Post on 06-Apr-2018
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JOYCELINE A. GOCO Head, IACCC Secretariat
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Call for Global Action:
In response to the scientific findingsthat the earth is getting warmer and may
lead to irreversible adverse impacts, theUnited Nations Framework Conventionon Climate Change (UNFCCC) was
adopted on May 9, 1992 at the UnitedNations Headquarters in New York.
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“Earth Summit” in Rio (June1992)
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)
Signing of the UNFCCC The Philippines was among the first
154 nations to sign
As of Dec. 2001, 186 nations (includingthe Philippines) have ratified the
Convention
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THE UNITED NATIONSFRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON
CLIMATE CHANGE
The centerpiece of global efforts to
combat global warming
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CONVENTION’S OBJECTIVE
Seeks to stabilize atmospheric
concentration of greenhouse gases “
at a level that would prevent
dangerous anthropogenic [human-
induced] interference with theclimate system”.
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The Convention’s Guiding
Principles
The lack of full scientific certainty should
not be used as an excuse to postpone action.
The “common but differentiated
responsibilities” of states assigns the leadto developed countries in combating climate
change.
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GENERAL COMMITMENT
All Parties to develop “national
communications” containing
inventories of GHG emissions by
source and GHG removals by sinks.
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Commitments of Parties
Annex 1 Country Parties • Developed countries and countries whose
economies are in transition
• Adopt policies and measures to limit their
anthropogenic emissions of GHGs and
protect/enhance their GHG sinks andreservoirs to demonstrate that they are
taking the lead in modifying longer-term
trends.
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• Submit their national communications on
regular basis with the following information:
Projected anthropogenic GHG emissions
by sources and sinks with the aim of returning them to 1990 levels,
individually or jointly
Policies and measures to limit GHG
emissions and protect/enhance sinks and
reservoirs
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Annex II Country Parties
Under Article 4.2 of the UNFCCC, developedcountry parties included in Annex II (Annex 1countries minus the economies in transition)have the following additional commitments:
• Provide new and additional financial resources
to meet the agreed full costs incurred bydeveloping country Parties in complying withtheir obligations under Article 12.
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• Provide financial resources, including transfer
of technology to meet the agreed fullincremental costs of measures to be undertaken
by developing country Parties under Article 4.
• Promote, as appropriate, the transfer of, or,
facilitate and finance access to, environmentally
sound technologies and know-how to other
Parties, particularly the developing ones to
enable them to implement the provisions of the
Convention.
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Non-Annex 1 Country Parties
Non-annex 1 country Parties or developing
countries
Have no commitments to reduce their
GHG emissions, but only to “develop,
periodically update, publish and makeavailable to the Conference of Parties, their
national inventories of GHG emissions by
sources and removals by sinks”.
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Institutional Bodies
Conference of Parties (CoP)- supreme decision-making body of the Convention
- primary task is to promote and review the
implementation of the Convention and any related legal
instruments (such as the Kyoto Protocol, etc.)
- has convened six meetings since the Convention’s
entry into force on March 21, 1004
- 1st Session of the COP was held in Berlin in 1995which agreed on the “Berlin Mandate” calling for the
strengthening of Annex 1 commitments through the
adoption of a protocol or another legally binding
instrument.
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Institutional Bodies
Subsidiary Bodies
- Subsidiary Body for Scientific and
Technological Advise (SBSTA) - provides theCoP with information and advice on scientific
and technological concerns
- Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) -
assists the CoP in the assessment and review of
the implementation of the Convention.
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Institutional Bodies
UNFCCC Secretariat: tasked with
administrative functions, taking charge of arrangements for sessions, facilitate assistance
to parties, etc.
Global Environmental Facility (GEF):
interim financial mechanism (Art. 11-21 [3])
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THE KYOTO PROTOCOL
The Kyoto Protocol is an international
agreement of 159 countries, which
attended the 3rd Session of the Conferenceof the Parties to the UNFCCC held in
December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan.
This formalized the adoption of the
results of the Berlin Mandate (CoP 1) to
reduce worldwide emissions in GHGs.
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Objective of the Kyoto Protocol
The protocol was developed to meet
the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC
which is to “stabilize GHG concentrations
in the atmosphere at a level that would
prevent anthropogenic interference with
the climate system”, through quantified
emission targets within a specified time
frame.
