Trends in the Wireless Industry - National Academies of...

Illinois Institute of Technology 1

Trends in the Wireless Industry

Dennis A. Roberson

WiNCom - Wireless Network & Communications Research Center

Illinois Institute of Technology


Fundamental Challenge

Spectrum Scarcity!


Conundrum!Most of the Spectrum…


Conundrum!

Most of the Spectrum…

In most of the Places…


Conundrum!

Most of the Spectrum…In most of the Places…

Most of the Time…


Conundrum!


Most of the Time…

is completely unused!


Conundrum!


Most of the Time…is completely unused!

For your purposes, So far, so good!


New York City(August 2004 - during Republican Convention)


High Utilization (Public Safety Band)

High Bandwidth, Spread Spectrum Signal

Upper Bound (Frequency Resolution 65 MHz/501=130 kHz/bin) 50% Duty Cycle is too High, 19% Utilization Measured Using Small

Frequency Bins (450-455 MHz)

17% Duty Cycle


Upper Bound (Frequency Resolution 65 MHz/501=130 kHz/bin)

17% Duty Cycle


Upper Bound (Frequency Resolution 65 MHz/501=130 kHz/bin)

17% Duty Cycle

Courtesy of Mark McHenrry, Shared Spectrum


Measured Spectrum Occupancy At Seven Locations

0.0% 25.0% 50.0% 75.0% 100.0%

Riverbend Park, Great Falls, VA

Tysons Corner, VA

NSF Roof, Arlington, VA

New York City

NRAO, Greenbank, WV

SSC Roof, Vienna, VA

Chicago, IL

Average

Spectrum Occupancy

17.4%

13.1%

<10.0%

NSF


As the Wireless Industry would see it, the Fundamental Challenge is:

RegulatedSpectrum Scarcity!


Environment

• Regulated Spectrum Scarcity• “Real” Spectrum Abundance – Space /

Time- Couple with -

• “The Quadruple Whammy!”=> Exponential Growth in Spectrum Use


Fundamental Challenge • The Quadruple Whammy

– Number of Applications– Penetration – Duty Cycle– Performance Demands

• “Application per band”no longer works!

http://www.blackberrycurve.com/


Most Successful Wireless Application (to date):

• Easily the Cell phone!

http://www.blackberrycurve.com/

http://www.blackberrypearl.com/

http://images.apple.com/iphone/gallery/images/gallery8_hires20070621.jpg


Cell Phone Statistics*• Global Cell Phone Users > 2 Billion• New Cell Phone Sales > 1 Billion (2006)• #1 Cell Phone Country – China > 400M• European Union > 450M• U.S. > 200M• Recorded usage in 221 Countries• SMS Messages - 235M (36/user/month)*2006 (or earlier) statistics all numbers are larger today


Radios per Cell Phone Increasing!

• Six Cellular Bands (.8, .9, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.1 GHz)

• GPS Receiver• Bluetooth• Wi-Fi• Family Radio• Wi-Max?


Other Wireless Technologies • Wi-Fi Sales ~200M (2006) => > 250+M (2007)• Wi-Fi Hotspots > 150K (U.S.) => FREE• Bluetooth ~ 600M (2006)• Microwave Ovens ~ 90M (U.S.)• Garage Door Openers ~ 3M / year• Zigbie – 1M (2005) -> Ubiquity (e.g. Fire

Extinguishers)• WiMAX – Just Starting - $550M -> $5.5 (2010)


Still Other Consumer Wireless Technologies / Devices

• AM / FM / Satellite Radio

• Television• Cordless Phones • Baby Monitors • Television “Clickers”• Citizen Band Radio • Family Radio

• Car Door Openers / Starters

• Automotive Radar • Wireless Pay Fobs • RFID • Game Controllers• Wireless Last Mile• Ultrawideband

Interconnections


Number of Applications Growing / Dramatic Pace of Enhancements

• IEEE 802 – LAN / MAN Standards Committee formed February 1980

• Active 802 Wireless Working Groups include: .11, .15, .16, .20, .21, .22

• Current 802.11 (Wi-Fi) Wireless LAN standards include: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, T, u, v, w, y (plus 802.11.2007)


