Post on 17-Mar-2018
THE TRANSLATION OF GERUND IN CAROLINE PLAISTED’S NOVEL E-LOVE
AND ITS TRANLATION BY SUTANTY LESMANA
Universitas Islam Negeri
SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA
MOHAMMAD RIDHO KHOLID
2040260027
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARMENT
LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
“SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”
JAKARTA
2010
APPROVEMENT
THE TRANSLATION OF GERUND IN CAROLINE PLAISTED’S NOVEL E-LOVE AND ITS
TRANLATION BY SUTANTY LESMANA
A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty
In partial Fulfillment of the requirements for
By:
Mohammad Ridho Kholid
204026002786
Approved By:
Advisor,
Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd
NIP. 150261902
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARMENT
LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
“SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”
JAKARTA
2010
LEGALIZATION
The thesis entitled “The Translation of Gerund in Caroline Plaisted’s Novel E-
Love and its Tranlation by Sutanty Lesmana”.has been defended before the Adab and
Humanities Faculty’s Examination Committee on march 18 2010. The thesis has
already been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Strata One
degree.
Jakarta, March 18, 2010
Examination Committee
Signature Date
1. Dr. H. Muhammad Farkhan M.pd (Chair Person)
19650919 200003 1 002
2. Drs. Asep Saefuddin M.pd (Secretary)
19640710 199303 1 006
3. Dr. H. Muhammad Farkhan M.pd (Advisor)
19650919 200003 1 002
4. Danti Pudjiati, S.Pd, MM., M.Hum (Examiner I)
19731220 199903 004
5. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum (Examiner II)
19781003 200112 2 002
ABSTRACT
Mohammad Ridho Kholid, “The Translation of Gerund in Caroline Plaisted’s Novel E-
Love and its Tranlation by Sutanty Lesmana”. Skripsi Jakarta : Letters and Humanities Faculty,
State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2010
One of the problems that translators need to solve in translating a text into
Indonesian language is gerund because there is no gerund system in Indonesian.
Gerund has a noun form but it may have a verbal meaning. In fact, mostly gerund
has a verbal meaning. This system does not exist in Indonesian language.
The aims of this research are to describe the equivalence of gerund from
English into Indonesian language and to describe the procedures used by the
translator in translating gerund into Indonesian language in E-love by Caroline
Plaisted bilingual edition. The method of this research is descriptive analysis
because it gives a description of the gerund and its translation into Indonesian.
After analyzing the data, the writer’s first conclusion is that gerund is usually
translated into either a verb or a noun. Mostly gerunds are translated into a verb with
the prefix Me+V. The writer’s second conclusion is that gerunds are translated
either by shift or non shift. Mostly gerunds are translated by class shift.
Gerunds are mostly translated into a verb by class shift procedure because
mostly gerund has a verbal meaning and it is the task of the translator to transfer the
meaning from the source language to the target language. Based on the data, 101 data
are translated using shift procedure, and 25 data are translated using non-shift procedure.
Out of 126 data, there are 90 data which are translated by using class shift. There
are 11 data which are translated by using unit shift. There are 13 data which are
translated by non class shift. There are 10 data which are translated by omission.
There are 2 data which are translated by loan word. This shows that most of the
time in translating gerunds, we can not maintain the formal equivalence or the form of
gerund which is a noun. The translator uses class shift procedure or in this case the
procedure of changing the gerund which is a noun into a verb more often than the other
procedure in translating gerunds in the E-Love novel by Caroline Plaisted, the
bilingual edition.
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my
knowledge and belief, if contains no material previously published or written by
another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the
award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher
learning, except where do acknowledgment has been made in the text.
Jakarta, March 2010
Mohammad Ridho Kholid
Acknowledgement
In the name of Allah, the most beneficent, the most merciful.
All the praises be to Allah SWT because of his blessings, his help, his mercy
this paper have been completed. Next, Shalawat and salam are upon our prophet
Muhammad SAW, his companion and all his followers.
Writing this paper is not an easy work. So many helps that the writer has
received from many people. The great thanks dedicated to his lovely parents, Prof.
Dr. Idham Kholid, M.Ag and Lela Sukmawati S.pd I, Dr. Mahmudah Fitriyah ZA. M.
pd who have never stop praying, give their support and teach his so many valuable
things. They are always best ‘teacher’ in his life.
A special thanks, the writer also dedicated to his advisor Drs. Asep Saefudin
M.pd who always gives his time, guides and suggest the writer to make a good paper
may Allah SWT always be with him.