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Significant Provisions of the
Kyoto Protocol
Annex 1 Country Parties, individually or
jointly, ensure that their aggregate
anthropogenic CO2 equivalent emissionsof GHG do not exceed their assigned
amounts.
Reduction of their overall emissions by at
least 5% below 1990 levels in the
commitment period 2008 to 2012.
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The Protocol commits Annex B countries
that ratify the Protocol to reduce GHG
emissions below 1990 levels by the first
commitment period (2008-2012)
The Protocol will be legally binding when
it enters into force. It must be signed and
ratified by at least 55 countries, whose
total emissions represent 55% of the
emissions of the Annex I countries in 1990.
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Incorporation by Annex 1 Parties in its
annual inventory of anthropogenic
emissions the sources and removals by
sinks of GHG gases.
Expert review process, providing athorough and comprehensive technical
assessment of the implementation of this
protocol.
No introduction of new commitments for
Parties not included in Annex 1.
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The Kyoto Protocol reinforces the
principle of “common but
differentiated responsibilities”.
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THE KYOTO PROTOCOL
FLEXIBILITY MECHANISMS
EMISSIONS TRADING
JOINT IMPLEMENTATION
CLEAN DEVELOPMENT
MECHANISM
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Emissions Trading (ET)
Article 17
- Permits countries to transfer
parts of their “allowed emissions” (assigned amount
units)
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Joint Implementation (JI)
Article 6
- Allows countries to claim credit
for emission reductions that arisefrom investment in otherindustrialized countries, which
result in a transfer of equivalent“emission reduction units” betweenthe countries.
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Clean Development Mechanism(CDM)
Article 12 KP
Allows emission reductionprojects that assist in creatingsustainable development in
developing countries to generate“certified emission reductions” (CERs) for use by the investor.
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Greenhouse Gasescovered by the Kyoto Protocol
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Methane (CH4)Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
Perflourocarbons (PFCs)
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
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ANNEX B ANNEX 1 Party Quantified Emission
Limitation or ReductionCommitment (fr. Baseyear or period)
Australia 108EuropeanCommunity 92
Japan 94
Netherlands 92Russian Federation 92
USA 93
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Achievements on the
International Level
Conference of Parties (COP):
Convention’s ultimate authority
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COP 1: Adopted the Berlin Mandate
December 1: Parties should protect the climate systemfor the benefit of present and future generations of
humankind, on the basis of equity and in accordance
with their common but differentiated responsibilities
and respective capabilities
1995 : IPCC published its Second Assessment Repor
(SAR) and concluded that “the balance of evidenc
suggests that there is discernible human influence o
global climate” and that the overall impact of thi
influence will be negative
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COP 3: Adopted the Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol, when it goes
into force, will legally bind participating
industrialized countries to reduce their
aggregated greenhouse gas emissions by
5.2% compared to the 1990 baseline, by
the end of the First Commitment Period
(2008-2012)
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COP 4: Adopted the Buenos Aires
Plan of Action (BAPA)
The BAPA was worked out with the goal
of finalizing the Kyoto Protocol by the
year 2000. The BAPA also established a
prompt beginning for the CleanDevelopment Mechanism (CDM),
eventually leading to a start in the year
2000.
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COP 6
July 2001: IPCC published its Third
Assessment Report (TAR). The TARconcluded that the new scientific findings
provided evidence that global warming is,
indeed, brought about by human-inducedactivities.
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COP 7: Adopted the Marrakech
Accords
Delegates from over 170 countries agreed
on the package of decisions, which
elaborate a finely drawn structure for the
implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. The
“Marrakech Accords” completed the 1998
Buenos Aires Plan of Action and paved the
way for the ratification of the Protocol.
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THE CLEAN DEVELOPMENTMECHANISM
(CDM)Art. 12 KP
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Objectives of the CDM
• Assists non-Annex 1 countries in achievingtheir sustainable development objectives
• Enables Annex 1 parties in achievingcompliance with their quantified emissionslimitation and reduction commitments(QELRC)
• Investors benefit by obtaining GHGemission reduction credits
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Objectives of the CDM
•Host countries benefit in the form of investment,access to better technology, and localsustainable development
• Contribute to the ultimate objective of theFramework Convention on Climate Change
• Developing countries will benefit from the projectactivities resulting in certified emission reductions(CERS) and developed countries will benefit byusing the CERs to meet their commitments.