Government & Emergency Services Wireless Drivers

• Same “Quadruple Whammy” Trend• Enhancing Efficiency & Safety of

Personnel is a Mantra • Public Safety “911 Drive”• Advanced Warfighter Initiatives• From interference perspective lower impact

only based on numbers of participants and geographic specificity of engagements


Environment

• Regulated Spectrum Scarcity!• “Real” Spectrum Abundance – Space / Time

- Couple with -• “The Quadruple Whammy!” - Rapid

Applications Growth, Deployments, Duty Cycle, Performance

⇒ Exponential Growth in Spectrum Usage ⇒ Application / Band no longer viable


Three Regulatory Solutions

1. Creation of Unlicensed Bands (esp. ISM / UNII – 0.9, 2.4, 5 GHz)

2. Underlays (e.g. Ultrawideband –UWB – min. 500 MHz bandwidth)

3. Overlays (e.g. Cognitive Radio –Frequency Agile / Smart Radios / Software Defined Radio)


Unlicensed Band


16% Duty Cycle

Illinois Institute of Technology 26Courtesy of Wilbur Vincent,Naval Post Graduate School

Interference


The “New” No. 1 Problem!

Interference!


Problem Statement• Wireless Interference is radically

increasing - trend accelerating! – Density of radiating devices

(esp. ISM / UNII)– Spectrum sharing (diverse waveforms)

• Wireless Interference threatens– Capacity– Performance – Connectivity


The “New” No. 1 Problem!

Interferenceboth the

Good News and the Bad News!


Environment• Regulated Spectrum Scarcity!• “Real” Spectrum Abundance – Space / Time

- Couple with -• “The Quadruple Whammy!”=> Exponential Growth in Spectrum Usage /

Interference Impacts=> Dramatic Opportunities for Dynamic

Spectrum Re-use – i.e. Cognitive Radio


The Challenges

• Where to apply cognitive radio technology? (Spectrum / Space / Time)

• What information can be made available to facilitate this usage?

• What technique to use to optimally apply the technology?


Information Needs• Transmit Power

– Power Spectral Density– Unique – Directionality / Orientation

• Timing– Duty Cycle– Time of Day / Day of Week

• Transmitter / Receiver – Modulation Scheme(s)– Intelligence – Power Mgmt. / Directionality…– Receiver Selectivity

• Applications Characteristics / Criticality


Cognitive Radio –Four Opportunity Classes

1. Unused – i.e. unoccupied spectrum2. Well-used with Holes – i.e. fixed signals,

with defined time and/or space gaps 3. Randomly Used – i.e. utilized bands with

time / space based capacity available4. Use with Care! – i.e. infrequently used

“critical” use spectrum (military / emergency services)


Spectrum Observatory Characteristics

• Unobstructed line of sight to area under investigation (e.g. Chicago Loop)

• Adequate power, antennas / mounting space and appropriate lightening protection

• Available “Radio Room” to house spectrum capture / analysis equipment and researchers

