UNIT ESSENTIAL QUESTION: How did changing economic and social conditions, wars, and the growing power of monarchs begin to build

the framework for the modern nation-state?

AIM 1: How did monarchs in England and France expand royal authority and lay the foundations for united nation-states?

AIM 2: How did explosive conflicts between monarchs and popes affect the balance of power in Europe?

Do Now: Arrange the following developments in the order in which they occurred.

New TechnologiesGrowth of Towns

Agricultural RevolutionPopulation Growth

Revival of Trade

1. Why did they occur in that order?2. How did these evolutions support the idea that the High Middle

ages were a time of economic growth?

ReviewFeudalis

m Hierarch

y

The Churc

h

Kings & Queens

Lords/Nobles

Knights

Peasants/Serfs

Monarchs, Nobles & the Church

Feudal monarchs stood at the head of society, but had limited power

Started to centralize power!

Nation-states: are regions that share a government and that are independent of other states.

MonarchsCentralized through:

1. set up system of royal justice2. organized a government bureaucracy3. system of taxes4. built standing army5. strengthened ties with the middle class

England

Early middle ages = Angles, Saxons & Vikings

Kept kingdoms united

1066 – King Edward died without heir

William of Normandy“From the time he became Duke of

Normandy at age seven, William’s life and position were in constant danger, mostly from his jealous relatives. Four of his guardians were murdered – one in the very room in which William lay sleeping.

As an adult, William did all that he could to get and keep power. At age 20, he led an army to defeat a rebellious cousin. When an abbot condemned his marriage to Matilda of Flanders because they were too closely related, an enraged William burned down a monastery. But when the pope validated the marriage, William had a new abbey built.”

William the Conqueror

Norman ConquestBattle of Hastings = 1066

Christmas Day 1066 – William assumed crown of England

Battle of Hastings

William the Conqueror

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UrXAVYEy-fs

Part 3 of video William the Conqueror

William the Conqueror

Growth of royal power

Granted fiefs to the Church and his Norman lords/barons

*kept a large amount of land for himself

Vassal swore allegiance to him only

William the Conqueror

1086 –Domesday Book

Helped build tax

collecting

Exchequer - treasury

William the Conqueror Activity

Power Expands

1160s-1180s = Common LawHenry II lays foundation for English legal system

Common Law – a legal system based on custom and court rulings

Early Jury system

Leads to a conflict with the Church

Evolving English Government

Out of those struggles with nobles and the Church, traditions of government evolved.

Magna Carta1215

King John signs this document limiting royal power and extending rights.

Magna Carta activity

Parliament

1295

Edward I summons Parliament, which includes representatives of common people.

Parliament

France

Post Charlemagne, monarchs in France did not rule over a unified kingdom.

The Capetians

987 – Hugh CapetMade throne hereditary

Play rival nobles against each other

Won support of the church

Bureaucracy

Phillip II (Augustus)

Strengthened royal government

1. appointed paid middle-class officials

2. granted charters to new towns

3. organized a standing army

4. gained backing of new middle class

Louis IX

1226Generous, noble & devoted to justice and chivalry

Declared a saintDeeply religious man

Louis IX

1. sent out officials

2. expanded courts

3. outlawed private wars

4. ended serfdom

1270 – France was an efficient centralized monarchy

Philip IV

Ruthlessly extended royal power.

Tried to collect new taxes from the clergy

Conflict with Pope Boniface VIII

The Estates General

1302

Representative from all 3 estates1. clergy

2. nobles

3. townspeople

Holy Roman Empire

Germany = Dukes of Saxony936 Duke Otto I

962 crowned emperor

Holy Roman Emperor Successors get this title

Problems for German Emperors

Challenge to control vassals

Conflict over appointment of church officials

Conflict between Popes & Emperors

Pope Gregory VII vs Henry IVIndependent of secular rulers

1076 = excommunicatesOverturned 1077

Concordat of Worms = treaty 1122Church had sole power to elect

Struggle for Italy

Frederick I – “Barbarossa”

Entangled German emperors in Italian affairs

Frederick II Pursued ambitions in Italy

Height of Church Power

Pope Innocent IIISupremacy over all other rulers

1209 – Crusade against Albigensians

Iberian PeninsulaRegion is heavily influenced(and controlled) by Muslims starting in early 400s.

1140 – Kingdom of Portugal established

1300 – Christians gain control of Iberian peninsula except for Granada

1469 – marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile

*Create a unified state called Spain

Let’s Summarize…

Aim: How did the Crusades widen Europe’s

perspective of the world? Do Now: How are Christianity and Islam related?

Why do they sometimes clash? (Think about what is different).

Clash between religions

Crusades = holy wars

Make a prediction:

How do you think the Crusades will change life in Europe and beyond?

Turn & Talk

The World in 1050

Causes/Motivations of the Crusades

The Crusades

Multicultural Perspectives

Impact of the

Crusades

GALLERY WALK DIRECTIONS

Directions:

1. Start at your assigned station.

2. Rotate clockwise (to your right) when the timer goes off.

3. Answer question packet along the way.

4. Have fun! And ask for help if needed.

Let’s Summarize…

Please complete Exit Slip!

AIM: What achievements in learning, literature, and the arts characterized the High and the Late Middle Ages?

Do Now: List any modern forms of entertainment that you can trace back to the Middle Ages.