The writer also would like to express his gratitude to those who have given so
many helps to do this research, they are:
1. Drs. Abdul Choir as the dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty
2. Dr. H. Muhammad Farkhan M.pd, as the chief of English Letters Department
3. My two brothers, Mohammad Agung Laksono Kholid, Mohammad Fikri
Nugraha Kholid and my sister Riris Kharisma Kholid.
4. My beloved Raisa Shahrestani
5. My best friend who always accompany me in every condition: Fandi
Oktiawan , Romand Fazardo Pradana , Aldy Wandra, Achwan Safar, Usanto
Handroyoko, Aulia Reiha Saputra, Mirzan Gulammahmad as the assistant Lab
Adnan Habib, Elda Wedana and all of my ‘relatives’ in class: Sulaiman, Budi
Santoso, Abdurahman, Aditya Apriansyah, Mohammad Dodo Ridho, Yusuf
Hendra Permana, Even Apriansyah, Saiful Bahri, Crismantion, and for all
personnel of ‘Kops n’ Roks’ that can not be mentioned.
6. Ahmad Dhani, Will Smith ‘Pursuit of the Happyness’ for the great inspiration
ever.
May Allah SWT always bless and protect them. Finally the writer realized that
this paper far from perfect. Therefore, his hands are open to receive any criticism and
advice to make this paper better.
Jakarta, March 18, 2010
Mohammad Ridho Kholid
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................ i
APROVEMENT ...................................................................................... ii
LEGALIZATION .................................................................................... iii
DECLARATION ..................................................................................... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................... vii
LIST OF TABLE ..................................................................................... ix
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION......................................................... 1
A. Background of the Study........................................... 1
B. Statement of the Problem .......................................... 5
C. Research Objectives................................................... 5
D. Scope and Limitation Research .................................. 5
E. Research Methodology .............................................. 6
CHAPTER II : THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ............................... 8
A. Formal Correspondence Versus Dynamic
Equivalence .............................................................. 9
1. Formal Correspondence...................................... 9
2. Dynamic Equivalence......................................... 9
B. Procedure of Translating........................................... 10
1. Shift .................................................................... 10
2. Modulation.......................................................... 14
C. Gerund...................................................................... 14
1. Function.............................................................. 15
2. The Usage of Gerund........................................... 24
3. The Feature of Gerund......................................... 25
4. Gerund’s Time Relationship to The Main Verb ... 28
5. Affixation............................................................ 30
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH FINDING................................................ 34
A. Gerund as an Object of Preposition ........................... 37
1. Class Shift ........................................................... 37
2. Unit Shift Translated Into Phrase........................... 58
3. Non Class Shift ................................................... 61
4. Translation by Omission ...................................... 65
B. Gerund as an Object of Verb ..................................... 68
1. Class Shift ........................................................... 68
2. Unit Shift (Translated into a Phrase) .................... 83
3. Non Class Shift ................................................... 85
4. Omission ............................................................. 86
5. Loan Word .......................................................... 87
C. Gerund as a Subject................................................... 87
1. Class Shift ........................................................... 88
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ........................... 99
BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................... 102
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 1: Different Term Used by Marcella Frank and Randolph Quirk..... 33
Table 2: The Translation of Gerunds ............................................................. 90
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
One of the problems that translators need to solve in translating a text is
the gerund because there is no gerund system in the Indonesian language.
According to W. Stannard Allen in Living English Structure, a gerund is
defined as the part of a verb that ends in –ing which has the force of a noun as
well as that of a verb.1 The reason why the gerund system does not exist in the
Indonesian language is that the concept of gerund is different from
nominalization in the Indonesian language. According to Gorys Keraf in Tata
Bahasa Rujukan Bahasa Indonesia, nominalization is derived from a verb or an
adjective by adding affixes such as pe+V, pe-+V+ -an, ke-+V+ -an and V+ -
an.2 A Gerund is derived from a verb by adding the participle -ing. Besides
that, nominalization only has a substantival meaning. The gerund, however, has
a verbal meaning or a substantival meaning. According to Wiliting in The
Gerund, the gerund has a force of a noun if the gerund has a substantival
feature such as having an article in front of it and having a plural noun. When a
gerund has a force of a noun, it has a substantival meaning. Substantive is a
word that can function as a noun such as a gerund, an infinitive and a noun.
1 Allen, W. Stannard, Living English Structure, (London: Longman, 1991), p. 177 2 Keraf, Gorys, Tata Bahasa Rujukan Bahasa Indonesia, (Jakarta: Grasindo, 1990), pp. 60
─ 61
The gerund has a force of a verb if the gerund has a verbal feature such as
having its own object, and having inflected in the perfect and the passive.
