Post on 28-Mar-2020
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Trends in the Wireless Industry
Dennis A. Roberson
WiNCom - Wireless Network & Communications Research Center
Illinois Institute of Technology
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Fundamental Challenge
Spectrum Scarcity!
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Conundrum!Most of the Spectrum…
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Conundrum!
Most of the Spectrum…
In most of the Places…
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Conundrum!
Most of the Spectrum…In most of the Places…
Most of the Time…
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Conundrum!
Most of the Spectrum…In most of the Places…
Most of the Time…
is completely unused!
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Conundrum!
Most of the Spectrum…In most of the Places…
Most of the Time…is completely unused!
For your purposes, So far, so good!
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New York City(August 2004 - during Republican Convention)
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High Utilization (Public Safety Band)
High Bandwidth, Spread Spectrum Signal
Upper Bound (Frequency Resolution 65 MHz/501=130 kHz/bin) 50% Duty Cycle is too High, 19% Utilization Measured Using Small
Frequency Bins (450-455 MHz)
17% Duty Cycle
High Bandwidth, Spread Spectrum Signal
Upper Bound (Frequency Resolution 65 MHz/501=130 kHz/bin)
17% Duty Cycle
High Bandwidth, Spread Spectrum Signal
Upper Bound (Frequency Resolution 65 MHz/501=130 kHz/bin)
17% Duty Cycle
Courtesy of Mark McHenrry, Shared Spectrum
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Measured Spectrum Occupancy At Seven Locations
0.0% 25.0% 50.0% 75.0% 100.0%
Riverbend Park, Great Falls, VA
Tysons Corner, VA
NSF Roof, Arlington, VA
New York City
NRAO, Greenbank, WV
SSC Roof, Vienna, VA
Chicago, IL
Average
Spectrum Occupancy
17.4%
13.1%
<10.0%
NSF
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As the Wireless Industry would see it, the Fundamental Challenge is:
RegulatedSpectrum Scarcity!
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Environment
• Regulated Spectrum Scarcity• “Real” Spectrum Abundance – Space /
Time- Couple with -
• “The Quadruple Whammy!”=> Exponential Growth in Spectrum Use
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Fundamental Challenge • The Quadruple Whammy
– Number of Applications– Penetration – Duty Cycle– Performance Demands
• “Application per band”no longer works!
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Most Successful Wireless Application (to date):
• Easily the Cell phone!
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Cell Phone Statistics*• Global Cell Phone Users > 2 Billion• New Cell Phone Sales > 1 Billion (2006)• #1 Cell Phone Country – China > 400M• European Union > 450M• U.S. > 200M• Recorded usage in 221 Countries• SMS Messages - 235M (36/user/month)*2006 (or earlier) statistics all numbers are larger today
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Radios per Cell Phone Increasing!
• Six Cellular Bands (.8, .9, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.1 GHz)
• GPS Receiver• Bluetooth• Wi-Fi• Family Radio• Wi-Max?
