsn­gj­cktl­ybö­ktn­­gj­rf­ps­df­tn,­xnj­jn­rhs­nsq­hs­yjr­ghtl­it­cn­detn­­lt­vjr­hf­nbb.

Djp vjé yjc nb jå ht nt ybz åj ufn cn Df

Rjh yb cj dht vty yj uj rf gb nf kbp vfåhñc crjnn, ghj atc cjh lt kj dj uj fl Vb ybc nhb hj df ybz ds citq irj ks åbp yt cf ufh dfhl crj uj eyb dth cb nt nf

Jåsx­yj­rf­gb­nf­kbpv­b­lt­vjr­hf­nbz­yt­djp­yb­rf­kb­jl­yj­dht­vty­yj.­Dcnf­tn­yj­dsq­dj­ghjc:­åe­len­kb­jyb­gj­­ghté­yt­ve­lj­vb­yb­hj­dfnm­d­vb­hj­dsö­cbc­nt­vfö­rjv­vth­wbb­b­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yj­uj­eg­hfd­kt­ybz.

Hfp db nbt hs yjx ysö jn yj it ybq åtp lt vjr hf nb pf wbb d Rb nftrtk kb c. Wfq, ghj atc cjh gj kb nj kj ubb eyb dth cb nt nf léjy cf öjg rby cf

Yt­jéb­lfq­nt­djp­ybr­yj­dt­ybz­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­d­Rb­nft­d­åkb­éfq­itt­dht­vz.­Dvtc­nj­änj­uj­ghj­wdt­nfñ­ofz­ärj­yj­vb­rf­b­hjcn­lj­öj­ljd­vj­uen­gjq­nb­yf­gjkm­pe­evt­kj­ghb­cgj­cfå­kb­dfñ­ot­ve­cz­rjv­ve­ybc­nb­xtc­rj­ve­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­de.

Cdj åjl ysq hs yjr b lt vjr hf nbz: re åby crbq jgsnjc rfh Äc gb yj pf Xt gt, Ärj yj Vbcn

Lt­cz­nb­kt­nbz­nb­hf­ybb­wty­nhf­kb­pj­dfy­yj­uj­eg­hfd­kt­ybz­cdt­kb­yf­ytn­ärj­yj­vb­re­Re­ås.­Åtp­cdj­åj­ls­yf­hjl­Re­ås­yb­rju­lf­yt­cvj­étn­dkbnm­cz­d­ukj­åf­kb­peñ­oeñ­cz­ärj­yj­vb­re.

hjkm jå ot cn Dty yj uj lj Dt hbz

Lt vjr hf nbz, cdjåjl yjt ghtl ghb yb vf ntkm cn dj b lj dt hbtebkmzV f. hfqyi, ght pb ltyn yf Wbj yfkm yj uj cj dt nf gj dyti ytq njh ujd kt

Cdj­åjl­yst­hs­yjx­yst­jn­yj­it­ybz,­rfr­ghf­db­kj,­­er­htg­kz­ñn­lt­vjr­hf­nbñ.­Lt­vjr­hf­nbz­ét­byju­lf­­er­htg­kz­tn­cdj­åjl­ysq­hs­yjr,­f­byju­lf­ytn.

Hs yjx yfz ärj yj vb rf åtp lt vjr hf nbb d cnhf yfö Gth cbl crj uj pf kb dféfy-ahfy cef ctp ytr, ghb ukf ity ysq lj Wtyn léjhlé-nfey crj uj eyb dth cb nt nf uj ce lfh cn dfö gth cbl crj uj pf kb df hs yjr d jc yjd yjV cdj åjl ysq, yj ytn cdj åjl ysö ds åj hjd.

Ghf­db­nt­kb­änbö­cnhfy­lt­kzn­cz­c­yf­hj­ljv­gkj­lf­vb­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­uj­hjc­nf,­yj­yt­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjq­dkfc­nmñ.

Lt vjr hf nbz b rf gb nf kbpv: hfp lt kt ybt åkbp yt wjdbdfy rhfc ntd, ghtl ct lf ntkm Wty nhf kb åt hfkm ysö cnhf nt ubq

Ce­ot­cn­djdf­kb­jgf­ct­ybz,­xnj­Wty­nhfkm­yfz­Td­hj­gf­c­hf­ljc­nmñ­ghb­vtn­lt­vjr­hf­nbñ­b­jn­dth­uytn­hs­yjx­yeñ­ärj­yj­vb­re.­Jrf­pf­kjcm,­xnj­Wty­nhfkm­yfz­Td­hj­gf­­ghb­yz­kf­cdj­åjl­yst­hs­yjx­yst­jn­yj­it­ybz,­yj­hf­pj­xf­hj­df­kfcm­d­lt­vjr­hf­nbb.

UJ­CE­LFH­CN­DTY­YSQ­LT­GFH­NF­VTYN­CIF­/­BÑYM­2008­UJ­LF­/­NJV­13­/­YJ­VTH­6

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eJournal USA 2

Gj cktl cn dbz än yb xtc rbö hfp lj hjdlj iby, ghj atc cjh gj kb nj kj ubb, b rhbc nj ath htq Vjyl, fc gb hfyn b ktr njh-fc cbc ntyn eyb dth cb nt nf inf nf Vbc ce hb

Bc­ckt­lj­df­ybz­gj­rf­ps­df­ñn,­xnj­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbt­b­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbt­ht­ajh­vs­cvzu­xf­ñn­än­yb­xtc­rbt­rjy­akbr­ns­lf­ét­d­ntö­cnhf­yfö,­d­ärj­yj­vb­rt­­rj­nj­hsö­lj­vb­yb­he­tn­än­yb­xtc­rjt­vtym­iby­cn­dj.

uj kjc yf hj lf b gj ljnxtn yjcnm Dkfc nb

Lt vjr hf nbz b hfp db nbt: ghj åktv yst rhfq yjc nblÄ yb tk rf ea Vfyy, lb htr njh jn lt kt ybz uj ce lfh cn dty yj uj eg hfd kt ybz by cnb ne nf dct Vbh yj uj åfy rf

D­ljk­uj­chjx­yjq­gth­cgtr­nb­dt­cdj­åj­lf­ckj­df­b­ghtc­cs­d­cj­ñpt­c­gj­ljnxtn­yjc­nmñ­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rj­uj­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­yf­hj­le­ghb­dj­lzn­r­gj­kj­éb­ntkm­ysv­gt­ht­vt­yfv­d­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rjv­hfp­db­nbb.

Ghb dt ltn kb åj ktt cdj åjl ysq hs yjr r åj ktt lt vjr hf nb xtc rj ve ec nhjq cn de Hjc cbb?fy lthc fc keyl, cnfh ibq yf eX ysq cj nhel ybr by cnb ne nf Vté le yfhjl yjq Ärj yj Vb rb bV. gt nth cj yf

Yt­cvjn­hz­yf­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbq­åev,­ehj­dtym­jå­hf­pj­df­ybz­b­jn­yj­cb­ntkm­yj­jn­rhs­njt­jå­ot­cn­dj,­Hjc­cbz­gj­dth­ye­kf­yf­pfl­–­r­fd­nj­hb­nfh­yj­ve­ghfd­kt­ybñ.­Ghb­xb­yf­änj­uj­–­rjh­heg­wbz.

Åbå kb ju hf abz b abkm vju hf abz

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eJournal USA 3

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R­ct­ht­lb­yt­dt­rf­änj­xbc­kj­ds­hjc­kj­lj­30­b­yt­vt­yz­kjcm­d­nt­xt­ybt­ckt­leñ­obö­25­ktn.­Pf­nj­r­2005­uj­le­lt­vjr­hf­nbz­vb­ås­kb­eét­119­bp­190­cnhfy­vb­hf.­Rfr­änj­ghj­bpji­kj?­Xnj­ås­jn­dt­nbnm­yf­lfy­ysq­dj­ghjc,­yf­lj­cyf­xf­kf­hf­pjå­hfnm­cz­d­njv,­xnj­nf­rjt­lt­vjr­hf­nbz.

Lkz­ntö,­rnj­gjkm­pe­tn­cz­änbv­nth­vb­yjv­–­f­änj­ghfr­nb­xtc­rb­rfé­lsq­bp­yfc,­–­lt­vjr­hf­nbz­–­änj­tlb­yfz,­wtkm­yfz,­jl­yj­pyfx­yj­ep­yf­dft­vfz­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rfz­cbc­nt­vf.­Jl­yf­rj­d­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rjq­gth­cgtr­nb­dt,­rfr­gj­rf­pf­yj­d­vj­tq­ryb­ut­≤Ljå­hjt­bvz­lt­vjr­hf­nbb:­djp­ds­it­ybt­b­hbc­rb­cf­

eJournal USA 4

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Vfqrk­Vfy­ltkm­åf­ev

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eJournal USA 5

vjq­gj­ge­kzh­yjq­d­vb­ht­ajh­vs­ghfd­kt­ybz≥,­lt­vjr­hf­nbz­djp­ybr­kf­d­ht­pekm­nf­nt­cgkf­df­ldeö­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbö­nhf­lb­wbq,­rj­nj­hst­dgkjnm­lj­ct­ht­lb­ys­ÖÈÖ­dt­rf­yt­njkm­rj­pyf­xb­ntkm­yj­jn­kb­xf­kbcm­lheu­jn­lhe­uf,­yj­b­xfc­nj­cxb­nf­kbcm­få­cj­kñn­yj­yt­cjd­vtc­nb­vs­vb.

Änb­ldt­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbt­nhf­lb­wbb­–­cdj­åj­lf­b­yf­hj­lj­dkfc­nbt­(bkb­cf­vj­eg­hfd­kt­ybt).­Cdj­åj­ljq­jå­kf­lf­ñn­jn­ltkm­yst­kbx­yjc­nb,­nju­lf­rfr­gj­yz­nbt­yf­hj­ljd­kfc­nbz­jn­yj­cbn­cz­r­jå­ot­cn­de­d­wt­kjv.­Gj­yz­nbt­cdj­åj­ls­cdz­pf­yj­c­ntv,­xnj­uj­ce­lfh­cn­df­lt­kf­ñn­bkb,­njx­ytt,­xnj­bv­pf­ght­ot­yj­lt­kfnm­cj­cdjb­vb­uhfé­lf­yf­vb­–­bv­pf­ght­ot­yj­ju­hf­yb­xb­dfnm­kbx­yeñ­cdj­åj­le.­D­jn­kb­xbt­jn­cdj­åj­ls,­gj­yz­nbt­cf­vj­eg­hfd­kt­ybz­gjl­hf­pe­vt­df­tn­cgj­cjå­bp­åhf­ybz­ntö,­rnj­ghf­dbn,–­bö­ds­åb­hf­tn­dtcm­yf­hjl.­Nf­rbv­jå­hf­pjv,­gj­yz­nbt­cf­vj­eg­hfd­kt­ybz­jn­dt­xf­tn­yf­dj­ghjc­≤rnj­ghf­dbn?≥,­f­gj­yz­nbt­cdj­åj­ls­ec­nf­yfd­kb­df­tn­ghf­db­kf,­d­cj­jn­dtn­cn­dbb­c­rj­nj­hs­vb­ghf­dzn­nt,­rnj­bp­åhfy­ghf­dbnm,­ghf­db­kf,­jght­ltkzñ­obt,­xnj­bv­vjé­yj­lt­kfnm­b­xnj­yt­kmpz.

E­rfé­ljq­bp­ldeö­cj­cnfd­kzñ­obö­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­cdjz­bc­nj­hbz.­E­cdj­åj­ls­jyf­åj­ktt­ljk­ufz,­xtv­e­cf­vj­eg­hfd­kt­ybz.­Rjy­wtg­wbz­cdj­åj­ls­hfp­db­df­kfcm­d­nhb­änf­gf.­Ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rfz­cdj­åj­lf­d­ajh­vt­xfc­nyjq­cj­åcn­dty­yjc­nb­d­tt­pf­gfl­yj­td­hj­gtq­crjv­gj­yb­vf­ybb­dj­cöj­lbn­r­Lhtd­yt­ve­Hb­ve.­Pf­gfl­yj­td­hj­gtq­crfz­ht­kb­ub­jp­yfz­cdj­åj­lf­–­cdj­åj­lf­dt­hj­bc­gj­dt­lf­ybz­–­d­jc­yjd­yjv­jåz­pf­yf­cdj­bv­djp­ybr­yj­dt­yb­tv­hfc­rj­ke­öhbc­nb­fy­crjq­Td­hj­gs­d­ht­pekm­nf­nt­ghj­ntc­nfyn­crj­uj­ldb­ét­ybz­Ht­ajh­vf­wbb­ÖªÈÈ–ÖªÈÈÈ­dt­rjd.­Gj­kb­nb­xtc­rfz­cdj­åj­lf­gj­zdb­kfcm­gj­pét,­xtv­ldt­lhe­ubt­(Åhb­nf­ybz­ÖªÈÈÈ­dt­rf­ås­kf­gth­djq­cnhf­yjq,­ult­gj­zdb­kjcm­yt­xnj,­yf­gj­vb­yfñ­ott­cj­dht­vty­yeñ­gj­kb­nb­xtc­reñ­cdj­åj­le)­b­gjl­hf­pe­vt­df­tn­jn­cen­cn­dbt­rjy­nhj­kz­uj­ce­lfh­cn­df­yfl­cdj­åj­ljq­ckj­df­b­cj­åhf­ybq­b­exfc­nb­tv­d­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjq­ébp­yb.

Yf­hj­ljd­kfc­nbt­djh­df­kjcm­d­vbh­dvtc­nt­c­ahfy­wep­crjq­ht­dj­kñ­wb­tq­1789­uj­lf,­rj­nj­hfz­ghb­ytc­kf­c­cj­åjq­bltñ,­xnj­ce­åütr­njv­ce­dt­hty­yjq­dkfc­nb­lj­kéty­åsnm­yf­hjl­d­wt­kjv,­f­yt­yf­cktl­cn­dty­yst­vj­yfh­öb.­Gj­crjkm­re­gj­cnj­zy­yjt­b­yt­gjc­htl­cn­dty­yjt­eg­hfd­kt­ybt­cnhf­yjq­cb­kf­vb­dct­uj­yf­hj­lf­yt­ghfr­nbx­yj,­åsk­hfp­hf­åj­nfy­vt­öf­ybpv­htf­kb­pf­wbb­yf­hj­ljd­kfc­nbz­–­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­dj­ghtl­cnf­db­nt­ktq,­rj­nj­hst­bp­åb­hf­ñn­cz­yf­hj­ljv­ge­ntv­cdj­åjl­ysö,­cghf­dtl­kb­dsö­b­jn­rhs­nsö­ds­åj­hjd,­ghb­xtv­ghf­dj­uj­kj­cf­bvt­tn­dct­dphjc­kjt­yf­ct­kt­ybt.

Lj­dnj­hjq­gj­kj­db­ys­ÖÈÖ­dt­rf­ås­kj­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yt­yj­vyt­ybt,­xnj­yf­hj­ljd­kfc­nbt­eybx­nj­ébn­cdj­åj­le.­Cxb­nf­kjcm,­xnj­tc­kb­yf­hjl­gj­ke­xbn­dth­öjd­yeñ­dkfcnm­d­cdj­tq­cnhf­yt,­nj­jy­rjy­abc­re­tn­bve­ot­cn­dj­åj­uf­nsö­b­cb­kjq­yf­dz­étn­dctv­xkt­yfv­jå­ot­cn­df­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjt­b­cj­wb­fkm­yjt­tlb­yj­jå­hf­pbt.­Ldt­rkfc­cb­xtc­rbt­hf­åj­ns­ÖÈÖ­dt­rf,­gj­cdz­oty­yst­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rj­ve­fyf­kb­pe:­lde­önjv­yjt­bc­ckt­lj­df­ybt­≤J­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­d­Fvt­hb­rt≥­ahfy­wep­crj­uj­fhbcnj­rhf­nf­Fktr­cb­cf­Njr­db­kz­b­äc­ct­≤J­cdj­åj­lt≥­fy­ukb­xf­yb­yf­Léj­yf­Cnñ­fh­nf­Vbk­kz­–­ght­le­ght­élf­kb­j­gj­ljåyjq­jgfc­yjc­nb.­Ntv­yt­vt­ytt­r­yf­xf­ke­ÖÖ­dt­rf­cnf­kj­zc­yj,­xnj­cdj­åj­lf­b­yf­hj­ljd­kfc­nbt­vj­uen­vbh­yj­cj­ce­ot­cn­dj­dfnm,­rfr­änj­ct­ujl­yz­ghj­bc­öj­lbn­dj­vyj­ubö­cnhf­yfö­vb­hf.

Cbc nt vf cj wb fkm yjq pf ob ns

Jl­yjq­bp­ukfd­ysö­ghb­xby­ec­gti­yj­uj­jåüt­lb­yt­ybz­änbö­ldeö­cj­cnfd­kzñ­obö­ås­kj­gj­zd­kt­ybt­d­rjy­wt­ÖÈÖ­b­gth­dst­lt­cz­nb­kt­nbz­ÖÖ­dt­rf­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­ysö­ghj­uhfvv­cj­wb­fkm­yjq­pf­ob­ns:­gty­cbq­gj­cnf­hjc­nb,­gj­cj­åbq­gj­åtp­hf­åj­nb­wt­b­vt­lb­wby­crjq­cnhf­öjd­rb,­–­rj­nj­hst­d­cj­dj­reg­yjc­nb­cnf­kb­yf­ps­dfnm­cz­cbc­nt­vjq­cj­wb­fkm­yjq­åt­pj­gfc­yjc­nb,­bkb­cj­wb­fkm­ysv­uj­ce­lfh­cn­djv.­Gj­crjkm­re­rfé­lsq­uhfé­lf­yby­bvt­tn­ghf­dj­yf­nf­rbt­cj­wb­fkm­yst­uf­hfy­nbb,­cj­wb­fkm­yjt­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dj­gj­ce­ot­cn­de­jåtc­gt­xb­kj­dct­jå­ott­

D­Ltym­dpz­nbz­Åfc­nb­kbb­d­Gf­hb­ét­jn­vt­xf­tn­cz­hjé­lt­ybt­yf­wbj-yfkm­yjq­yt­pf­db­cb­vjc­nb

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eJournal USA 6

gt­ht­hfcght­ltkt­ybt­cj­åcn­dty­yjc­nb,­xnj,­d­cdjñ­jxt­htlm,­clt­kf­kj­by­cnb­nen­xfc­nyjq­cj­åcn­dty­yjc­nb­åj­ktt­ghb­tv­kt­vsv,­xtv­tc­kb­ås­gj­ljåysö­cj­wb­fkm­ysö­uf­hfy­nbq­yt­ås­kj.

Cj­xt­nf­ybt­cj­wb­fkm­ysö­uf­hfy­nbq­cj­cdj­åj­ljq­b­yf­hj­lj­dkfc­nb­tv­clt­kf­kj­lt­vjr­hf­nbñ­ghb­dkt­rf­ntkm­yjq.­Änj­ve­nfr­ét­cgj­cjå­cn­dj­dfk­b­öjl­cj­dht­vty­yjq­bc­nj­hbb,­rju­lf­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­cnf­kb­cf­vs­vb­åj­uf­ns­vb­b­vj­ue­ot­cn­dty­ys­vb­cnhf­yf­vb­vb­hf:­Dt­kb­rj­åhb­nf­ybz­d­ÖÈÖ,­Cj­tlb­yty­yst­Inf­ns­–­d­ÖÖ­dt­rt.­Ybx­nj­nfr­yt­eåté­lf­tn,­rfr­ec­gtö:­gj­crjkm­re­dj­dnj­hjq­gj­kj­db­yt­ÖÖ­dt­rf­cf­vs­vb­ght­ec­gt­dfñ­ob­vb­ås­kb­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rbt­cnhf­ys­Pf­gfl­yjq­Td­hj­gs,­Zgj­ybz,­Cj­tlb­yty­yst­Inf­ns­b­Dt­kb­rj­åhb­nf­ybz,­jc­nfkm­yst­cnht­vb­kbcm­bv­gjl­hf­éfnm.

Yj­jl­yj­lt­kj­–­gj­ét­kfnm­ec­nf­yj­dbnm­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­reñ­cbc­nt­ve­ghfd­kt­ybz,­b­cj­dctv­lhe­ujt­–­ltqcn­db­ntkm­yj­cj­plfnm­tt.­Pltcm­hfp­yb­wf­vté­le­lde­vz­cj­cnfd­kzñ­ob­vb­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­lf­tn­j­ct­åt­pyfnm.­Yf­hj­ljd­kfc­nbt­zd­kz­tn­cz­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbv­ghby­wb­gjv,­rj­nj­hsq­jn­yj­cb­ntkm­yj­ktu­rj­dj­gkj­nbnm­d­ébpym.­Cdj­åjl­yst­ds­åj­hs­vjé­yj­jh­uf­yb­pj­dfnm­åsc­nhj­b­yt­lj­hj­uj­ghfr­nb­xtc­rb­dtp­lt.

Cdj­åj­le­ét­ec­nf­yj­dbnm­uj­hfp­lj­nhel­ytt.­Änj­nht­åe­tn­yf­kb­xbz­jght­ltkty­ysö­jå­ot­cn­dty­ysö­by­cnb­ne­njd,­b­ght­élt­dct­uj­gjk­yj­wty­yjq­ghf­dj­djq­cbc­nt­vs.­Yt­jå­öj­lb­vs­kñ­lb,­jå­kf­lfñ­obt­yf­ds­rf­vb­b­jgs­njv­eg­hfd­kt­ybz­nf­rb­vb­by­cnb­ne­nf­vb.­Cdj­åj­lf­vj­étn­ghj­wdt­nfnm­njkm­rj­d­jå­ot­cn­dt,­d­rj­nj­hjv­erj­ht­yb­kbcm­wty­yjc­nb,­gjl­lth­éb­dfñ­obt­änb­by­cnb­ne­ns,­yf­ghb­vth­edf­ét­ybt­r­pf­rj­ye.­Nf­rbt­jå­ot­cn­dty­yst­by­cnb­ne­ns,­yf­ds­rb­b­wty­yjc­nb­yt­djp­vjé­yj­åsc­nhj­cj­plfnm­b­yt­kmpz­bvgjh­nbhj­dfnm­uj­nj­ds­vb­bp­pf­uhf­yb­ws.­D­Dt­kb­rj­åhb­nf­ybb,­yf­ghb­vth,­jyb­ajh­vb­hj­df­kbcm­d­nt­xt­ybt­vyj­ubö­cnj­kt­nbq.­Gj­änj­ve­djp­yb­rf­tn­dj­ghjc:­jn­re­lf­jyb­gj­zd­kz­ñn­cz?­Rf­rbv­jå­hf­pjv­ntv­jå­ot­cn­dfv,­d­rj­nj­hsö­jn­cen­cn­deñn­jå­ot­cn­dty­yst­by­cnb­ne­ns­b­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rbt­ghj­wt­le­hs,­elf­tn­cz­bö­ec­nf­yj­dbnm?

D­ryb­ut­≤Ljå­hjt­bvz­lt­vjr­hf­nbb≥­z­jåüzc­yzñ,­xnj­jc­yjd­ysv­bc­njx­yb­rjv­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjq­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­zd­kz­tn­cz­hs­yjx­yfz­ärj­yj­vb­rf.­Rj­ytx­yj,­dctu­lf­ce­ot­cn­djdf­kb­–­b­ghj­ljk­éf­ñn­ce­ot­cn­dj­dfnm­–­cnhf­ys,­d­rj­nj­hsö­hs­yjx­yfz­ärj­yj­vb­rf­yt­gjl­rhtg­kz­tn­cz­lt­vjr­hf­nb­tq­d­gj­kb­nb­rt,­yj­d­ÖÖÈ­dt­rt­dct­cnhf­ys­c­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rjq­ajh­vjq­ghfd­

kt­ybz­bvt­ñn­hs­yjx­yeñ­ärj­yj­vb­re.­D­åjkm­iby­cn­dt­cnhfy,­ult­lt­vjr­hf­nbz­gj­zdb­kfcm­d­gj­cktl­ytq­xtn­dth­nb­ÖÖ­dt­rf,­jcj­åty­yj­d­cnhf­yfö­Ñé­yjq­Td­hj­gs,­Kf­nby­crjq­Fvt­hb­rb,­Dj­cnjx­yjq­b­Ñuj­Djc­njx­yjq­Fpbb,­tt­gj­zd­kt­ybñ­ghtl­it­cn­djdf­kj­öj­nz­ås­jl­yj­gj­rj­kt­ybt,­ds­hjc­itt­d­ec­kj­db­zö­ltqcn­deñ­otq­hs­yjx­yjq­ärj­yj­vb­rb.

Hs yjx yst jn yj it ybz cj ltqcn de ñn lt vjr hf nbb

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Dj­­dnj­hsö,­cdj­åjl­ysq­hs­yjr­cj­plf­tn­åj­ufn­cn­dj,­b,­rfr­gj­rf­pf­kj­vyj­ét­cn­dj­bc­ckt­lj­df­ybq,­xtv­åj­uf­xt­cnhf­yf,­ntv­åj­ktt­dt­hj­zn­yj,­xnj­jyf­eg­hfd­kz­tn­cz­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rb.­E­åj­uf­nsö­kñ­ltq­tcnm­dht­vz­exf­cn­dj­dfnm­d­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjq­ébp­yb,­rj­nj­hjt­nht­åe­tn­cz­lkz­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­b­rj­nj­hj­uj­ytn­e­åtl­ysö.­Åj­ufn­cn­dj­gj­hjé­lf­tn­bc­nj­hb­xtc­reñ­jc­yj­de­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­–­chtl­ybq­rkfcc.

D­nht­nmbö,­cdj­åjl­ysq­hs­yjr­zd­kz­tn­cz­dfé­yjq­cj­cnfd­yjq­xfc­nmñ­nj­uj,­xnj­cgt­wbf­kbc­ns­d­jå­kfc­nb­jå­ot­cn­dty­ysö­yf­er­yf­ps­df­ñn­uhfé­lfy­crbv­jå­ot­cn­djv.­Jyj­cj­cnjbn­bp­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbq­b­uhegg,­jn­lt­kty­ysö­jn­uj­ce­lfh­cn­

Rb­nfq­gt­ht­itk­r­pf­ob­nt­xfc­nyjq­cj­åcn­dty­yjc­nb,­rj­nj­hfz­ghtl­cnfd­kz­tn­cj­åjq­jl­ye­bp­ajhv­­cdj­åj­ls

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eJournal USA 7

df,­nf­rbö­rfr­ghja­cjñ­ps,­ht­kb­ub­jp­yst­b­ghj­atc­cbj­yfkm­yst­jåüt­lb­yt­ybz.­Uhfé­lfy­crjt­jå­ot­cn­dj­cnj­bn­vté­le­uj­ce­lfhcn­djv­b­jn­ltkm­yjq­kbx­yjc­nmñ.­Jyj­ju­hf­yb­xb­df­tn­dkfcnm­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yj­uj­fg­gf­hf­nf­b­jåtc­gt­xb­df­tn­cj­wb­fkm­yjt­ghj­cnhf­ycn­dj­lkz­ltz­ntkm­yjc­nb,­yt­pf­db­cb­vjq­jn­uj­ce­lfhcn­df.­Jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb­uhfé­lfy­crj­uj­jå­ot­cn­df­jgb­hf­ñn­cz­yf­hs­yjx­yeñ­ärj­yj­vb­re­d­gkf­yt­ab­yfy­cb­hj­df­ybz,­rj­nj­hjt­yt­jå­öj­lb­vj­lkz­bö­ltz­ntkm­yjc­nb.­Lt­vjr­hf­nbz­yt­vj­étn­ce­ot­cn­dj­dfnm­åtp­uhfé­lfy­crj­uj­jå­ot­cn­df,­f­uhfé­lfy­crjt­jå­ot­cn­dj­–­åtp­aeyr­wbjyb­heñ­otq­hs­yjx­yjq­ärj­yj­vb­rb.

D­xtn­dth­nsö,­cdj­åjl­ysq­hs­yjr­ghb­dj­lbn­r­djp­ybr­yj­dt­ybñ­ldeö­ghb­ds­xtr,­xhtp­ds­xfq­yj­yt­jå­öj­lb­vsö­lkz­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rjq­gj­kb­nb­rb.­Jl­yf­bp­ybö­–­lj­dt­hbt.­Uhfé­lf­yt­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rj­uj­jå­ot­cn­df­lj­kéys­lj­dt­hznm­cdjt­ve­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­de­d­njv,­xnj­jyj­yt­åe­ltn­ju­hf­yb­xb­dfnm­bö­ghf­df,­f­vtym­iby­cn­df­lj­kéys­lj­dt­hznm­åjkm­iby­cn­de­d­njv,­xnj­jyj­yt­cnf­ytn­bv­dht­lbnm­bkb­ght­ckt­lj­dfnm­bö.­D­ec­kj­db­zö­hs­yjx­yjq­ärj­yj­vb­rb­gj­re­gf­nt­kb­b­ghj­lfd­ws­lj­kéys­dt­hbnm,­xnj­ec­kj­dbz­pf­rkñ­xty­yjq­cltk­rb­åe­len­jåj­ñl­yj­cj­åkñ­lfnm­cz;­d­ghj­nbd­yjv­cke­xft­njh­uj­dst­jn­yj­it­ybz­yt­cvj­uen­bvtnm­vtc­nj.

Lhe­ufz­dj­cgb­nfy­yfz­hs­yjx­ys­vb­jn­yj­it­ybz­vb­ghb­dsx­rf,­yt­jå­öj­lb­vfz­lkz­ce­ot­cn­djdf­ybz­lt­vjr­hf­nbb,­–­änj­cgj­cjå­yjcnm­r­rjv­ghj­vbc­ce.­Gj­ce­nb,­gj­yz­nbt­≤lt­vjr­hf­nbz≥­vjé­yj­jght­ltkbnm­nfr:­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rfz­cbc­nt­vf,­ghb­rj­nj­hjq­vbh­ysq­rjv­ghj­vbcc,­f­yt­cb­kf­bkb­ghb­yeé­lt­ybt,­zd­kz­tn­cz­cgj­cj­åjv­eht­ue­kb­hj­df­ybz­hfp­yj­ukf­cbq,­yt­bp­åté­ysö­d­kñ­åjv­jå­ot­cn­dt.­Kñ­lb­exfn­cz­rjv­ghj­vbc­cfv,­jce­ot­cn­dkzz­åel­ybx­yst­ltqcn­dbz­d­ec­kj­db­zö­hs­yjx­yjq­ärj­yj­vb­rb.­Gj­re­gf­ntkm­b­ghj­lf­dtw­lj­kéys­bl­nb­yf­rjv­ghj­vbcc­d­jn­yj­it­ybb­wt­ys­cltk­rb,­gj­crjkm­re­ghj­lf­dtw­dctu­lf­åe­ltn­cnht­vbnm­cz­gj­ke­xbnm­åjkm­it,­f­gj­re­gf­ntkm­–­pf­gkf­nbnm­vtym­it.