When a gerund has a force of a verb, it has a verbal meaning.3 When this is the
case, gerund becomes a hybrid because it has a noun form but it has a verbal
meaning.
The translator may try to maintain the form of a gerund which is a noun by
adding affixes such as pe- an, ke-an, pe- and -an. This is one of the procedures
in translating the gerund into the Indonesian language. However, in practice, a
translator has to use other procedures to achieve a dynamic equivalence where
the meaning is the most important factor to transfer and not the noun form. The
translator may use a class shift by adding affixes such as be-, me-, me- -kan, di-
and ter- because he or she finds that using affixes such as pe- an, ke-an, pe- and
-an is not possible or it will make the translation sounds unnatural. The
example is that the sentence “I could not bear thinking about it.” is translated
“Aku tidak tahan memikirkannya.” The translator can not replace the affix me-
+V+-kan with the affix pe- an, ke-an, pe- and –an. The sentence will sound
unnatural if the translator replaces it. This is because there is not a noun that
has a verbal meaning in Indonesian. This system does not exist in Indonesian
language. According to Peter Newmark in A Textbook of Translation, unnatural
translation is marked by interference, primarily from the SL text, possibly from a
third language known to the translator including his own, if it is not the target
3 Wiliting, The Gerund, (Pekalongan: Harapan, 1983), pp. 32 ─ 33
language. He also states that one of the things that we must pay attention to is the
gerund.4
Accroding to Peter Newmark in A Textbook of Translation, translating a
gerund often uses transpositions.5 Transposition illustrates a frequent tension
between grammar and stress. According to Helen Hoyt Schmidt in Advanced
English Grammar, writers choose gerunds when no abstract noun phrases exist or to
express movement and activity in some kind of process. Gerunds have stronger verbal
force than noun clauses, infinitives, or abstract noun phrases. That means they put an
emphasis on some kind of action.6 This shows that the purpose of using the
gerund is to emphasize some kind of action that the writer of the SL wants the
reader to take special notice. A translator must try to make a good translation so
that the TL reader gives the same response as the SL reader in reading the text
containing a gerund in their own language.
In translating gerund, translators may use a different procedure such as shift,
modulation, or omission. Even so, translator must keep in mind to achieve a
dynamic equivalence because experts agree that translators must make the
translation natural by putting the meaning as a top priority. Nida and Taber agree
that translators have to make the message as a priority in translating a text.
4 Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation, (London : Prentice Hall, 1984), p. 27 5 Ibid, p. 88 6 Schmidt, Helen Hoyt, Advanced English Grammar, (Iowa : Prentice Hall Regents, 1995),
p. 322
Eugene A. Nida and Charles Taber in The Theory and Practice of
Translation, make the definition of translation more accurate. According to them:
"Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural
equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and
secondly in terms of style"7.
As mentioned above, the writer chooses gerund because there is no gerund in
the Indonesian language system. The writer chooses E-Love novel as the source of
data because the writer finds many gerunds in the book and because the book is a
serial of Teenlit which is popular among teenagers nowadays. In E-love Caroline
Plaisted has given us a 21st century take on teenage love and heartache. Sam is a
bright, middle-class 15 year old who chats away with her friends on the Internet,
exchanging gossip and homework tips. The focus on the reliance on the Internet,
e-mail and text messaging services over the telephone reflects the evolution of
teenage communication, and Plaisted has written a story pertinent to these new
forms of communicating. Parts of the text are set out as e-mail or chat-room
conversations, and it is these which make the story progress the most.
Sam meets 17 year old Dan in a chat room despite that she's been expressly
forbidden from talking to anyone other than her girlfriends. Dan proves to be who
he says he is, and Sam manages to conduct a successful relationship, first online,
then by mobile phone and then eventually in person, when they go to tennis camp
7 Nida, E.A. and Charles R.Taber, The Theory and Practice of Translation, (Leiden:E.J.
Brill, 1974), p. 12
together. Plaisted successfully explores the highs and lows of teenage love envy
from friends but admiration at her success; jealousy from Sam towards other girls
Dan knows; hopes that despite the geographical distance they will stay together.
Despite or maybe because of the emphasis on the many forms of
communication available to teenagers today, Sam suffers, as every girl from Juliet
onwards has, from miscommunication problems. Praise to Plaisted for making the
ending realistic, for placing heartache beside first love, but perhaps some criticism
for portraying the online search for love as easy, safe and successful.
B. Statement of the Problem
A question to answer in this thesis is:
What procedure does the translator use to translate the gerund into Indonesian
in E-Love by Caroline Plaisted, the bilingual edition?
