Post on 11-May-2015
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Capt.Shams (www.facebook.com/dr.imanns)
WELCOME
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Vector borne diseases in bangladesh
Presented byCAPT SHAMSMOBC 77
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Introduction
Vector borne diseases is 17% of all infectious diseases. 2.5 billion people in over 100 countries are at risk of these diseases. Every year, more than 1 billion people are infected and more than 1 million die from vector-borne diseases. Among them Malaria causes more than 6,00,000 deaths every year globally.
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Aim
To know about the common vector borne
diseases in Bangladesh and how to prevent
these diseases.
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Scope What is vector and common
vectors. What is vector borne diseases and
common VBD. Common vector borne diseases in Bangladesh. Prevention and control.
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VectorA vector is any agent (person, animal or microorganism) that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism.
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Common vectorsMosquitoes (Aedes, Anopheles,
Culex, Mansonia)Fly (Sandfly, Housefly, Tsetse Fly,
Black Fly )Flea (Rat Flea, Sand Flea )Ticks (Hard Tick & Soft Tick)Lice / Bugs/ Mites/ Cyclops
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Vector-borne disease
An illness caused by an infectious microorganism (pathogen) that is transmitted to humans by a vector, usually arthropods.
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Major vector borne disease in world
MalariaFilariaLeishmaniasisJapanese EncephalitisDengue / Dengue
Hemorrhagic feversChikungunyaChagas Diseases (American
Trypanosomiasis)
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Contd…Yellow FeverOnchocerciasis (River Blindness)CCHF (Crimean Congo
Haemorrhagic Fever)Lyme DiseaseTick Borne EncephalitisSchistosomiasis (Bilharzia)
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Common vector borne disease in Bangladesh
MalariaFilariasisLeishmaniasisDengue
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MalariaLife-threatening disease
Caused by plasmodium species
Transmitted through bite of female anopheles
Plasmodium - four parasite species
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Malaria FactsMalaria kills in one year ,what AIDS kills
in 15 years For every death due to HIV/AIDS, there
are about 50 deaths due to malaria
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Malaria Burden
Globally-2012
Approx 207 million cases & 6,27,000 deaths
97 countries- 3.4 billion people at
risk
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Malaria in Bangladesh13 districts (with the total
population of 10.9 million) are in the high endemic areas of malaria transmissions.
In July’2008 to May’2009 total cases are found 74412 and total deaths are 89.
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FilariasisLymphatic filariasis is infection
with the filarial worms, Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi or B. timori.
A wide range of mosquitoes can transmit the parasite, depending on the geographic area. In Africa, the most common vector is Anopheles and in the Americas, it is Culex quilex. Aedes and Mansonia can transmit the infection in the Pacific and in Asia.
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Filaria Burden
A total of 32 districts with an estimated 70 million population are endemic for Lymphatic Filariasis.
About 20 million are already infected.
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DengueDengue is transmitted by several
species of mosquito within the genus Aedes, principally A. aegypti.
Most rapidly spreading viral disease in the world. In past 50 years, incidence has increased 30-fold.
Pattern changing from urban to rural settingsThere are four known serotypes of dengue
virus (DEN 1 to 4).Recovery from infection by one provides
lifelong immunity
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Dengue BurdenIn Bangladesh there had been
Dengue outbreaks in 2000 (5,555 cases and 93 deaths); 2001 (2,430 cases and 44 deaths) and 2002 (6,104 cases and 58 deaths).
Cases were reported from the metropolitan cities (Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi)
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LeishmaniasisCaused by protozoan parasites of
the genus Leishmania.Spread by the bite of sandflies.The disease can present in three
main ways as: cutaneous leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis and visceral leishmaniasis.
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Disease Burden
In Bangladesh cases are reported from 45 districts (130 upaziala) and an estimated 51.2 million populations are in endemic areas.
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Prevention and Control
New strategies have taken by WHO to control vector borne diseases. No single measure can control these diseases. It needs multiple approach both from government and non government institutes.
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StrategiesNeeds sound knowledge of the
Bionomics
Distribution
Seasonal prevalence
Vectorial capacity
Insecticide susceptibility status
Role of arthropods in disease transmission
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Integrated vector management
The utilization of all appropriate technological & management techniques to bring about an effective degree of vector suppression in a cost effective manner.
Best approach to strengthen vector control in a way that is compatible with national health systems
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Key Elements of IVM
Evidence-based decision-making Monitoring & EvaluationAdvocacy & Social mobilization Intra & intersectoral
Collaboration Capacity-building Legislation & Regulation
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Methods of control
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Environmental controlEliminate their
breeding places
Known as "source reduction"
Results are generally permanent
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Source reduction Filling
Levelling & drainage of breeding places
Water management (intermittent irrigation)
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Waste managementEmpty tins,
plastic bottles, unused drums, coconut shells & used car tyres can serve as important breeding sites
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Chemical controlOiling (diesel
oil,fuel oil, kerosene oil)
Paris green
Synthetic Insecticides (Fenthion, malathion, chlorpyrifos, abate)
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Biological controlIntroduction of
bacterial larvicides & larvivorous fish
Target vector larvae without generating ecological impacts of chemical use
Regular monitoring & restocking is important
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Genetic control"Use of any treatment
that reduce the reproductive potential by replacing the hereditary material"
Sterile male technique Hybrid male technique Sex distortion Gene replacement
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Personal Protective measures
Acheived by wearing long sleeved, light-coloured shirts, trousers, socks, shoes & by the use of repellents like Benzyl benzoate, DEET
Insecticidal net are most efficient & cost-effective method.
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House modificationDoor & window
screens
Plaster walls & concrete floors in good condition
Cracks & entry points sealed up
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Indoor residual sprayMost widely used method
Effective way to reduce sandflies & bugs inside homes
80% of houses in targeted area need to be sprayed.
Effective for 3–6 months, depending on the insecticide used & type of surface
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Outdoor sprayingSpraying outer
surfaces of - Domestic animal
shelters, - Outdoor latrines & - Damp placesAerial spraying --
control mosquitoes during epidemics of dengue & yellow fever.
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RecommendationApply Integrated vector
management to control the diseases.
Awareness among the people.Best approach to strengthen
vector control in a way that is compatible with national health systems.
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ConclusionVector-borne diseases are one of the greatest contributors to human mortality and morbidity in tropical settings and beyond. Although significant progress is being made in combating some diseases such as malaria, lymphatic filariasis and Chagas disease, other diseases such as dengue continue to spread at an alarming pace. Governments, local authorities, community groups, and individuals should work togather to prevent disease.
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?
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THANK YOU