Yf­xb­yfz­c­gj­cktl­ytq­nht­nb­ÖÖ­dt­rf,­cdj­åjl­ysq­hs­yjr­gj­ke­xbk­afr­nb­xtc­rb­gj­dct­vtcn­yjt­ghb­pyf­ybt­rfr­kex­ifz­ajh­vf­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rjq­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb,­jåtc­gt­xb­dfñ­ofz­ghj­wdt­nf­ybt.­Dct­jå­ot­cn­df­öj­nzn­cnfnm­ghj­wdt­nfñ­ob­vb,­b­gj­nj­ve­gjx­nb­dct­jyb­cj­plf­kb­bkb­gs­nf­ñn­cz­cj­plfnm­hs­yjx­yeñ­ärj­yj­vb­re.­Gj­crjkm­re­ghj­wdt­nf­ybt,­rfr­ghf­db­kj,­cgj­cjå­cn­detn­hs­yjx­yjq­ärj­yj­vb­rt,­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yt­ybt­cdj­åjl­ysö­hs­yjx­ysö­jn­yj­it­ybq­zdb­kjcm­yf­båj­ktt­ltqcn­dty­yjq­ghb­xb­yjq­djp­ybr­yj­dt­ybz­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rbö­ht­éb­vjd­gj­dct­ve­vb­he.­n

Vyt­ybt,­ds­hf­éty­yjt­d­lfy­yjq­cnf­nmt,­yt­jåz­pf­ntkm­yj­jn­hf­éf­tn­njx­re­

pht­ybz­bkb­gj­kb­nb­re­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­CIF.

eJournal USA 8

Cnhf­ys­vj­uen­bvtnm­hfp­yeñ­cnt­gtym­cdj­åj­ls­b­lt­vjr­hf­

nbb,­edt­ht­yf­Xfy­Ötyu­Xb,­gj­cjk­Cby­uf­ge­hf­d­CIF.­Jn­rhs­

nsq­hs­yjr­–­yt­jå­öj­lb­vjt,­yj­yt­ljc­nf­njx­yjt­ec­kj­dbt­lkz­

lt­vjr­hf­nbb.­Gj­tt­ckj­dfv,­jgsn­gj­cktl­ybö­ktn­gj­rf­ps­

df­tn,­xnj,­pf­bc­rkñ­xt­yb­tv­By­lbb,­jn­rhs­nsq­hs­yjr­dtp­lt­

ghtl­it­cn­dj­dfk­lt­vjr­hf­nbb.­Lfy­yfz­cnf­nmz­cj­cnfd­kt­yf­

gj­vf­nt­hbf­kfv­tt­ds­cneg­kt­ybz­d­rjk­kt­lét­Db­kmz­vf­b­­

Vä­hb­d­Db­kmzv­cåeh­ut,­Dbh­léb­ybz,­18­cty­nzå­hz­2007­uj­lf.

Fy­ukj­fvt­hb­rfy­crfz­lt­vjr­hf­nbz­jc­yj­df­yf­yf­gfh­kf­vtyn­crjq­vj­lt­kb­Cj­tlb­yty­yj­uj­rj­hj­ktd­cn­df­bkb­yf­hfp­lt­kt­ybb­dkfc­ntq,­

ghb­yz­njv­d­fvt­hb­rfy­crjq­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjq­cbc­nt­vt.­Ghf­dbkm­yjt­aeyr­wbjyb­hj­df­ybt­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­ghtl­gj­kf­uf­tn­cdj­åj­le­ckj­df,­cdj­åj­le­cj­åhf­ybq,­cdj­åjl­yst­ds­åj­hs,­ukf­dty­cn­dj­pf­rj­yf.­Kñ­åfz­cnhf­yf,­yf­ps­dfñ­ofz­ct­åz­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rjq,­lj­kéyf­cj­åkñ­lfnm­änb­ghby­wb­gs.

Yj­lt­vjr­hf­nbz­d­hfp­ysö­cnhf­yfö­vb­hf­htf­kb­pe­tn­cz­d­hfp­yjq­cnt­gt­yb.­Lt­vjr­hf­nbb,­cdj­åj­ls­vj­étn­åsnm­åjkm­it­bkb­vtym­it.­Vf­kfq­pbz­b­Cby­uf­geh­­vt­ytt­lt­vjr­hf­nbx­ys,­xtv­Zgj­ybz­b­Ñé­yfz­Rj­htz,­yj­åj­ktt­lt­vjr­hf­nbx­ys,­xtv­Nfb­kfyl­b­Tub­gtn.

Z­le­vfñ,­xnj­hsy­rb­yt­jå­öj­lb­vs,­yj­yt­ljc­nf­njx­ys­lkz­lt­vjr­hf­nbb.­Vs­tot­yt­db­lt­kb­yb­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rjq­cnhf­ys­cj­dctv­åtp­jn­rhs­nj­uj­hsy­rf,­­yb­cnhf­ys,­få­cj­kñn­yj­pf­rhs­njq­lkz­dyti­yt­uj­vb­hf,­rj­nj­hfz­yt­ås­kf­ås­fd­nj­hb­nfh­yjq­bkb­nj­nf­kb­nfh­yjq.­D­Vmzy­vt­afr­nb­xtc­rb­ytn­hsy­rf­b­gjk­yj­cnmñ­jn­cen­cn­detn­lt­vjr­hf­nbz.­D­Ct­dth­yjq­Rj­htt­ytn­yb­hsy­rjd,­yb­lt­vjr­hf­nbb.

Xnj­ét­gth­dbx­yj:­hs­yjr­bkb­lt­vjr­hf­nbz?­Rfr­jyb­cj­jn­yj­czn­cz­bkb­lj­kéys­cj­jn­yj­cbnm­cz?

Xt ns ht nbu hf

Yf­åkñ­lfz­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjt­hfp­db­nbt­Fpbb,­z­ås­crf­pf­kf,­xnj­hs­yjr­gj­zd­kz­tn­cz­ght­élt­lt­vjr­hf­nbb.­Xt­ns­ht­nbu­hf:­Ñé­yfz­Rj­htz,­Nfq­dfym,­Ujy­rjyu­b­Cby­uf­geh­–­ås­kb­fd­nj­hb­nfh­ys­vb­uj­ce­lfh­cn­df­vb,­yj­cnf­kb­åj­ktt­jn­rhs­ns­vb­åkf­uj­lf­hz­jhb­ty­nb­hj­dfy­yjq­yf­ärcgjhn­hs­yjx­yjq­ärj­yj­vb­rt.­Dct­änb­uj­ce­lfh­cn­df­lj­åb­kbcm­åjkm­ij­uj­ec­gt­öf­d­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rjv­gkf­yt,­

pf­gj­cktl­ybt­lt­cznm­ldfl­wfnm­ktn­lt­vjyc­nhb­hez­tétujl­yj­d­chtl­ytv­8–9­ghj­wty­nysq­hjcn­ärj­yj­vb­rb.

Döjé­lt­ybt­d­vb­hj­djq­hs­yjr­nht­åe­tn­lbc­wbg­kb­ys,­ukf­dty­cn­df­pf­rj­yf,­ghj­phfx­yjc­nb­b­lj­cne­gf­r­by­ajh­vf­wbb.­Änb­bp­vt­yt­ybz­dt­len­r­djp­ybr­yj­dt­ybñ­ghj­wdt­nfñ­ot­uj­chtl­yt­uj­rkfc­cf,­rj­nj­hsq­zd­kz­tn­cz­ghjx­yjq­jc­yj­djq­cnf­åbkm­yjq­lt­vjr­hf­nbb.­Cnhf­ys,­rj­nj­hst­döj­lzn­d­vb­hj­deñ­ärj­yj­vb­re,­jl­yj­dht­vty­yj­dkb­df­ñn­cz­d­ghj­wtcc­ukj­åf­kb­pf­wbb,­xnj­dt­ltn­r­lt­vjr­hf­nb­pf­wbb­b­ds­hfd­yb­df­ybñ­ehjd­yz­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­uj­hfp­db­nbz.

cnt gt yb lt vjr hf nbb b ukj åf kb pf wbz

Xfy­Ötyu­Xb

Cby­uf­geh­lj­åbk­cz­yf­cnjz­ot­uj­åe­vf­d­ntr­cnbkm­yjq­b­lhe­ubö­jn­hfc­kzö­ghj­vsi­kty­yjc­nb,­ght­élt­xtv­yf­xfnm­ldb­ét­ybt­d­cnj­hj­ye­lt­vjr­hf­nbb.

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eJournal USA 9

Chfd­yb­nt­Hjc­cbñ­b­Rb­nfq.­Cj­dtn­crbq­Cj­ñp­gjl­he­rj­djl­cn­djv­Vb­öfb­kf­Ujh­åf­xt­df­tot­lj­gt­ht­cnhjq­rb­(bp­vt­yt­ybt­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rjq­cbc­nt­vs)­ds­åhfk­ukfc­yjcnm­(jn­rhs­njcnm),­xnj­ec­rj­hb­kj­hfp­dfk­Cj­dtn­crj­uj­Cj­ñpf.­Yj­ct­ujl­yz­Hjc­cbz­cnf­kf­åj­ktt­wty­nhf­kb­pj­dfy­yjq,­b­CIF­ythd­yb­xf­ñn­gj­gj­dj­le­nj­uj,­xnj­jyf­jnji­kf­jn­lt­vjr­hf­nbb.

Rb­nfq­yf­xfk­c­gt­ht­cnhjq­rb.­C­1978­uj­lf­d­Rb­nft­yf­åkñ­lf­tn­cz­yt­db­lfy­ysq­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbq­hjcn.­Chtl­ybq­rkfcc­hfc­ntn,­by­nth­ytn­hf­åj­nf­tn­dj­dcñ,­hfp­ht­it­ys­cj­wb­fkm­yst­cdj­åj­ls.­Rb­nfq­wfv­gj­pdj­kt­yj­ds­tp­éfnm­pf­uhf­yb­we,­d­cnhf­ye­nt­ren­ghz­vst­byj­cnhfy­yst­by­dtc­nb­wbb­b­bltb.­Z­le­vfñ,­xnj­b­rb­nfq­crfz­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rfz­cbc­nt­vf­dcrj­ht­bp­vt­ybn­cz,­xnj­ås­cj­jn­dtn­cn­dj­dfnm­åsc­nhj­ajh­vb­heñ­otq­cz­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rjq­cbc­nt­vt.­Änj­pf­rjy­rjy­re­hty­wbb.­Rb­nfq­crfz­lt­vjr­hf­nbz­vj­étn­åsnm­yt­gj­öj­étq­yf­fy­ukj­fvt­hb­rfy­creñ,­yj­ds­åj­hs,­cdj­åj­lf­ckj­df,­jn­dtn­cn­dty­yjcnm­gt­htl­yf­hj­ljv­cj­dht­vt­ytv­jåz­pf­ntkm­yj­ghb­len.

By­lbz­–­tlby­cn­dty­yfz­cnhf­yf­Fpbb,­ult­cyf­xf­kf­djp­ybr­kf­lt­vjr­hf­nbz,­f­gj­njv­hs­yjr.­Ctq­xfc­By­lbz­jn­rhs­df­tn­cdjb­hsy­rb­b­dyj­cbn­åjkm­ijq­drkfl­d­vb­hj­deñ­ärj­yj­vb­re.­Ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbq­gjl­ütv­cnhf­ys­yt­pf­uj­hf­vb.­By­lbz,­d­rj­nj­hjq­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rbq­cnhjq­ec­nf­yj­dbk­cz­lj­hsy­rf,­djp­vjé­yj,­ghtl­cnfd­kz­tn­cj­åjq­htl­rjt­bc­rkñ­xt­ybt­bp­ghf­db­kf.

Hjkm CIF

Gjc­kt­Dnj­hjq­vb­hj­djq­djq­ys­CIF­b­bö­td­hj­gtq­crbt­cj­ñp­yb­rb­ghb­kj­éb­kb­yt­vf­kj­ecb­kbq,­xnj­ås­ec­nf­yj­dbnm­jn­rhs­neñ­b­cghf­dtl­kb­deñ­njh­uj­deñ­cbc­nt­ve­b­cnf­åbkm­yeñ­cbc­nt­ve­df­kñn­yj­uj­jå­vt­yf.­Vté­le­yf­hjl­yst­cj­ukf­

it­ybz­ghb­dt­kb­r­ju­hjv­yj­ve­hjc­ne­njh­ujd­kb,­åfy­rjd­crj­uj­lt­kf­b­ab­yfy­cjd­d­vb­ht.­Jyb­gj­pdj­kz­ñn­cnhf­yfv,­yt­lfd­yj­gj­ke­xbd­ibv­yt­pf­db­cb­vjcnm­b­ce­dt­ht­yb­ntn­b­drkñ­xty­ysv­d­äne­cbc­nt­ve,­hfp­db­dfnm­cz­b­ghj­wdt­nfnm,­yt­ghb­åt­ufz­r­dj­jhe­éty­ysv­rjy­akbr­nfv­lkz­lj­cnb­ét­ybz­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbö­wt­ktq.

D­ec­kj­db­zö­jn­rhs­nj­uj­hsy­rf­b­cdjåjl­yjq­njh­ujd­kb­CIF­kb­lb­he­ñn­b­d­ghj­ldb­ét­ybb­lt­vjr­hf­nbb.­Lkz­nj­uj,­xnj­ås­cnhf­yf­ht­ib­kfcm­yf­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rbq­är­cgt­hb­vtyn­b­ght­ec­gt­kf­d­ytv,­jn­rhs­nsq­hs­yjr­cxb­nfk­cz­yt­jå­öj­lb­vsv­ec­kj­db­tv.­Hsy­rb­CIF­ås­kb­jn­rhs­ns,­jce­ot­cn­dkzk­cz­ärcgjhn­ljk­uj­chjx­yj­uj­ccel­yj­uj­

rf­gb­nf­kf­b­ntö­yj­kj­ubq.­Rju­lf­d­Fpbb­uj­dj­hzn­≤Fvt­hb­rf≥,­nj­d­gth­deñ­jxt­htlm­gjl­hf­pe­vt­df­ñn­lt­vjr­hf­nbñ­b­cdj­åjl­ysq­hs­yjr.

Cj­dht­vty­≤öjkjl­yjq­djq­ys≥­CIF­b­Td­hj­gf­ds­cne­gf­ñn­pf­hfp­db­nbt­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­b­pf­ob­ne­ghfd­xt­kj­dt­rf,­f­nfr­ét­pf­cj­rhf­ot­ybt­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­uj­ht­ue­kb­hj­df­ybz­d­cnhf­yfö­c­fd­nj­hb­nfh­ys­vb­b­nj­nf­kb­nfh­ys­vb­ht­éb­vf­vb.­D­änjv­cenm­Df­iby­unjy­crj­uj­rjy­cty­ce­cf.­D­Fpbb­cxb­nf­ñn,­xnj­fu­htc­cbd­yjt­ghj­dt­lt­ybt­gj­ljåyjq­gj­kb­nb­rb­ås­kj­ght­élt­dht­vty­ysv­b­jn­xfc­nb­cghj­dj­wb­hj­df­kj­fpb­fn­crbq­ab­yfy­cj­dsq­rhb­pbc­1997­uj­lf.

Z­cxb­nfñ,­xnj­CIF­gj­­ghté­yt­ve­pf­by­nt­ht­cj­df­ys­d­ghj­ldb­ét­ybb­lt­vjr­hf­nbb.­Ghb­änjv,­rfr­yb­gf­hf­ljr­cfkm­yj,­Cj­tlb­yty­yst­Inf­ns­jå­hf­of­ñn­cz­r­gj­kb­nb­rt­ghj­ntr­wbj­ybp­vf.­Tc­kb­Fvt­hb­rf­öj­xtn­njh­ét­cn­df­lt­vjr­hf­nbb,­jyf­yt­lj­kéyf­pf­rhs­dfnm­cdjb­hsy­rb.­Yj­dst­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­pf­ljö­yen­cz,­tc­kb­yt­cvj­uen­ghj­ler­nbd­yj­hf­åj­nfnm­b­lj­åb­dfnm­cz­åkf­uj­gj­ke­xbz,­ltqcn­dez­gj­ghf­db­kfv,­ghb­yz­nsv­dj­dctv­vb­ht.

Rju­lf­rb­nfq­crbt­cne­lty­ns­ds­cne­gb­kb­ghj­nbd­dkfc­ntq­yf­gkj­of­lb­Nz­ymfym­väym,­jyb­djp­ldbu­kb­cbv­dj­kb­xtc­reñ­Cnf­neñ­Cdj­åj­ls,­gj­nj­ve­xnj­Cj­tlb­yty­yst­Inf­ns­zd­kz­ñn­cz­cbv­dj­kjv­cdj­åj­ls­b­yt­pf­db­cb­vjc­nb.­Df­if­cnhf­yf­ärcgjh­nb­he­tn­änb­wty­yjc­nb.­Tc­kb­ås­Cj­tlb­yty­yst­Inf­ns­gt­ht­ikb­yf­gj­pb­wbñ­ghj­ntr­wbj­ybp­vf,­dhzl­kb­cne­lty­ns­ds­åhf­kb­ås­njn­ét­cbv­djk.­Z­yt­dt­hñ,­xnj­Cj­tlb­yty­yst­Inf­ns­pf­by­nt­ht­cj­df­ys­d­nf­rjv­bvb­lét.­n

Vyt­ybz,­ds­hf­éty­yst­d­lfy­yjq­cnf­nmt,­yt­jåz­pf­ntkm­yj­jn­hf­éf­ñn­njx­re­

pht­ybz­bkb­gj­kb­nb­re­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­CIF.

Ärj­yj­vb­rf­Rb­nfz­åeh­yj­hfp­db­df­tn­cz.­Bp­vt­ybn­cz­kb­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rfz­cbc­nt­vf­änjq­cnhf­ys?

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eJournal USA 10

Rf­gb­nf­kbpv­b­lt­vjr­hf­nbz,­rfr­ghf­db­kj,­yt­djp­yb­rf­kb­

jl­yj­dht­vty­yj,­rfr­cxb­nf­tn­Åhñc­Crjnn.­Gj­tuj­vyt­ybñ,­

dcnf­tn­yj­dsq­dj­ghjc:­åe­len­kb­jyb­gj­­ghté­yt­ve­lj­vb­yb­

hj­dfnm­d­vb­hj­dsö­cbc­nt­vfö­rjv­vth­wbb­b­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yj­

uj­eg­hfd­kt­ybz.­Crjnn­–­ghj­atc­cjh­lt­kj­dj­uj­fl­vb­ybc­nhb­

hj­df­ybz­yf­rf­atl­ht­Gj­kf­Efq­nj­yf­Xt­hby­unj­yf­d­Ds­citq­

irj­kt­åbp­yt­cf­Ufh­dfhl­crj­uj­eyb­dth­cb­nt­nf­b­fd­njh­ryb­ub­

≤Rf­gb­nf­kbpv,­lt­vjr­hf­nbz­b­hfp­db­nbt≥­(Capita lism, Democracy and De velopme nt),­rj­nj­hfz­åe­ltn­jgeå­kb­rj­df­yf­d­rjy­wt­änj­uj­uj­lf­d­bp­lf­ntkm­cn­dt­Springer Verlag.

Cj­tlb­yty­yst­Inf­ns­bp­dtcn­ys­gj­vtym­itq­vt­ht­cj­dht­vt­yb­ds­öj­lf­d­1835­uj­le­ds­lfñ­ot­uj­cz­nhe­lf­≤Lt­vjr­hf­nbz­d­Fvt­hb­rt≥­Fktr­cb­cf­lt­Njr­db­kz­

cdj­bv­cgt­wb­ab­xtc­rbv­cj­xt­nf­yb­tv­rf­gb­nf­kbp­vf­b­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­–­lt­wty­nhf­kb­pj­dfy­ysv­ghj­wtc­cjv­ghb­yz­nbz­ht­it­ybq­rfr­d­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rjq,­nfr­b­d­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjq­jå­kfc­nzö.

Yt­cvjn­hz­yf­nj,­xnj­gj­rf­ytn­jå­otg­hb­yz­nj­uj­jght­ltkt­ybz­rf­gb­nf­kbp­vf,­c­1990­uj­lf­rf­gb­nf­kbpv­cnfk­

ghfr­nb­xtc­rb­dct­vbh­yjq­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rjq­cbc­nt­vjq,­hfc­ghj­cnhf­ybd­itq­cz­yf­Rbnfq­b­By­lbñ,­yj­yt­drkñ­xbd­itq­Re­åe­b­Ctdthyeñ­Rj­htñ.

Lfnm­jght­ltkt­ybt­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­tot­nhel­ytt,­f­jn­yt­uj­pf­db­cbn­rj­kb­xt­cn­dj­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rbö­cnhfy­d­vb­ht.­Gj­gjl­cxt­nfv­Hjåth­nf­Lf­kz,­gj­kb­nj­kj­uf­bp­Qtkmc­rj­uj­eyb­dth­cb­nt­nf,­åjkm­it­gj­kj­db­ys­bp­200­cnhf­y­xkt­yjd­JJY,­d­rj­nj­hsö­ghj­éb­df­tn­yf­dth­yjt­ldt­nht­nb­yf­ct­kt­ybz­vb­hf,­vj­uen­åsnm­jöf­hfr­nt­hb­pj­df­ys­rfr­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rbt.

Nf­rbv­jå­hf­pjv,­rf­gb­nf­kbpv,­yt­cvjn­hz­yf­ghb­åkb­pb­ntkm­yjcnm­cf­vj­uj­nth­vb­yf,­lj­cnbu­ghfr­nb­xtc­rb­

gjk­yj­uj­ujc­gjl­cn­df­d­vb­hj­djq­ärj­yj­vb­rt,­f­lt­vjr­hf­nbz­cnf­kf­yjh­vf­nbd­yjq­vj­lt­kmñ,­öj­nz­tt­afr­nb­xtc­rjt­ght­jå­kf­lf­ybt­åj­ktt­ju­hf­yb­xt­yj:­Rb­nfq­lj­åbk­cz­yt­jåsr­yj­dty­yj­uj­ec­gt­öf­d­gj­cnhjt­ybb­rf­gb­nf­kbc­nb­xtc­rjq­cbc­nt­vs­ärj­yj­vb­rb,­cj­öhf­ybd­ntv­yt­vt­ytt­fd­nj­hb­nfh­ysq­ht­ébv­ghfd­kt­ybz.

Yt­jå­öj­lb­vj­lfnm­åj­ktt­xtn­rjt­jght­ltkt­ybt­rf­gb­nf­kbp­ve­b­lt­vjr­hf­nbb,­xnj­ås­ghtl­crf­pfnm,­åe­len­kb­jyb­gj­­ghté­yt­ve­ujc­gjl­cn­dj­dfnm­d­rf­xt­cn­dt­cbc­ntv­ärj­yj­vb­rb­b­eg­hfd­kt­ybz.­Dj­­gth­dsö,­ce­ot­cn­deñn­hfp­kbx­yst­db­ls­rf­gb­nf­kbp­vf;­nfr,­fvt­hb­rfy­crbq­rf­gb­nf­kbpv­jn­kb­xf­tn­cz­jn­td­hj­gtq­crj­uj,­gj­crjkm­re­d­Td­hj­gt­étc­nxt­ht­ue­kb­he­tn­cz­hs­yjr­b­ce­ot­cn­detn­åj­ktt­ehfd­yb­ntkm­yfz­cbc­nt­vf­gt­ht­hfcght­ltkt­ybz­lj­öj­ljd.

Dj­­dnj­hsö,­lbc­rec­cbb­gj­gj­dj­le­lt­vjr­hf­nbb,­rfr­ghf­db­kj,­rjy­wty­nhb­he­ñn­cz­yf­ghj­wt­le­hfö­exfc­nbz­uhfé­lfy­d­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjq­ébp­yb,­dj­ghjc­ét­j­njv,­ltqcn­db­ntkm­yj­kb­nf­rjt­exfc­nbt­uf­hfy­nb­he­tn­lt­vjr­hf­nbñ,­yt­jå­ceé­lf­tn­cz.­Ght­pb­ltyn­Fd­hf­fv­Kby­rjkmy­d­cdj­tq­Utn­nbc­åehu­crjq­

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eJournal USA 11

ht­xb­1863­uj­lf­yf­pdfk­Uhfé­lfy­creñ­djq­ye­bc­gs­nf­yb­tv­ébp­ytc­gj­cjå­yjc­nb­≤yfhjl­yj­uj­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yj­uj­eg­hfd­kt­ybz,­yf­hj­ljv­b­lkz­yf­hj­lf≥.­Kby­rjkmy­bvtk­d­db­le,­xnj­yf­hjl­yjt­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yjt­eg­hfd­kt­ybt­yt­uf­hfy­nb­he­tn­eg­hfd­kt­ybz­lkz­yf­hj­lf.­R­vj­vty­ne­ghj­bp­yt­ct­ybz­Kby­rjkm­yjv­cdj­tq­ht­xb­Cj­tlb­yty­ys­vb­Inf­nf­vb­eét­jrj­kj­dt­rf­eg­hfd­kzk­yf­hjl,­jl­yf­rj­yf­ce­ot­cn­djdf­ybt­hfå­cn­df­änjn­yf­hjl­cvjn­htk­crdjpm­gfkm­ws,­rfr­åel­nj­xth­yj­rj­ébt­yt­ås­kb­tuj­xfc­nmñ.­Gjx­nb­nfr­ét­hfd­yj­lei­yj­cnhf­yf­jn­yj­cb­kfcm­b­r­ghj­åkt­vt­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbö­ghfd­éty­oby.

Åj­ktt­nj­uj,­rjy­cnb­ne­wb­jy­yfz­vj­ltkm­CIF­hfp­lt­kz­tn­ce­dt­ht­yb­ntn­vté­le­nht­vz­dtn­dz­vb­dkfc­nb­–­pf­rj­yj­lf­ntkm­yjq,­bc­gjk­yb­ntkm­yjq­b­ce­ltå­yjq,­nju­lf­rfr­åjkm­iby­cn­dj­lhe­ubö­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rbö­ht­éb­vjd­ckt­le­tn­åhb­nfy­crj­ve­ghb­vt­he,­cj­cht­lj­nf­xb­dfz­dth­öjd­yeñ­dkfcnm­d­bp­åb­hft­vjq­yf­hj­ljv­ybé­ytq­gf­kf­nt­cdjt­uj­pf­rj­yj­lf­ntkm­yj­uj­jh­uf­yf.

Jght ltkt ybt nth vb yf ≤rf gb nf kbpv≥

Yb­ét­ghtl­ghb­yb­vf­tn­cz­gj­gsn­rf­lfnm­hf­åj­xtt­jght­ltkt­ybt­nth­vb­yf­≤rf­gb­nf­kbpv≥,­ghj­ckt­lbnm­djp­ybr­yj­dt­ybt­rf­gb­nf­kbp­vf­d­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rjv­rjy­ntr­cnt­b­clt­kfnm­hzl­ghtl­gj­kj­ét­ybq­jå­ec­kj­db­zö,­cgj­cjå­cn­deñ­obö­hfp­db­nbñ­lt­vjr­hf­nbb,­f­djp­vjé­yj,­b­yt­jå­öj­lb­vsö­lkz­tt­ce­ot­cn­djdf­ybz.

Vyj­ubt­ärj­yj­vbc­ns­lf­ñn­ghb­åkb­pb­ntkm­yj­ckt­leñ­ott­jght­ltkt­ybt­rf­gb­nf­kbp­ve:­änj­cbc­nt­vf­ghfd­cj­åcn­dty­yjc­nb,­cj­ce­ot­cn­deñ­ofz­c­hsy­rf­vb­ghj­bp­djl­cn­df­b­gj­nhtå­kt­ybz­nj­df­hjd­b­ec­keu,­rj­nj­hjq­gj­pyf­vt­yb­nj­ve­ds­hf­ét­ybñ­Flf­vf­Cvb­nf­eg­hfd­kz­tn­≤yt­db­lb­vfz­he­rf≥,­ec­nf­yfd­kb­dfñ­ofz­wt­ys­d­pf­db­cb­vjc­nb­jn­cghj­cf­b­ghtl­kj­ét­ybz.

Z­ghtl­gj­xb­nfñ­gj­kb­nj­kj­ub­xtc­rjt­jght­ltkt­ybt­rf­gb­nf­kbp­vf­rfr­cbc­nt­vs­eg­hfd­kt­ybz,­rj­nj­hfz­djp­yb­rf­tn,­rju­lf­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dj­hfp­ht­if­tn­yt­­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­ysv­ce­åütr­nfv­ltz­ntkm­yjc­nb­eg­hfd­kznm­ärj­yj­vb­rjq­cnhf­ys­ghb­ec­kj­dbb­cj­åkñ­lt­ybz­jght­ltkty­yj­uj­yf­åj­hf­ghf­dbk­b­ghtl­gb­cf­ybq.­Cj­ukfc­yj­änj­ve­jght­ltkt­ybñ,­rf­gb­nf­kbpv­pbé­ltn­cz­yf­dkfc­nb,­rj­nj­hjq­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dj­yf­ltkz­tn­ce­åütr­njd­cdj­tq­ärj­yj­vb­rb,­f­nfr­ét­yf­cgj­cjå­yjc­nb­uj­ce­lfh­cn­df­hfp­hf­åf­ns­dfnm,­rjy­nhj­kb­hj­dfnm­b­d­rj­ytx­yjv­bnj­ut­ghb­ye­lb­ntkm­yj­jce­ot­cn­dkznm­vt­hs­ht­ue­kb­hj­df­ybz­hsy­rf.­Vt­öf­ybpv­wt­yj­jå­hf­pj­df­ybz­rj­jh­lb­yb­he­tn­cghjc­b­ghtl­kj­ét­ybt­d­hfv­rfö­ce­ot­cn­deñ­otq­cnher­ne­hs­hsy­rf,­f­≤db­lb­vfz≥­he­rf­uj­ce­lfh­cn­df­jåtc­gt­xb­df­tn­cj­åkñ­lt­ybt­änjq­cnher­ne­hs­b­cdjt­dht­vty­yj­vj­lth­yb­pb­he­tn­tt.