C. Research Objectives
The aims of this research is as follows:
To describe the procedures used by the translator to translate gerund from
English into Indonesian language in E-Love by Caroline Plaisted, the
bilingual edition.
D. Scope and Limitation Research
The writer only analyzes the gerunds found in E-Love by Caroline Plaisted
and its translation by analayzing the equivalence of gerunds and the
procedures in translating gerunds. The writer will not analyze the gerund time
relationship to the main verb.
E. Methodology of Research
1. Method
This research uses a descriptive method because it gives a description of
the gerund and its translation into Indonesian. The writer will analyze the
data by describing what affixes the translator uses in translating gerunds and
what kind of shift the translator uses in translating gerunds.
2. Data
This research analyzes 126 data in sentences, comprising gerunds and
its translation from E-Love by Caroline Plaisted, the bilingual edition.
Indonesia language as a Target language and English language as a source
language.5
3. Data Source
The data are acquired from 245 pages consisting of Indonesia language
as a Target language and English language as a source language of E-Love
novel by Caroline Plaisted, the bilingual edition, which was first published
in 2004 by Gramedia in Jakarta and it is translated by Sutanty Lesmana.
4. Data Collection
After reading the material comprehensively, the writer underlines the
sentences that contain gerunds and its translations into Indonesian. Those
sentences are entered into data cards. One data card contains a sentence in
the source language and the translation in the target language.
5. Data Analysis
The steps used to analyze the translation of gerunds are grouping the
data card based on the function of the gerund (Object of Preposition, Object
of Verb and Subject), analyzing the data card by focusing what procedure the
translator uses to translate the gerunds and making a conclusion of the
analysis.
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Translation is a process of transferring the meaning of the text from the SL to the TL. In
Approaches to Translation, Newmark said that translation is a craft consisting in the
attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in another language.8 Newmark
conveys his idea in A Textbook of Translation that translation is rendering the
meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text.9
According to Mildred L. Larson in Meaning Based Translation: A Guide to
Cross-Language Equivalence, translation is basically a change of form. The form of a
language is the actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, etc., which are
spoken or written. These forms are referred to as the surface structure of a language.
It is the structural part of language which is actually seen in print or heard in speech.
In translation the form of the source language is replaced by the form of the receptor
(target) language. Translation consists of transferring the meaning of the source
language into the receptor language.10
The main goal of translating is finding the
equivalence of the words and makes the sentences of the text sound natural in the TL.
8 Peter Newmark, Approaches to Translation, (London:Prentice Hall, 1981), p.7 9 Newmark, A Textbook of Translation, (London:Prentice Hall, 1984), p.5 10 Larson, L.M. Meaning-Based Translation : A Guide to Cross-language Equivalence, (New
York: UP America, 1984), p.3
A. Formal Correspondence versus Dynamic Equivalence
According to Nida and Taber in The Theory and Practice of Translation,
dynamic equivalance is prior to formal correspondence.11
This means that
translators should remember that transferring the message is their top priority.
1. Formal Correspondence
Formal correspondence is an effort to maintain the formal consistenty.
According to Nida and Taber in The Theory and Practice of Translation,
Formal correspondence is produced by combining the formal consistenty of
the length of the sentence, the classes of words and the order of word, phrase,
and clause.12
According to Catford in A Linguistic Theory of Translation,
formal correspondent is any TL category (unit, class, structure, element of
structure, etc.) which can be said to occupy, as nearly as possible, the `same'
place in the `economy' of the TL as the given SL category occupies in the
SL.13
2. Dynamic Equivalence
Dynamic equivalence is an effort of translator to send the same
message of the SL into TL so the reader in TL has the same response as the reader
in SL. According to Nida and Taber in The Theory and Practice of
11 Nida, E.A. and Charles R.Taber, The Theory and Practice of Translation, (Leiden:E.J.
Brill, 1974), p.22 12 Ibid., pp.21-22 13 J.C. Catford., A Linguistic Theory of Translation, (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1965),
p.27
Translation, dynamic equivalence is defined in terms of the degree to which
the receptors of the message in the receptor language respond to it in substantially
the same manner as the receptors in the source language. This response can never be
identical, for the cultural and historical settings are too different, but there
should be a high degree of equivalence of response, or the translation will
have failed to accomplish its purpose.14
If the translator intends to produce the same response from the
readers in the SL and the readers in the TL, the translator has to put a
greater emphasis on the dynamic equivalence concept over the formal
correspondence. To achieve this, sometimes the translator has use shift.
B. Procedure of Translating
A procedure is the act or manner of proceeding in any action or process.
