URINARY SYSTEM A&PBERRYHILL AND CASHION

HS1, DHO 7.12

2017-2018

URINARY SYSTEM

•AKA EXCRETORY SYSTEM

•REMOVES WASTES & EXCESS WATER

•MAINTAIN ACID-BASE BALANCE

•HELPS MAINTAIN BODY’S HOMEOSTASIS

URINARY SYSTEM

PARTS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM:

2 KIDNEYS

2 URETERS

1 BLADDER

1 URETHRA

KIDNEYS

• BEAN-SHAPED ORGANS

• FOUND ON EITHER SIDE OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN

• LOCATED IN RETROPERITONEAL SPACE

• RETROPERITONEAL SPACE=AREA BEHIND UPPER PART OF

ABD CAVITY; SEPARATED FROM ABD CAVITY BY

PERITONEAL MEMBRANE

KIDNEYS

• PROTECTED BY RIBS & FAT CUSHION

•HELD IN PLACE BY CONNECTIVE TISSUE

• EACH KIDNEY IS ENCLOSED IN MASS OF FATTY

TISSUE=ADIPOSE CAPSULE

• EACH KIDNEY IS COVERED BY A TOUGH, FIBROUS

TISSUE=RENAL FASCIA OR FIBROUS CAPSULE

APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE

CAN YOU THINK OF AN EXAMPLE OF THE URINARY

SYSTEM’S ABILITY TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS?

A GOOD EXAMPLE IS WHEN A PERSON DRINKS A LARGE

AMOUNT OF WATER AND URINARY OUTPUT INCREASES

KIDNEYS

DIVIDED INTO 2 MAIN SECTIONS: CORTEX & MEDULLA

CORTEX=

•OUTER SECTION

•CONTAINS MOST OF THE NEPHRONS (NEPHRONS AID IN

PRODUCTION OF URINE)

KIDNEYS

MEDULLA=

• INNER SECTION

•CONTAINS MOST OF THE COLLECTING TUBULES

(COLLECTING TUBULES CARRY URINE FROM NEPHRONS

THROUGH THE KIDNEY)

KIDNEYS

• EACH KIDNEY HAS A HILUM

•HILUM=NOTCHED OR INDENTED AREA

• THE URETER, NERVES, BLOOD VESSELS, & LYMPH VESSELS

ENTER & LEAVE THE KIDNEY THROUGH THE HILUM

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

SO, LET’S THINK THIS THROUGH….YOU HAVE TO PRODUCE

THE URINE FIRST AND THEN SEND THE URINE OUT OF THE

KIDNEY.

IN WHAT ORDER DOES FLUID PASS THROUGH THE KIDNEY

AND ITS LAYERS ON THE WAY TO THE URETER?

THE ANSWER IS…CORTEX TO THE MEDULLA TO THE HILUM

KIDNEYS

•NEPHRONS=MICROSCOPIC FILTERING UNITS OF THE

KIDNEY

• THERE ARE MORE THAN 1 MILLION NEPHRONS PER

KIDNEY

KIDNEYS

EACH NEPHRON CONSISTS OF A:

GLOMERULUS

BOWMAN’S CAPSULE

PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE

DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE

COLLECTING DUCT (TUBULE)

KIDNEYS

• THE RENAL ARTERY CARRIES BLOOD TO THE KIDNEY

•BRANCHES OF THE RENAL ARTERY PASS THROUGH THE

MEDULLA TO THE CORTEX

• THIS IS WHERE BLOOD ENTERS THE 1ST PART OF THE

NEPHRON, THE GLOMERULUS

•GLOMERULUS=CLUSTER OF CAPILLARIES

THIS IS THE START OF THE PROCESS OF

FILTRATION!!!

KIDNEYS

•AS BLOOD PASSES THROUGH THE GLOMERULUS, THE

GLOMERULUS FILTERS OUT:

WATER

MINERAL SALTS

GLUCOSE

METABOLIC PRODUCTS

IMPORTANT!!!

RBCS AND PROTEINS ARE NOT FILTERED OUT!!!