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Other Wireless Technologies • Wi-Fi Sales ~200M (2006) => > 250+M (2007)• Wi-Fi Hotspots > 150K (U.S.) => FREE• Bluetooth ~ 600M (2006)• Microwave Ovens ~ 90M (U.S.)• Garage Door Openers ~ 3M / year• Zigbie – 1M (2005) -> Ubiquity (e.g. Fire
Extinguishers)• WiMAX – Just Starting - $550M -> $5.5 (2010)
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Still Other Consumer Wireless Technologies / Devices
• AM / FM / Satellite Radio
• Television• Cordless Phones • Baby Monitors • Television “Clickers”• Citizen Band Radio • Family Radio
• Car Door Openers / Starters
• Automotive Radar • Wireless Pay Fobs • RFID • Game Controllers• Wireless Last Mile• Ultrawideband
Interconnections
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Number of Applications Growing / Dramatic Pace of Enhancements
• IEEE 802 – LAN / MAN Standards Committee formed February 1980
• Active 802 Wireless Working Groups include: .11, .15, .16, .20, .21, .22
• Current 802.11 (Wi-Fi) Wireless LAN standards include: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, T, u, v, w, y (plus 802.11.2007)
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Government & Emergency Services Wireless Drivers
• Same “Quadruple Whammy” Trend• Enhancing Efficiency & Safety of
Personnel is a Mantra • Public Safety “911 Drive”• Advanced Warfighter Initiatives• From interference perspective lower impact
only based on numbers of participants and geographic specificity of engagements
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Environment
• Regulated Spectrum Scarcity!• “Real” Spectrum Abundance – Space / Time
- Couple with -• “The Quadruple Whammy!” - Rapid
Applications Growth, Deployments, Duty Cycle, Performance
⇒ Exponential Growth in Spectrum Usage ⇒ Application / Band no longer viable
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Three Regulatory Solutions
1. Creation of Unlicensed Bands (esp. ISM / UNII – 0.9, 2.4, 5 GHz)
2. Underlays (e.g. Ultrawideband –UWB – min. 500 MHz bandwidth)
3. Overlays (e.g. Cognitive Radio –Frequency Agile / Smart Radios / Software Defined Radio)
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Unlicensed Band
Courtesy of Mark McHenrry, Shared Spectrum
16% Duty Cycle
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Interference
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The “New” No. 1 Problem!
Interference!
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Problem Statement• Wireless Interference is radically
increasing - trend accelerating! – Density of radiating devices
(esp. ISM / UNII)– Spectrum sharing (diverse waveforms)
• Wireless Interference threatens– Capacity– Performance – Connectivity
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The “New” No. 1 Problem!
Interferenceboth the
Good News and the Bad News!
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Environment• Regulated Spectrum Scarcity!• “Real” Spectrum Abundance – Space / Time
- Couple with -• “The Quadruple Whammy!”=> Exponential Growth in Spectrum Usage /
Interference Impacts=> Dramatic Opportunities for Dynamic
Spectrum Re-use – i.e. Cognitive Radio
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The Challenges
• Where to apply cognitive radio technology? (Spectrum / Space / Time)
• What information can be made available to facilitate this usage?
• What technique to use to optimally apply the technology?
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Information Needs• Transmit Power
– Power Spectral Density– Unique – Directionality / Orientation
• Timing– Duty Cycle– Time of Day / Day of Week
• Transmitter / Receiver – Modulation Scheme(s)– Intelligence – Power Mgmt. / Directionality…– Receiver Selectivity
• Applications Characteristics / Criticality
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Cognitive Radio –Four Opportunity Classes
1. Unused – i.e. unoccupied spectrum2. Well-used with Holes – i.e. fixed signals,
with defined time and/or space gaps 3. Randomly Used – i.e. utilized bands with
time / space based capacity available4. Use with Care! – i.e. infrequently used
“critical” use spectrum (military / emergency services)
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Spectrum Observatory Characteristics
• Unobstructed line of sight to area under investigation (e.g. Chicago Loop)
• Adequate power, antennas / mounting space and appropriate lightening protection
• Available “Radio Room” to house spectrum capture / analysis equipment and researchers
• High Speed Internet connection
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Spectrum Occupancy StudiesChicago – November 2005
and July 2007 – October 2010
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Downtown Chicago
3 miles
Measurement location - IIT
Downtown Chicago
3 miles
Chicago Measurement Site