According to Rochayah Machali in Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah, the translation
procedures only focus on the translation of word, phrase, clause, sentences not the
whole text.15
The procedures that will be used in this thesis are shift and
modulation.
1. Shift
One of the translation procedures is shift. According to Catford in A
Linguistic Theory of Translation, By `shifts' we mean departures from formal
14 Nida, E.A. and Charles R.Taber, The Theory and Practice of Translation, (Leiden:E.J.
Brill, 1974), p.24 15 Rochayah Machali, Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah, (Jakarta: Grasindo, 2000), p.62
correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL. There are two
major types of `shift'. They are level shifts and category shifts.16
a. Category Shift
According to Catford in A Linguistic Theory of Translation,
category-shifts, which are departures from formal correspondence in
translation, consist of structure-shift, class-shift, unit-shift (rank-changes),
and intra system-shift.17
a) Structure Shift. According to Catford in A Linguistic Theory of
Translation, A structure shift involves a change in grammatical
structure between the source language and the target language.18
Example: White house - 'Gedung putih '
b) Class Shift. According to Catford in A Linguistic Theory of
Translation, class shift occurs when the translation equivalent of a SL
item is a member of a different class from the original item.19
(1) SL: The neighbours were hostile to the family.
Adj.
TL: Para tetangga memusuhi keluarga tersebut. '
Verb
16 J.C. Catford., A Linguistic Theory of Translation, (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1965),
p.73 17 Ibid., p.76 18 Ibid., p.77 19 Ibid., p.78
c) Unit Shift. According to Catford in A Linguistic Theory of
Translation, by unit-shift we mean changes of rank-that is, departures
from formal correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a
unit at one rank in the SL is a unit at a different rank in the TL.20
.
Example: These days translated into sekarang (from phrase to
word).
d) Intra-system Shift. According to Catford in A Linguistic Theory
of Translation, we use the term intra-system shift for those cases
where the shift occurs internally, within a system; that is, for those
cases where SL and TL possess systems which approximately corres-
pond formally as to their constitution, but when the translation
involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the TL system.21
For example: Cans translated into kaleng-kaleng. Plural word in
English may be translated into reduplication in Indonesian language.
b. Level Shift
According to Catford in A Linguistic Theory of Translation, by a
shift of level we mean that a SL item at one linguistic level has a TL
translation equivalent at a different level.22
20 J.C. Catford., A Linguistic Theory of Translation, (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1965),
p.79 21 Ibid., p.80 22 J.C. Catford., A Linguistic Theory of Translation, p.73
Meanwhile, accroding to Peter Newmark in A Textbook of
Translation, A `shift' (Catford's term) or `transposition' (Vinay and
Darbelnet) is a translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from
SL to TL. Transposition is the only translation procedure concerned with
grammar, and most translators make transpositions intuitively.
One type, the change from singular to plural, e.g. `furniture'; des
meubles; `applause', des applaudissements; `advice', des conseils; or in the
position of the adjective: la maison blanche, `the white house' is automatic
and offers the translator no choice. A second type of shift is required when an
SL grammatical structure does not exist in the TL. Here there are always
options. The third type of shift is the one where literal translation is
grammatically possible but may not accord with natural usage in the TL.
The fourth type of transposition is the replacement of a virtual lexical gap
by a grammatical structure
A gerund is included in the second type of shift. The shift is required
when an SL grammatical structure does not exist in the TL. For example,
the English gerund (`Working with you is a pleasure') offers many choices.
The gerund can be translated by verb-noun (le travail, die Arbeit), or a
subordinate clause ('when, if, etc. I work with you'), with a recast main
clause, or, in some languages, a noun-infinitive (e.g. das Arbeiten, which is
formal style), or an infinitive. Peter Newmark thinks that the gerund is the
most neglected of all translator's transpositions.23
2. Modulation
In this shift theory, there is also modulation. Modulation has to do with
the changes related to the meaning shift, which happens because the
perspective or point of view changes. According to Peter Newmark in A
Textbook of Translation, the modulation procedures are active for passive,
abstract for concrete, cause for effect, one part for another, reversal of terms,
space for time, intervals and limits and change of symbols. Of these procedures,
`active for passive' (and vice versa) is a common transposition.24
C. Gerund
According to W. Stannard Allen in Living English Structure, a gerund is
defined as the part of the verbs that ends in –ing which has the force of a noun
as well as that of a verb.25
According to Marcella Frank in Modern English
Part II, gerund is defined as participial forms used in noun function.26
According to Helen Hoyt Schmidt in Advanced English Grammar, gerunds
mean fulfilled actions (fulfilled before the action of the preceding verb).