Xnj­ås­jc­nf­dfnm­cz­kt­ub­nbv­ysv,­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dj­lj­kéyj­cj­åkñ­lfnm­ghby­wbg­jn­xtn­yjc­nb,­jl­yf­rj­lkz­ghj­wdt­nf­ybz­rf­gb­nf­kbp­vf­cj­dctv­yt­jåz­pf­ntkm­yj,­xnj­ås­jyj­jn­xb­ns­df­kjcm­gt­htl­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rb­bp­åhfy­ysv­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­djv.­D­Dt­yt­wbb,­rj­nj­hfz­djp­vjé­yj­ås­kf­cf­vsv­hfy­ybv­

ghb­vt­hjv­ec­njq­xb­dj­uj­rf­gb­nf­kbp­vf­(yf­xb­yfz­tot­c­rjy­wf­ÖÈÈ­dt­rf),­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­yt­ås­kj.­Dt­yt­wb­fy­crfz­htc­geå­kb­rf­zd­kz­kfcm­rjy­cnb­ne­wb­jy­yjq­vj­yfh­öb­tq­–­ctvm­tt­jc­nhj­djd­jå­hf­pj­df­kb­lj­åhjdjkm­ysq­cj­ñp,­rj­nj­hsv­eg­hfd­kzk­ds­åjh­ysq­ljé.

Rf­gb­nf­kbpv­djp­ybr­pf­ljk­uj­lj­gj­zd­kt­ybz­ltqcn­db­ntkm­yj­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rbö­uj­ce­lfh­cnd,­b­gj­kb­nj­kj­ub­cxb­nf­ñn,­xnj­ce­ot­cn­djdf­ybt­d­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rjq­cbc­nt­vt­lt­wty­nhf­kb­pj­dfy­ysö­hs­yjx­ysö­ht­it­ybq­zd­kz­tn­cz­ghtl­gj­csk­rjq­lkz­cj­plf­ybz­lt­wty­nhf­kb­pj­dfy­yjq­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjq­dkfc­nb­ge­ntv­tt­lt­vjr­hf­nb­pf­wbb.

Yt­cvjn­hz­yf­nj,­xnj­lt­vjr­hf­nbz­yf­ehjd­yt­uj­hj­ljd­uj­ce­lfh­cnd­pf­hj­lb­kfcm­gj­­db­lb­vj­ve­d­lhtd­ytq­Uht­wbb­b­Hb­vt,­zd­ysö­ghb­vt­hjd­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rbö­cnhfy­d­bc­nj­hbb­yt­yf­åkñ­lf­kjcm­lj­Njr­db­kz­c­tuj­fvt­hb­rfy­crb­vb­yf­åkñ­lt­ybz­vb:­jgb­cfy­ysq­bv­fvt­hb­rfy­crbq­ghb­vth­gj­pdj­kz­tn­yt­rj­nj­hsv­bc­ckt­lj­df­nt­kzv­en­dth­élfnm,­xnj­yf­xb­yfz­ghb­åkb­pb­ntkm­yj­c­1630­uj­lf­jl­yj­dht­vty­yj­hfp­db­df­kbcm­ldt­cbc­nt­vs­–­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rj­uj­ghfd­kt­ybz­b­rf­gb­nf­kbp­vf.

Bc­nj­hbr­Ath­yfy­Åhj­ltkm,­rj­nj­hsq­jn­yj­cbk­pf­hjé­lt­ybt­rf­gb­nf­kbp­vf­r­gt­hbj­le­1400–1800­uj­ljd,­ghb­pyf­dfk,­xnj­tve­yt­elf­kjcm­lfnm­jght­ltkt­ybt­änj­ve­zd­kt­ybñ,­jl­yf­rj­jy­jn­lf­dfk­ct­åt­jn­xtn­d­cf­vjq­dfé­yjq­öf­hfr­nt­hbc­nb­rt­rf­gb­nf­kbp­vf­rfr­cbc­nt­vs­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbö­dpf­bvj­jn­yj­it­ybq,­yt­cjd­vtc­nb­vsö­c­atj­lf­kbp­vjv,­ghtl­cnfd­kzñ­obv­cj­åjq­byeñ­cbc­nt­ve­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbö­dpf­bvj­jn­yj­it­ybq.­Njh­ujd­kz­nj­df­hf­vb­b­ec­ke­uf­vb­ce­ot­cn­djdf­kf­b­dj­vyj­ubö­atj­lfkm­ysö­cbc­nt­vfö,­yf­ghb­vth­e­fw­nt­rjd,­by­rjd,­d­Zgj­ybb­ägj­öb­ct­ue­yjd,­d­Rb­nfq­crjq­bv­gt­hbb,­By­lbb­b­Jn­nj­vfy­crjq­bv­gt­hbb.

Gt ht lf xf dkfc nb

Rf­gb­nf­kbpv­yeé­lf­tn­cz­d­cdj­åj­lt­gt­ht­ldb­ét­ybz­b­hf­åj­xtq­cb­ks,­f­nfr­ét­d­ghf­dt­gj­re­gfnm­b­ghj­lf­dfnm­ptv­kñ,­xt­uj­atj­lf­kbpv­yt­lj­gec­rfk.­Ghb­rf­gb­nf­kbp­vt­ghj­wty­nyst­gkf­nt­éb­cxb­nf­ñn­cz­pf­rjy­ysv­lj­öj­ljv­c­rf­gb­nf­kf,­f­yt­­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yst­ce­åütr­ns­ärj­yj­vb­rb­bvt­ñn­ghf­dj­ghb­dkt­rfnm­rf­gb­nfk­c­gj­vj­omñ­nf­rbö­ñhb­lb­xtc­rbö­vt­öf­ybp­vjd,­rfr­gfh­nyth­cn­df,­fr­wbj­yth­yst­jå­ot­cn­df­b­cj­dht­vty­yst­rjh­gj­hf­wbb.­Gj­zd­kt­ybt­dctö­änbö­cdj­åjl­jp­yf­xf­tn­yt­njkm­rj­jrjy­xf­ybt­atj­lfkm­yjq­ägj­öb,­yj­b­uj­njd­yjcnm­ce­dt­hty­yj­uj­uj­ce­lfh­cn­df­ec­ne­gfnm­nf­reñ­dkfcnm­yt­­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­ysv­ce­åütr­nfv­ltz­ntkm­yjc­nb.

Änf­rjy­wtg­wbz­lt­vjyc­nhb­he­tn,­xnj­rf­gb­nf­kbpv­djp­ybr­d­Td­hj­gt­uj­hfp­lj­hfym­it,­xtv­ult­kb­åj­tot,­pf­bc­rkñ­xt­yb­tv­kbim­Cj­tlb­yty­ysö­Inf­njd,­re­lf­vyj­ubt­bltb­b­by­cnb­ne­ns­ås­kb­ghb­dt­pt­ys­gt­ht­ct­kty­wf­vb­bp­Td­hj­gs.

Gj­xt­ve­rf­gb­nf­kbpv­djp­ybr­bvty­yj­d­Td­hj­gt?­Jl­yj­pyfx­yj­uj­jn­dt­nf­yt­ce­ot­cn­detn,­jl­yf­rj­dfé­yjq­b­jn­kb­xb­ntkm­yjq­cj­cnfd­kzñ­otq­td­hj­gtq­crj­uj­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rj­uj­jgs­nf­

eJournal USA 12

ås­kb­ghfr­nb­xtc­rb­gth­vf­yty­nyst­djq­ys­ÖªÈ­b­ÖªÈÈ­dt­rjd.­Änf­gj­kb­nb­rj­dj­ty­yfz­rjy­re­hty­wbz­nz­ét­kj­jn­hf­pb­kfcm­yf­ce­ot­cn­djdfd­ibö­nju­lf­d­Td­hj­gt­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbö­jå­hf­pj­df­yb­zö,­rj­nj­hsö­d­1500­uj­le­gj­jwty­rfv­ås­kj­lj­500,­r­jrjy­xf­ybñ­Yf­gj­ktj­yjd­crbö­dj­qy­d­1815­uj­le­jc­nf­df­kjcm­40,­f­d­1940­–­dct­uj­25.

Rfr­b­d­ec­kj­db­zö­ct­ujl­yzi­ytq­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rjq­rjy­re­hty­wbb,­dt­hj­zn­yjcnm­ds­éb­df­ybz­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rj­uj­jå­hf­pj­df­ybz­nju­lf­ås­kf­pyf­xb­ntkm­yj­ds­it,­tc­kb­jyj­jå­kf­lf­kj­äa­atr­nbd­yj­ltqcn­deñ­otq­fh­vb­tq,­gj­änj­ve­gei­rb­b­fh­vbb­ujl­jn­uj­lf­cnf­yj­db­kbcm­dct­åjkm­it­b­åjkm­it.­Lkz­nj­uj,­xnj­ås­ds­ébnm,­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbt­jå­hf­pj­df­ybz­yeé­lf­kbcm­d­ltym­ufö­bkb­öj­nz­ås­d­rht­lb­nt.­Lt­wty­nhf­kb­pf­wbz­dkfc­nb­d­gjkm­pe­åe­le­obö­ghtl­ghb­yb­vf­nt­ktq­b­njh­ujd­wtd­ghtl­cnfd­kz­kf­cj­åjq­gj­nty­wb­fkm­ysq­bc­njx­ybr­lj­öj­lf­lkz­ntö­ghf­db­nt­ktq,­rj­nj­hst­ås­kb­uj­nj­ds­ghb­vb­hbnm­cz­c­ce­ot­cn­djdf­yb­tv­lt­wty­nhf­kb­pj­dfy­yjq­dkfc­nb.­F­rjy­cnb­ne­wb­jy­yst­vj­yfh­öbb,­pf­yb­vfd­ibt­ltym­ub­c­cj­ukf­cbz­gfh­kf­vty­njd,­gj­ke­xf­kb­cce­ls­gjl­uj­hfp­lj­åj­ktt­ybp­rbt­ghj­wty­ns.

Gj­öj­ét,­xnj­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rb­vb­ghtl­gj­csk­rf­vb­rf­gb­nf­kbp­vf­zdb­kbcm­rjy­re­htyn­yst­eu­hj­ps­ce­dt­ht­yb­nt­ne­b­fd­nj­yj­vbb­c­jl­yjq­cnj­hj­ys­b­gj­ljnxtn­yjt­ghfd­kt­ybt­c­lhe­ujq.­D­Zgj­ybb,­Rb­nft,­By­lbb­b­Jn­nj­vfy­crjq­bv­gt­hbb­yb­ntö,­yb­lhe­uj­uj­yt­ås­kj­dt­rf­vb.

Gj­­db­lb­vj­ve­d­xbc­kj­ghtl­gj­cs­kjr­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­döj­lbn­rjy­nhjkm­pf­dj­jhe­éty­ys­vb­cb­kf­vb­b­cb­kf­vb­ghf­dj­gj­hzl­rf,­jce­ot­cn­dkzt­vsq­ds­åjh­ys­vb­lj­kéyjc­nys­vb­kb­wf­vb,­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dj­c­vj­yj­gj­kb­tq­yf­ghb­yeé­lt­ybt,­drkñ­xfz­gjk­yj­vj­xbz­ce­ljd­yf­ghb­yeé­lt­ybt­b­gjk­yj­

vj­xbz­yf­jåtc­gt­xt­ybt­åt­pj­gfc­yjc­nb­by­lb­db­le­fkm­ysö­kbw­b­bve­ot­cn­df,­ce­ot­cn­djdf­ybt­hsy­rjd­ghj­bp­djl­cn­df­b­gj­nhtå­kt­ybz,­f­nfr­ét­ghb­pyf­ybt­ghj­cdt­nb­ntkmc­rbö­wty­yjc­ntq,­d­jcj­åty­yjc­nb­njq­rjy­wtg­wbb,­xnj­dth­öjd­yjq­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjq­dkfc­nmñ­yf­ltkz­ñn­cz­jå­ot­cn­dty­yst­by­cnb­ne­ns,­jc­yj­dfy­yst­yf­ghby­wb­gfö­xt­kj­dt­xtc­rjq­kj­ub­rb.

Ébp­ytc­gj­cjå­yjc­nb­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­åkf­ujg­hb­zn­cn­deñn­jght­ltkty­yst­ec­kj­dbz,­d­njv­rj­nj­hsö­xbc­kt­hjcn­lj­öj­ljd­yf­ct­kt­ybz,­yt­lj­ge­ot­ybt­xhtp­vth­yj­uj­yt­hf­dty­cn­df­d­hfcght­ltkt­ybb­åj­ufn­cn­df­b­dkfc­nb,­cbkm­ysq­b­vj­åbkm­ysq­chtl­ybq­rkfcc,­f­nfr­ét­jå­otg­hb­yz­nsq­vj­hfkm­ysq­rj­ltrc,­rj­nj­hsq­ehfd­yj­dt­ib­df­tn­by­lb­db­lef­kbc­

nb­xtc­rbt­by­nt­ht­cs­jn­ltkm­yj­uj­xt­kj­dt­rf­b­tuj­jåz­pfy­yjc­nb­uhfé­lf­yb­yf.

Lhe­ubt­ec­kj­dbz­vj­uen­gj­cnf­dbnm­gjl­eu­hj­pe­ce­ot­cn­djdf­ybt­lt­vjr­hf­nbb.­Jl­yj­bp­ybö­–­pyf­xb­ntkm­yst­bc­njx­yb­rb­yt­pf­hf­åj­nfy­ysö­lj­öj­ljd,­yf­ghb­vth,­c­yta­nz­ysö­vt­cnj­hj­élt­ybq.­D­rf­xt­cn­dt­ghb­vt­hf­vjé­yj­ghb­dtc­nb­Yb­ut­hbñ­b­Dt­yt­ceä­ke.­Yt­pf­hf­åj­nfy­ysq­lj­öjl­cnf­yj­dbn­cz­lkz­he­rj­djl­cn­df­nf­rbö­cnhfy­bc­njx­yb­rjv­ju­hj­vyj­uj­åj­ufn­cn­df­b­dkbz­ybz­b­jn­rhs­df­tn­genm­r­yt­gj­ljnxtn­yjq­dkfc­nb.

Cj­plf­ybt­bc­öjl­ysö­ec­kj­dbq­lkz­gjl­lth­érb­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­pf­yb­vf­tn­lt­cz­nb­kt­nbz,­ghb­xtv­ght­élt­dht­vty­yst­ltqcn­dbz­yt­jåz­pf­ntkm­yj­ec­rj­hz­ñn­änjn­ghj­wtcc,­rfr­cdb­lt­ntkm­cn­detn­jgsn­Åjc­ybb,­Rj­cj­dj,­Bhf­rf,­Kb­df­yf­b­Pf­gfl­yj­uj­Åt­ht­uf.­Yt­crjkm­rj­td­hj­gtq­crbö­cnhfy­–­nf­rbö,­rfr­Åhb­nf­ybz­bkb­Yb­lth­kfy­ls,­–­öj­hj­ij­eg­hfd­kz­kbcm­pf­ljk­uj­lj­nj­uj,­rfr­cnf­kb­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rb­vb.

Rjy­cnb­ne­wbb­b­ds­åj­hs­cf­vb­gj­ct­åt­yt­jåz­pf­ntkm­yj­cdb­lt­ntkm­cn­deñn­j­lt­vjr­hf­nbb,­rfr­gj­rf­ps­df­tn­jgsn­Ybut­hbb,­Dt­yt­ceä­ks­bkb­Pbv­åfå­dt.­Rjy­cnb­ne­wbz­vb­b­ds­åj­hf­vb­vj­uen­vf­yb­ge­kb­hj­dfnm­bp­åhfy­yst­yf­hj­ljv­kb­lt­hs.­Gj­änj­ve­cnhtv­kt­ybt­dj­xnj­ås­nj­yb­cnf­kj­jå­pf­dtc­nbcm­änb­vb­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rb­vb­ghj­wt­le­hf­vb­yf­lt­kt­vj­étn­pf­lth­éfnm­gt­ht­öjl­r­yf­hjl­yj­ve­eg­hfd­kt­ybñ,­yt­uj­dj­hz­eét­j­cj­plf­ybb­≤ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­lkz­yf­hj­lf≥,­xnj­tot­nhel­ytt.­n

Vyt­ybz,­ds­hf­éty­yst­d­lfy­yjq­cnf­nmt,­yt­jåz­pf­ntkm­yj­jn­hf­éf­ñn­njx­re­

pht­ybz­bkb­gj­kb­nb­re­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­CIF.

Lt­vjy­cnhf­yns­gjl­yb­vf­ñn­he­rb­d­yf­hex­yb­rfö­d­Dt­yt­ceä­kt,­cnhf­yt,­ult­lt­vjr­hf­nbz­gj­ifn­ye­kfcm.

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eJournal USA 13

Yt­jéb­lfq­nt­djp­ybr­yj­dt­ybz­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­d­Rb­nft­d­åkb­

éfq­itt­dht­vz,­uj­dj­hbn­Rtk­kb­C.­Wfq.­Dvtc­nj­änj­uj,­

gj­kf­uf­tn­jyf,­ghj­wdt­nfñ­ofz­ärj­yj­vb­rf­b­hjcn­lj­öj­ljd­

vj­uen­gjq­nb­yf­gjkm­pe­evt­kj­ghb­cgj­cfå­kb­dfñ­ot­ve­cz­rjv­

ve­ybc­nb­xtc­rj­ve­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­de.­Wfq­–­ghj­atc­cjh­gj­kb­

nj­kj­ubb­d­Eyb­dth­cb­nt­nt­Léjy­cf­Öjg­rby­cf­d­Åfk­nb­vj­ht,­

infn­Vä­hb­ktyl.

D­1978­uj­le­d­Rb­nft­lf­ét­yt­dt­kfcm­jab­wb­fkm­yfz­cnf­nbc­nb­rf­xfc­nyj­uj­ghtl­ghb­yb­vf­ntkm­cn­df,­gj­crjkm­re­jyj­ås­kj­pf­ght­ot­yj­b­afr­nb­xtc­rb­jn­cen­

cn­djdf­kj.­Dct­uj­nhb­lt­cz­nb­kt­nbz­cgec­nz­xfc­nysq­ctr­njh­cnfk­jc­yjd­ysv­afr­nj­hjv­hjc­nf­rb­nfq­crjq­ärj­yj­vb­rb.­D­yf­cnjz­ott­dht­vz­d­Rb­nft­cds­it­34­vbk­kbj­yjd­xfc­nysö­ghtl­ghbz­nbq,­d­rj­nj­hsö­pf­yz­ns­200­vbk­kbj­yjd­xt­kj­dtr­b­rj­nj­hst­ghj­bp­dj­lzn­60fi­df­kj­dj­uj­dyen­hty­yt­uj­ghj­ler­nf­cnhf­ys.

Dgt­xfn­kzñ­ofz­crj­hjcnm­hfp­db­nbz­xfc­nyj­uj­ctr­nj­hf­lf­tn­vyj­ubv­yf­åkñ­lf­nt­kzv­jc­yj­df­ybz­ghtl­gj­kf­ufnm,­xnj­d­cnhf­yt­hfp­db­df­tn­cz­rkfcc­rf­gb­nf­kbc­njd,­rj­nj­hst­åe­len­nht­åj­dfnm­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rbö­bp­vt­yt­ybq.­Änb­jéb­lf­ybz­bc­öj­lzn­bp­hfc­xt­nf,­xnj­dct­åj­ktt­ghj­wdt­nfñ­obq­rkfcc­rjv­vth­cfy­njd­cåhj­cbn­fd­nj­hb­nfh­yjt­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­dj­d­cj­jn­dtn­cn­dbb­c­ghby­wb­gjv:­≤ghtl­cnf­db­ntkm­cn­dj­by­nt­ht­cjd­d­jå­vty­yf­eg­kf­ne­yf­kj­ujd≥,­nf­rbv­jå­hf­pjv­crj­gb­hj­dfd­vj­ltkm­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rj­uj­hfp­db­nbz­Dt­kb­rj­åhb­nf­ybb­b­CIF.

Yj­änj­jå­otg­hb­yz­njt­ghtl­cnfd­kt­ybt­j­ghb­xby­yj­cktl­cn­dty­ysö­cdz­pzö­vté­le­cdj­åjl­ysv­hsy­rjv­b­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjq­cdj­åj­ljq­yt­gjl­öj­lbn­r­cb­nef­wbb­d­Rb­nft.­Xfc­nyst­ghtl­ghb­yb­vf­nt­kb­yt­jåüt­lb­yz­ñn­cz­d­åjhm­åt­pf­lt­vjr­hf­nbñ,­f­nt,­rnj­yf­cnjq­xb­dj­ghj­ljk­éf­tn­rhb­nb­rj­dfnm­Rjv­ve­ybc­nb­xtc­reñ­gfh­nbñ­Rb­nfz,­gjl­dth­uf­ñn­cz­wty­pe­ht­b­htg­htc­cb­zv­bkb­ds­cs­kf­ñn­cz­bp­cnhf­ys.­Dvtc­nj­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjq­kb­åt­hf­kb­pf­wbb­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yt­ybt­hs­yjx­ysö­jn­yj­it­ybq­jåtc­gt­xb­df­tn­ec­njq­xb­djcnm­fd­nj­hb­nf­hbp­vf­b­éb­de­xtcnm­ht­éb­vf­d­Rb­nft.

Rf gb nf kbc ns hfp lt kb kbcm

Rb­nfq­crbt­xfc­nyst­ghtl­ghb­yb­vf­nt­kb­yt­jåüt­lb­yz­ñn­cz­d­zh­rj­ds­hf­éty­ysq­≤rkfcc­rf­gb­nf­kbc­njd≥­c­jå­ob­vb­jn­kb­xb­ntkm­ys­vb­xth­nf­vb­b­by­nt­ht­cf­vb.­E­dkf­ltkm­wtd­htc­nj­hf­yjd­b­ekbx­ysö­njh­ujd­wtd­lhe­ubt­pf­åj­ns,­xtv­e­vfu­yf­njd­hsy­rf­yt­ldb­éb­vjc­nb­b­dkf­ltkm­wtd­500­rheg­ytq­ibö­

hfp db nbt hs yjx ysö jn yj it ybq åtp lt vjr hf nb pf wbb d Rb nft

Rtk­kb­C.­Wfq

Rb­nfq­crbt­ghtl­ghb­yb­vf­nt­kb­hfp­åj­uf­nt­kb­d­ec­kj­db­zö­ghfd­kt­ybz­Rjv­ve­ybc­nb­xtc­rjq­gfh­nbb.

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eJournal USA 14

rjh­gj­hf­wbq­vb­hf.­Yj­dj­bc­gt­xty­yst­vbk­kbj­yt­hs­b­vbk­kb­fh­lt­hs­jå­ht­kb­åj­ufn­cn­dj­ghb­ys­yti­ytq­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjq­cbc­nt­vt.­Kf­htx­yb­rb­b­dkf­ltkm­ws­afå­hbr­gj­ghj­bp­djl­cn­de­ås­nj­dsö­nj­df­hjd­ckbi­rjv­pf­yz­ns­hf­åj­njq,­xnj­ås­le­vfnm­j­njv,­rfr­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rbt­bp­vt­yt­ybz­vju­kb­ås­jå­ktu­xbnm­bö­gj­dct­lytd­yst­nhel­yjc­nb.

Yj­lf­ét­rf­gb­nf­kbc­ns­chtl­ytq­he­rb,­e­rj­nj­hsö­vj­étn­bvtnm­cz­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbq­cnb­vek­r­exfc­nbñ­d­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjq­ltz­ntkm­yjc­nb­lkz­jåtc­gt­xt­ybz­ukf­dty­cn­df­pf­rj­yf­b­pf­ob­ns­ghfd­xfc­nysö­cj­åcn­dty­yb­rjd,­yt­yf­öj­lzn­jå­otq­gkfn­ajh­vs.­Hfp­kb­xbz­d­cj­wb­fkm­yjv­b­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjv­gj­kj­ét­ybb­vt­if­ñn­bv­ds­cne­gfnm­rjk­ktr­nbd­yj,­rfr­rkfc­ce.

Hs­yjx­yst­ht­ajh­vs­d­Rb­nft­–­zd­kt­ybt­jn­yj­cb­ntkm­yj­yt­lfd­ytt,­b­xfc­nysq­ctr­njh­cnhf­ys­ghtl­cnfd­kty­kñlm­vb­cf­vj­uj­hfp­yj­uj­ghj­bc­öjé­lt­ybz.­Yt­rj­nj­hst­xfc­nyst­ghtl­ghb­yb­vf­nt­kb­–­åsd­ibt­rhtc­nmz­yt,­rj­nj­hst­eét­d­gth­dst­uj­ls­ht­ajhv­ei­kb­bp­rjk­ktr­nbd­ysö­öj­pzq­cnd,­xnj­ås­jc­yj­dfnm­cj­åcn­dty­ysq­åbp­ytc.­Lhe­ubt­–­åsd­ibt­ujc­cke­éf­obt,­rj­nj­hst­ds­åhf­kb­xfc­nysq­ctr­njh,­gj­nj­ve­xnj­gj­nt­hz­kb­hf­åj­ne­bkb­yt­vju­kb­hfc­cxb­ns­dfnm­yf­gj­kyeñ­pf­yz­njcnm.­Nht­nmb­–­åsd­ibt­hf­åjn­yb­rb­ev­cn­dty­yj­uj­nhe­lf­bkb­xb­yjd­yb­rb,­ghj­vt­yzd­ibt­gj­kb­nb­re­yf­ghb­kbx­ysq­pf­hf­åj­njr.­R­nj­ve­ét­åjkm­ijt­rj­kb­xt­cn­dj­xfc­nysö­ghtl­ghb­yb­vf­nt­ktq­–­änj­xkt­ys­Rjv­ve­ybc­nb­xtc­rjq­gfh­nbb,­xmb­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbt­cdz­pb­ghb­uj­lb­kbcm­lkz­gj­ke­xt­ybz­ght­bve­ot­cn­dty­yj­uj­lj­cne­gf­r­åfy­rjd­crbv­rht­lb­nfv,­ptv­kt­b­lhe­ubv­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­ysv­fr­nb­dfv.

Änb­hfp­kb­xbz­clth­éb­df­ñn­ajh­vb­hj­df­ybt­rkfc­cf­b­ght­gzn­cn­deñn­rjk­ktr­nbd­ysv­ltqcn­db­zv­yf­jc­yj­dt­jå­obö­rkfc­cj­dsö­by­nt­ht­cjd.­D­cf­vjv­lt­kt,­vf­kj­rnj­bp­xfc­nysö­ghtl­ghb­yb­vf­nt­ktq­cxb­nf­tn­ct­åz­≤rf­gb­nf­kbc­nf­vb≥,­ghtl­gj­xb­nfz­dvtc­nj­änj­uj­fc­cj­wbb­hj­dfnm­cz­c­åsd­itq­ghj­atc­cb­tq.

Rb nfq hfp lhjå kty ysq

Vjé­yj­ås­kj­ås­ghtl­gj­kj­ébnm,­xnj­rb­nfq­crbq­rkfcc­rf­gb­nf­kbc­njd,­d­rj­nj­hjv­jn­cen­cn­detn­tlby­cn­dj,­–­änj­dht­vty­yjt­zd­kt­ybt.­Djp­vjé­yj,­ckt­leñ­ott­gj­rj­kt­ybt­åbp­ytc­vt­yjd­åe­ltn­åj­ktt­cgkj­xty­ysv­d­rkfc­cj­djv­jn­yj­it­ybb­b­ht­ibn,­xnj­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rjt­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­dj­åe­ltn­kex­it­ghtl­cnfd­kznm­bö­by­nt­ht­cs.­Djp­vjé­yj,­jyb­jåüt­lb­yzn­cz,­xnj­ås­yf­xfnm­gt­ht­öjl­r­lt­vjr­hf­nbb.­Jl­yf­rj­nf­rjq­cwt­yf­hbq,­jc­nf­df­zcm­djp­vjé­ysv,­yt­ghtl­cnfd­kz­tn­cz­dt­hj­zn­ysv.

Ght­élt­dct­uj,­vyj­ubt­bp­jg­hj­ity­ysö­vyjq­xfc­nysö­ghtl­ghb­yb­vf­nt­ktq­lf­kb­gj­yznm,­xnj­ghtl­gjx­kb­ås­db­ltnm­cdj­bö­lt­ntq­(d­åjkm­iby­cn­dt­cke­xf­td,­jl­yj­uj­ht­åty­rf)­öj­hj­ij­jå­hf­pj­dfy­ys­vb­≤åt­ks­vb­dj­hjn­ybx­rf­vb≥­bkb­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­ys­vb­cke­éf­ob­vb,­yt­ét­kb­dkf­ltkm­wf­vb­åbp­yt­cf,­rj­nj­hsv­ghb­öj­lbn­cz­nhe­lbnm­cz­ltym­b­yjxm.­D­åjkm­iby­cn­dt­cke­xf­td­ct­ujl­yzi­ybt­rf­gb­nf­kbc­ns­yt­cnht­vzn­cz­r­cj­plf­ybñ­ghtl­ghb­yb­vf­ntkmc­rbö­lb­yfc­nbq.­Lf­ét­tc­kb­

hj­lb­nt­kb­åbp­ytc­vt­ys­lj­åb­df­ñn­cz­ec­gt­öf,­ghb­åskm­lkz­ybö­zd­kz­tn­cz­kbim­dht­vty­ysv­chtl­cn­djv­lkz­gt­ht­öj­lf­r­åj­ktt­lj­cnjq­yjq­ajh­vt­ce­ot­cn­djdf­ybz.­Lf­ét­tc­kb­ct­ujl­yzi­ybt­xfc­nyst­ghtl­ghbz­nbz­åe­len­eyfc­kt­lj­df­ys­ckt­leñ­obv­gj­rj­kt­yb­tv­(rj­nj­hjt­cj­cnfdb­kj­ås­rhfq­yt­yt­åjkm­ieñ­uheg­ge,­exb­ns­dfz­ds­cj­rbq­ghj­wtyn­yj­dsö­dkf­ltkm­wtd­cht­lb­ht­ubc­nhb­heñ­obö­cz­ghtl­ghb­yb­vf­nt­ktq),­vf­kj­dt­hj­zn­yj,­xnj­ås­tuj­ghtl­cnf­db­nt­kb­jåüt­lb­yb­kbcm­d­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rb­yf­cnhj­ty­yeñ­gj­kb­nb­xtc­reñ­uheg­ge.