• High Speed Internet connection


Spectrum Occupancy StudiesChicago – November 2005

and July 2007 – October 2010

Illinois Institute of Technology 36Measurement location - IIT

Downtown Chicago

3 miles

Measurement location - IIT

Downtown Chicago

3 miles

Chicago Measurement Site


Antenna locationAntenna location

IIT Tower –Top View


Discone AntennaDiscone Antenna30 MHz to 1 GHz30 MHz to 1 GHz


Discone Antenna Discone Antenna ––Chicago Skyline / Chicago Skyline /

IIT Campus IIT Campus


Spectrum ObservatoryControl Room


Class 2 (also 1)TV Band (2-6) - 24 hour scan

71%

12 2 2 2


Class 3 900 MHz Unlicensed Band

9%


Class 3 (Chicago)2.4 GHz Unlicensed Band

31%


Class 3 (New York)2.4 GHz, Unlicensed Band


16% Duty Cycle


Class 3 (Dublin)2.4 GHz, Unlicensed Band


Class 4 (&1? - Chicago)Civilian / Military Government Bands

<1%


Classes 1 and 3 (Chicago)Sirius and XM Satellite Radio


Class 2 (also 1 - Chicago)Broadcast Television


Measured Spectrum Occupancy in Chicago and New York City

0.0% 25.0% 50.0% 75.0% 100.0%

PLM, Amateur, others: 30-54 MHzTV 2-6, RC: 54-88 MHz

Air traffic Control, Aero Nav: 108-138 MHzFixed Mobile, Amateur, others:138-174 MHz

TV 7-13: 174-216 MHzMaritime Mobile, Amateur, others: 216-225 MHz

Fixed Mobile, Aero, others: 225-406 MHzAmateur, Fixed, Mobile, Radiolocation, 406-470 MHz

TV 14-20: 470-512 MHzTV 21-36: 512-608 MHzTV 37-51: 608-698 MHzTV 52-69: 698-806 MHz

Cell phone and SMR: 806-902 MHzUnlicensed: 902-928 MHz

Paging, SMS, Fixed, BX Aux, and FMS: 928-906 MHzIFF, TACAN, GPS, others: 960-1240 MHz

Amateur: 1240-1300 MHzAero Radar, Military: 1300-1400 MHz

Space/Satellite, Fixed Mobile, Telemetry: 1400-1525 MHzMobile Satellite, GPS, Meteorologicial: 1525-1710 MHz

Fixed, Fixed Mobile: 1710-1850 MHzPCS, Asyn, Iso: 1850-1990 MHz

TV Aux: 1990-2110 MHzCommon Carriers, Private, MDS: 2110-2200 MHz

Space Operation, Fixed: 2200-2300 MHzAmateur, WCS, DARS: 2300-2360 MHz

Telemetry: 2360-2390 MHzU-PCS, ISM (Unlicensed): 2390-2500 MHz

ITFS, MMDS: 2500-2686 MHzSurveillance Radar: 2686-2900 MHz

Spectrum Occupancy

ChicagoNew York City

Aug 2004 / Nov 2005

Class 1/4 Opportunities

NSF


Academic Opportunities

• Wireless comm. and networking classes– Introduction to “Real” Spectrum Usage– Numerous Homework Opportunities– In-depth Occupancy Analysis

• Research– Data sets– Directed research

• Basis for Cognitive Radio / adv. studies


Government / PolicyBenefits

• Baseline + trends information by band (including noise floor)

• “Open Source / Wiki” enhancements for information capture techniques

• Open / available unbiased information • Provides basis for decision-making• Opportunity for detailed investigations• Variety of “Open” studies to enhance

confidence in information


Next Steps

• “Perfect” measurement techniques / system• Characterize urban environments - baseline

and trends (starting in Chicago)– Spectrum / Space / Time - Noise Floor!

• Initiate Sensor Network investigations• Establish efficient means of communicating

captured information (web +)• Understand networking stack relationships


Opportunities• Apply knowledge to Cognitive Radio

development, deployment & operation– Spectrum Observatory / Sensor System– Fully Characterize Opportunity Classes – Interference Source Spatial Positioning– Application Signatures– Enhanced Simulation Capability

• Noise Studies for Research Community


Questions?


The Proposed Solution

A national (global) system of Spectrum Observatories combined with sensor networks and a dedicated broadcast control channel.


• Map of US with Spectrum Observatories

Vision: Establish a U.S. National System of Vision: Establish a U.S. National System of Spectrum Observatories and Sensor Arrays Spectrum Observatories and Sensor Arrays

to monitor and predict spectral activityto monitor and predict spectral activity


Beginning with the Major Urban Centers


Multi-faceted Views• Devices

– Transmitters• Intentional – Homo / Heterogeneous• Unintentional

– Receivers• Protocol layers• Performance implications• Cognitive strategies

Trends in the Wireless Industry - National Academies of...

Documents

Transcript of Trends in the Wireless Industry - National Academies of...