2nd action 1st action
23 Peter Newmark, Approaches to Translation, (London:Prentice Hall, 1981), pp.85-88 24 Ibid., p.89 25 W. Stannard Allen, Living English Structure, (London:Longman, 1991), p. 177 26 Marcella Frank, Modern English Part II, (New Jersey:Prentince Hall, 1972), p.97
(2) The manager remembered paying the bill.
(the action was fulfilled before the action of the first, main verb)
1st action 2nd action
The manager remembered to pay the bill.
(the action happened after the action of the first, main verb)27
1. Function
According to Marcella Frank in Modern English a Practical
Reference Guide, the gerund has several functions:
Gerund phrases may perform all the functions that nouns do.
Subject of verb
(3) Her cleaning the house every day is not necessary.
Object of verb
(4) Her husband appreciates her cleaning the house every day.
Object of preposition:
In prepositional object
(5) Her husband insists on her cleaning the house every day.
In adverbial phrase
(6) By cleaning the house every day she is pleasing her husband.
27 Helen Hoyt Schmidt, Advanced English Grammar, (Iowa:Prentice Hall Regents, 1995),
p.20
Subjective complement
(7) What her husband insists on is her cleaning the house every
day. (predicate noun)
Appositive
(8) Her husband insists on one thing-her cleaning the house every
day.28
a. Gerund Phrases as a Subject
According to Marcella Frank in Modern English a Practical Reference
Guide, a gerund phrase does not occur frequently as a subject. One of its
common uses as a subject is in general statements with “be” as the main verb.
(9) Eating a good breakfast is very wise.
(10) Taking a long walk every day is good exercise.
The gerund phrase may also function as the subject of a verb,
expressing:
1. Cause-effect relationship
(11) Seeing her every day made him realize how wonderful she was.
28 Marcella Frank, Modern English a Practical Reference Guide, (New Jersey: Prentice Hall,
1972), pp. 314 ─ 315
(12) His finding the error quickly saved him (=caused him to save)
many hours of extra work.
(13) The punishing of a man known to be innocent of any crime
shocks our moral consciousness and is seen as a grave
injustice.
A gerund phrase subject with such a verb may have conditional
meaning.
(14) Doing such a thing now (=If you do such a thing now, it) will cause
you much trouble later on.
2. Emotion
(15) Being overcharged for anything enrages her.
(16) Seeing her so thin and pale shocked him.
(17) Seeing her going out with another man shocked him.
It should be noted that such verbs of emotion often also denote
some degree of cause; thus “enrages her”, “shocked him” in the above
sentences may be interpreted as “causes her to become enraged”,
“caused him to be shocked.”
Gerund phrases may also function as subjects of passive verbs.
(18) His keeping accurate records has never been questioned.
Their accepting the money will be considered unwise.
A gerund phrase subject sometimes appears after anticipatory it
+ an adjective. Such a construction usually represents informal usage.
(19) It's very embarrassing (,) not remembering your name.
(20) It's incredible (,) meeting an old schoolmate so far from
home.
A comma is required if the "subject" is included in the gerund
phrase-It's strange, his doing that.
Sometimes a noun is used rather than an adjective in this
construction after anticipatory “it”.
(21) It will be a sad thing, not seeing her any more.
(22) It's been a pleasure meeting you.
(23) It's no use (or no good) crying over spilled milk.
No use and no need may also be preceded by expletive “there”-
There's no use (or no need) crying over spilled milk.
Gerund phrase subjects after anticipatory “it” often have
alternate forms with infinitive phrases.
(24) It's very embarrassing not to remember your name.
(25) It's been a pleasure to meet you.
(26) It's no use to cry over spilled milk.29
According to Helen Hoyt Schmidt in Advanced English Grammar,
gerunds as Subjects-Gerunds emphasize the action, the continuous nature of
an activity, and often imply something already in progress.
29 Marcella Frank, Modern English a Practical Reference Guide, (New Jersey:Prentice Hall,
1972), p. 321.
(action emphasis)
(27) Running down small game was probably one of the earliest
methods of obtaining meat.
b. Gerund Phrases as Objects of Verbs
According to Marcella Frank in Modern English a Practical
Reference Guide, certain verbs in English are followed by verbals-
either gerunds or infinitives-which are considered as the objects of these
verbs. Most of these verbs denote mental activity or indirect speech and
therefore require subjects that refer to human beings. Others have little
semantic content outside of indicating aspect-the beginning, duration,
end or repetition of an action; these verbs may or may not be used with
subjects denoting persons. There is less agreement that a verbal following
one of these aspect-denoting verbs is its object; actually, there is some
justification for considering a verb that expresses aspect as a quasi-
auxiliary rather than as a verb that takes an object.30
c. Gerund as Object of Prepositions
1) Nominal Function of Prepositional Gerund Phrases
According to Marcella Frank in Modern English a Practical
Reference Guide, Any verb used as the object in a prepositional
phrase takes the form of a gerund. Most gerund phrases after
30 Ibid., p. 322
prepositions are subjectless, especially those in adverbial prepositional
phrases. Such gerund phrases function as prepositional objects of
verbs. A great many of the verbs listed under prepositional objects in the
chapter on prepositions take such gerund objects.