Rf­gb­nf­kbc­ns,­hf­åj­nfñ­obt­d­cöj­ébö­ctr­nj­hfö­c­fyf­kj­ubx­ys­vb­jåüt­vf­vb­åbp­yt­cf,­cnfk­rb­df­ñn­cz­c­hfp­ys­vb­nhel­yjc­nz­vb­b­ghb­lth­éb­df­ñn­cz­hfp­ysö­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbö­dpukz­ljd­d­pf­db­cb­vjc­nb­jn­jn­yj­it­ybz­dkfc­ntq­r­xfc­nyj­ve­ghtl­ghb­yb­vf­ntkm­cn­de­d­njq­bkb­byjq­xfc­nb­cnhf­ys.­Kbx­yst­rf­xt­cn­df­rb­nfq­crbö­ghtl­ghb­yb­vf­nt­ktq­pyf­xb­ntkm­yj­hfp­kb­xf­ñn­cz­d­pf­db­cb­vjc­nb­jn­bö­ghj­bc­öjé­lt­ybz,­b­njx­yj­nfr­ét­ec­kj­dbz,­d­rj­nj­hsö­jyb­hf­åj­nf­ñn,­hfp­kb­xf­ñn­cz­d­pf­db­cb­vjc­nb­jn­ht­ubj­yf.

Cxb­nf­tn­cz,­xnj­d­yt­rj­nj­hsö­hf­qj­yfö­ec­kj­dbz­lkz­åbp­yt­cf­jcj­åty­yj­åkf­ujg­hb­zn­ys.­Öj­hj­ibq­ghb­vth­–­uj­hjl­Däymx­éje­d­ñé­yjq­ghb­åhté­yjq­ghj­dby­wbb­Xéäw­pzy.­Pf­ljk­uj­lj­nj­uj,­rfr­wty­nhfkm­yjt­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­dj­cyz­kj­pf­ghtn­yf­xfc­nyjt­ghtl­ghb­yb­vf­ntkm­cn­dj,­dkfc­nb­Däymx­éje­hfp­ht­if­kb­cdj­bv­jå­yb­ofd­ibv­ath­vt­hfv­dtc­nb­hjp­ybx­yeñ­njh­ujd­kñ­b­jå­pf­dj­lbnm­cz­vf­ktym­rb­vb­afå­hb­rf­vb.

Yf­ghj­nbd,­dkfc­nb­lhe­ubö­ht­ubj­yjd­d­öj­lt­ht­ajhv­cbc­nt­vf­nb­xtc­rb­dcnfd­kz­ñn­gfk­rb­d­rj­kt­cf­xfc­nyj­ve­rf­gb­nf­ke.­D­hf­qj­yfö,­ult­jn­ägj­öb­Vfj­Wpä­le­yf­(1949–1976)­jc­nf­kbcm­rheg­yst­jåütr­ns­cj­åcn­dty­yjc­nb­d­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yjv­bkb­rjk­ktr­nbd­yjv­ctr­nj­ht­ärj­yj­vb­rb,­vtcn­yst­dkfc­nb­yt­cnjkm­jöjn­yj­lj­gec­rf­ñn­xfc­nysö­ghtl­ghb­yb­vf­nt­ktq­r­rkñ­xt­dsv­ht­ceh­cfv­(yf­ghb­vth,­åfy­rjd­crbv­pfq­vfv),­yt­jå­öj­lb­vsv­lkz­dt­lt­ybz­åbp­yt­cf.­Fyf­kj­ubx­ysv­jå­hf­pjv­d­hf­qj­yfö,­d­rj­nj­hst­gj­cne­gf­kb­pyf­xb­ntkm­yst­jåüt­vs­ghz­vsö­byj­cnhfy­ysö­by­dtc­nb­wbq,­r­byj­cnhfy­ysv­by­dtc­nj­hfv­jn­yj­czn­cz­åj­ktt­åkf­ujc­rkjy­yj,­xtv­r­bö­rjk­kt­ufv­rb­nfq­wfv.

Nf­rbv­jå­hf­pjv,­rf­gb­nf­kbc­ns­Rb­nfz­cnfk­rb­df­ñn­cz­c­hfp­kbx­ys­vb­nhel­yjc­nz­vb­d­pf­db­cb­vjc­nb­jn­hf­qj­yf,­ult­jyb­dt­len­åbp­ytc,­b­bö­djp­vjé­yjc­nb­dkb­znm­yf­gj­kb­nb­re­nj­ét­hfp­kb­xf­ñn­cz.­Jh­uf­yb­pj­dfy­yst­gj­ghby­wb­ge­fd­nj­yjv­yjc­nb­njh­uj­dst­fc­cj­wbf­wbb­d­Däymx­éje­fr­nbd­yj­jn­cnfb­df­ñn­by­nt­ht­cs­cdj­bö­xkt­yjd,­d­nj­dht­vz­rfr­fc­cj­wbf­wbb­ghtl­ghb­yb­vf­nt­ktq­d­lhe­ubö­hf­qj­yfö­yf­öj­lzn­cz­gjl­rjy­nhj­ktv­dkfc­ntq­b­ghb­yj­czn­cdj­bv­xkt­yfv­vtym­it­gjkm­ps.­D­änjv­cvsc­kt­dyen­hty­ytt­lt­vju­hf­ab­xtc­rjt­hfp­lt­kt­ybt­rf­gb­nf­kbc­njd­jn­hf­éf­tn­hfp­yj­jå­hf­pbt­ec­kj­dbq­lkz­xfc­nyjq­ghtl­ghb­yb­vf­ntkmc­rjq­ltz­ntkm­yjc­nb.­Tc­kb­ås­yt­ljdjkm­yst­ghtl­ghb­yb­vf­nt­kb­d­jl­yjv­hf­qj­yt­ghj­zdb­kb­gj­ds­it­yyeñ­gj­kb­nb­xtc­reñ­fr­nbd­yjcnm,­cnhf­yf­d­wt­kjv­yt­gjl­lth­éf­kf­ås­bö­nht­åj­df­ybq.

eJournal USA 15

Gj lfdkt ybt byf rj vsc kbz

Xfc­nyst­ghtl­ghb­yb­vf­nt­kb­–­yt­tlby­cn­dty­ysq­ctu­vtyn­rb­nfq­crj­uj­jå­ot­cn­df,­rj­nj­hsq­cnfk­rb­df­tn­cz­c­nth­hb­nj­hb­fkm­ys­vb­ju­hf­yb­xt­ybz­vb­ghb­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbö­ds­cneg­kt­ybq.­Yt­ljdjkm­yst­ath­vt­hs,­hf­åj­xbt,­hf­åjn­yb­rb­ev­cn­dty­yj­uj­nhe­lf,­jå­hf­ofñ­obt­cz­pf­gjl­lth­érjq­r­lhe­ubv­ht­ubj­yfv,­dcnht­xf­ñn­cz­c­fyf­kj­ubx­ys­vb­nhel­yjc­nz­vb.

D­gj­cktl­ybt­uj­ls­xbc­kj­vfc­cj­dsö­ghj­ntc­njd­b­lt­vjy­cnhf­wbq­pyf­xb­ntkm­yj­djp­hjc­kj.­Gj­jab­wb­fkm­ysv­lfy­ysv­d­2003­uj­le­ås­kj­58­ns­czx­ds­cneg­kt­ybq,­d­2004­v­–­74­ns­czx,­f­d­2005­v­–­87­ns­czx.­B­öj­nz­vj­åbkm­yjcnm­yf­ct­kt­ybz­pyf­xb­ntkm­yj­gj­ds­cb­kfcm,­f­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yt­ybt­yj­dsö­rjv­ve­yb­rf­wb­jy­ysö­ntö­yj­kj­ubq­ecnhf­yb­kj­wt­ksq­hzl­ce­ot­cn­djdfd­ibö­d­lj­ht­ajh­vty­yjt­dht­vz­jh­uf­yb­pf­wb­jy­ysö­åf­hmt­hjd,­änb­ghj­ntc­ns­yt­ds­ikb­pf­ght­ltks­jn­ltkm­ysö­hf­qj­yjd.

Tlby­cn­dty­yjq­cb­kjq,­ghtl­cnfd­kzd­itq­gj­nty­wb­fkm­yeñ­eu­hj­pe­ht­éb­ve,­ås­kf­yt­ljk­uj­ghj­ce­ot­cn­djdfd­ifz­Rb­nfq­crfz­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rfz­gfh­nbz­(RLG).­D­1998­uj­le­rj­vb­nt­ns­gfh­nbb­ås­kb­jh­uf­yb­pj­df­ys­d­24­ghj­dby­wb­zö­b­

uj­hj­lfö.­Yj­dcrj­ht­dkfc­nb­pf­lth­éf­kb,­fhtc­nj­df­kb­bkb­cj­ckf­kb­kb­lt­hjd­RLG,­b­lfkm­ytq­ibö­gj­gs­njr­cj­plf­ybz­wty­nhfkm­ysö­jh­uf­yjd­RLG­eét­yt­ghtl­ghb­yb­vf­kj­cm.

Gj­cktl­jdfd­ibq­hfp­uhjv­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb­Af­keym­uey­d­1999–2000­uj­lfö,­rf­hfy­nby­dj­dht­vz­dcgsi­rb­fnb­gbx­yjq­gytd­vj­ybb­d­2003­uj­le­b­jgt­hf­nbd­yjt­gj­lfdkt­ybt­nb­åtn­crbö­ghj­ntc­njd­d­2008­uj­le­cyj­df­ghj­lt­vjyc­nhb­hj­df­kb,­xnj­Gt­rby­cgj­cj­åty­rjy­nhj­kb­hj­dfnm­yf­ct­kt­ybt­dj­dht­vz­rhb­pb­cf.

Rjv ve ybc nb xtc rfz ec njq xb djcnm

Yf­åkñ­lf­nt­kb,­rj­nj­hst­jéb­lf­ñn­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rbö­bp­vt­yt­ybq­d­Rb­nft,­pf­vt­xf­ñn,­xnj­hfp­db­nbt­hs­yjx­ysö­vt­öf­ybp­vjd­ghb­dj­lbn­r­vyj­uj­xbc­kty­ysv­ltc­nf­åb­kb­pb­heñ­obv­gj­cktl­cn­dbzv,­d­njv­xbc­kt­r­hfc­ib­ht­ybñ­yt­hf­dty­cn­df­lj­öj­ljd­b­hjc­ne­djp­vjé­yjc­ntq­lkz­rjh­heg­wbb.­Ds­cneg­kt­ybz­ghj­ntc­nf­cnf­yj­dzn­cz­dct­åj­ktt­xfc­nsv­zd­kt­yb­tv,­yj­yt­exfc­nbt­rf­gb­nf­kbc­njd­(rkfc­cf,­ghtl­gj­kj­éb­ntkm­yj­zd­kzñ­ot­uj­cz­jg­kj­njv­lt­vjr­hf­nbb)­d­änbö­ghj­zd­kt­yb­zö­yt­ljdjkm­cn­df­åhj­cf­tn­cz­d­ukf­pf.­Åj­ktt­nj­uj,­änb­ds­cneg­kt­ybz­htl­rj­ås­df­ñn­yf­ghfd­kt­ys­ghj­nbd­vj­yj­gj­kb­pf­wbb­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjq­dkfc­nb­Rjv­ve­ybc­nb­xtc­rjq­gfh­nb­tq­Rb­nfz.­Lf­ét­ghb­gj­gsn­rfö­ajh­vb­hj­df­ybz­RLG­bc­gjkm­pj­df­kbcm­ghb­dsx­yst­fl­vb­yb­cnhf­nbd­yst­ghj­wt­le­hs,­nj­tcnm­ås­kb­cj­åkñ­lt­ys­ghf­db­kf­ce­ot­cn­deñ­otq­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjq­cbc­nt­vs.

D­rj­ytx­yjv­cxt­nt­hs­yjx­yst­ht­ajh­vs­d­Rb­nft­ghb­fd­nj­hb­nfh­yjq­dkfc­nb­jåtc­gt­xb­kb­yt­jéb­lfy­yj­ds­cj­rbq­ehj­dtym­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­uj­hjc­nf,­jn­rj­nj­hj­uj­ds­bu­hf­kb­ib­hj­rbt­ckjb­jå­ot­cn­df.­Kñ­lb,­rj­nj­hsv­ds­uj­lty­nf­rjq­fd­nj­hb­nfh­ysq­genm­r­rf­gb­nf­kbp­ve,­yt­crkjy­ys­nht­åj­dfnm­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbö­ht­ajhv,­rj­nj­hst­vju­kb­ås­ltc­nf­åb­kb­pb­hj­dfnm­jå­ot­cn­dj­b­gj­cnf­dbnm­gjl­eu­hj­pe­lfkm­ytq­itt­hfp­db­nbt­ärj­yj­vb­rb.

Åj­ktt­nj­uj,­d­nt­xt­ybt­87­ktn­cdjt­uj­ce­ot­cn­djdf­ybz­Rjv­ve­ybc­nb­xtc­rfz­gfh­nbz­Rb­nfz­gj­cnj­zy­yj­lt­vjyc­nhb­hj­df­kf­cgj­cjå­yjcnm­jå­yjd­kznm­cz­b­bl­nb­d­yj­ue­cj­dht­vt­ytv,­rfh­lb­yfkm­yj­vt­yzz­bltj­kj­ubñ,­cnher­ne­he­xkty­cn­df­b­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbt­wt­kb.­Gj­rf­xnj­ubå­rbq­gj­dj­hjn­r­cdjåjl­yj­ve­hsy­re­yt­gj­ljhdfk­kt­ub­nbv­yjcnm­gfh­nbb,­f­gjl­ndth­lbk­tt.­Gj­änbv­ghb­xb­yfv­ct­ujl­yzi­ybq­Rb­nfq­ghj­ljk­éf­tn­jg­hj­dth­ufnm­jå­otg­hb­yz­njt­ghtl­cnfd­kt­ybt­j­cdz­pb­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rjq­cdj­åj­ls­c­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjq.­n

Vyt­ybz,­ds­hf­éty­yst­d­yf­cnjz­otq­cnf­nmt,­yt­jåz­pf­ntkm­yj­jn­hf­éf­ñn­

dpukz­ls­b­gj­kb­nb­re­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­CIF.

Rjv­ve­ybc­nb­xtc­rfz­gfh­nbz­Rb­nfz­ghb­cgj­cj­åb­kfcm­r­ärj­yj­vb­xtc-rbv­ht­ajh­vfv­b­ght­ec­gt­kf­d­bö­ghj­dt­lt­ybb.

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eJournal USA 16

Re­åby­crbq­ärj­yj­vbcn­lbc­cb­ltyn­Jc­rfh­Äc­gb­yj­pf­Xt­gt­en­

dth­élf­tn,­xnj­lt­cz­nb­kt­nbz­nb­hf­ybb­wty­nhf­kb­pj­dfy­yj­uj­

eg­hfd­kt­ybz­cdt­kb­yf­ytn­ärj­yj­vb­re­Re­ås.­Gj­tuj­ckj­dfv,­

åtp­cdj­åj­ls­yf­hjl­Re­ås­yb­rju­lf­yt­cvj­étn­dkbnm­cz­d­vb­

hj­deñ­ärj­yj­vb­re,­rj­nj­hfz­cnf­yj­dbn­cz­dct­åj­ktt­b­åj­ktt­

ukj­åfkm­yjq.

Gjc­kt­gjx­nb­50­nb­ktn­nj­nf­kb­nfh­yj­uj­ghfd­kt­ybz­yf­Re­åt­gj­nt­hz­cdj­åj­ls,­b­d­jcj­åty­yjc­nb­cdj­åj­ls­gt­ht­ldb­ét­ybz­yf­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rjv­hsy­rt,­jrf­pf­kf­

el­he­xfñ­ott­djp­ltqcn­dbt­yf­dct­cnj­hj­ys­ébp­yb­re­åby­crj­uj­jå­ot­cn­df.­Ghj­wtcc,­rj­nj­hsq­yf­xfk­cz­d­1959­uj­le­b­gj­hj­lbk­nfr­vyj­uj­bk­kñ­pbq,­cj­dht­vt­ytv­ght­dhf­nbk­cz­d­cbc­nt­ve­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yj­uj­gj­lfdkt­ybz,­dcnfd­ieñ­yf­ge­nb­ghj­uhtc­cf.

Gjl­ghtl­kj­ujv­­jc­yj­df­ybz­cbc­nt­vs­­≤ufh­vj­ybx­yj­uj­b­ghj­gjh­wbj­yfkm­yj­uj­hfp­db­nbz≥­cdj­åjl­ysq­hs­yjr­d­cnhf­yt­åsk­pf­vt­yty­yf­vt­öf­ybpv­wty­nhf­kb­pj­dfy­yj­uj­gkf­yb­hj­df­ybz,­gj­pf­bv­cn­djdfy­ysq­d­Cj­dtn­crjv­Cj­ñpt­b­jc­yj­dfy­ysq­yf­åt­pf­gtk­kz­wb­jy­yjv­dj­kt­bpüzd­kt­ybb­dkfcnm­ght­lthéf­obö,­xnj­ghb­dt­kj­­r­vyj­uj­xbc­kty­ysv­gt­ht­rj­cfv­b­åtc­cvsc­kty­yjq­nhf­nt­ht­ceh­cjd.­Nf­rjt­gj­kj­ét­ybt­cj­öhf­yz­kjcm­lj­rjy­wf­1980­ö­uj­ljd­åkf­uj­lf­hz­rj­kjc­cfkm­ysv­ceå­cb­lb­zv,­rj­nj­hst­d­­ht­pekm­nf­nt­gj­dth­ukb­­re­åby­crjt­jå­ot­cn­dj­d­­cf­vsq­uke­åj­rbq­rhb­pbc­pf­dcñ­bc­nj­hbñ­cnhf­ys,­

bp­rj­nj­hj­uj­jyf­lj­cbö­gjh­yt­ds­ikf.Djp­yb­rf­tn­dj­ghjc:­lkz­xt­uj­yeé­yj­ås­kj­vt­yznm­cdj­

åjl­ysq­hs­yjr,­åsd­ibq­jc­yjd­ysv­bycnhe­vty­njv­hfcght­ltkt­ybz­ht­ceh­cjd­cnhf­ys,­yf­åñ­hjr­hf­nb­xtc­reñ­cbc­nt­ve­wty­nhf­kb­pj­dfy­yj­uj­gkf­yb­hj­df­ybz?­Gj­xt­ve­äne­cbc­nt­ve­cj­öhf­yz­ñn,­yt­cvjn­hz­yf­gj­dnj­hzñ­obt­cz­ghj­df­ks­wty­nhf­kb­pf­wbb?­Jn­dtn­yf­änb­dj­ghj­cs­pf­rkñ­xf­tn­cz­d­njv,­xnj­cbc­nt­vf­jc­yj­df­yf­yf­by­nt­ht­cfö­jght­ltkty­yjq­uheg­gs­kñ­ltq,­xmtq­tlby­cn­dty­yjq­pf­lf­xtq­zd­kz­tn­cz­cj­öhf­yt­ybt­få­cj­kñn­yjq­dkfc­nb­yfl­re­åby­crbv­jå­ot­cn­djv.­D­cdt­nt­nf­rbö­nj­nf­kb­nfh­ysö­wt­ktq­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rfz­lj­öjl­yj­cnm­änjq­cbc­nt­vs­jxt­dbl­yf­dyt­pf­db­cb­vjc­nb­jn­nj­uj,­rf­rbt­cnhf­lf­ybz,­jn­cnf­kjcnm­b­ltu­hf­lf­wbñ­jyf­c­cj­åjq­yt­ctn.

cdj åjl ysq hs yjr b lt vjr hf nbz: re åby crbq jgsn

Jc­rfh­Äc­gb­yj­pf­Xt­gt

D­1959­uj­le­Ab­ltkm­Rfc­nhj­ec­nf­yj­dbk­htg­htc­cbd­ysq­ht­ébv,­jåth­yed­ibq­cz­lkz­Re­ås­rf­nfc­nhj­ajq.

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djp Vjé yjc nb jå ht nt ybz åj ufn cn df

eJournal USA 17

Gj nt hzy yfz ärj yj vb xtc rfz cdj åj lf

Ntv­ét­jåüzc­yz­ñn­cz­b­vfc­cj­dst­rjy­abc­rf­wbb­bve­ot­cn­df,­uj­hfp­lj­åj­ktt­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yty­yst­yf­Re­åt,­xtv­d­lhe­ubö­cnj­ye­obö­gjl­bujv­wty­nhf­kb­pf­wbb­cnhf­yfö,­b­gj­gsn­rb­kbr­db­lb­hj­dfnm­dct­ckt­ls­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rjq­cdj­åj­ls.­Änf­cnhf­nt­ubz­bvt­kf­wt­kmñ­cnhj­ubq­rjy­nhjkm­yfl­yf­ct­kt­yb­tv­ge­ntv­jå­hf­ot­ybz­uhfé­lfy­d­åtc­ghfd­yst­ce­ot­cn­df,­gjk­yj­cnmñ­pf­db­cz­obt­jn­dct­vj­ue­ot­uj­uj­ce­lfh­cn­df.

Ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbt,­cj­wb­fkm­yst,­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbt,­lt­vju­hf­ab­xtc­rbt­b­ghb­hjl­yst­gj­cktl­cn­dbz­jrf­pf­kbcm­rf­nfc­nhj­ab­xtc­rb­vb­lkz­Re­ås,­eé­yt­uj­dj­hz­jå­ehj­yt,­yf­yt­cty­yjv­le­öjd­ysv­wty­yjc­nzv­yf­hj­lf,­cbkm­yj­gj­cnhf­lfd­ibv­d­ht­pekm­nf­nt­rhb­pb­cf,­rj­nj­hj­ve­yt­dbl­yj­rjy­wf.­R­änj­ve­yt­jå­öj­lb­vj­lj­åf­dbnm­uke­åj­reñ­b­jgfc­yeñ­pf­db­cb­vjcnm­jn­Dt­yt­ceä­ks.

Yf­ehjd­yt­ärj­yj­vb­rb­ghj­wtcc­en­hf­ns­xt­kj­dt­xtc­rj­uj­b­vf­nt­hb­fkm­yj­uj­rf­gb­nf­kf­gj­dkb­zk­yf­jå­ot­cn­dj­d­wt­kjv.­Ct­ujl­yz­Re­åf,­d­ghji­kjv­åj­uf­nfz,­cf­vj­lj­cnf­njx­yfz­ctkmc­rj­öj­pzq­cn­dty­yfz­cnhf­yf,­d­gj­jab­wb­fkm­ysv­lfy­ysv­bvgjh­nb­he­tn­84­ghj­wty­nf­ghj­ljdjkm­cn­dbz­lkz­cdj­bö­jc­yjd­ysö­yeél­–­d­jc­yjd­yjv­bp­Cj­tlb­yty­ysö­Inf­njd.­Rju­lf­nj­rheg­ysq­vb­hj­djq­gj­cnfd­obr­cf­öf­hf,­ctq­xfc­jyf­gj­re­gf­tn­cf­öfh­pf­uhf­yb­wtq.­Ghb­änjv­åj­ktt­­50­ghj­wty­njd­gf­öjn­ysö­pt­vtkm­pf­åhj­it­ys­b­pf­hjc­kb­cj­hyz­rf­vb.­D­nj­ét­cf­vjt­dht­vz,­dcktl­cn­dbt­ybp­rjq­pf­hf­åjn­yjq­gkf­ns­–­d­chtl­ytv­jrj­kj­20­lj­kkf­hjd­d­vt­czw,­xnj­ås­ds­ébnm,­yf­ct­kt­ybt­ds­yeé­lt­yj­bl­nb­yf­ght­cneg­kt­ybz.­D­ht­pekm­nf­nt,­gj­lfy­ysv­JJY,­Re­åf­cnf­kf­cnhf­yjq­c­cf­vsv­ds­cj­rbv­d­vb­ht­ghj­wty­nysv­jn­yj­it­yb­tv­pf­rkñ­xty­ysö­r­yf­ct­kt­ybñ­cnhf­ys.

Yf vt rb yf gt ht vt ys

Re­åf­zd­kz­tn­cz­gt­xfkm­ysv­ghb­vt­hjv­gj­cktl­cn­dbq­jn­cen­cn­dbz­cdj­åj­ls.­B­jxtym­djp­vjé­yj,­xnj­Re­åf­jn­cnf­ytn­tot­cbkm­ytt,­gj­rf­jc­nfkm­yjq­vbh­åe­ltn­ht­ifnm­ghj­åkt­vs­ukj­åf­kb­pf­wbb­b­by­ntu­hf­wbb­hsy­rf.­D­nj­dht­vz­rfr­änb­cb­ks­cj­plf­ñn­ju­hjv­yst­djp­vjé­yjc­nb­hfp­db­nbz,­jyb­nfr­ét­nht­åe­ñn­pyf­xb­ntkm­yj­uj­ecb­kt­ybz­rjy­re­htyn­yjq­åjhm­ås,­d­rj­nj­hjq­äa­atr­nbd­yjcnm,­ghj­bp­dj­lb­ntkm­yjcnm­

b­byb­wbf­nbd­yjcnm­bu­hf­ñn­dct­åj­ktt­dfé­yeñ­hjkm.­Änb­rf­xt­cn­df­yt­djp­vjé­yj­hfp­db­dfnm­d­ec­kj­db­zö­jå­ot­cnd,­d­rj­nj­hsö­ghf­dbn­cnhfö,­cdj­åj­lf­jåüt­lb­yt­ybq­b­cdj­åj­lf­ckj­df­pf­ght­ot­ys,­f­pyf­xbn,­jn­cen­cn­detn­gj­kt­vb­rf­b­cdj­åjl­ysq­jå­vty­bltz­vb,­yt­jå­öj­lb­vst­lkz­gj­bc­rf­kex­ibö­ge­ntq­r­ghj­uhtc­ce.

Cb­nef­wbz­yf­cnjkm­rj­jxt­dbl­yf,­xnj­lf­ét­d­cht­lt­re­åby­crj­uj­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­yf­xb­yf­ñn­pde­xfnm­uj­kj­cf,­gecnm­yt­ht­ib­ntkm­yst­b­yt­gj­cktl­jdf­ntkm­yst,­pf­cnher­neh­yjt­­ght­jå­hf­pj­df­ybt­b­rjy­wtg­ne­fkm­yjt­bp­vt­yt­ybt­cbc­nt­vs,­­jcj­åty­yj­d­ärj­yj­vb­rt.­Nf­rbt­yf­vt­rb­vjé­yj­yfq­nb­d­ht­xfö­ut­yt­hf­kf­Hfe­kz­Rfc­nhj,­rj­nj­hsq­24­atd­hf­kz­2008­uj­lf­cnfk­ght­pb­lty­njv­rfr­Uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yj­uj­cj­dt­nf,­nfr­b­­Cj­dt­nf­vb­ybc­nhjd.

Vj­étn­åsnm,­egj­vz­ye­nst­gt­ht­vt­ys­cnf­yen­yf­xf­kjv­gj­cnt­gty­yj­uj­ghj­wtc­cf­ht­ajhv­b­ghb­yt­cen­re­åby­crj­ve­yf­hj­le­cdj­åj­le.­Jl­yf­rj­tc­kb­dyjdm­djp­ybr­ibt­yf­ltéls­dyjdm­åe­len­jå­vf­ye­ns,­dt­hj­zn­ysv­ht­pekm­nf­njv­åe­ltn­­ltc­nf­åb­kb­pf­wbz­jå­ot­cn­df.­n

Vyt­ybz,­ds­hf­éty­yst­d­lfy­yjq­cnf­nmt,­yt­jåz­pf­ntkm­yj­jn­hf­éf­ñn­njx­re­

pht­ybz­bkb­gj­kb­nb­re­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­CIF.

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Ut­yt­hfk­Hf­ekm­Rfc­nhj,­ghb­lz­yf­cvt­ye­åhf­ne,­yf­vt­rfk­yf­uhz­le­obt­­gt­ht­vt­ys,­gj­rhfq­ytq­vt­ht­–­d­re­åby­crjq­ärj­yj­vb­rt.

eJournal USA 18

Gj­vyt­ybñ­Ebkmz­vf­F.­Hfq­yif,­cdj­åjl­yst­hs­yjx­yst­

jn­yj­it­ybz,­rfr­ghf­db­kj,­er­htg­kz­ñn­lt­vjr­hf­nbñ,­lt­

vjr­hf­nbz­ét­byju­lf­er­htg­kz­tn­cdj­åjl­ysq­hs­yjr,­f­

byju­lf­ytn.­Hfqyi­–­ght­pb­ltyn­Yf­wbj­yfkm­yj­uj­cj­dt­nf­gj­

dyti­ytq­njh­ujd­kt­b­xkty­rjy­cekm­nf­nbd­yjq­Rj­vbc­cbb­gj­

dj­ghj­cfv­ärj­yj­vb­rb­b­åt­pj­gfc­yjc­nb­d­fvt­hb­rf­yj­rb­nfq­

crbö­jn­yj­it­yb­zö.

Ukz­lz­yf­ct­ujl­yzi­ybq­vbh,­vs­db­lbv,­xnj­vyj­ubt­cf­vst­ghj­wdt­nfñ­obt­cnhf­ys­jå­kf­lf­ñn­b­cf­vs­vb­lb­yf­vbx­ys­vb­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rb­vb­cbc­nt­vf­vb.­Nf­

rbt­cnhf­ys,­rfr­Xb­kb,­Bh­kfy­lbz­b­Cj­tlb­yty­yst­Inf­ns­zd­kz­ñn­cz­gjk­yj­rhjd­ys­vb­lt­vjr­hf­nbz­vb­c­d­jc­yjd­yjv­

cdj­åjl­ys­vb­hs­yjx­ys­vb­ärj­yj­vb­rf­vb.­Nf­rbt­cnhf­ys,­rfr­Åbh­vf­b­Ct­dth­yfz­Rj­htz­bp­dtcn­ys­cdjb­vb­lbr­nf­njh­crb­vb­ht­éb­vf­vb­b­étc­nrjq­rj­vfy­lyjq­ärj­yj­vb­rjq.