KIDNEYS

• FILTERED BLOOD LEAVES THE GLOMERULUS & MOVES TO

THE RENAL VEIN WHICH CARRIES IT AWAY FROM THE

KIDNEY

• THE SUBSTANCES FILTERED OUT BY THE GLOMERULUS

ENTER THE NEXT SECTION OF THE NEPHRON,

BOWMAN’S CAPSULE

KIDNEYS

• BOWMAN’S CAPSULE=C-SHAPED STRUCTURE THAT

SURROUNDS THE GLOMERULUS

• IT IS THE START OF THE CONVOLUTED TUBULE

• BOWMAN’S CAPSULE PICKS UP THE FILTERED MATERIALS

& PASSES THEM INTO THE CONVOLUTED TUBULE

KIDNEYS

•AS THE FILTERED MATERIAL PASSES THROUGH THE TUBULE,

SUBSTANCES NEEDED BY THE BODY ARE REABSORBED

AND RETURNED TO THE BLOOD CAPILLARIES

• THOSE SUBSTANCES NEEDED BY THE BODY ARE:

MOST OF THE WATER, GLUCOSE, VITAMINS, AND

MINERAL SALTS

KIDNEYS

• REMAINING IN THE TUBULE (AND NOT NEEDED BY THE

BODY AND NOT REABSORBED) ARE:

EXCESS GLUCOSE AND MINERAL SALTS

SOME WATER

WASTES (UREA, URIC ACID, AND CREATININE)

• THESE EXCESS SUBSTANCES ARE A CONCENTRATED

LIQUID=URINE

KIDNEYS

•URINE ENTERS COLLECTING DUCTS (TUBULES) LOCATED

IN THE MEDULLA

• THE COLLECTING DUCTS EMPTY INTO THE RENAL PELVIS

(RENAL BASIN),

• RENAL PELVIS=FUNNEL-SHAPED STRUCTURE THAT IS THE

1ST SECTION OF THE URETER

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

• DURING THE PROCESS OF FILTRATION IN THE NEPHRON, MOST OF

THE WATER, GLUCOSE, AND VITAMINS ARE:

A. STORED IN THE BLADDER

B. EXCRETED THROUGH THE URETERS

C. REABSORBED INTO THE BLOOD

D. CONCENTRATED IN THE URINE

AND THE ANSWER IS…C

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

• WHAT WOULD YOU FIND INSIDE THE GLOMERULUS?

BLOOD

• WHAT C-SHAPED STRUCTURE IN THE NEPHRON SURROUNDS THE

GLOMERULUS?

BOWMAN’S CAPSULE

URETERS

•2 MUSCULAR TUBES

•10-12 INCHES LONG

•RENAL PELVIS=FUNNEL-SHAPED 1ST SECTION OF URETER

•ONE URETER EXTENDS FROM THE RENAL PELVIS OF EACH

KIDNEY TO THE BLADDER

URETERS

• PERISTALSIS MOVES URINE THROUGH URETER FROM

KIDNEY TO BLADDER

(GEE, THIS IS NOT THE FIRST TIME WE HAVE HEARD OF

PERISTALSIS-WHERE ARE THE OTHER INSTANCES OF

PERISTALSIS THAT WE HAVE STUDIED?)

BLADDER

•HOLLOW, MUSCULAR SAC

• FOUND BEHIND SYMPHYSIS PUBIS

• LOCATED AT MIDLINE OF PELVIC CAVITY

• RECEIVES URINE FROM URETERS

•STORES URINE UNTIL IT IS VOIDED

•VOID=URINATE=MICTURATE

BLADDER

• LINED WITH MUCOUS MEMBRANE

•MUCOUS MEMBRANE HAS RUGAE (FOLDS)

•RUGAE DISAPPEAR AS BLADDER EXPANDS TO FILL WITH

URINE

•BLADDER WALLS ARE MADE OF TRIPLE LAYER OF

VISCERAL (SMOOTH) MUSCLE

BLADDER

•CIRCULAR SPHINCTER MUSCLE CONTROLS THE BLADDER

OPENING TO PREVENT EMPTYING

•RECEPTORS IN BLADDER SEND OUT A REFLEX ACTION

WHICH OPENS THE MUSCLE

•URGE TO VOID OCCURS WHEN BLADDER HAS 250ML

BUT IT CAN HOLD MUCH MORE

BLADDER

• INFANTS CANNOT CONTROL THE REFLEX ACTION

•AS CHILDREN GROW, THEY LEARN TO CONTROL THE

REFLEX

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

• WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TERMS USED TO DESCRIBE

“SOMEONE PEEING”?