(28) He insisted on paying the entire bill for dinner.
(29) She often dreams about having a lot of money to spend on
luxuries.
The word “to” after the following verbs is a preposition rather
than the sign of the infinitive and therefore requires a gerund after it:
accustom oneself, allude, confess, confine oneself, dedicate oneself, limit
oneself, look forward, object, plead guilty, reconcile oneself, resign
oneself, resort, and revert.
(30) He objected to their entering the factory without
permission.
(31) We look forward to seeing you again.31
2) Adjectival Function of Prepositional Gerund Phrases
According to Marcella Frank in Modern English a Practical
Reference Guide, these adjectival constructions appearing after nouns
begin mostly with of or for. There are two main types:
31 Ibid., pp. 324 ─ 325
a) Those prepositional gerund phrases that follow nouns derived
from verbs or adjectives.
(32) His pretense of being rich didn't fool anyone.
(33) Their preparations for traveling abroad were very time-
consuming.
(34) He spoke of the necessity of hiring more men.
b) Those prepositional gerund phrases appearing after nouns that
are non- derivational. Such adjectival constructions are mostly
adjective clause equivalents. These phrases are sometimes interpreted as
appositives to the nouns that precede them.
(35) The money for traveling around the country (= with which
they could travel around the country) was soon used up.
(36) This is not a good way of doing it (=in which you can
do it).
(37) The time for making excuses (=in which you can make
excuses) is past.
Both types of prepositional gerund phrases may have alternate
infinitive forms.
(38) He spoke of the necessity to hire more men.
(39) This is not a good way to do it.
(40) The time to make excuses is past.
3) Adverbial Function of Prepositional Gerund Phrases
a) Prepositional Gerund Phrases Modifying Verbs
These phrases may express almost all adverbial relationships
except place.
(41) After listening to the news, she started to prepare dinner.
(42) He earned the money for his tuition by working as a waiter
during the summer months.
(43) I passed him in the street without his recognizing me.
(44) In spite of traveling alone, she enjoyed her vacation very
much.
A prepositional gerund phrase may appear in all three adverbial
positions, but most frequently in initial or final position. In initial
position the "subject" of the phrase is rarely expressed, since it is
understood as the subject of the sentence. If the agent of an
‘introductory gerund' phrase is other than the subject of the sentence,
the phrase is considered an unacceptable "dangling" element-
(45) On looking out the window, a beautiful scene met his eyes.
b) Prepositional Gerund Phrases Modifying Adjectives
According to Marcella Frank in Modern English a Practical
Reference Guide, at introduces most prepositional gerund phrases
after adjectives, especially -ed participial adjectives.
He was embarrassed at hearing himself praised.
I'm disappointed at your doing such a thing.
He's very quick at adding figures.
Other prepositions introducing gerund phrases after adjectives are:
about
(46) He's very careless about keeping appointments.
for
(47) Their funds are adequate for meeting their moderate needs.
of
(48) He's afraid of displeasing his parents.
with
(49) They must be content with seeing each other at infrequent
intervals.
by
(50) I was annoyed by the dog's barking all night.
(This prepositional gerund phrase may also be interpreted as a modifier of the
passive verb be annoyed.)32
32 Ibid, p.326
2. The Usage of Gerund
There are some verbs that follow gerunds. According to Helen Hoyt
Schmidt in Advanced English Grammar, we often use gerunds after:
a. Factive verbs (express something that really happened):
admit, appreciate, finish, legalize, miss, regret, stop
b. Two-word verbs: insist on, consist of 33
According to Helen Hoyt Schmidt in Advanced English Grammar, the
following infinitives and gerund patterns are arranged in order of the most
common to the least common.*
Pattern 1
subject verb infinitive object
(51) The upper-middle class aspired to join upper-class prestige
clubs.
Pattern 2
subject verb direct object infinitive
(52) People have used power and wealth to maintain their
position. (subject of infinitive)
Pattern 3
33 Helen Hoyt Schmidt, Advanced English Grammar, (Iowa:Prentice Hall Regents, 1995), P.
311
subject verb gerund object
(53) The second step involves making sure no major changes are
made.