Öj­nz­bp­rfé­lj­uj­ghf­db­kf­tcnm­bc­rkñ­xt­ybz,­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbt­b­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbt­cdj­åj­ls,­rfr­ghf­db­kj,­dctu­lf­blen­yj­uf­d­yj­ue.­D­åjkm­iby­cn­dt­cke­xf­td­rjy­nfr­ns­rf­rjq­kb­åj­cnhf­ys­c­vb­hjv­zd­kz­ñn­cz­dfé­ysv­ghb­pyf­rjv­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbö­b­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbö­cdj­åjl.

D­xfc­nyjc­nb,­vté­le­yf­hjl­yst­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbt­rjy­nfr­ns­pf­rkf­ls­df­ñn­aey­lf­vtyn­lkz­gj­cnhjt­ybz­lt­vjr­hf­nbb.­Njh­ujd­kz­b­rjy­re­hty­wbz­cgj­cjå­cn­deñn­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­ve­hjc­ne,­ghb­ev­yj­éfñ­ot­ve­åj­ufn­cn­dj­cnhf­ys­b­edt­kb­xb­dfñ­ot­ve­xbc­kty­yjcnm­chtl­yt­uj­rkfc­cf.­D­cdjñ­jxt­htlm,­

lt vjr hf nbz, cdjåjl yjt ghtl ghb yb vf ntkm cn dj b lj dt hbt

Ebkmzv­F.­Hfqyi

Gj­vt­ht­nj­uj,­rfr­d­Hjc­cbb­ds­dtn­hb­df­tn­cz­lt­vjr­hf­nbz,­nj­ét­ghj­bc­öj­lbn­b­cj­cdjåjl­yjq­rjy­re­hty­wb­tq­yt­rj­nj­hsö­d­jn­ltkm­ysö­ctr­nj­hfö­hsy­rf.

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hjkm jå ot cn dty yj uj lj dt hbz

eJournal USA 19

åj­ktt­vyj­uj­xbc­kty­ysq­chtl­ybq­rkfcc­ghtl­üzd­kz­tn­åjkm­it­nht­åj­df­ybq­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­de,­rj­nj­hjt­eét­yt­vj­étn­gj­kf­ufnm­cz­yf­gjl­lth­ére­ep­rj­uj­rhe­uf­cj­wb­fkm­yjq­äkb­ns.­D­nj­ét­dht­vz­njh­ujd­kz­dcrhs­df­tn­yt­äa­atr­nbd­yjcnm­uhj­vjp­lrbö­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­ysö­ghtl­ghbz­nbq,­tot­cbkm­ytt­ju­hf­yb­xb­dfz­hfp­lf­xe­gj­cnjd­b­kmujn­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­ys­vb­xb­yjd­yb­rf­vb.

C­lhe­ujq­cnj­hj­ys,­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbt­kb­it­ybz­cgj­cjå­cn­deñn­jght­ltkty­ysv­ec­kj­db­zv,­ghb­rj­nj­hsö­lt­vf­uj­ub­vj­uen­cnf­yj­dbnm­cz­lbr­nf­nj­hf­vb,­rfr­dtcm­vf­yf­ukzl­yj­gj­rf­pfk­gt­hb­jl­vté­le­lde­vz­vb­hj­ds­vb­djq­yf­vb.­Ght­pb­ltyn­Ufh­hb­Nhe­väy­b­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­ysq­ctr­ht­nfhm­Léjhlé­Vfh­ifkk­exb­ns­df­kb­änj,­hfp­hf­åf­ns­dfz­cdjq­gkfy­djc­cnf­yjd­kt­ybz­Td­hj­gs­gjc­kt­jrjy­xf­ybz­Dnj­hjq­vb­hj­djq­djq­ys.­Vfh­ifkk­cxb­nfk,­xnj­≤djp­hjé­lt­ybt­ltqcn­deñ­otq­ärj­yj­vb­rb≤­gj­pdj­kbn­≥djp­ybr­yenm­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbv­b­cj­wb­fkm­ysv­ec­kj­db­zv,­d­rj­nj­hsö­vj­uen­ce­ot­cn­dj­dfnm­cdj­åjl­yst­cj­wb­fkm­yst­by­cnb­ne­ns≥.

Hfc­ib­ht­ybt­vté­le­yf­hjl­ysö­rjy­nfr­njd­vté­le­ghtl­ghbz­nbz­vb­yt­njkm­rj­ghb­dj­lbn­r­hfc­wdt­ne­ärj­yj­vb­rb,­yj­b­gjl­lth­éb­df­tn­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rbt­bltf­ks.­Nfr,­dj­vyj­ubö­cke­xf­zö­vté­le­yf­hjl­ysv­rjv­gf­yb­zv­pf­rj­yj­lf­ntkm­yj­pf­ght­of­tn­cz­ghtl­kf­ufnm­dpzn­rb­b­exf­cn­dj­dfnm­d­rjh­heg­wbjy­yjq­ltz­ntkm­yjc­nb.

Rhj­vt­nj­uj,­vyj­ubt­rjv­gf­ybb­lj­åhjdjkm­yj­ddj­lzn­­cj­åcn­dty­yst­rj­ltr­cs­gj­dt­lt­ybz­kb­åj­gjl­gb­cs­df­ñn­­nf­rbt­rjy­dty­wbb­j­ghf­db­kfö­rjh­gj­hf­nbd­yj­uj­gj­dt­lt­ybz,­rfr­Ukj­åfkm­yst­ghby­wb­gs­Cfk­kb­df­yf­bkb­Ukj­åfkm­ysq­lj­uj­djh­JJY.­Xtv­ib­ht­nf­rbv­rjv­gf­yb­zv­hfp­ht­if­tncz­exfcn­dj­dfnm­d­ébp­yb­cnhf­ys­gj­chtl­cn­djv­njh­ujd­

kb­b­rjy­re­hty­wbb,­ntv­nhel­ytt­åñhj­r­hf­nfv­b­gfh­nbq­ysv­åjy­pfv­ghj­rjh­vbnm­cz­b­ghj­rjh­vbnm­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­ysq­fg­gf­hfn­c­gj­vj­omñ­cjv­ybntkm­ysö­bkb­rjh­heg­wb­jy­ysö­vt­nj­ljd.

Rjh gj hf nbd yfz jn dtn cn dty yjcnm gt htl

jå ot cn djv

Ct­ujl­yz­ce­ot­cn­detn­tot­jl­yj­dfé­yjt­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjt­ght­bve­ot­cn­dj­exfc­nbz­vté­le­yf­hjl­ysö­rjv­gf­ybq­d­vtcn­yjq­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rjq­ébp­yb.­Vyj­ubt­ghtl­ghbz­nbz­ddj­lzn­ghj­uhfv­vs­rjh­gj­hf­nbd­yjq­jn­dtn­cn­dty­yjc­nb­gt­htl­jå­ot­cn­djv­c­wt­kmñ­jrf­pf­ybz­gjl­lth­érb­vtcn­yj­ve­yf­ct­kt­ybñ­b­by­ahf­cnher­ne­ht.­D­hz­lt­cke­xf­td­

änb­ghj­uhfv­vs­yt­cdz­pf­ys­yt­gjc­htl­cn­dty­yj­c­jc­yjd­ysv­åbp­yt­cjv­rjv­gf­ybb­b­yf­ghfd­kt­ys­yf­ecj­dth­ity­cn­djdf­ybt­vtcn­ysö­cj­wb­fkm­ys­by­cnb­ne­njd.

Änj­d­jcj­åty­yjc­nb­cghf­dtl­kb­dj­lkz­Fa­hb­rb,­ult­vté­le­yf­hjl­yst­rjv­gf­ybb­ghj­dj­lzn­ghj­uhfv­vs­gj­åjhm­åt­c­DBX/CGB­Ljv­b­ghj­uhfv­vs­gj­cnrjy­akbr­nyj­uj­gt­ht­ct­kt­ybz­éb­nt­ktq­b­cj­plf­ñn­ex­hté­lt­ybz,­ght­lj­cnfd­kzñ­obt­vbr­hjr­ht­lb­ns.­Yf­ghb­vth,­rjv­gf­ybz­≤Lét­yt­hfk­Äktrn­hbr≥­d­gfh­nyth­cn­dt­c­är­cgth­njv­gj­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­ve­hfp­db­nbñ­Léta­ahb­Cfr­cjv­gj­cnhjb­kf­d­10­cnhf­yfö­rjy­nb­yty­nf­yt­crjkm­rj­åjkm­ybw­c­ghb­vt­yt­yb­tv­cdj­bö­ntö­yj­kj­ubq­b­ghb­exfc­nbb­lj­åhjdjkm­wtd­bp­xbc­kf­cj­nhel­yb­rjd,­xnj­ås­ekex­ibnm­vt­lb­wby­crjt­jå­cke­éb­df­ybt­d­ctkmc­rbö­hf­qj­yfö­Fa­hb­rb.­Nf­rbt­ghj­tr­ns­gj­vj­uf­ñn­er­htg­kt­ybñ­uhfé­lfy­crj­uj­jå­ot­cn­df­b­cgj­cjå­cn­deñn­djp­ybr­yj­dt­ybñ­by­cnb­ne­njd­cdjåjl­yj­uj­hsy­rf.

D­åj­ktt­ib­hj­rjv­cvsc­kt­dct­vbh­yfz­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rfz­rjy­re­hty­wbz­cgj­cjå­cn­detn­hfc­ib­ht­ybñ­rjy­nfr­njd­c­vb­hjv,­xnj­yt­bp­åté­yj­dt­ltn­r­jå­vt­ye­by­ajh­vf­wb­tq,­bltz­vb­b­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rb­vb­wty­yjc­nz­vb.­Ght­pb­lty­ns­CIF,­jn­Ahfy­rkb­yf­Hep­dtkm­nf­lj­Léj­yf­Rty­yt­lb­b­Hj­yfkm­lf­Htq­uf­yf,­jn­vt­xf­kb­yt­vf­nt­hb­fkm­yjt­djp­ltqcn­dbt­jn­rhs­nsö­hsy­rjd­b­rjy­nfr­njd­yf­hfp­db­nbt­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rbö­cbc­ntv­d­lhe­ubö­cnhf­yfö­vb­hf.

Yt­lfd­yj­ght­pb­lty­ns­Åbkk­Rkby­njy­b­Léjhlé­E.­Åei­cj­ukf­cb­kbcm­c­ntv,­xnj­ghb­tv­Rb­nfz­d­Vté­le­yf­hjl­yeñ­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbñ­njh­ujd­kb­gjq­ltn­yf­gjkm­pe­lt­vjr­hf­nbb.­≤Rju­lf­e­xt­kj­dt­rf­tcnm­djp­vjé­yjcnm­yt­njkm­rj­vtx­nfnm,­yj­b­jce­ot­cn­dkznm­cdjb­vtx­ns≥,­–­crf­pfk­Rkby­njy,­–­≤jy­yf­cnfb­df­tn­yf­njv,­xnj­ås­r­yt­ve­dyb­vf­ntkm­ytt­ghb­cke­

Uhfé­lf­yt­uj­nj­ds­ghj­uj­kj­cj­dfnm­d­Lf­ybb­–­cnhf­yt,­cj­xt­nfñ­otq­hfp­db­nsq­cdj­åjl­ysq­hs­yjr­c­jå­ot­cn­dty­ysv­lj­dt­hb­tv.

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eJournal USA 20

ib­df­kbcm≥.­Åei­ghb­åf­dbk,­xnj­≤ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rfz­cdj­åj­lf­cj­plf­tn­ghb­dsx­re­r­cdj­åj­lt≥­b­xnj­gj­jn­yj­it­ybñ­r­Rb­nfñ­≤cf­vjq­dfé­yjq­cnf­nmtq­yf­it­uj­ärcgjh­nf­zd­kz­tn­cz­yt­ghj­ljdjkm­cn­dbt,­yt­rb­yj­abkm­vs­b­lf­ét­yt­cf­vj­kt­ns.­Yf­if­cf­vfz­dfé­yfz­ärc­gjhn­yfz­ghj­ler­wbz­–­cdj­åj­lf≥.

Yt­nfr­lfd­yj­Cj­tlb­yty­yst­Inf­ns­b­Pf­gfl­yfz­Td­hj­gf­ärcgjh­nbhj­df­kb­d­åsd­ibq­Cj­dtn­crbq­Cj­ñp­bltf­ks­CIF­gj­chtl­cn­djv­hjr­ve­ps­rb,­rybu­b­nt­kt­db­pb­jy­ysö­ghj­uhfvv.­D­1987­uj­le­Åbk­kb­Léjäk­dsc­ne­gfz­d­Vjc­rdt­b­Kt­yby­uhf­lt,­uj­dj­hbk­cj­dtn­crbv­kñ­lzv:­≤Nj,­xnj­ctq­xfc­ghj­bc­öj­lbn­d­df­itq­cnhf­yt,­jxtym­gj­öj­ét­yf­1960­t­d­vj­tq­cnhf­yt≥.­Ct­ujl­yz­åj­ktt­cdj­åjl­yst­hs­yjx­yst­jn­yj­it­ybz­jp­yf­xf­ñn­åj­ktt­ib­hj­rbq­lj­cneg­r­by­nth­yt­ne,­vj­åbkm­ysv­nt­kt­aj­yfv­b­CVC,­xnj­ec­rj­hz­tn­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yt­ybt­by­ajh­vf­wbb,­cgkt­nty­b­yj­djc­ntq­nf­rb­vb­cgj­cj­åf­vb,­gjk­yj­cnmñ­rjy­nhj­kb­hj­dfnm­rj­nj­hst­ckjé­yj­lkz­kñ­åj­uj­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df.­Gjl­rkñ­xt­ybt­r­ukj­åfkm­yjq­by­ajh­vf­wb­jy­yjq­b­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rjq­cbc­nt­vt­bltn­yf­gjkm­pe­lt­vjr­hf­nbb.

Yj­yf­gjkm­pe­kb­cdjåjl­yj­ve­ghtl­ghb­yb­vf­ntkm­cn­de­cf­vf­lt­vjr­hf­nbz?

Änj­yf­dth­yjt­åj­ktt­ckjé­ysq­dj­ghjc,­öj­nz­zc­yj­jl­yj:­lbr­nf­nj­hs­htl­rj­ghb­dtn­cn­deñn­cdj­åjl­yst­hs­yjx­yst­jn­yj­it­ybz.­Åbh­vf,­Re­åf,­Kb­dbz,­Ct­dth­yfz­Rj­htz­b­Pbv­åfå­dt­–­yf­bvt­ytt­cdj­åjl­yst­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbt­cbc­nt­vs­vb­hf,­gj­lfy­ysv­≤By­ltr­cf­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rjq­cdj­åj­ls­2008≥,­ds­ge­oty­yj­uj­≤Ejkk­Cnhbn­Léjh­yfk≥­b­≤Ajy­ljv­yf­ckt­lbz≥.­Rjy­wty­nhb­hj­dfy­yfz­dkfcnm­nf­rj­uj­hj­lf,­rj­nj­hsq­gj­pdj­kz­tn­ds­ébnm­änbv­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbv­cbc­nt­vfv,­ghtl­gj­xb­nf­tn­wty­nhf­kb­pj­dfy­yeñ,­rj­vfy­lyeñ­ärj­yj­vb­re,­rj­nj­hfz­

djp­yfu­hfé­lf­tn­ghb­dth­éty­wtd­lfy­yj­uj­ht­éb­vf­b­yf­rf­ps­df­tn­dctö­jc­nfkm­ysö.

Lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rjt­ghfd­kt­ybt­yt­cjv­ytyyj­cgj­cjå­cn­detn­hfp­db­nbñ­cdj­åjl­ysö­hs­yjx­ysö­jn­yj­it­ybq­d­Cj­tlb­yty­ysö­Inf­nfö­b­d­vb­ht.­Yf­ghj­nz­ét­ybb­åj­ktt­60­nb­ktn­Cj­tlb­yty­yst­Inf­ns­cj­ltqcn­de­ñn­ajh­vb­hj­df­ybñ­b­cj­öhf­yt­ybñ­cdjåjl­yj­uj­vb­hj­dj­uj­gj­hzl­rf,­jc­yj­dfy­yj­uj­yf­cdjåjl­yjq­njh­ujd­kt­b­cnf­åbkm­ysö­vb­hj­dsö­hsy­rfö.­Ghb­vth­yj­d­njn­ét­gt­hb­jl­dht­vt­yb­d­Td­hj­gt­dcktl­pf­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yt­yb­tv­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­ås­kb­cyb­ét­ys­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbt­åf­hmt­hs­b­djp­hjc­kf­äa­atr­nbd­yjcnm­hsy­rf­hf­åj­xtq­cb­ks.

Cdj åjl yst hs yjx yst jn yj­it ybz b cnf åbkm yjcnm

Jl­yf­rj­cf­vb­gj­ct­åt­cdj­åjl­yst­b­cghf­dtl­kb­dst­ds­åj­hs­yt­jåz­pf­ntkm­yj­ghb­dj­lzn­r­cdj­åjl­ysv­hs­yjx­ysv­jn­yj­it­yb­zv.­Ghj­åkt­vjq­d­xfc­nyjc­nb­zd­kz­tn­cz­hfc­ne­ott­xbc­kj­fd­nj­rhf­nb­xtc­rbö­ht­éb­vjd,­rj­nj­hst­ds­lf­ñn­ct­åz­pf­lt­vjr­hf­nbb,­d­nj­dht­vz­rfr­jl­yf­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rfz­gfh­nbz­afr­nb­xtc­rb­rjy­nhj­kb­he­tn­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­dj­b­ärj­yj­vb­re­d­jn­cen­cn­dbb­ht­fkm­yjq­jg­gj­pb­wbb.­Hjc­cbz­ghb­åsd­itv­ght­pb­lty­nt,­f­ys­yt­ght­vmth­vb­ybc­nht­Dkf­lb­vb­ht­Ge­nb­yt­ghtl­cnfd­kz­tn­cj­åjq­zh­rbq­ghb­vth­cnhf­ys­c­ds­dtn­hb­dfñ­otq­cz­lt­vjr­hf­nb­tq.­Gj­vt­ht­nj­uj,­rfr­Ge­nby­er­htg­kz­tn­rjy­nhjkm­yfl­cnhf­yjq,­Vjc­rdf­hfc­ib­hz­tn­rjy­nhjkm­yfl­ärj­yj­vb­rjq,­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yzz­cdjt­dkbz­ybt­yf­nf­rbt­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yst­ghtl­ghbz­nbz,­rfr­Ufp­ghjv,­b­bc­gjkm­pez­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbt­hs­xf­ub­lkz­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rj­uj­djp­ltqcn­dbz­yf­cj­ctl­ybt­uj­ce­lfh­cn­df­b­vbh­d­wt­kjv.

E­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rbö­ghf­db­ntkm­cnd­hz­lf­cnhfy­ytn­by­cnb­ne­njd­b­gjl­lth­érb,­yt­jå­öj­lb­vsö­lkz­cnb­ve­kb­hj­df­ybz­cdj­åjl­ysö­hs­yjx­ysö­jn­yj­it­ybq.­Yt­lfd­yj­cajh­vb­hj­dfy­yst­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­Bhf­rf,­Pf­gfl­yj­uj­Åt­ht­uf,­Uf­ps­b­lhe­ubö­nth­hb­nj­hbq,­ult­jn­cen­cn­detn­äkt­vty­nfh­yfz­cnf­åbkm­yjcnm­b­åt­pj­gfc­yjcnm,­yt­bvt­ñn­ltqcn­deñ­obö­cnher­neh­eg­hfd­kt­ybz­b­åt­pj­gfc­yjc­nb­lkz­nj­uj,­xnj­ås­äa­atr­nbd­yj­hfp­db­dfnm­cdj­åjl­ysq­hs­yjr.

Cke­xfb­jn­rf­pf­jn­cdjåjl­yj­uj­hsy­rf­yt­htl­rj­yf­åkñ­lf­ñn­cz­lf­ét­d­åj­ktt­hfp­db­nsö­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rbö­jå­ot­cn­dfö.­D­Kf­nby­crjq­Fvt­hb­rt­pf­gj­cktl­ybt­uj­ls­åsk­bp­åhfy­hzl­gj­kb­nb­rjd,­ds­cne­gfd­ibö­c­gj­ge­kbcn­crb­vb­kb­åj,­d­yt­rj­nj­hsö­cke­xf­zö,­cj­wbf­kbc­nb­xtc­rb­vb­gkfn­ajh­vf­vb.­D­

Jn­rhsd­cnhf­ye­lkz­vb­hj­dj­uj­hsy­rf,­Rb­nfq­gj­ke­xbk­lj­cneg­r­yj­dsv­blt­zv.

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Cj­tlb­yty­ysö­Inf­nfö­jg­hj­cs­jå­ot­cn­dty­yj­uj­vyt­ybz­gj­rf­ps­df­ñn­cyb­ét­ybt­pf­by­nt­ht­cj­dfy­yjc­nb­d­cdj­åj­lt­njh­ujd­kb,­f­bgj­ntx­ysq­rhb­pbc­gj­hj­lbk­pf­cnfd­kz­tn­pf­le­vfnm­cz­j­gj­cktl­cn­dbzö­cdjåjl­yjq­hs­yjx­yjq­ltz­ntkm­yjc­nb­åtp­lj­cnf­njx­yj­uj­yfl­pj­hf­b­ht­ue­kb­hj­df­ybz.

Gj­­db­lb­vj­ve,­xnj­lt­vjr­hf­nbz­yf­båj­ktt­gj­ktp­yf­lkz­cdj­åjl­ysö­hs­yjx­ysö­jn­yj­it­ybq­ghb­yf­kb­xbb­ltqcn­dty­ysö­vtcn­ysö­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbq­b­jå­ot­cn­dty­yj­uj­lj­dt­hbz.­Lf­ybz­ujh­lbn­cz­jl­yjq­bp­cf­vsö­jn­rhs­nsö­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbö­cbc­ntv­d­vb­ht­b­zd­kz­tn­cj­åjq­ghb­vth­jå­hfp­wj­djq­lt­vjr­hf­nbb,­jl­yf­rj­d­änjq­cnhf­yt­ltqcn­de­tn­b­eyb­rfkm­ysq­jå­ot­cn­dty­ysq­lj­uj­djh,­nfr­yf­ps­dft­vfz­cbc­nt­vf­≤aktr­cb­rmñ­hb­nb≥­(flexicurity),­cj­dth­ity­cn­deñ­ofz­cz­eét­ljkm­it­dt­rf,­d­hfv­rfö­rj­nj­hjq­ds­lt­kz­ñn­cz­pyf­xb­ntkm­yst­cev­vs­yf­cj­wb­fkm­yst­ghj­uhfv­vs,­ghj­atc­cbj­yfkm­yjt­jåe­xt­ybt­b­hfp­kbx­yst­kmuj­ns.

D­ht­pekm­nf­nt­nf­rj­uj­rjv­ghj­vbc­cf­lfn­xf­yt­ndth­lj­dt­hzn­d­cdjåjl­yjt­ghtl­ghb­yb­vf­ntkm­cn­dj­b­dct­vbh­yeñ­njh­ujd­kñ,­b­lf­ét­ghja­cjñ­ps­bc­gjkm­pe­ñn­fen­cjh­cbyu.­Bc­ckt­lj­df­ntkm­Hj­åthn­Rfn­nyth,­rj­nj­hsq­ghj­dtk­fyf­kbp­lfn­crj­uj­rjv­ghj­vbc­cf­vté­le­cdj­åjl­ysv­hsy­rjv­b­cj­wb­fkm­yjq­cnf­åbkm­yjc­nmñ,­ghtl­gj­kf­uf­tn,­xnj­nf­rj­uj­hj­lf­rjy­nhfr­ns­≤ljk­éys­ds­hfc­nfnm­bp­cj­åcn­dty­yjq­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjq­gj­xds≥.

Rkñx­r­hfp­db­nbñ­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­b­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rjq­cdj­åj­ls­–­d­hfp­db­nbb­vtcn­ysö­by­cnb­ne­njd,­yf­rj­nj­hsö­jc­yj­df­ys­b­gth­dfz,­b­dnj­hfz.

Cj­tlb­yty­ysv­Inf­nfv,­bö­cj­ñp­yb­rfv­b­vté­le­yf­hjl­ysv­jh­uf­yb­pf­wb­zv­ckt­le­tn­ghj­ljk­éfnm­gjl­lth­éb­dfnm­dth­öj­dty­cn­dj­pf­rj­yf,­yt­pf­db­cb­vst­b­ghj­phfx­yst­ce­ltå­yst­cbc­nt­vs,­ghj­ler­nbd­yst­by­dtc­nb­wbb,­f­nfr­ét­åj­hjnm­cz­pf­vté­le­yf­hjl­yst­ghf­df­xt­kj­dt­rf­b­cj­åkñ­lt­ybt­ñhb­lb­xtc­rbö­jåz­pf­ntkm­cnd,­xnj­ås­gj­ds­ifnm­dt­hj­zn­yjcnm­nj­uj,­xnj­ltqcn­dbz­ghf­db­ntkm­cnd­yt­pf­db­cb­vj­jn­bö­cnher­ne­hs­åe­len­cghf­dtl­kb­ds­vb,­ue­vfy­ys­vb­b­ghj­phfx­ys­vb.

D­nj­ét­dht­vz­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df,­yt­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­dty­yst­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb­b­ghtl­ghbz­nbz­vj­uen­exf­cn­dj­dfnm­d­gjl­lthé­rt­vtcn­ysö­by­cnb­ne­njd­b­jå­ot­cn­dty­ysö­uhegg,­rj­nj­hst­er­htg­kz­ñn­lt­vjr­hf­nbñ­b­ds­cne­gf­ñn­pf­cj­åkñ­lt­ybt­by­lb­db­le­fkm­ysö­cdj­åjl.

Vs­lj­kéys­äyth­ubx­yj­dpf­bvj­ltqcn­dj­dfnm­c­vb­hjv,­bc­gjkm­pez­dct­lj­cneg­yst­chtl­cn­df,­b­d­jcj­åty­yjc­nb­njh­uj­dst­b­lbg­kj­vf­nb­xtc­rbt­rjy­nfr­ns.­Änj­lf­tn­yfv­djp­vjé­yjcnm­gj­vj­ufnm­kñ­lzv­d­hfp­ysö­cnhf­yfö­vb­hf­cnf­yj­dbnm­cz­åj­ktt­cdj­åjl­ys­vb,­ghj­wdt­nfñ­ob­vb­b­pf­ob­oty­ys­vb.­n

Vyt­ybz,­ds­hf­éty­yst­d­lfy­yjq­cnf­nmt,­yt­jåz­pf­ntkm­yj­jn­hf­éf­ñn­njx­re­

pht­ybz­bkb­gj­kb­nb­re­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­CIF.

eJournal USA 22

D­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dfö­Gth­cbl­crj­uj­pf­kb­df­hs­yjr­d­jc­yjd­yjv­cdj­

åjl­ysq,­yj­ytn­cdj­åjl­ysö­ds­åj­hjd,­cxb­nf­tn­Éfy­Ahfy­cef­

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nf­d­Df­iby­unj­yt.

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kt­ybñ­nfv­lt­vjr­hf­nbb.­Hfc­cvjn­hbv­itcnm­cnhfy,­jå­hf­peñ­obö­Cj­dtn­cj­nhel­yb­xt­cn­df­cnhfy­Gth­cbl­crj­uj­pf­kb­df­(CCCGP):­Åfö­htqy,­Re­dtqn,­Jvfy,­Rf­nfh,­Cfe­ljd­creñ­Fhf­dbñ­b­Jåüt­lb­yty­yst­Fhfå­crbt­Ävb­hf­ns.

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eJournal USA 23

cdj­åj­ls,­cnhf­ys­Gth­cbl­crj­uj­pf­kb­df­gj­ke­xf­ñn­gkj­öbt­åfk­ks.­Jwty­rf­Cfe­ljd­crjq­Fhf­dbb­–­6,5­–­jåüzc­yz­tn­cz­ju­hf­yb­xt­ybz­vb­uhfé­lfy­crbö­b­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbö­cdj­åjl­d­änjq­cnhf­yt.­Cf­vsq­ds­cj­rbq­åfkk­e­Re­dtq­nf­–­dct­uj­4,0.­D­Re­dtq­nt­hfp­ht­it­yf­cdj­åjl­yfz­ghtl­ds­åjh­yfz­åjhm­åf­rfy­lb­lf­njd­d­xkt­ys­gfh­kf­vty­nf­b­cdj­åj­lf­ds­hf­ét­ybz,­yj­ukf­dty­cn­dj­rj­hj­ktd­crjq­ct­vmb­yt­gjl­dth­uf­tn­cz­cjv­ytybñ.

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Yb­d­jl­yjq­bp­änbö­cnhfy­ytn­gj­ljöjl­yj­uj­yf­kj­uf.­Rjh­heg­wbz­ghb­jås­lty­ysö­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbö­jgt­hf­wb­zö­vb­yb­vfkm­yf.­Åfy­rb­b­ab­yfy­cj­dst­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb­cnhfy­CCCGP­–­änj­rht­lbn­yst­ex­hté­lt­ybz­ds­cj­rj­uj­ehjd­yz.­Yt­vyj­uj­xbc­kty­yst­ju­hf­yb­xt­ybz­yf­ghj­lf­ée­nj­df­hjd­cdz­pf­ys­c­ht­kb­ub­jp­ys­vb­pf­ght­nf­vb,­yf­ghb­vth­yf­egj­nhtå­kt­ybt­cdb­yb­ys­b­fk­rj­uj­kz.