Middle Ages in the MediaThe Secret of KellsThe CountessThe Wild HuntBraveheartMonty Python and the Holy GrailYour HighnessBlack DeathIroncladCamelotHenry VThe Passion of Joan of ArcBlack KnightFirst KnightRobin HoodA Knight’s TaleShrekKingdom of HeavenA Kid in King Arthur’s CourtKing ArthurBlack DeathThe Name of the RoseThe Sword in the StoneExcaliburSeason of the WitchDragonheartEver After: A Cinderella storyGame of ThronesTristan and Isolde

Medieval Cultural AchievementsOverall Theme: Toward the end of Middle Ages, as Europe

stabilizes, society begins to make gains in the fields of Literature, Art and Architecture

Cause & Effect:Commercial Revolution

Growth of Towns and Cities

Medieval Universities Emerge

Europeans Acquire “New Learning”

Medieval Literature AND Architecture and Art

Language and literatureAlthough the language of scholars was Latin, new stories began to appear in everyday languages of the people (vernacular).Literature included stories of knights and feudal lords as well as common peopleAuthors like Dante and Chaucer wrote stories about warrior heroes and ordinary people who showed courage, humor and morality

Illuminated Manuscripts

Architecture and ArtArchitecture and art focused on

glorifying GodMost art was a reflection of the

power of the churchDuring late Middle Ages money

from trade begins to contribute to the great works of architecture and art

Roman Influence = “Romanesque”

In 1000, towns began to build stone churches that reflected the influenceof Rome.

The Gothic Tradition

The Gothic style of architectureappeared in Europe in the early1100s.

These new buildings, unlike RomanArchitecture, seemed to soar upwards

Gothic style was characterized bypointed arches and flying buttresses,stone supports that stood outside thebuilding.

The Gothic cathedral forms a total experience that we can still understand today.

Gothic is considered urban since many churches of this style were built in towns

The Cathedral of Amiens serves as an example. Begun in 1220 by the architect Robert de Luzarches, the facade of Amiens is dominated, like St. Denis, by two towers

Interior of a Gothic style Cathedral

ENGLAND: GLOUCESTER CATHEDRAL 1089

Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris 1163-1250

Medieval MilitaryTechnology

A Viking "Bearded Axe" ca. 1000 (top) and a German Horsemans Axe ca. 1100 (bottom)

The proliferation of plate armor across Medieval Europe was shadowed by the development of crushing weapons like the war hammer. Since swords were virtually useless against plate armor, mounted knights used short hammers, axes and maces to defeat an opponent's improved protection.

This Zinc Plated Chain Mail Shirt was difficult to produce in its time, yet was greatly desired for its protective qualities.

The flail was an early agricultural implement that was used to separate grain. However, it was soon discovered that it was also excellent for bashing people. Most flails were two handed, but it wasn't long before a smaller version was in use. The spiked flail has been a favorite of movies, books, legends, and people in general for many, many years. For one thing, it simply looks ferocious and intimidating.

The mace, a short club like weapon with a flanged head, was a symbol of rank and status as well as an effective weapon against plate and mail armour. Unlike the sword or axe, the mace was easy to use, very tough and did not require sharpening. The morning star is similar to the mace however it typically has longer and sharper spikes

The Medieval crossbow spent a long time as a dominant weapon in the middle ages. It had several advantages. It could be used by relatively untrained soldiers with good results. It also was a very fine ranged weapon in that it could penetrate armor from distances up to 200 yards.

Aim: How did the combination of plague, upheaval in the Church, and war affect Europe in the 1300s and 1400s?

Do Now: Part 1 Listen to Ms. Rappoccio’s story from yesterday.

DO NOW Part 2: What would happen if you were to go through the rest of your day and we count the number of students in the school that had glitter on them at the end of the day? End of the week? Month?

The Black Plague

Bubonic Plague = disease spread by fleas on rats

Infested (travelers):

ClothesPacks

Black DeathClass Reading

The Black Plague

The Black PlagueBlack Death: 1347-1353

Over 25 Million Died (30-60% of Europe’s Population)

1347:Trading Ships in Italy

1348:Black Death reached beyond Italy to Spain + France -> Rest of Europe

The Black PlagueImage 1 2 3

Question 1: What do you see in the picture?

Question2: What can you infer about the image?

Social Upheaval

Brought terror and upheaval as people had no way to stop the disease

Social Upheaval

Magic & Witchcraft

Wild Pleasures

God’s Punishment

Social Upheaval

Christians blamed Jews for the plague

Expulsion of

The Jews

Complete Reading and Questions

Economic Effects

By the late 1300s, the European economy plunged!

As workers + employers died, production declined -> Survivors demanded higher wages

Economic Effects

1. Landowners and Merchants pushed for laws to limit wages

Landowners

Guilds

Economic Effects

2. Restrictions sparked explosive revolts

*Peasants*

Black Death

What positives come out of the Plague?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oRtOQyo6ZpM

Major ImpactsEstimated population of Europe from 1000 to 1352.

1200 59 million

1300 70 million

1347 75 million

1352 50 million

Major Impacts

Upheaval in the Church

The Hundred

Years’ War

Exit Slip

1. Write a journal entry pretending to be a member of the English population who has heard that an Italian Ship that may be infested is travelling to your city. What have you heard? How may you feel?

OR

2. Draw a picture/postcard depicting what you have learned today about the Black Plague.

D O N O W: A F T E R O U R U N I T O N T H E M I D D L E A G E S , W H AT W O U L D YO U S AY A R E T H E M A J O R

E V E N T S / T U R N I N G P O I N T S O F T H E T I M E P E R I O D ?

AIM: WHAT WERE THE MAIN EVENTS OF THE MIDDLE AGES AND HOW DID THEY AFFECT LIFE IN

WESTERN EUROPE AT THAT TIME?

REVIEW

MEDIEVAL SKITS

• You and your group will prepare a brief skit/commercial (of approx. 4 minutes) on one of the main topics from the Middle Ages.

LET’S SUMMARIZE….

Should the Medieval Era, commonly referred to as the Middle Ages, be defined as the “Dark Ages”?