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Antenna locationAntenna location
IIT Tower –Top View
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Discone AntennaDiscone Antenna30 MHz to 1 GHz30 MHz to 1 GHz
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Discone Antenna Discone Antenna ––Chicago Skyline / Chicago Skyline /
IIT Campus IIT Campus
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Spectrum ObservatoryControl Room
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Class 2 (also 1)TV Band (2-6) - 24 hour scan
71%
12 2 2 2
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Class 3 900 MHz Unlicensed Band
9%
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Class 3 (Chicago)2.4 GHz Unlicensed Band
31%
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Class 3 (New York)2.4 GHz, Unlicensed Band
Courtesy of Mark McHenrry, Shared Spectrum
16% Duty Cycle
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Class 3 (Dublin)2.4 GHz, Unlicensed Band
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Class 4 (&1? - Chicago)Civilian / Military Government Bands
<1%
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Classes 1 and 3 (Chicago)Sirius and XM Satellite Radio
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Class 2 (also 1 - Chicago)Broadcast Television
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Measured Spectrum Occupancy in Chicago and New York City
0.0% 25.0% 50.0% 75.0% 100.0%
PLM, Amateur, others: 30-54 MHzTV 2-6, RC: 54-88 MHz
Air traffic Control, Aero Nav: 108-138 MHzFixed Mobile, Amateur, others:138-174 MHz
TV 7-13: 174-216 MHzMaritime Mobile, Amateur, others: 216-225 MHz
Fixed Mobile, Aero, others: 225-406 MHzAmateur, Fixed, Mobile, Radiolocation, 406-470 MHz
TV 14-20: 470-512 MHzTV 21-36: 512-608 MHzTV 37-51: 608-698 MHzTV 52-69: 698-806 MHz
Cell phone and SMR: 806-902 MHzUnlicensed: 902-928 MHz
Paging, SMS, Fixed, BX Aux, and FMS: 928-906 MHzIFF, TACAN, GPS, others: 960-1240 MHz
Amateur: 1240-1300 MHzAero Radar, Military: 1300-1400 MHz
Space/Satellite, Fixed Mobile, Telemetry: 1400-1525 MHzMobile Satellite, GPS, Meteorologicial: 1525-1710 MHz
Fixed, Fixed Mobile: 1710-1850 MHzPCS, Asyn, Iso: 1850-1990 MHz
TV Aux: 1990-2110 MHzCommon Carriers, Private, MDS: 2110-2200 MHz
Space Operation, Fixed: 2200-2300 MHzAmateur, WCS, DARS: 2300-2360 MHz
Telemetry: 2360-2390 MHzU-PCS, ISM (Unlicensed): 2390-2500 MHz
ITFS, MMDS: 2500-2686 MHzSurveillance Radar: 2686-2900 MHz
Spectrum Occupancy
ChicagoNew York City
Aug 2004 / Nov 2005
Class 1/4 Opportunities
NSF
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Academic Opportunities
• Wireless comm. and networking classes– Introduction to “Real” Spectrum Usage– Numerous Homework Opportunities– In-depth Occupancy Analysis
• Research– Data sets– Directed research
• Basis for Cognitive Radio / adv. studies
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Government / PolicyBenefits
• Baseline + trends information by band (including noise floor)
• “Open Source / Wiki” enhancements for information capture techniques
• Open / available unbiased information • Provides basis for decision-making• Opportunity for detailed investigations• Variety of “Open” studies to enhance
confidence in information
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Next Steps
• “Perfect” measurement techniques / system• Characterize urban environments - baseline
and trends (starting in Chicago)– Spectrum / Space / Time - Noise Floor!
• Initiate Sensor Network investigations• Establish efficient means of communicating
captured information (web +)• Understand networking stack relationships
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Opportunities• Apply knowledge to Cognitive Radio
development, deployment & operation– Spectrum Observatory / Sensor System– Fully Characterize Opportunity Classes – Interference Source Spatial Positioning– Application Signatures– Enhanced Simulation Capability
• Noise Studies for Research Community
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Questions?
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The Proposed Solution
A national (global) system of Spectrum Observatories combined with sensor networks and a dedicated broadcast control channel.
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• Map of US with Spectrum Observatories
Vision: Establish a U.S. National System of Vision: Establish a U.S. National System of Spectrum Observatories and Sensor Arrays Spectrum Observatories and Sensor Arrays
to monitor and predict spectral activityto monitor and predict spectral activity
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Beginning with the Major Urban Centers
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Multi-faceted Views• Devices
– Transmitters• Intentional – Homo / Heterogeneous• Unintentional
– Receivers• Protocol layers• Performance implications• Cognitive strategies