Rhj­vt­nj­uj,­cnhf­ys­Gth­cbl­crj­uj­pf­kb­df­vj­lth­yb­pb­he­ñn­cdjb­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbt­cnher­ne­hs­b­pf­rj­yj­lf­ntkm­cn­dj­lkz­ghb­dkt­xt­ybz­xfc­nysö­drkfl­xb­rjd,­rfr­vtcn­ysö,­nfr­b­pf­he­åté­ysö.­Ct­ujl­yz­byj­cnhfy­yfz­rjv­gf­ybz­vj­étn­åsnm­100­ghj­wty­n­ysv­dkf­ltkm­wtv­dctö­cdj­bö­ghtl­ghbz­nbq­yf­nth­hb­nj­hbb­åjkm­iby­cn­df­cnhfy­Gth­cbl­crj­uj­pf­kb­df.­Vjé­yj­cdjåjl­yj­ht­gfn­hbb­hj­dfnm­lj­öj­ls,­

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Ärj­yj­vb­rf­cnhfy­Gth­cbl­crj­uj­pf­kb­df­gt­ht­éb­df­tn­åev.­Cnht­vzcm­vtym­it­pf­db­ctnm­jn­ghj­lfé­yta­nb­b­uf­pf,­jyb­cnf­hf­ñn­cz­vfr­cb­vfkm­yj­bc­gjkm­pj­dfnm­ght­bve­ot­cn­df­lt­it­djq­äyth­ubb,­jåb­kbz­rf­gb­nf­kf­b­cnhf­nt­ub­xtc­rj­uj­hfc­gj­kj­ét­ybz.­Änb­cnhf­ys­eét­ghj­bp­dj­lzn­jrj­kj­12­ghj­wty­njd­dctö­öb­vb­rf­njd­b­eljå­ht­ybq­d­vb­ht­b­gj­cnj­zy­yj­yf­hf­ob­df­ñn­ghj­bp­djl­cn­dj­åj­ktt­ckjé­yjq­öb­vb­xtc­rjq­ghj­ler­wbb,­yf­ghb­vth,­änb­kt­yj­dsö­gkfc­nvfcc.­Åkf­uj­lf­hz­lt­it­dsv­bc­njx­yb­rfv­äktr­nhb­xt­cn­df­jyb­eét­

Vté­le­yf­hjl­ysq­ab­yfy­cj­dsq­wtynh­d­Le­åft­cdb­lt­ntkm­cn­detn­j­njv,­xnj­cnhf­ys­Gth­cbl­crj-uj­pf­kb­df­jn­rhs­ns­lkz­by­dtc­nb­wbq.

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cnf­kb­rheg­ys­vb­ghj­bp­dj­lb­nt­kz­vb­fkñ­vb­ybz,­f­lj­cneg­r­pf­kt­éfv­åjr­cb­njd­d­Cfe­ljd­crjq­Fhf­dbb­vj­étn­gj­pdj­kbnm­änbv­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dfv­r­2020­uj­le­lj­dtc­nb­cdjñ­lj­kñ­d­vb­hj­djv­ghj­bp­djl­cn­dt­fkñ­vb­ybz­lj­20­ghj­wty­njd.

Ju hf yb xt ybt cdj åjl ysö hs yjx ysö jn yj it ybq

Hf­pe­vt­tn­cz,­cdj­åjl­yst­hs­yjx­yst­jn­yj­it­ybz­cj­åkñ­lf­ñn­cz­lj­bp­dtcn­yjq­cnt­gt­yb.­Jåtc­gt­xt­ybt­ds­gjk­yt­ybz­rjy­nhfr­njd­cnfk­rb­df­tn­cz­c­jght­ltkty­ys­vb­ckjé­yjc­nz­vb­ddb­le­hfp­kb­xbq­vté­le­ñhb­lb­xtc­rb­vb­nhf­lb­wbz­vb­b­yt­ödfn­rb­ce­ltq,­pyf­rj­vsö­c­vté­le­yfhjl­yjq­ce­ltå­yjq­ghfr­nb­rjq.

D­wt­kzö­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­uj­hfp­db­nbz­cnhf­ys­Gth­cbl­crj­uj­pf­kb­df­by­dtc­nb­he­ñn­cjn­yb­vbk­kb­fh­ljd­lj­kkf­hjd­d­by­ahf­cnher­ne­he,­cnhjb­ntkm­cn­dj­by­lec­nhb­fkm­ysö­uj­hj­ljd,­ét­ktp­ysö­lj­hju,­vjh­crbö­b­fä­hjgjh­njd.

Åjkm­iby­cn­dj­rheg­ytq­ibö­öb­vb­xtc­rbö­b­vt­nfk­keh­ub­xtc­rbö­rjv­gf­ybq­d­CCCGP­ctq­xfc­ghb­yfl­kt­éfn­uj­ce­lfhcn­de,­yj­eg­hfd­kz­ñn­cz­gj­pf­gfl­yj­ve­jå­hfp­we­c­vb­yb­vfkm­ysv­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­ysv­dvt­if­ntkm­cn­djv.­Yf­ghb­vth,­

SABIC­zd­kz­tn­cz­cf­vjq­lj­öjl­yjq­b­åsc­nhj­hfc­ne­otq­öb­vb­xtc­rjq­rjv­gf­yb­tq­d­vb­ht­c­lj­cne­gjv­r­lt­it­dj­ve­cs­hmñ.­Rhj­vt­nj­uj,­jyf­gj­cnt­gty­yj­cnf­yj­dbn­cz­rheg­ysv­yf­ex­yj­bc­ckt­lj­df­ntkmc­rbv­ghtl­ghbz­nb­tv­b,­gj­ljåyj­cdjt­ve­yta­nzyj­ve­fyf­kj­ue­–­rjv­gf­ybb­≤Cfe­lb­Fhfv­rj≥,­jåe­xf­tn­b­pf­ltqcn­de­tn­cfe­ljd­crbö­uhfé­lfy­d­hfp­db­nbb­yf­erj­tv­rjq­ghj­vsi­kty­yjc­nb­rj­hj­ktd­cn­df.

Ec­gtö­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­ysö­rjv­gf­ybq­bvt­tn­cdjb­yt­ljc­nfn­rb.­Bö­vt­yt­lét­hs­yf­cnfb­df­ñn­yf­cdj­tv­ghf­dt­yt­lt­kbnm­cz­lt­it­dsv­cs­hmtv­c­vtcn­ys­vb­rjy­re­hty­nf­vb.­Nf­rbv­jå­hf­pjv,­rheg­ytq­ibt­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yst­ghtl­ghbz­nbz,­cj­plf­dfz­hf­åj­xbt­vtc­nf­lkz­xfc­nyj­hs­yjx­yjq­ärj­yj­vb­rb,­d­nj­ét­dht­vz­ju­hf­yb­xb­df­ñn­hjcn­rjy­re­hty­njd­bp­xfc­nyj­uj­ctr­nj­hf.

Hf­pe­vt­tn­cz,­yt­rj­nj­hst­rhe­ub­d­CCCGP,­drkñ­xfz­nhf­lb­wb­jy­ysö­ghj­bp­dj­lb­nt­ktq­b­njh­ujd­wtd,­yf­cnhjt­ys­ghj­nbd­cdjåjl­yj­uj­hsy­rf.­Dt­heñ­obt­rjy­cth­df­nbd­yj­uj­ht­kb­ubjp­yj­uj­yf­ghfd­kt­ybz­cf­kf­abz­nfr­ét­ds­cne­gf­ñn­ghj­nbd­cdj­åjl­ysö­hs­yjx­ysö­jn­yj­it­ybq,­jgf­cf­zcm­nj­uj,­xnj­jn­rhs­nfz­ärj­yj­vb­rf­dt­ltn­r­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yt­ybñ­pf­gfl­yj­uj­jå­hf­pj­df­ybz­b­cnb­kz­ébp­yb.

D­Le­åft­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yz­tn­cz­pf­gfl­ysq­cnbkm­cnhjb­ntkm­cn­df,­yj­yt­pf­gfl­yfz­lt­vjr­hf­nbz.

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eJournal USA 25

Jyb lt kzn cz åj ufn cn djv, yj yt dkfc nmñ

Xnj­ås­lj­cnbxm­cdj­bö­fv­åb­wb­jp­ysö­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbö­wt­ktq,­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­cnhfy­Gth­cbl­crj­uj­pf­kb­df­uj­nj­ds­lt­kbnm­cz­cj­cdjb­vb­yf­hj­lf­vb­åj­ufn­cn­djv,­yj­yt­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjq­dkfc­nmñ.

Xnj­ås­gj­ltkbnm­cz­åj­ufn­cn­djv­cnhf­ys,­cfe­ljd­crbt­dkfc­nb­bc­gjkm­pj­df­kb­ajy­lj­deñ­åbh­ée.­Vyj­ubt­bp­115­rjv­gf­ybq,­pf­ht­ubc­nhb­hj­dfy­ysö­yf­ytq,­rjy­nhj­kb­he­ñn­cz­uj­ce­lfh­cn­djv­b­rfr­ghf­db­kj­dtcm­vf­lj­öjl­ys.­Änb­rjv­gf­ybb­vj­uen­ghj­lf­dfnm­lj­30­ghj­wty­njd­cdjt­uj­rf­gb­nf­kf­d­db­lt­fr­wbq­yf­åbh­ét.­Cfe­ljd­crbv­uhfé­lf­yfv,­dkj­ébd­ibv­chtl­cn­df­d­nf­rbt­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yst­rjv­gf­ybb,­bö­åt­pj­gfc­yst­by­dtc­nb­wbb­jåtc­gt­xb­df­ñn­öj­hj­ibt­lb­db­lty­ls­b­ghb­hjcn­cnjb­vjc­nb­rf­gb­nf­kf.­Åj­ktt­nj­uj,­Futyn­cn­dj­gj­eg­hfd­kt­ybñ­hsy­rf­vb­rf­gb­nf­kf­ckt­lbn­pf­ntv,­xnj­ås­dct­pf­ht­ubc­nhb­hj­dfy­yst­yf­åbh­ét­rjv­gf­ybb­bvt­kb­öj­hj­ieñ­ht­ge­nf­wbñ,­f­vtk­rbt­by­dtc­nj­hs­vju­kb­gj­re­gfnm­fr­wbb.­Ct­ujl­yz­50­ghj­wty­njd­dctö­cfe­ljd­crbö­uhfé­lfy­dkf­lt­ñn­fr­wbz­vb­b,­ckt­lj­df­ntkm­yj,­pf­by­nt­ht­cj­df­ys­d­hfp­db­nbb­änj­uj­rj­hj­ktd­cn­df.

Ntv­yt­vt­ytt,­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­cnhfy­Gth­cbl­crj­uj­pf­kb­df­jgf­cf­ñn­cz,­xnj­exfc­nbt­yf­ct­kt­ybz­d­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjv­eg­hfd­kt­ybb­cnhf­yjq­vj­étn­htp­rj­pf­njh­vj­pbnm­hfp­db­nbt.­Ghj­dj­lbd­ibt­cz­d­änbö­cnhf­yfö­yt­crjkm­rj­hfp­cdj­åjl­yst­ds­åj­hs­gj­rf­pf­kb,­xnj­få­cj­kñn­yjt­åjkm­iby­cn­dj­yf­ct­kt­ybz­ghtl­gj­xb­nf­tn­cf­kf­abc­njd.­Xnj­ås­cåf­kfy­cb­hj­dfnm­gj­åt­le­cf­kf­abp­vf­yf­ds­åj­hfö,­rj­hj­kb­b­ävb­hs­CCCGP­cj­plf­kb­rjy­cekm­nf­nbd­yst­cj­dt­ns,­cj­cnjz­obt­bp­ntö­yjr­hf­njd,­rj­nj­hst­lj­kéys­rjk­ktr­nbd­yj­en­dth­élfnm­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­reñ­gj­kb­nb­re­b­yt­ghj­nb­dj­ht­xb­dst­pf­rj­ys.

Jn­cen­cn­dbt­yt­pf­db­cb­vjc­nb­ce­ltå­yjq­cbc­nt­vs­–­tot­jl­yj­cdb­lt­ntkm­cn­dj­nj­uj,­xnj­änb­uj­ce­lfh­cn­df­lt­kzn­cz­c­yf­hj­ljv­åj­ufn­cn­df­vb,­f­yt­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjq­dkfc­nmñ.­Yf­pyf­xft­vst­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­djv­ce­lmb­zd­kz­ñn­cz­pyf­nj­rf­vb­

bc­kfv­crj­uj­ct­vtq­yj­uj­bkb­euj­kjd­yj­uj­ghf­df,­yj­yt­rjv­gt­ntyn­ys­d­njh­uj­djv­pf­rj­yj­lf­ntkm­cn­dt.­D­Cfe­ljd­crjq­Fhf­dbb­lkz­hfc­cvjn­ht­ybz­njh­uj­dsö­ltk­cj­plf­yf­gf­hfk­ktkm­yfz­ñhb­lb­xtc­rfz­cbc­nt­vf­gjl­yf­pdf­yb­tv­≤Rj­vbc­cbz­gj­hfc­cvjn­ht­ybñ­éf­kjå≥.

Ntv­yt­vt­ytt,­cbkm­yst­vb­hf­ct­uj­jc­nf­ñn­cz­yt­gjl­cel­ys­vb.­Cfe­ljd­crfz­Rj­vbc­cbz­gj­hfc­cvjn­ht­ybñ­éf­kjå­yt­ghb­yb­vf­tn­r­ghj­bp­djl­cn­de­ltk,­d­rj­nj­hsö­pf­vt­if­ys­ghby­ws­b­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­dty­yst­xb­yjd­yb­rb;­nf­rbt­lt­kf­htl­rj­hfc­cvfn­hb­df­ñn­cz­gj­ce­ot­cn­de.

Hfp­db­nbt­cdj­åjl­ysö­hs­yjx­ysö­jn­yj­it­ybq,­rj­nj­hjt­gjl­lth­éb­df­ñn­b­rj­nj­hj­ve­d­nj­ét­cf­vjt­dht­vz­ght­gzn­cn­deñn­fd­nj­rhf­nbb,­afr­nb­xtc­rb­yt­cj­ghj­djé­lf­tn­cz­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rb­vb­ht­ajh­vf­vb­d­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dfö­Gth­cbl­crj­uj­pf­kb­df.­Hs­yjx­yfz­ärj­yj­vb­rf­pf­ob­ot­yf­yt­ght­ht­rft­vsv­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbv­rjy­nhj­ktv­cj­cnj­hj­ys­bö­kb­lt­hjd.­Lf­ét­d­Le­åft,­wty­nht­ghtl­ghb­yb­vf­nt­ktq­dct­uj­ht­ubj­yf,­ckj­dj­ghf­db­nt­kz­–­pf­rjy­lkz­dctö.

Uj­ce­lfh­cn­df­Gth­cbl­crj­uj­pf­kb­df­yt­bvt­ñn­≤yfhjl­yj­uj­eg­hfd­kt­ybz­yf­hj­ljv­b­lkz­yf­hj­lf≥.­Änj­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­yt­vyj­ubö­yf­åkf­uj­vyj­ubö.­Nf­rfz­cbc­nt­vf­ce­ot­cn­dty­yj­jn­kb­xf­tn­cz­jn­lj­cnb­ét­ybq­pf­gfl­yjq­lt­vjr­hf­nbb,­yj­pf­nj­jyf­jnt­xt­cn­dty­yj­uj­ghj­bp­djl­cn­df.

Lt­vjr­hf­nbñ­yt­djp­vjé­yj­yf­dz­pfnm­bp­dyt.­Djp­vjé­yj,­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbt­gt­ht­vt­ys,­ghj­bc­öj­lz­obt­d­yf­cnjz­ott­dht­vz­d­cnhf­yfö­Gth­cbl­crj­uj­pf­kb­df,­uj­dj­hzn­j­njv,­xnj­cj­dht­vt­ytv­bö­ghf­db­nt­kb­d­lj­gjk­yt­ybt­r­cdj­åj­lt­hsy­rf­ght­lj­cnf­dzn­yf­hj­le­b­nf­rbt­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbt­cdj­åj­ls,­rfr­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbt­gfh­nbb,­cdj­åj­lf­ckj­df­b­yt­pf­db­cb­vjcnm­jå­hf­pj­dfy­yj­uj­ghf­dj­ce­lbz.­Yt­bc­rkñ­xt­yj,­xnj­exfc­nbt­yf­ct­kt­ybz­d­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rjq­ébp­yb­cnhf­ys­b­ght­jå­hf­pj­df­ybt­ärj­yj­vb­rb­d­rj­ytx­yjv­bnj­ut­ghb­dt­len­r­lt­vjr­hf­nb­pf­wbb­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yjq­dkfc­nb.­n

Vyt­ybz,­ds­hf­éty­yst­d­lfy­yjq­cnf­nmt,­yt­jåz­pf­ntkm­yj­jn­hf­éf­ñn­njx­re­

pht­ybz­bkb­gj­kb­nb­re­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­CIF.

eJournal USA 26

Gj­ckj­dfv­Bdf­yf­Rhfc­nt­df,­ce­ot­cn­djdf­kb­

jgf­ct­ybz,­xnj­Wty­nhfkm­yfz­Td­hj­gf­ghb­vtn­

lt­vjr­hf­nbñ­b­jn­dth­uytn­hs­yjx­yeñ­ärj­yj­

vb­re,­jl­yf­rj­yf­lt­kt­Wty­nhfkm­yfz­Td­hj­gf­

ghb­yz­kf­cdj­åjl­yst­hs­yjx­yst­jn­yj­it­ybz,­

gj­cnt­gty­yj­hf­pj­xf­hj­ds­df­zcm­d­lt­vjr­hf­nbb.­

Rhfc­ntd­–­ghtl­ct­lf­ntkm­Wty­nhf­kb­åt­hfkm­

ysö­cnhf­nt­ubq­d­u.­Cj­abb,­Åjk­uf­hbz.

Ct­ujl­yzi­ybö­bc­nj­hb­rjd­cj­åkfp­yz­tn­djp­vjé­yjcnm­jgb­cs­dfnm­bc­nj­hbñ­gj­cnrjv­ve­ybc­nb­xtc­rbö­ght­jå­hf­pj­df­ybq­

d­Wty­nhfkm­yjq­b­Dj­cnjx­yjq­Td­hj­gt­rfr­bc­nj­hbñ­yt­ghtj­lj­kb­vj­uj­dpfb­vyj­uj­dkt­xt­ybz­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­b­rf­gb­nf­kbp­vf.­Yj­20­ktn­yf­pfl­vyj­ubt­jgf­cf­kbcm,­xnj­änf­gj­dtcnm­åe­ltn­yf­gb­cf­yf­d­éfy­ht­eéf­cjd.

D­nj­dht­vz­rfr­gj­kb­nj­kj­ub­crkj­yz­kbcm­r­vyt­ybñ,­xnj­lt­vjr­hf­nbz­b­rf­gb­nf­kbpv­–­tc­nt­cn­dty­yst­gfh­nyt­hs,­f­nfr­ét­xnj­cdj­åjl­yst­hs­yjx­yst­jn­yj­it­ybz­b­rjy­re­htyn­yfz­gj­kb­nb­rf,­d­rj­ytx­yjv­cxt­nt,­er­htg­kz­ñn­lheu­lhe­uf,­ce­ot­cn­djdf­kb­jgf­ct­ybz,­xnj­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbt­b­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbt­ht­ajh­vs,­yt­jå­öj­lb­vst­lkz­ght­jå­hf­pj­df­ybz­dj­cnjx­yj­td­hj­gtq­crbö­jå­ot­cnd,­åe­len­ght­gzn­cn­dj­dfnm­lheu­lhe­ue.

Gj­cnrjv­ve­ybc­nb­xtc­rbt­ght­jå­hf­pj­df­ybz­cnjz­kb­gt­htl­dj­ghj­cjv:­rfr­vjé­yj­lfnm­kñ­lzv­ghf­dj­lt­kfnm­nj,­xnj­jyb­öj­nzn,­f­pf­ntv­jéb­lfnm,­xnj­jyb­ds­åt­hen­gj­kb­nb­re,­rj­nj­hfz­gth­dj­yf­xfkm­yj­ghb­dt­ltn­r­gj­ds­it­ybñ­wty,­edt­kb­xt­ybñ­åtp­hf­åj­nb­ws­b­eu­keå­kt­ybñ­cj­wb­fkm­yj­uj­yt­hf­dty­cn­df?

Gj­vyt­ybñ­yt­vtw­rj­uj­cj­wbj­kj­uf­Rkfe­cf­Ja­at,­≤hs­yjx­yfz­ärj­yj­vb­rf­yf­xb­yf­tn­hf­åj­nfnm­njkm­rj­d­ec­kj­db­zö,­ghtl­it­cn­deñ­obö­lt­vjr­hf­nbb≥.­F­dt­le­obq­gjkm­crbq­gj­kb­nj­kju­b­fr­nb­dbc­nrf­ldb­ét­ybz­Cj­kb­lfh­yjcnm­Zl­db­uf­Cnf­ybc­rbc­cxb­nf­kf,­xnj­≤gj­rf­lkz­yf­cnjz­ot­uj­uhfé­lfy­crj­uj­jå­ot­cn­df­yt­pf­kj­éty­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbq­

aey­lf­vtyn,­vfc­cj­dfz­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rfz­vj­åb­kb­pf­wbz­yf­ct­kt­ybz­djp­vjé­yf­bc­rkñ­xb­ntkm­yj­yf­jc­yj­dt­yf­wbj­yf­kbp­vf­kb­åj­aey­lf­vty­nf­kbp­vf≥.

Ckj­djv,­cxb­nf­kjcm,­xnj­Wty­nhfkm­yfz­Td­hj­gf­jå­ht­xt­yf­yf­ds­åjh­vté­le­hs­yjx­ysv­cj­wbf­kbp­vjv­b­fd­nj­hb­nfh­ysv­rf­gb­nf­kbp­vjv.­R­cxfc­nmñ,­byju­lf­nj,­xnj­yt­ntj­ht­nb­

lt vjr hf nbz b rf gb nf kbpv: hfp lt kt ybt åkbp yt wjd

Bdfy­Rhfc­ntd

Bp­åb­hf­nt­kb­He­vs­ybb­b­jc­nfkm­ysö­cnhfy­åsd­itq­rjv­ve­ybc­nb­xtc­rjq­Td­hj­gs­­ghb­yz­kb­cdj­åjl­yst­hs­yjx­yst­jn­yj­it­ybz,­yj­gj­nt­hz­kb­lj­dt­hbt­r­gj­kb­nb­rt.

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hjkm jå ot cn dty yj uj lj dt hbz

eJournal USA 27

xtc­rb­yt­lj­kéyj­hf­åj­nfnm,­yf­ghfr­nb­rt­hf­åj­nf­tn.

Wty­nhfkm­yfz­b­Dj­cnjx­yfz­Td­hj­gf­lj­åb­kbcm­ec­gt­öf­ghb­gt­ht­öj­lt­jl­yj­dht­vty­yj­r­hs­yjx­yjq­ärj­yj­vb­rt­b­lt­vjr­hf­nbb.­Änjn­ec­gtö­cnfk­djp­vj­éty­d­ht­pekm­nf­nt­cxfc­nkb­dj­uj­cj­xt­nf­ybz­bltq,­ävj­wbq,­jå­cnjz­ntkm­cnd­b­he­rj­dj­lb­nt­ktq.

Gjl lth érf ärj yj vb xtc rbö gt ht vty

D­ghj­wtc­ct­ght­jå­hf­pj­df­ybz­cnhfy­Wty­nhfkm­yjq­Td­hj­gs­tc­nt­cn­dty­ysv­cj­ñp­yb­rjv­ht­ajh­vf­nj­hjd­cnf­kj­yf­ckt­lbt­rjv­ve­ybp­vf.­Kñ­lb­nth­gt­kb­dj­gjl­lth­éb­df­kb­ht­ajh­vs,­gj­crjkm­re­bv­yt­nth­gt­kjcm­hfc­ghj­ofnm­cz­c­rjv­ve­ybc­nb­xtc­rjq­cbc­nt­vjq.­Yf­xf­kj­1990­ö­uj­ljd­ås­kj­cñh­htf­kbc­nb­xtc­rbv­dht­vt­ytv:­ghja­cjñ­ps­hf­nj­df­kb­pf­cj­rhf­ot­ybt­hf­åj­xbö­vtcn,­f­ärc­rjv­ve­ybc­nb­xtc­rbt­gfh­nbb­yf­cnfb­df­kb­yf­ghb­df­nb­pf­wbb­ärj­yj­vb­rb.

Rf­gb­nf­kbpv­ds­ps­dfk­uytd,­yj­yt­ce­ot­cn­djdf­kj­yb­gfh­nbb,­yb­lf­ét­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rj­uj­zps­rf,­rj­nj­hst­vju­kb­ås­jh­uf­yb­pj­dfnm­ntö,­rnj­gj­cnhf­lfk­d­ghj­wtc­ct­ght­jå­hf­pj­df­ybq.­Rjv­ve­ybpv­gj­ljhdfk­cgj­cjå­yjcnm­jå­ot­cn­df­r­rjk­ktr­nbd­ysv­ltqcn­db­zv­gj­rkfc­cj­dj­ve­ghb­pyf­re.­Kñ­åfz­rhb­nb­rf­hs­yjx­ysö­jn­yj­it­ybq­ghb­hfd­yb­df­kfcm­r­yjc­nfkm­ubb­gj­rjv­ve­ybp­ve.­Pf­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbt­gt­ht­vt­ys­ds­cne­gf­kb­b­fy­nb­rjv­ve­ybc­ns,­cnj­zd­ibt­d­jg­gj­pb­wbb­r­äkb­nt,­–­d­cb­ke­cdj­tq­bltj­kj­ubb,­b­ärc­rjv­ve­ybc­nb­xtc­rfz­äkb­nf­–­d­cb­ke­cdj­bö­by­nt­ht­cjd.

Hfc­ghj­cnhf­yty­yfz­njc­rf­gj­≤djp­dhf­ot­ybñ­d­Td­hj­ge≥,­ecb­kty­yfz­ghb­dkt­rf­ntkm­yjc­nmñ­Td­hj­gtq­crj­uj­cj­ñpf­b­YF­NJ­(Jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb­ctdt­hj­fn­kfy­nb­xtc­rj­uj­lj­uj­dj­hf),­gj­pdj­kb­kb­änbv­jå­ot­cn­dfv­ghb­vb­hbnm­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rbt­by­cnby­rns­gt­ht­hfcght­ltkt­ybz­lj­öj­ljd­c­yt­jå­öj­lb­vjc­nmñ­nth­gt­kb­dj­uj­ljk­uj­chjx­yj­uj­gjl­öj­lf,­dt­le­ot­uj­r­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­ve­ec­gt­öe.­Änj­ghj­bc­öj­lb­kj­gj­­hfp­yj­ve­d­hfp­kbx­ysö­cnhf­yfö,­yj­td­hj­fn­kfy­nb­xtc­rfz­by­ntu­hf­wbz­jåtc­gt­xb­kf­ghj­ljk­ét­ybt­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbö­ht­ajhv­b­yt­lj­gec­nb­kf­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rj­uj­htu­htc­cf.

Ec­gtö­gj­cnrjv­ve­ybc­nb­xtc­rbö­ght­jå­hf­pj­df­ybq­gjl­dtk­yj­djt­gj­rj­kt­ybt­gj­kb­nj­kj­ujd­r­gt­ht­cvjn­he­djp­vjé­yjc­nb­tlb­yj­dht­vty­yj­uj­djp­ybr­yj­dt­ybz­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­b­rf­gb­nf­kbp­vf.­Jyb­jåüz­db­kb­pf­rj­yjv­tc­nt­cn­dty­yj­uj­hfp­db­nbz­nj,­xnj­ght­élt­cxb­nf­kjcm­bc­nj­hb­xtc­rjq­elf­xtq.­Lt­vjr­hf­nbz­

b­rf­gb­nf­kbpv­cnf­kb­hfc­cvfn­hb­dfnm­cz­yt­rfr­cxfc­nkb­dfz­ct­vtq­yfz­gf­hf,­f­rfr­jl­yj­zq­wt­dst­åkbp­yt­ws.

Crtg nb wbpv gj gj dj le lt vjr hf nbb

Ce­ot­cn­djdf­kf­nty­lty­wbz­r­bu­yj­hb­hj­df­ybñ­yf­ghz­éty­yjc­nb­d­jn­yj­it­yb­zö­vté­le­lt­vjr­hf­nb­tq­b­rf­gb­nf­kbp­vjv.­Jl­yf­rj­lj­cnf­njx­yj­dpukz­yenm­yf­jgsn­nf­rbö­cnhfy,­rfr­Hjc­cbz,­Rb­nfq­bkb­Dt­yt­ceä­kf,­xnj­ås­gj­zdb­kbcm­cjv­ytybz­d­ce­ot­cn­djdf­ybb­tc­nt­cn­dty­yjq­nty­lty­wbb­rf­gb­nf­kbp­vf­gj­hjé­lfnm­lt­vjr­hf­nbñ­bkb­d­tc­nt­cn­dty­yjq­nty­lty­wbb­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­gjl­lth­éb­dfnm­rf­gb­nf­kbpv.

Xkt­ys­ghja­cjñ­pjd­d­Gjkm­it­(yf­cybv­rt)­b­lhe­ubö­cnhf­yfö­cxb­nf­ñn,­xnj­ghj­bu­hf­kb­d­ht­pekm­nf­nt­gj­cnrjv­ve­ybc­nb­xtc­rbö­ght­jå­hf­pj­df­ybq.

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eJournal USA 28

Jgsn­Wty­nhfkm­yjq­Td­hj­gs­nfr­ét­yeé­lf­tn­cz­d­yt­rj­nj­hjv­gt­ht­cvjn­ht.­Cgec­nz­ujl­gjc­kt­nj­uj,­rfr­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rbt­cnhf­ys­Wty­nhfkm­yjq­Td­hj­gs­cnf­kb­xkt­yf­vb­Td­hj­gtq­crj­uj­cj­ñpf,­ht­ub­jy­gt­ht­ébk­dcnhzc­re,­jåec­kjd­kty­yeñ­hjc­njv­gj­ge­kbp­vf­b­yf­wbj­yf­kbp­vf.­Ehj­dtym­yt­eljd­ktn­dj­hty­yjc­nb­lt­vjr­hf­nb­tq­hfc­ntn,­b,­cj­ukfc­yj­lfy­ysv­dct­vbh­yj­uj­jg­hj­cf­≤Uj­kjc­yf­hj­lf­–­2006≥,­Wty­nhfkm­yfz­Td­hj­gf,­dj­ght­rb­dctv­jéb­lf­yb­zv,­zd­kz­tn­cz­ht­ubj­yjv­vb­hf,­uhfé­lf­yt­rj­nj­hj­uj­yf­båj­ktt­crtg­nb­xtc­rb­jn­yj­czn­cz­r­lj­cnj­by­cn­dfv­lt­vjr­hf­nbb.