THE ANSWER IS…TO VOID, TO URINATE, TO MICTURATE

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

• IN WHAT PART OF THE URINARY SYSTEM DOES PERISTALSIS

OCCUR?

URETER

• IF YOU COULD SEE THE INSIDE OF AN EMPTY BLADDER,

WHAT WOULD YOU SEE?

RUGAE

URETHRA

• TUBE THAT CARRIES URINE FROM BLADDER TO OUTSIDE

OF BODY

•URINARY MEATUS=EXTERNAL OPENING OF URETHRA

URETHRA

FEMALE URETHRA:

1.5 INCHES LONG

OPENS IN FRONT OF VAGINA

CARRIES ONLY URINE

URETHRA

MALE URETHRA:

8 INCHES LONG

PASSES THROUGH THE PROSTATE GLAND

EXISTS THE PENIS

CARRIES BOTH URINE & SEMEN (NOT AT THE SAME

TIME)

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

• THE URETHRA IN THE MALE SERVES TO BODY SYSTEMS, WHAT ARE

THEY?

URINARY AND REPRODUCTIVE

• WHAT IS THE LAST STRUCTURE URINE PASSES BEFORE LEAVING THE

BODY?

URINARY MEATUS

URINE

• LIQUID WASTE PRODUCT OF URINARY SYSTEM

•APROX 95% WATER

•CONTAINS DISSOLVED WASTE PRODUCTS:

UREA, URIC ACID, CREATININE, MINERAL SALTS,

PIGMENTS

URINE

• EXCESS USEFUL PRODUCTS (LIKE SUGAR) CAN ALSO BE

FOUND IN URINE

•WHEN USEFUL PRODUCTS ARE IN URINE, IT USUALLY

INDICATES DISEASE!!

URINE

•KIDNEYS FILTER ABOUT 150 QUARTS OF LIQUID DAILY

•ABOUT 1,500-2,000 ML (1.5-2 QUARTS) OF URINE ARE

PRODUCED DAILY

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

• WHAT IS CONSIDERED A NORMAL COMPONENT OF URINE?

A. BACTERIA

B. SUGAR

C. URIC ACID

D. RED BLOOD CELLS

AND THE ANSWER IS…C

APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE

OK, LET’S TAKE IT ONE STEP FURTHER….WHAT SHOULD YOU

THINK IF USEFUL PRODUCTS LIKE SUGAR OR PROTEIN ARE

FOUND IN URINE?

DISEASE!!

DO YOU KNOW OF A DISEASE THAT INVOLVES SUGAR IN

THE URINE?

DIABETES

URINATION TERMS

TERMS USED TO DESCRIBE CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT URINATION:

POLYURIA=EXCESSIVE URINATION

OLIGURIA=BELOW NORMAL AMOUNT OF URINE

ANURIA=ABSENCE OF URINATION

HEMATURA=BLOOD IN URINE

PYURIA=PUS IN URINE

URINATION TERMS

NOCTURIA=URINATION AT NIGHT

DYSURIA=PAINFUL URINATION

RETENTION=INABILITY TO EMPTY BLADDER

INCONTINENCE=INVOLUNTARY URINATION

PROTEINURIA=PROTEIN IN URINE

ALBUMINURIA=ALBUMIN (A BLOOD PROTEIN) IN URINE

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

• WHICH URINARY TERM WOULD YOU APPLY TO THIS

SITUATION?

PATRICE IS NOT ILL BUT DRANK A LARGE AMOUNT OF

ICE TEA. YOU WOULD EXPECT HER TO HAVE….?

THE ANSWER IS…POLYURIA

APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE

A CONSTRUCTION WORKER FALLS AND STRIKES HIS LOWER

ABDOMEN ON A HARD OBJECT. WHAT MIGHT HE

EXPERIENCE AS A RESULT? WHICH MEDICAL TERM WOULD

YOU APPLY TO THIS SITUATION?

THE ANSWER IS…HEMATURIA