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Principal Requirements for CDMProjects
Only Parties to the Protocol could participate;
Participation is voluntary and approved by eachParty;
National CDM authority to be set up;
Non-Annex I Parties (host country) must benefitfrom project activities resulting in certifiedemission reductions (CERs);
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Principal Requirements for CDM
Projects
Projects must assist host countries in achievingsustainable development and contributing to theultimate objective of the Convention;
Projects must result in real, measurable andlong-term benefits related to the mitigation ofclimate change;
Projects must result in reductions in emissionsthat are additional to any that would occur in the
absence of the certified project activity.
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Principal Requirements for CDM
Projects
The COP/MOP shall elaborate modalities andprocedures that ensure transparency. Efficiencyand accountability through independent auditing byoperating entities and verification of projectactivities;
A share of proceeds from the CERs will becollected from the CERs issued to meet theadministrative costs of the secretariat maintaingCDM activities as well as adaptation fund set up toassist developing countries that are seriously
affected by climate change.
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Principal Requirements for CDM
Projects
Projects formally initiated under the Activities
Implemented Jointly are eligible to be convertedinto CDM effectively from January 2000 if theymeet the criteria.
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Additionalities
Environmental additionality - long-term realand measurable reduction
Technology additionality - Transfer ofenvironmentally safe and sound technology
Investment additionality - no diversion ofODAs
Some countries require foreign investment in CDM
activities
Some other countries allow locally funded CDMprojects (unilateral CDM projects)
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Decision 15/CP.7
Principles, Nature and Scope of theMechanism (Article 16, 12 & 17 of
the Kyoto Protocol)
KP has not created or bestowed any right,title and entitlements of any kind on Annex
I Parties.
Annex I Parties implement domestic actionto reduce emissions in a manner conducive
to narrowing per capita differences between
developed and developing countries.
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Use of mechanism shall be supplemental to
domestic action.
Environmental integrity to be achieved.
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Decision 17/CP.7
Modalities and Procedure for a Clean
Development Mechanism
Host Party’s prerogative to confirm whether
a CDM project activity assists in achievingsustainable development
Refrain from using CERs generated from
nuclear facilities
Need to promote equitable geographic
distribution of CDM project activities
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The CDM Executive Board
(EB)
Supervises the CDM
Operates under the authority
of the COP/MOP
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Composed of 10 members:
- 1 representative from each of the 5 officialUN Regions:
Africa
Asia
Latin America and the Caribbean
Central and Eastern Europe
OECD
- 1 from the small island developing state
- 2 each from Annex I and non-Annex I
Parties
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Executive Board Tasks
Recommend to the COP/MOP on further
modalities and procedures for the CDM
Approve new methodologies related tobaselines, monitoring plans and project
boundaries
Review provisions on simplifiedmodalities, procedures and the definitions
of small scale project activities
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Accredit operational entities
Develop and maintain CDM registry
Report regional and subregional
distribution of CDM project activities
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Updates
Procedural guidelines for accrediting
operational entities
Simplified modalities and procedures for
small-scale CDM project activities
Guidelines for methodologies for baselines
and monitoring plans
- Meth Panel was organized
- Drafted and posted the CDM-PDD
(project design document)
National factors affecting the successful
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National factors affecting the successful
implementation of CDM activities
Capacity building for government officials,
private sectors and financial institutions
Clear guidance on CDM activities’ eligibilities
National institutional arrangements to consider
CDM applications- simple process and quick processing vs.
multi-channel and lengthy processing
procedures
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Some concerns of CDM activities
• Uncertainties in the ratification of the Kyoto
Protocol
• Many prospectors but no real investors• “Investors” that promised millions have not
came back
• Many held “wait and see” attitude• Low CER price may not even be enough for
administrative costs
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Some concerns of CDM activities
• High cost of accreditation of operating entities
• The spirit of Article 12 is missing.
• The focus of CDM is to assist developingcountries in achieving their sustainable
development or to procure CERs at
unreasonable low prices?? • “CER buying house” or CDM investor?
• Risk management is not clear.
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