Dj­dctv­änjv­ht­ubj­yt­yf­ct­kt­ybt­yt­lj­dt­hz­tn­gj­kb­nb­rfv­b­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbv­gfh­nb­zv.­Kñ­lb­cxb­nf­ñn,­xnj­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbq­rkfcc­rjh­hev­gb­hj­dfy­b­ght­ckt­le­tn­cj­åcn­dty­yst­by­nt­ht­cs.­Gt­ht­öjl­r­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­d­Wty­nhfkm­yjq­Td­hj­gt­åsk­åt­pec­kjd­yj­ec­gti­ysv,­yj­ghb­dtk­r­åsc­nhj­ve­cj­wb­fkm­yj­ve­hfc­ckjt­ybñ,­åj­ktp­yty­yj­crf­pfd­ibcm­yf­vyj­ubö­b­d­nj­ét­dht­vz­djp­ds­cbd­ghb­db­kt­ub­hj­dfy­yjt­vtym­iby­cn­dj.

D­ägj­öe­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rbö­ght­jå­hf­pj­df­ybq­vyj­ét­cn­dj­ce­ltå­ås­kj­hfp­åb­nj­b­vyj­ét­cn­dj­yf­ltél­jå­vf­ye­nj.­Njn­afrn,­xnj­jn­änbö­ght­jå­hf­pj­df­ybq­d­jc­yjd­yjv­ds­bu­hf­kb­

jå­hf­pj­dfy­yst­b­bvtñ­obt­jå­ibh­yst­cdz­pb­xkt­ys­äkb­ns­cnf­hj­uj­ht­éb­vf,­yt­cgj­cjå­cn­dj­dfk­djp­ybr­yj­dt­ybñ­cbv­gf­nbq­r­lt­vjr­hf­nb­pf­wbb.­Gj­cnrjv­ve­ybc­nb­xtc­rbt­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­ct­ujl­yz­hfc­cvfn­hb­df­ñn­cz­d­rf­xt­cn­dt­nhb­ev­af­yt­äuf­kb­nf­hbp­vf,­f­fy­nb­äuf­kb­nf­hbcn­crbö­rjv­ve­ybc­nb­xtc­rbö­äkb­nfh­ysö­rhe­ujd­b­fy­nb­rjv­ve­ybc­nb­xtc­rbö­uhegg,­yf­öj­lz­obö­cz­d­jg­gj­pb­wbb­r­äkb­nt.

Dyti­ybt­ju­hf­yb­xt­ybz,­ddt­lty­yst­Td­hj­gtq­crbv­cj­ñpjv­lkz­cnhfy,­uj­nj­dbd­ibö­cz­dcne­gbnm­d­TC,­ås­kb­rhfq­yt­dfé­ys­lkz­ec­gt­öf­ht­ajhv,­yj­cgj­cjå­cn­djdf­kb­joe­ot­ybñ,­xnj­änb­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rbt­cnhf­ys­kb­it­ys­ht­fkm­yj­uj­ghf­df­yf­ds­åjh.

Ldfl­wfnm­ktn­yf­pfl­ntj­ht­nb­rb­jgf­cf­kbcm,­xnj­e­dyjdm­djp­yb­rfñ­obö­lt­vjr­hf­nbq­yt­åe­ltn­nz­ub­r­rf­gb­nf­kbp­ve.­Ct­ujl­yz­vs­db­lbv,­xnj­e­åjkm­iby­cn­df­yf­hj­ljd­Wty­n­hfkm­yjq­Td­hj­gs­lj­dt­hbz­r­hs­yjx­ysv­jn­yj­it­yb­zv­åjkm­it,­xtv­r­bp­åb­hf­ntkm­yjq­eh­yt.­n

Vyt­ybt,­ds­hf­éty­yjt­d­lfy­yjq­cnf­nmt,­yt­jåz­pf­ntkm­yj­jn­hf­éf­tn­njx­re­

pht­ybz­bkb­gj­kb­nb­re­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­CIF.

eJournal USA 29

Bc­ckt­lj­df­ybz­gj­rf­ps­df­ñn,­xnj­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbt­b­ärj­yj­vb­

xtc­rbt­ht­ajh­vs­cvzu­xf­ñn­än­yb­xtc­rbt­rjy­akbr­ns­lf­ét­d­

ntö­cnhf­yfö,­d­ärj­yj­vb­rt­rj­nj­hsö­lj­vb­yb­he­tn­än­yb­xtc­rjt­

vtym­iby­cn­dj.­Nfr­cxb­nf­ñn­ghj­atc­cjh­gj­kb­nj­kj­ubb­Lj­

Iby­b­fc­gb­hfyn,­ktr­njh­fc­cbc­ntyn­Rhbc­nj­ath­Htq­vjyl­

bp­Eyb­dth­cb­nt­nf­inf­nf­Vbc­ce­hb­d­Rj­kev­åbb,­infn­­

Vbc­ce­hb.

D­yf­xf­kt­2007­uj­lf­Rt­ybz­cxb­nf­kfcm­jl­yjq­bp­yf­båj­ktt­ec­gti­ysö­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rbö­cnhfy­d­Fa­hb­rt.­D­rjy­wt­nj­uj­ét­uj­lf­d­Rt­ybb­dj­wf­hbk­cz­öf­jc.­

Än­yb­xtc­rjt­yf­cb­kbt­dcgsö­ye­kj­d­cnhf­yt­gjc­kt­nj­uj,­rfr­ltqcn­deñ­obq­ght­pb­ltyn­Vdfb­Rb­åf­rb­åsk­jåüzd­kty­gj­

åt­lb­nt­ktv­xhtp­ds­xfq­yj­cgjh­ysö­ght­pb­ltyn­crbö­ds­åj­hjd,­rj­nj­hst­cj­cnjz­kbcm­27­lt­rfå­hz­2007­uj­lf.

Kej,­yf­hjl­yj­cnm,­gjl­lth­éb­dfñ­ofz­ghj­bu­hfd­it­uj­rfy­lb­lf­nf­Hfb­ke­Jlby­ue,­eét­lfd­yj­djp­ve­of­kbcm­åj­ufn­cn­djv­b­dkfc­nmñ­rb­re­qñ­–­yf­hjl­yj­cnb,­r­rj­nj­hjq­ghb­yfl­kt­ébn­ght­pb­ltyn­Rb­åf­rb.­Vyj­ubt­kej­jå­db­yz­kb­Rb­åf­rb­b­rb­re­qñ­d­gjl­nf­cjd­rt­ht­pekm­nf­njd­ds­åj­hjd.­D­nt­xt­ybt­gth­dsö­vt­cz­wtd­gjc­kt­ds­åj­hjd­d­öj­lt­åeh­ysö­ghj­ntc­njd­gj­ubå­kj­lj­1500­xt­kj­dtr,­250­ns­czx­ås­kb­ds­yeé­lt­ys­åt­éfnm­d­lhe­ubt­hf­qj­ys.

D­ht­pekm­nf­nt­änjq­dcgsi­rb­än­yb­xtc­rj­uj­yf­cb­kbz,­gj­cktl­jdfd­itq­pf­cdj­åjl­ys­vb­b­rjy­re­htyn­ys­vb­ds­åj­hf­vb­d­jl­yjq­bp­yf­båj­ktt­ec­gti­ysö­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rbö­cnhfy­

gj cktl cn dbz än yb xtc rbö rjy akbr njd

Lj­Iby­b­Rhbc­nj­ath­Htq­vjyl

Dcgsi­rf­yf­cb­kbz­d­Rt­ybb,­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rjq­cnhf­yt,­hfp­lb­hft­vjq­än­yb­xtc­rb­vb­rjy­akbr­nf­vb.

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hjkm jå ot cn dty yj uj lj dt hbz

eJournal USA 30

Fa­hb­rb,­dyjdm­yf­xf­kbcm­lbc­rec­cbb­j­njv,­ckt­le­tn­kb­d­yt­rj­nj­hsö­nb­gfö­hfp­db­dfñ­obö­cz­cnhfy­jl­yj­dht­vty­yj­ddj­lbnm­lt­vjr­hf­nbñ­b­rf­gb­nf­kbpv.

D­nt­xt­ybt­lt­cz­nb­kt­nbq­ås­nj­df­kj­vyt­ybt,­dghj­xtv,­hfp­lt­kzd­itt­cz­yt­dct­vb,­xnj­lt­vjr­hf­nbz­b­cdj­åjl­ysq­hs­yjr­cdz­pf­ys­vté­le­cj­åjq­b­cgj­cjå­cn­deñn­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­ve­hfp­db­nbñ­b­ekex­it­ybñ­rf­xt­cn­df­ébp­yb­uhfé­lfy.­Gj­vtym­itq­vt­ht­d­jl­yjv­bc­ckt­lj­df­ybb­en­dth­élf­tn­cz,­xnj­gf­hfk­ktkm­yjt­ddt­lt­ybt­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­b­cdjåjl­yj­uj­hsy­rf­d­cnhf­yfö,­ult­än­yb­xtc­rjt­vtym­iby­cn­dj­lj­vb­yb­he­tn­d­ärj­yj­vb­rt,­vj­étn­cj­plfnm­rhfq­yt­dphs­djj­gfc­yeñ­cb­nef­wbñ,­gj­crjkm­re­cdj­åjl­ysq­hs­yjr­b­lt­vjr­hf­nbz­ltqcn­de­ñn­d­by­nt­ht­cfö­hfp­ysö­än­yb­xtc­rbö­uhegg.­Gth­dsq­åkf­ujg­hb­zn­cn­detn­vtym­iby­cn­de,­gj­cktl­yzz­–­åjkm­iby­cn­de.

R­ghb­vt­he,­d­nf­rbö­cnhf­yfö,­rfr­By­lj­yt­pbz­b­Pbv­åfå­dt,­ult­ep­rjt­än­yb­xtc­rjt­vtym­iby­cn­dj­lj­vb­yb­he­tn­yf­hsy­rt­c­yt­cj­hfp­vth­yj­pyf­xb­ntkm­ys­vb­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rb­vb­ht­ceh­cf­vb,­ddt­lt­ybt­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­b­ght­lj­cnfd­kt­ybt­ghf­df­uj­kj­cf­åjkm­iby­cn­de,­rj­nj­hj­ve­lj­nj­uj­pf­ns­rf­kb­hjn,­vj­étn­ds­pdfnm­dphsd­än­yb­xtc­rjq­yt­yf­dbc­nb­b­djp­ve­ot­ybz­gj­jn­yj­it­ybñ­r­åj­uf­nsv.­D­ht­pekm­nf­nt­dcgsi­rf­än­yb­xtc­rj­uj­yf­cb­kbz­crj­htt­dct­uj­pf­vtl­kbn,­tc­kb­yt­jc­nf­yj­dbn­gjk­yj­cnmñ,­hfp­db­nbt­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­b­rf­gb­nf­kbp­vf.

Hfp hf åjn rf ntc nf

Vs­ht­ib­kb­ghj­dt­hbnm­jåjc­yj­dfy­yjcnm­gj­gs­njr­gj­cnhjb­nm­lt­vjr­hf­nbñ­rf­gb­nf­kbc­nb­xtc­rj­uj­nb­gf­d­än­yb­xtc­rb­hfp­lt­kty­ysö­jå­ot­cn­dfö,­jcj­åty­yj­ntö,­ult­lj­vb­yb­heñ­ott­yf­hsy­rt­vtym­iby­cn­dj­nth­gbn­gj­hf­ét­ybt­d­jc­yjd­yjv­bp­pf­dcgs­itr­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rj­uj­yf­cb­kbz.

D­yf­ibö­ntc­nfö­bc­gjkm­pj­df­kbcm­ldf­bc­njx­yb­rf­vté­le­yf­hjl­ysö­lfy­ysö.­Bc­gjkm­pez­lfy­yst­jå­än­yb­xtc­rjv­hfp­yj­jå­hf­pbb,­gj­ke­xty­yst­ufh­dfhl­crbv­ärj­yj­vbc­njv­Fkm­åth­nj­Fkt­cb­yjq­b­tuj­rjk­kt­uf­vb,­vs­hfp­lt­kb­kb­125­cnhfy­c­hfp­ysv­ehjd­ytv­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rj­uj­b­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­uj­hfp­db­nbz­yf­3­uheg­gs­gj­än­yb­xtc­rj­ve­cj­cnf­de.­D­ht­pekm­nf­nt­gj­ke­xb­kbcm­ckt­leñ­obt­uheg­gs:­cnhf­ys­åtp­lj­vb­yb­heñ­obö­yf­hsy­rt­vtym­iby­cnd­b­cj­ckf­åsv­än­yb­xtc­rbv­hfp­lt­kt­yb­tv­(42),­cnhf­ys­åtp­lj­vb­yb­heñ­obö­yf­hsy­rt­vtym­iby­cnd­b­c­cbkm­ysv­än­yb­xtc­rbv­hfp­lt­kt­yb­tv­(47)­b­cnhf­ys­c­lj­vb­yb­heñ­ob­vb­yf­hsy­rt­vtym­iby­cn­df­vb­(36).

Bc­gjkm­pez­lfy­yst­by­ltr­cf­nhfyc­ajh­vf­wbb­Åth­ntkmc­vfy­yf­(BNÅ),­vs­chfd­yb­kb­ehj­dtym­cj­wb­fkm­ysö­rjy­akbr­njd­d­änbö­cnhf­yfö­b­ehj­dtym­bö­lj­cnb­ét­ybq­yf­ge­nb­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rbö­b­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbö­ht­ajhv.­BNÅ­bp­vt­hz­tn­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbq­b­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbq­cnf­nec­125­hfp­db­dfñ­obö­cz­

Hb ce yjr 1: Ehjd yb rjy akbr nf, gj kb nb xtc rbt b ärj yj vb xtc rbt ht ajh vs gj än yb xtc rj ve cj cnf de

Ec­htl­yty­yst­dt­kb­xb­ys

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JåottrjkbxtcndjåfkkjdgjirfktBNÅ

Ckfåjtänybxtcrjthfpltktybt Cbkmyjtänybxtcrjthfpltktybt

Än­yb­xtc­rbq­cj­cnfd

Cnhfyscljvbybheñobvbdärjyjvbrtvtymibycndfvb

eJournal USA 31

cnhfy­b­cnhfy­d­gt­ht­öjl­yjv­cj­cnjz­ybb­gj­11­åfkkm­yjq­irf­kt,­ult­0­–­ybé­ybq­åfkk,­f­10­–­ds­cibq.­Lkz­ghj­cnj­ns­by­nth­ght­nf­wbb­vs­cuheg­gb­hj­df­kb­cnhf­ys­gj­ldev­ehjd­yzv­–­cnhf­ys­c­ybp­rb­vb­(jn­0­lj­5)­b­ds­cj­rb­vb­(jn­6­lj­10)­åfk­kf­vb,­gjc­kt­xt­uj­ds­xbc­kb­kb­ghj­wtyn­cnhfy,­cj­jn­dtn­cn­deñ­obq­rfé­lj­ve­ehjd­yñ.

Yf­hbc.­1­gj­rf­pfy­chtl­ybq­ehj­dtym­cj­wb­fkm­ysö­rjy­akbr­njd­d­rfé­ljq­bp­nhtö­än­yb­xtc­rbö­uhegg.­Cf­vsq­ds­cj­rbq­ehj­dtym­rjy­akbr­njd­(5.3)­yf­åkñ­lf­tn­cz­d­cnhf­yfö­c­lj­vb­yb­heñ­ob­vb­yf­hsy­rt­än­yb­xtc­rb­vb­vtym­iby­cn­df­vb,­ckt­ljv­pf­yb­vb­blen­cnhf­ys­c­cbkm­ysv­än­yb­xtc­rbv­hfp­lt­kt­yb­tv­(4.9),­f­pf­ntv­cnhf­ys­cj­ckf­åsv­än­yb­xtc­rbv­hfp­lt­kt­yb­tv­(3.2).

Rfr­dbl­yj­bp­lb­fu­hfv­vs,­ds­cj­rbq­ehj­dtym­rjy­akbr­nyjc­nb­(6­b­ds­it­gj­irf­kt­BNÅ)­öf­hfr­nt­hb­pe­tn­2,44fi­cnhfy­c­lj­vb­yb­heñ­ob­vb­yf­hsy­rt­vtym­iby­cn­df­vb,­26fi­cnhfy­c­cbkm­ysv­än­yb­xtc­rbv­hfp­lt­kt­yb­tv­b­12fi­cnhfy­cj­ckf­åsv­än­yb­xtc­rbv­hfp­lt­kt­yb­tv.­Cnhf­ys­c­lj­vb­yb­heñ­ob­vb­yf­hsy­rt­vtym­iby­cn­df­vb­öf­hfr­nt­hb­pe­tn­pyf­xb­ntkm­yj­åj­ktt­ds­cj­rbq­gj­chfd­yt­ybñ­c­lhe­ub­vb­cnhf­yf­vb­ehj­dtym­cj­wb­fkm­ysö­rjy­akbr­njd­b­yf­cb­kbz.

Yf­hbc.­1­gj­rf­pfy­nfr­ét­chtl­ybq­ehj­dtym­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbö­b­hs­yjx­ysö­ht­ajhv­d­yf­ibö­nhtö­uheg­gfö.­Cnhf­ys­

cj­ckf­åsv­än­yb­xtc­rbv­hfp­lt­kt­yb­tv­öf­hfr­nt­hb­pe­ñn­cz­yf­båj­ktt­ds­cj­rjq­ht­pekm­nf­nbd­yjc­nmñ­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbö­b­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbö­ht­ajhv­(6.9),­dcktl­pf­yb­vb­blen­cnhf­ys­c­lj­vb­yb­heñ­ob­vb­d­ärj­yj­vb­rt­vtym­iby­cn­df­vb­(5.4)­b­cnhf­ys­c­cbkm­ysv­än­yb­xtc­rbv­hfp­lt­kt­yb­tv­(5.1).­Ds­cj­rj­uj­ehjd­yz­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbö­b­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbö­ht­ajhv­(6­bkb­ds­it­gj­irf­kt­BNÅ)­lj­cnbu­kb­69fi­cnhfy­cj­ckf­åsv­än­yb­xtc­rbv­hfp­lt­kt­yb­tv,­39fi­cnhfy,­d­ärj­yj­vb­rt­rj­nj­hsö­lj­vb­yb­he­ñn­vtym­iby­cn­df,­b­30fi­cnhfy,­ult­ce­ot­cn­detn­cbkm­yjt­än­yb­xtc­rjt­hfp­lt­kt­ybt­(cv.­hbc.­2).

Gj ke xty yst ht pekm nf ns

Änb­ht­pekm­nf­ns­erf­ps­df­ñn­yf­nj,­xnj­ds­cj­rbq­ehj­dtym­cj­wb­fkm­ysö­rjy­akbr­njd­b­yf­cb­kbz­d­än­yb­xtc­rb­hfp­lt­kty­ysö­jå­ot­cn­dfö­pf­nhel­yz­tn­jce­ot­cn­dkt­ybt­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbö­b­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbö­ht­ajhv.­Ntv­yt­vt­ytt,­d­ghj­nb­dj­gj­kjé­yjcnm­vyt­ybñ­lhe­ubö­bc­ckt­lj­df­ybq,­ce­ot­cn­djdf­ybt­yt­ghjgjh­wbj­yfkm­yj­åj­uf­nsö­vtym­iby­cnd­d­nf­rbö­jå­ot­cn­dfö­yt­jåz­pf­ntkm­yj­ght­gzn­cn­detn­jce­ot­cn­dkt­ybñ­änbö­ht­ajhv.

Rfr­ht­pekm­nf­nbd­yjcnm­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbö­b­hs­yjx­ysö­ht­ajhv­dkbztn­yf­än­yb­xtc­rbt­rjy­akbr­ns?­Xnj­ås­bc­ckt­

Hb ce yjr 2: Jå ot cn df c ds cj rbv ehjd ytv cj wb fkm ysö rjy akbr njd b ht pekm nf nbd yjcnm ht ajhv gj än yb xtc rj ve cj cnf de d ghj wty nyjv jn yj it ybb

Ghj­wty­nyjt­jn­yj­it­ybt

80

70

60

50

40

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eJournal USA 32

lj­dfnm­änjn­dj­ghjc,­vs­hfp­lt­kb­kb­125­hfp­db­dfñ­obö­cz­cnhfy­yf­4­uheg­gs­d­pf­db­cb­vjc­nb­jn­nj­uj,­yf­crjkm­rj­jyb­ghj­ldb­ye­kbcm­gj­ge­nb­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbö­bkb­hs­yjx­ysö­ht­ajhv­bkb­ntö­b­lhe­ubö­dvtc­nt.­Vs­gj­ke­xb­kb­4­rf­nt­uj­hbb­cnhfy:­cnhf­ys,­yt­ghj­dj­lbd­ibt­yb­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbö,­yb­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbö­ht­ajhv­(32­cnhf­ys),­jce­ot­cn­dbd­ibt­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbt­ht­ajh­vs­(17),­jce­ot­cn­dbd­ibt­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbt­ht­ajh­vs­(13),­jce­ot­cn­dbd­ibt­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbt­b­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbt­ht­ajh­vs­(63).­D­xtn­dth­neñ­rf­nt­uj­hbñ­dj­ikb­nt­cnhf­ys,­d­rj­nj­hsö­lt­vjr­hf­nb­pf­wbz­b­hs­yjx­yst­ht­ajh­vs­ghj­dj­lb­kbcm­jl­yj­dht­vty­yj.­Gj­vyt­ybñ­lhe­uj­uj­bc­ckt­lj­df­nt­kz,­änj­rfr­hfp­nt­cnhf­ys,­d­rj­nj­hsö­hfp­lt­kty­yst­gj­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­ve­ghb­pyf­re­än­yb­xtc­rbt­uheg­gs­c­åjkm­ijq­dt­hj­zn­yjc­nmñ­åe­len­exf­cn­dj­dfnm­d­rjy­akbr­nfö,­cj­ghz­éty­ysö­c­yf­cb­kb­tv.

Yf­hbc.­3­gj­rf­pfy­ghj­wtyn­cnhfy­c­ds­cj­rbv­ehjd­ytv­cj­wb­fkm­yj­uj­rjy­akbr­nf­lkz­rfé­ljq­bp­uhegg.­D­jn­kb­xbt­jn­ghtl­gj­kj­ét­ybq­lhe­ubö­bc­ckt­lj­df­nt­ktq,­cj­wb­fkm­yst­rjy­akbr­ns­vtym­it­dct­uj­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yt­ys­(10fi)­d­cnhf­yfö,­rj­nj­hst­ec­gti­yj­jce­ot­cn­dkz­ñn­gf­hfk­ktkm­yjt­hfp­db­nbt,­b­åjkm­it­dct­uj­(48fi)­d­cnhf­yfö,­rj­nj­hst­yt­ghj­dj­lzn­yb­rf­rbö­ht­ajhv.­Gj­ct­ht­lb­yt­yf­öj­lzn­cz­cnhf­ys,­rj­nj­hst­

ghj­dt­kb­njkm­rj­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbt­kb­åj­njkm­rj­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbt­ht­ajh­vs.­Ds­cj­rbq­ehj­dtym­cj­wb­fkm­ysö­rjy­akbr­njd­öf­hfr­nt­hty­lkz­22fi­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rb­ht­ajh­vb­hj­dfy­ysö­cnhfy­b­14fi­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rb­ht­ajh­vb­hj­dfy­ysö­cnhfy.

Änb­ht­pekm­nf­ns­gj­pdj­kz­ñn­ghtl­gj­kj­ébnm,­xnj,­rfr­njkm­rj­cnhf­ys­nhfyc­ajh­vb­he­ñn­cdjb­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbt­b­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbt­cbc­nt­vs­d­ec­gti­yst­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­rf­gb­nf­kbc­nb­xtc­rj­uj­nb­gf,­jgfc­yjcnm­djp­ybr­yj­dt­ybz­cj­wb­fkm­ysö­rjy­akbr­njd­cyb­éf­tn­cz.­Änjn­ds­djl­dt­hty­lf­ét­lkz­cnhfy­c­lj­vb­yb­heñ­ob­vb­yf­hsy­rt­vtym­iby­cn­df­vb.

Yfi­ghj­cnjq­fyf­kbp­ghtl­gj­kf­uf­tn,­xnj­än­yb­xtc­rjt­hfp­lt­kt­ybt­ltqcn­db­ntkm­yj­ghb­dj­lbn­r­cj­wb­fkm­ysv­rjy­akbr­nfv­b­yf­cb­kbñ­b­d­ht­pekm­nf­nt­vj­étn­njh­vj­pbnm­nhfyc­ajh­vf­wbñ­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbö­b­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbö­cbc­ntv.­Jl­yf­rj­ec­gti­yfz­nhfyc­ajh­vf­wbz­jåt­bö­cbc­ntv­zd­kz­tn­cz­äa­atr­nbd­ysv­cgj­cj­åjv­cvzu­xt­ybz­cj­wb­fkm­ysö­rjy­akbr­njd­b­gj­ds­it­ybz­rf­xt­cn­df­ébp­yb­uhfé­lfy­lf­ét­d­än­yb­xtc­rb­hfp­lt­kty­ysö­jå­ot­cn­dfö­c­lj­vb­yb­heñ­ob­vb­d­ärj­yj­vb­rt­yf­wbj­yfkm­ys­vb­vtym­iby­cn­df­vb.­n

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eJournal USA 33

D­ljk­uj­chjx­yjq­gth­cgtr­nb­dt­cdj­åj­lf­ckj­

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Yj­yf­xtv­jc­yj­ds­df­ñn­cz­änb­pf­zd­kt­ybz:­yf­lj­rf­pf­ntkm­cn­dfö­bkb­yf­lj­uvt?­R­cj­éf­kt­ybñ,­fyf­kbp­äv­gb­hb­xtc­rbö­lfy­ysö­yt­lf­tn­jl­yj­pyfx­yj­uj­jn­dt­nf.­Njx­yst­yf­erb­pltcm­yt­gj­vj­uen.­Änf­vyj­uj­uhfy­yfz­ghj­åkt­vf­jn­yj­cbn­cz­r­cat­ht­cj­wb­fkm­ysö­b­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbö­bc­ckt­lj­df­ybq.

Yt jl yj pyfx yst lfy yst

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Åj­ktt­xtv­d­lñ­éb­yt­ct­hmtp­ysö­yf­ex­ysö­hf­åjn­bc­ckt­le­tn­cz­djp­ltqcn­dbt­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­yf­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbq­hjcn.­Ds­hb­cj­ds­df­tn­cz­ckjé­yfz­rfh­nb­yf.­D­wt­kjv­hz­lt­bc­ckt­lj­df­ybq­yf­jc­yj­df­ybb­ib­hj­rbö­ds­åj­hjr­gj­jn­ltkm­ysv­cnhf­yfv­lt­kf­tn­cz­

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eJournal USA 34

ds­djl­j­njv,­xnj­lt­vjr­hf­nbz,­rfr­ghf­db­kj,­yt­jrf­ps­df­tn­åjkm­ij­uj­dkbz­ybz­yf­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbq­hjcn.­Jlby­bc­ckt­lj­df­ntkm,­yt­jå­yf­he­ébd­yt­gjc­htl­cn­dty­yjq­cdz­pb­vté­le­lt­vjr­hf­nb­pf­wb­tq­b­ehjd­ytv­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­uj­hjc­nf,­jn­vt­nbk­tt­jn­ltkm­yst­gj­nty­wb­fkm­yj­dfé­yst­rjc­dty­yst­gj­cktl­cn­dbz:­lt­vjr­hf­nbz­vj­étn­fc­cj­wbb­hj­dfnm­cz­c­åj­ktt­ds­cj­rbv­ehjd­ytv­ajh­vb­hj­df­ybz­kñl­crbö­ht­ceh­cjd,­vbr­hjä­rj­yj­vb­xtc­rjq­b­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjq­cnf­åbkm­yjc­nmñ,­f­nfr­ét­kb­åt­hf­kb­pf­wb­tq­hsy­rjd.­Änj,­d­cdjñ­jxt­htlm,­cgj­cjå­cn­detn­åj­ktt­ds­cj­rbv­ntv­gfv­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­uj­hjc­nf.

Lhe­ubt­bc­ckt­lj­df­nt­kb­ghb­öj­lzn­r­ds­dj­le,­xnj­ldb­ét­ybt­r­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­d­cnhf­yfö­c­htg­htc­cbd­ys­vb­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rb­vb­ht­éb­vf­vb­d­cf­vjv­lt­kt­fc­cj­wbb­he­tn­cz­c­åj­ktt­ds­cj­rb­vb­ntv­gf­vb­hjc­nf.­Jl­yf­rj­jyb­en­dth­élf­ñn,­xnj­gjc­kt­lj­cnb­ét­ybz­jght­ltkty­yj­uj­ehjd­yz­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjq­kb­åt­hf­kb­pf­wbb­lfkm­ytq­ibt­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rbt­ht­ajh­vs­eét­yt­jåtc­gt­xb­df­ñn­åj­ktt­ds­cj­rbq­ntvg­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­uj­hjc­nf.­Yf­jåj­hjn,­yf­ghj­vt­ée­njx­ysö­ehjd­yzö­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjq­kb­åt­hf­kb­pf­wbb­vj­étn­ghj­bc­öj­lbnm­tuj­pf­vtl­kt­ybt.­Ghfd­lf,­tot­jl­yj­yt­lfd­ytt­bc­ckt­lj­df­ybt­gj­rf­ps­df­tn,­xnj­gt­ht­öjl­r­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­yt­cdz­pfy­c­pf­vtl­kt­yb­tv­hjc­nf.

Rj­hj­xt­uj­dj­hz,­bc­ckt­lj­df­ybz­erf­ps­df­ñn­yf­jn­cen­cn­dbt­ghz­vjq­ghb­xby­yj­cktl­cn­dty­yjq­cdz­pb­vté­le­lt­vjr­hf­nb­tq­b­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbv­hfp­db­nb­tv.­Yj­ytn­b­lj­cnf­njx­yj­dtc­rbö­jc­yj­df­ybq­lkz­ds­dj­lf­j­njv,­xnj­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rfz­kb­åt­hf­kb­pf­wbz­zd­kz­tn­cz­ghb­xb­yjq­pf­vtl­kt­ybz­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­uj­hfp­db­nbz.

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www.govindicato­rs.org

eJournal USA 35

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eJournal USA 36

Gjl yb vfz ujkkjc

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eJournal USA 37

Åjkm it xtv ds åjhs

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Rfr­ås­nj­yb­ås­kj,­lfy­yst­uj­dj­hzn­j­njv,­xnj­uhfé­lfy­crbt­cdj­åj­ls­b­cdj­åj­lf­ds­hf­ét­ybz­vj­uen­clt­kfnm­cbc­nt­ve­åj­ktt­ghj­phfx­yjq­b­kex­it­eg­hfd­kzt­vjq­b­jåtc­gt­xbnm­åj­ktt­cnf­åbkm­yjt­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rjt­hfp­db­nbt­c­exfc­nb­tv­yf­ct­kt­ybz.­D­lj­gjk­yt­ybt­r­cdj­åjl­ysv­b­cghf­dtl­kb­dsv­ds­åj­hfv­b­åj­ktt­äa­atr­nbd­yjq­vyj­uj­gfh­nbq­yjq­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjq­cbc­nt­vt­dfé­yf­nfr­ét­ht­fkm­yfz­cdj­åj­lf­gt­xf­nb­b­lhe­ubö­chtl­cnd­rjv­ve­yb­rf­wbb.­D­cj­dht­vty­yjv­vb­ht­nf­rbt­vt­lbq­yst­yj­djd­dt­lt­ybz,­rfr­åkj­ub­b­ntr­cnj­dst­cj­jå­ot­ybz,­lj­gjk­yzz­vtcn­yjt­hf­lbj­dt­of­ybt­d­åtl­ysö­ctkmc­rj­öj­pzq­cn­dty­ysö­hf­qj­yfö,­vt­yz­ñn­cvsck­cdj­åj­ls­ckj­df­b­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rjq­gj­ljnxtn­yjc­nb­b­jn­rhs­df­ñn­yt­ju­hf­yb­xty­yst­djp­vjé­yjc­nb­lkz­cj­dth­ity­cn­djdf­ybz­cbc­nt­vs­eg­hfd­kt­ybz­b­hfp­db­nbz­ärj­yj­vb­rb.­n

Vyt­ybz,­ds­hf­éty­yst­d­yf­cnjz­otq­cnf­nmt,­ghb­yfl­kt­éfn­bc­rkñ­xb­ntkm­yj­

fd­nj­he­b­yt­jåz­pf­ntkm­yj­jn­hf­éf­ñn­jab­wb­fkm­yeñ­gj­pb­wbñ­bkb­gj­kb­nb­re­

Dct­vbh­yj­uj­åfy­rf­bkb­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­CIF.

eJournal USA 38

Gj­vyt­ybñ­Fy­lth­cf­Fc­key­lf,­Hjc­cbz­gj­dth­ye­kf­yf­pfl­–­r­

fd­nj­hb­nfh­yj­ve­jå­hf­pe­ghfd­kt­ybz,­yt­cvjn­hz­yf­ärj­yj­vb­

xtc­rbq­åev,­ehj­dtym­jå­hf­pj­df­ybz­b­jn­yj­cb­ntkm­yj­jn­rhs­njt­

jå­ot­cn­dj.­Jy­cxb­nf­tn,­xnj­ghb­xb­yf­änj­uj­–­rjh­heg­wbz.­

Fc­keyl,­cnfh­ibq­yf­ex­ysq­cj­nhel­ybr­By­cnb­ne­nf­vté­

le­yfhjl­yjq­ärj­yj­vb­rb­bv.­Gt­nth­cj­yf,­zd­kz­tn­cz­fd­nj­hjv­

ryb­ub­≤Rf­gb­nf­kbc­nb­xtc­rfz­ht­dj­kñ­wbz­d­Hjc­cbb:­Gj­xt­ve­

hs­yjx­yst­ht­ajh­vs­bvt­kb­ec­gtö,­f­lt­vjr­hf­nbz­gj­nth­gt­kf­

yt­elf­xe≥­(Rus sia’s Capita list Revo lution: Why Market Re form

Su ccee ded and Democracy Fa iled. Pete rson Inst it ute for Int er­national Economi cs, 2007).

Pf­gj­cktl­ybt­nhb­lt­cz­nb­kt­nbz­lt­vjr­hf­nbz­yt­jås­xfq­yj­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yb­kfcm­gj­dct­ve­vb­he.­Zd­kt­ybt,­rj­nj­hjt­gj­kb­nj­kju­Cä­vñ­äk­Öfy­nby­unjy­yf­pdfk­≤nht­nmtq­

dj­kyjq≥­lt­vjr­hf­nb­pf­wbb­b­rj­nj­hjt­yf­xf­kjcm­d­Bc­gf­ybb­b­Gjh­neuf­kbb­d­ct­ht­lb­yt­1970­ö­uj­ljd,­ghb­dt­kj­r­edt­kb­xt­ybñ­xbc­kf­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rbö­cnhfy­vb­hf­c­41­(d­1974­uj­le)­

ghb dt ltn kb åj ktt cdj åjl ysq hs yjr r åj ktt lt vjr hf nb xtc rj ve ec nhjq cn de hjc cbb?

Fy­lthc­Fc­keyl

Hjc­cbz­yt­ghj­ljk­éf­ñn­uj­kj­cj­dfnm­lf­ét­jn­rf­ps­df­zcm­jn­lt­vjr­hf­nbb.

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uj kjc yf hj lf b gj ljnXtn yjcnm dkfc nb

eJournal USA 39

lj­123­(d­2007­uj­le),­cj­ukfc­yj­fd­nj­hb­ntn­ysv­jwty­rfv­yt­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­dty­yjq­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb­≤Ahb­ljv­öf­ec≥.­Dgth­dst­d­vb­hj­djq­bc­nj­hbb­åjkm­iby­cn­dj­kñ­ltq­gkf­yt­ns­ghj­éb­df­tn­d­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rbö­cnhf­yfö.

D­cdj­tq­aey­lf­vty­nfkm­yjq­cnf­nmt­1959­uj­lf­dkbz­ntkm­ysq­gj­kb­nj­kju­b­cj­wbj­kju­Ctq­veh­Vfh­nby­Kbg­ctn­ds­cne­gbk­c­en­dth­élt­yb­tv,­xnj­dt­hj­zn­yjcnm­ec­nf­yjd­kt­ybz­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­d­rf­rjq­kb­åj­cnhf­yt­edt­kb­xb­df­tn­cz­c­gj­ds­it­yb­tv­ehjd­yz­lj­öj­ljd,­jå­hf­pj­df­ybz­yf­ct­kt­ybz­b­jn­rhs­njc­nb­cnhf­ys­lkz­dyti­ytq­njh­ujd­kb­b­pf­he­åté­ysö­gj­tp­ljr.

Gj­crjkm­re­ehj­dtym­lj­öj­ljd,­jå­hf­pj­df­ybz­b­jn­rhs­njc­nb­pyf­xb­ntkm­yj­gj­ds­cbk­cz­pf­gj­cktl­ybt­nhb­lt­cz­nb­kt­nbz­dj­dctv­vb­ht,­nf­rjq­ghj­uhtcc­lt­vjr­hf­nbb­yt­elb­db­nt­kty.­Rfr­ghf­db­kj,­lt­vjr­hf­nbz­b­åj­ktt­cdj­åjl­yst­hs­yjx­yst­jn­yj­it­ybz­hfp­db­df­ñn­cz­dvtc­nt,­yj­änj­yt­ckbi­rjv­cnhj­ufz­rjh­ht­kz­wbz.

Ntv­yt­vt­ytt,­d­gj­cktl­ybt­uj­ls­yt­rj­nj­hst­bp­dtcn­yst­cnhf­ys­jn­dth­ye­kbcm­jn­lt­vjr­hf­nbb.­Cf­vs­vb­zh­rb­vb­ghb­vt­hf­vb­zd­kz­ñn­cz­Hjc­cbz,­Yb­ut­hbz­b­Dt­yt­ceä­kf,­b­yf­cnjz­ofz­cnf­nmz­gj­cdz­ot­yf­Hjc­cbb.­Vyj­ubt­nfr­ét­erf­ps­df­ñn­yf­ghb­vth­Rb­nfz,­rj­nj­hsq­yt­er­kjy­yj­hfp­db­df­tn­cz­d­nt­xt­ybt­nhtö­lt­cz­nb­kt­nbq,­yj­ghb­änjv­jc­nf­tn­cz­uke­åj­rj­fd­nj­hb­nfh­ysv­uj­ce­lfh­cn­djv.

D­cdj­tq­yt­lfd­ytq­cnf­nmt­by­ntk­ktr­ne­fk­ytj­rjy­cth­df­njh­Hj­åthn­Rf­ufy­en­dth­élfk:­≤Ctq­xfc­crkf­ls­df­tn­cz­dgt­xfn­kt­ybt,­xnj­xtv­åj­uf­xt­cnf­yj­dbn­cz­cnhf­yf,­åelm­nj­Rb­nfq­bkb­Hjc­cbz,­ntv­ghj­ot­fd­nj­rhf­nfv­elth­éb­dfnm­dkfcnm.­Åjkm­ibt­ltym­ub­gj­pdj­kz­ñn­gjl­lth­éb­dfnm­lj­djkm­cn­dj­åeh­éef­pbb­b­lf­ñn­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­de­djp­vjé­yjcnm­rjy­nhj­kb­hj­dfnm­ujhc­nre­yt­ljdjkm­ysö,­rj­nj­hst­bp­kb­df­ñn­le­ie­d­by­nth­yt­nt≥.

Ntv­yt­vt­ytt,­tot­ckbi­rjv­hf­yj­lt­kfnm­nf­rbt­gtc­cb­vbc­nb­xtc­rbt­ds­dj­ls.­Rb­nfq,­d­jn­kb­xbt­jn­Hjc­cbb,­dct­tot­jc­nf­tn­cz­hfp­db­dfñ­otq­cz­cnhf­yjq.­Lf­ét­ct­ujl­yz­jåütv­df­kj­dj­uj­dyen­hty­yt­uj­ghj­ler­nf­(DDG)­Rb­nfz­yf­le­ie­yf­

ct­kt­ybz­gj­ys­yti­yt­ve­df­kñn­yj­ve­reh­ce­cj­cnfd­kz­tn­dct­uj­kbim­xtn­dthnm­DDG­Hjc­cbb.­D­cj­jn­dtn­cn­dbb­c­nhf­lb­wb­jy­ys­vb­rhb­nt­hbz­vb­Kbg­ct­nf­Rb­nfq­b­lj­kéty­åsnm­fd­nj­hb­nfh­ysv­uj­ce­lfh­cn­djv.

Ghj nb dj ht xbt

Hjc­cbz,­jl­yf­rj,­ckbi­rjv­åj­uf­nf,­ckbi­rjv­jå­hf­pj­df­yf­b­ckbi­rjv­jn­rhs­nf,­xnj­ås­åsnm­yf­cnjkm­rj­fd­nj­hb­nfh­yjq.­Xtv­åsc­nhtt­hfp­db­df­tn­cz­Hjc­cbz,­ntv­ukeå­ét­cnf­yj­dbn­cz­änj­ghj­nb­dj­ht­xbt­–­vté­le­cnf­yj­dz­otq­cz­dct­åj­ktt­ht­kbr­nj­djq­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rjq­cbc­nt­vjq­b­åsc­nhj­vj­lth­yb­pb­heñ­ob­vb­cz­ärj­yj­vb­rjq­b­jå­ot­cn­djv.­Cnhf­yf­ght­dhf­nb­kfcm­d­fyj­vf­kbñ.

D­yf­cnjz­ott­dht­vz­DDG­Hjc­cbb­yf­le­ie­yf­ct­kt­ybz,­bp­vt­hzt­vsq­d­gf­hb­nt­nfö­gj­re­gf­ntkm­yjq­cgj­cjå­yjc­nb,­nj­tcnm­ehj­dtym­ébp­yb,­cj­cnfd­kz­tn­lj­cnjq­yeñ­nhtnm­jn­DDG­Td­hj­gtq­crj­uj­cj­ñpf.­Kbim­dj­ctvm­cnhfy­vb­hf­åj­uf­xt­Hjc­cbb­b­ghb­änjv­jc­nf­ñn­cz­yt­lt­vjr­hf­nb­xtc­rb­vb:­Cby­uf­geh­b­ctvm­yt­åjkm­ibö­yta­nz­ysö­uj­ce­lfh­cnd.­Hjc­cbz­jl­yj­dht­vty­yj­uj­hfp­lj­åjkm­it­gj­nth­hb­nj­hbb­b­vtym­it­pf­db­cbn­jn­yta­nb­b­uf­pf,­xtv­kñ­åfz­bp­änbö­fd­nj­hb­nfh­ysö­yta­nz­ysö­cnhfy.

Vyj­ubt­gj­kb­nj­kj­ub­erf­ps­df­ñn­yf­ys­yti­ybt­jåbkm­yst­lj­öj­ls­Hjc­cbb­jn­ghj­lf­éb­yta­nb­rfr­yf­ukfd­yeñ­ghb­xb­ye­cj­öhf­yt­ybz­fd­nj­hb­nfh­yj­uj­ghfd­kt­ybz.­D­cdj­tq­pf­vt­xf­ntkm­yjq­ryb­ut,­ult­htu­htc­cbd­ysq­fyf­kbp­ghb­vt­yz­tn­cz­rj­vyj­ubv­cnhf­yfv,­Cnb­dty­Abi,­ghj­atc­cjh­eyb­dth­cb­nt­nf­Rf­kb­ajh­ybb­d­Åth­rkb,­jght­ltkz­tn­nhb­ghb­xb­ys­fd­nj­hb­nf­hbp­vf­Hjc­cbb:­bp­ås­njr­yta­nb,­yt­ljc­nf­njx­yjt­cj­rhf­ot­ybt­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yj­uj­ht­ue­kb­hj­df­ybz­ärj­yj­vb­rb­b­ckbi­rjv­ckf­åeñ­pf­rj­yj­lf­ntkm­yeñ­dkfcnm.

Rj­hb­atq­hjc­cbq­crjq­bc­nj­hbb,­ghj­atc­cjh­Ufh­dfhl­crj­uj­eyb­dth­cb­nt­nf­Hb­xfhl­Gfqgc­gjl­xth­rb­df­tn­vjo­yeñ­fd­nj­hb­nfh­yeñ­nhf­lb­wbñ­cnhf­ys­–­rfr­yf­ghfr­nb­rt,­nfr­b­d­blt­zö.­Cj­dht­vty­yfz­gjc­ktbv­gth­crfz­yjc­nfkm­ubz,­rfr­b­gjc­ktht­dj­kñ­wb­jy­yfz­cnf­åb­kb­pf­wbz,­nfr­ét­dyj­czn­cdjq­drkfl.­Hjc­cbz­yt­ec­nf­kb­jn­gj­kb­nb­rb,­b­d­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rbö­nhel­yjc­nzö­1990­ö­uj­ljd­jyb­db­yzn­yt­hfp­dfk­rjv­ve­ybp­vf,­f­lt­vjr­hf­nbñ,­ghb­itl­ieñ­dcktl­pf­ybv.­Jyb­dj­cödf­kz­ñn­åsd­it­uj­ght­pb­lty­nf­Dkf­lb­vb­hf­Ge­nb­yf­pf­yt­er­kjy­ysq­hjcn­ärj­yj­vb­rb­yf­7­ghj­wty­njd­tétujl­yj­yf­xb­yfz­c­1999­uj­lf.

Yf­dj­ghjc­j­njv,­cnf­åb­kty­kb­fd­nj­hb­nf­hbpv­Hjc­cbb,­kex­it­dct­uj­jn­dt­nbnm,­jght­ltkbd­tuj­wt­kb.­Yf­xb­yfz­c­2003­uj­lf,­rju­lf­Hjc­cbz­cnf­kf­gj­­yfc­njz­ot­ve­fd­nj­hb­nfh­yjq­cnhf­yjq,­ht­ajh­vs­nfv­yt­ghj­dj­lb­kbcm,­f­pyf­xbn,­wt­kmñ­yt­zd­kz­kbcm.

Dvtc­nj­änj­uj­cf­vsv­pf­vtn­ysv­ghj­wtc­cjv­d­Hjc­cbb­åsk­hjcn­rjh­heg­wbb,­ghb­njv,­xnj­ehj­dtym­rjh­heg­wbb­jåsx­yj­cyb­éf­tn­cz,­rju­lf­cnhf­yf­cnf­yj­dbn­cz­åj­uf­xt,­xnj­b­ghj­bpji­kj­d­åjkm­iby­cn­dt­lhe­ubö­gj­cn­rjv­ve­ybc­nb­xtc­

Ght­pb­ltyn­Lvbn­hbq­Vtl­dt­ltd­b­ght­vmth-vb­ybcnh­Dkf­lb­vbh­Ge­nby:­ljk­uj­kb­ghj­lth­ébn­cz­fd­nj­hb­nf­hbpv?

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eJournal USA 40

rbö­cnhfy.­Gj­lfy­ysv­yt­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­dty­yjq­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb­≤Nhfy­cgä­hty­cb­by­nth­yäiyk≥,­tlby­cn­dty­yjq­cnhf­yjq­vb­hf,­rj­nj­hfz­jl­yj­dht­vty­yj­åj­uf­xt­b­rjh­hev­gb­hj­dfy­ytt­Hjc­cbb,­zd­kz­tn­cz­Är­df­nj­hb­fkm­yfz­Udb­ytz,­f­jyf­dhzl­kb­vj­étn­cke­ébnm­jå­hfp­wjv­dt­kb­rjq,­dj­itl­itq­d­bc­nj­hbñ­cnhf­ys.

Rheg yj vfc infå yfz rjh heg wbz

Nf­rbt­lj­cnj­dth­yst­b­yt­pf­db­cb­vst­hjc­cbq­crbt­bc­ckt­lj­df­ybz,­rfr­≤Ge­nby.­Bnj­ub≥­Dkf­lb­vb­hf­Vb­kj­df­b­Åj­hb­cf­Yt­vwj­df,­abr­cb­he­ñn­≤jn­rf­ns≥­gj­rheg­ysv­ghj­tr­nfv­by­ahf­cnher­ne­hs­d­hfp­vt­ht­gj­vtym­itq­vt­ht­jn­20­lj­50­ghj­wty­njd­jå­otq­cnjb­vjc­nb­ghj­tr­nf.­Hjc­cbq­crbt­xb­yjd­yb­rb­ds­cit­uj­hfy­uf­tétujl­yj­rhf­len­e­uj­ce­lfh­cn­df­b­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­ysö­rjh­gj­hf­wbq­vbk­kb­fh­ls­b­vbk­kb­fh­ls­lj­kkf­hjd.­Uheg­gf­jab­wt­hjd­hfp­dtl­xb­rjd­bp­RUÅ­djp­ukfd­kz­tn­rfé­leñ­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yeñ­rjh­gj­hf­wbñ­b­ds­lfb­df­tn­

bp­ytt­ltym­ub,­jl­yj­dht­vty­yj­ghb­jå­ht­nfz­öj­hj­ibt­xfc­nyst­rjv­gf­ybb­yf­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yst­chtl­cn­df­b­pf­cxtn­rht­lb­njd­pf­he­åté­ysö­åfy­rjd.

Gj­­db­lb­vj­ve,­yb­jl­yf­cnhf­yf­yb­rju­lf­yt­bc­gs­ns­df­kf­nf­rjq­rheg­yj­vfc­infå­yjq­rjh­heg­wbb­d­ds­cibö­äit­kj­yfö­dkfc­nb,­rf­rfz­ctq­xfc­yf­åkñ­lf­tn­cz­d­Hjc­cbb.­Nf­rjt­dhzl­kb­vj­étn­ghj­ljk­éfnm­cz­jxtym­ljk­uj.­Uj­ce­lfh­cn­dj­ghj­cnj­gt­ht­cnf­tn­aeyr­wbjyb­hj­dfnm.­Jgb­cfy­yfz­cb­nef­wbz­lj­kéyf­bp­vt­ybnm­cz­eét­d­rhfn­rjc­hjx­yjq­gth­cgtr­nb­dt.­Kñ­åj­ve­ghf­db­nt­kñ­Hjc­cbb­ghb­ltn­cz­yf­xfnm­ct­hmtp­yeñ­rfv­gf­ybñ­ghj­nbd­rjh­heg­wbb,­yj­änj­cf­vj­gj­ct­åt­vj­étn­cnfnm­ltc­nf­åb­kb­pb­heñ­obv­afr­nj­hjv.

Änj­ece­ueå­kt­ybt­rjh­heg­wbb­yf­xf­kjcm­c­rjy­abc­rf­wbb­yta­nz­yjq­rjv­gf­ybb­≤Ñ­rjc≥,­yf­xf­njq­d­2003­uj­le.­C­ntö­gjh­åjkm­ibt,­äa­atr­nbd­yj­eg­hfd­kzt­vst­xfc­nyst­rjh­gj­hf­wbb­ht­yf­wbj­yf­kb­pb­he­ñn­cz­jl­yf­pf­lhe­ujq.­Kñ­åj­gsn­yj,­xnj­ghb­änjv­yt­erf­ps­df­tn­cz­yb­rf­rjq­bltj­kj­ub­xtc­rjq­wt­kb,­f­yf­wbj­yf­kb­pf­wbz,­gj­dctq­db­lb­vjc­nb,­zd­kz­tn­cz­lkz­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­ysö­xb­yjd­yb­rjd­cgj­cj­åjv­pf­ödf­nf­fr­nb­djd­gj­lt­itd­rt­bkb­gj­ke­xt­ybz­≤jn­rf­njd≥.

Gj­änj­ve­hjcn­hj­kb­uj­ce­lfh­cn­df­d­hjc­cbq­crjq­ärj­yj­vb­rt­cj­ghj­djé­lf­tn­cz­hjc­njv­rjh­heg­wbb.­Åj­ktt­cdj­åjl­yst­hs­yjx­yst­jn­yj­it­ybz­cj­rhf­nb­kb­ås­rjh­heg­wbñ,­b­nju­lf­xb­yjd­yb­rfv­ds­cit­uj­pdt­yf­yt­gj­yf­ljåb­kjcm­ås­nfr­vyj­uj­fd­nj­hb­nfh­yjc­nb.­Uj­ce­lfh­cn­dj­yf­ghfd­kz­tn­yta­nz­yjt­åj­ufn­cn­dj­d­rfh­vf­ys­

cdj­bö­xb­yjd­yb­rjd­ds­cit­uj­hfy­uf,­f­åj­ktt­cdj­åjl­yst­hs­yjx­yst­jn­yj­it­ybz­yt­lj­gec­nb­kb­ås­änj­uj.

Tc­nt­cn­dty­yj,­cnjkm­rheg­yj­vfc­infå­yfz­rjh­heg­wbz­pf­vtl­kz­tn­hjcn­ärj­yj­vb­rb.­D­yf­cnjz­ott­dht­vz­ghj­bp­djl­cn­dj­b­yta­nb,­b­uf­pf­gj­ikj­yf­eåskm.­Hjc­cbz­vj­étn­gj­pdj­kbnm­ct­åt­rjh­heg­wbñ­nf­rj­uj­hfp­vf­öf­njkm­rj­åkf­uj­lf­hz­jxtym­ds­cj­rbv­b­ghj­ljk­éfñ­obv­hfc­nb­wt­yfv­yf­yta­nm.­Tc­kb­wt­ys­yf­yta­nm­ghb­len­d­yjh­ve,­yf­hjl­Hjc­cbb­cghj­cbn,­re­lf­bc­xtp­kb­dct­ltym­ub­–­b­nj,­xnj­vyj­ubt­eét­pyf­ñn,­cnf­ytn­jxt­dbl­yj­rfé­lj­ve.

Yb­jl­yj­rheg­yjt­uj­ce­lfh­cn­dj­c­jå­hf­pj­dfy­ysv­yf­ct­kt­yb­tv­yt­cvju­kj­yb­cj­öhf­ybnm­fd­nj­hb­nfh­yjt­ghfd­kt­ybt,­yb­jc­nfnm­cz­yf­cnjkm­rj­rjh­hev­gb­hj­dfy­ysv­yf­njv­ehjd­yt­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­uj­hfp­db­nbz,­yf­rf­rjv­yf­öj­lbn­cz­Hjc­cbz.­n

Vyt­ybz,­ds­hf­éty­yst­d­lfy­yjq­cnf­nmt,­yt­jåz­pf­ntkm­yj­jn­hf­éf­ñn­njx­re­

pht­ybz­bkb­gj­kb­nb­re­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­CIF.

Plf­ybt­ghfd­kt­ybz­uf­pj­djq­vj­yj­gj­kbb­≤Ufp­ghjv≥:­ds­cj­rbt­wt­ys­yf­äyth­uj­yj­cb­nt-kb­gj­vju­kb­ghj­lkbnm­ébpym­fd­nj­hb­nfh­yj­ve­ghfd­kt­ybñ.

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eJournal USA 41

Åslund, Anders. How Capitalism Was Built: The Trans­formation of Central and Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Åslund, Anders. Russia’s Capitalist Revolution: Why Market Reform Succeeded and Democracy Failed. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2007.

Barro, Robert J. “Democracy and Growth.” Journal of Economic Growth, vol. 1 (1996): pp. 1–27.

Baum, Matthew A., and David A. Lake. “The Political Economy of Growth: Democracy and Human Capital.” American Journal of Political Science, vol. 47, no. 2 (2003): pp. 333–347.

Comeau, Ludovic Jr. “Democracy and Economic Growth: A Relationship Revisited.” Eastern Economic Journal, vol. 29, no. 1 (2003): pp. 1–21.

Dabrowski, Marek, Ben Slay, Jaroslaw Neneman, eds. Beyond Transition: Development Perspectives and Dilemmas. Aldershot, Hants, England; Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2004.

Doucouliagos, Hristos, and Mehmet Ali Ulubasoglu. “Democracy and Economic Growth: A Meta-Analysis.” American Journal of Political Science, vol. 52, no. 1 (2008): pp. 61–83.

Feng, Yi. “Democracy, Political Stability and Economic Growth.” British Journal of Political Science, vol. 27, no. 3 (1997): pp. 391–418.

Gasiorowski, Mark J. “Democracy and Macroeconomic Performance in Underdeveloped Countries.” Comparative Political Studies, vol. 33, no. 3 (2000): pp. 319–349.

Gerring, John, William T. Barndt, and Philip Bond. “Democracy and Growth: A Historical Perspective.” World Politics, vol. 57, no. 3 (2005): pp. 323–364.

Geo, Uk, and Alexander C. Tan. “Democracy and Economic Growth: A Causal Analysis.” Comparative Politics, vol. 33, no. 4 (2001): pp. 463–473.

Graham, Carol, and Susan M. Collins, eds. Brookings Trade Forum, 2004. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2004.

Graham, Carol, and Stefano Pettinato. Happiness and Hardship: Opportunity and Insecurity in New Market Economies. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2002.

Harrison, Lawrence E. The Central Liberal Truth: How Politics Can Change a Culture and Save It from Itself. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2006.

Harrison, Lawrence E. and Peter L. Berger, eds. Developing Cultures: Case Studies. New York, NY: Routledge, 2006.

Harrison, Lawrence, and Jerome Kagan, eds. Developing Cultures: Essays on Cultural Change. New York, NY: Routledge, 2006.

Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay, and Massimo Mastruzzi. “Governance Matters VI, Governance Indicators for 1996-2004.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4280 (2007). http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=999979

Kaufmann, Daniel, and Aart Kraay. “Growth Without Governance.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2928 (2002). http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=316861

Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay, and Massimo Mastruzzi. “Governance Matters IV, Governance Indicators for 1996-2004.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3630 (2005). http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=718081

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eJournal USA 42

Kaufmann, Daniel, Joel Hellman, and Geraint Jones. “Seize the State, Seize the Day: State Capture, Corruption and Influence in Transition.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2444 (2000). http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=240555

Kaufmann, Daniel, Lant Pritchett, and Jonathan Isham. “Civil Liberties, Democracy, and the Performance of Government Projects.” World Bank Economic Review, vol. 11, no. 2 (1997): pp. 219–242. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1116669

Leeson, Peter T. “An-arrgh-chy: The Law of Economics of Pirate Organization.” Journal of Political Economy, vol. 115, no. 6 (2007): pp. 1049–1094.

Mandelbaum, Michael. Democracy’s Good Name: The Rise and Risks of the World’s Most Popular Form of Government. New York: Public Affairs, 2007.

Oppenheim, Lois H. Politics in Chile: Socialism, Authoritarianism, and Market Democracy. 3rd ed. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2007.

Padayachee, Vishnu, ed. The Development Decade?: Economic and Social Change in South Africa, 1994–2004. Cape Town, South Africa: HSRC Press, 2006.

Persson, Torsten & Tabellini, Guido, 2007. “The Growth Effect of Democracy: Is It Heterogeneous and How Can It Be Estimated?” CEPR Discussion Papers 6339 (2007).http://ideas.repec.org/p/cpr/ceprdp/6339.html

Przeworski, Adam. “Democracy and Economic Development,”The Evolution of Political Knowledge, edited by Edward D. Mansfield and Richard Sisson. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 2004.

Plumper, Thomas, and Christian W. Martin. “Democracy, Government Spending and Economic Growth: A Political-Economic Explanation of the Barro-Effect.” Public Choice, vol. 117 (2003): pp. 27–50.

Root, Amanda. Market Citizenship: Experiments in Democracy and Globalization. Los Angeles, CA: Sage, 2007.

Shin, Doh Chull, and Russell J. Dalton, eds. Citizens, Democracy, and Markets Around the Pacific Rim: Congruence Theory and Political Culture. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2006.

Tavares, Jose, and Romain Wacziarg. “How Democracy Affects Growth.” European Economic Review, vol. 45 (2000): pp. 1341–1378.

Tsai, Kellee S. Capitalism Without Democracy: The Private Sector in Contemporary China. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2007.

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