Pattern 4
subject verb possessive gerund object
(54) We resent their social typing of (object of gerund)
students.
Note that noun clauses ("that" clauses) are used more than infinitives and
gerunds. They occur 46 percent of the time.
Knowledge of sentence patterns can help a writer determine the
choice of a gerund or infinitive object. Although noun clauses and infinitive
objects are used most of the time, you will see gerunds used in your academic
reading assignments from time to time.34
3. Feature of Gerund
Gerund has some features. According to Knud Schibsbye in A Modern
English Grammar with an Appendix on Semantically Related Prepositions, the
forms of the gerund have both substantival and verbal features; both aspects
of the content are often apparent in the same context.
a. The gerund's Substantival Features are as Follows:
(1) it may have a plural -s:
34 Ibid.,p.309
(55) Judge Jeffreys watches the hangings of those he has con-
demned.
(2) it may have a genitive -s:
(56) We are walking for walking 's sake.
(3) it may be provided with articles:
(57) There was a gentle tapping on the door.
(58) The cream of the batting had already been skimmed
on Saturday.
(4) it may be combined with words in the attributive-adjectival function:
(59) There was much coming and going between
the embassies.
(60) He infuses the story with a warm spontaneous power
that prevents its being obvious.
(61) The best grouping of canvases is put in the front
of the store.
(62) No complaint was made about the judge's
summing up;
(63) The house was locked up and there was no answer to
one's ringing.
(5) it may form part of compounds in the same way as a substantive:
(64) a walking-st ick/ blotting paper;
(6) it may have the object of the implied verbal concept attached to it by
of:
(65) Mrs 0.’s leaving of her life was as unobtrusive as her
l iv ing of it.
(66) The killing of the pig lasted an unconscionable time;
(7) it may be co-ordinate with substantives:
(67) Transpor t at ion o r banging , that's what he
deserves.
(68) Travelling and ho tel accommodation is always
first class.
(8) it may be subject, object, predicative complement, and the com-
plement of a preposition:
(69) Speaking seemed painful to him.
(70) You must give up travelling.
(71) This is playing with fire.
(72) He used to earn coppers by lighting fires for
Orthodox neighbours on the Sabbath. (60)
b. The Verbal Character of The Gerund Can be seen From The Fact
that this Form May
(1) be combined with adverbial members:
(73) By scraping and eating skimpily, he spent four months
as a student in New York
(74) Our chance of ever knowing the truth is very slight;
(2) have an object or predicative complement:
(75) After receiving the last sacraments, he died peacefully
at 12.52 a.m.
(76) She was proud of being his daughter.
(3) have a subject:
(77) She got a sense of it being her duty to do something
(78) I hate the idea of my cousin in terf ering .
(9) be inflected in the perfect and the passive:
(79) There is a possibility of his having arrived by now.
(80) This saved him from being burt . (60 – 61)
4. Gerunds Time Relationships to the Main Verb
Gerund has a time relationship to the main verb. According to Marcella
Frank in Modern English a Practical Reference Guide, the participial
forms used in gerund phrases indicate the same kind of time as they do
in participial phrases. The –ing form is neutral with respect to time; the
time that is intended often depends on the tense or the meaning of the
main verb.35
According to Helen Hoyt Schmidt in Advanced English Grammar :
a. General Time Form-Gerunds used as objects of the verb express the same
35 Ibid., p.315
time or a time future to the main verb.
Subject verb active gerund object of the gerund
(81) The president considered changing the rules.
(Gerund = object of main verb)
subject verb passive gerund
(82) The president anticipated being elected.
(Action of gerund affects the subject.)
(83) The candidate was last seen being attacked by
the press.
(Action of the verb and the gerund affect the subject.)
b. General Time Form-Gerunds used as subjects or complements of the verb
express the same time or a time earlier than the main verb.
Active gerund subject verb active gerund complement
(84) Seeing is believing. (same time)
subject gerund object verb object
(85) Lowering the interest rates had two effects.
(Action of the gerund is earlier than the main verb.)
passive gerund subject verb passive gerund complement
(86) Being seen meant becoming recognized. (same time)
c. Past Time-Perfect Gerund Form expresses an action, earlier than the
main verb.
Subject verb active gerund object of gerund
(87) The president forgot having changed the rules.
(perfect gerund = object of main verb)
subject verb passive: perfect gerund
(88) The candidate ,understood not having been elected as
president. (Action of gerund affects the subject.) (305)
5. Affixation
Affixation is very useful in translating gerund. According to Gorys Keraf in Tata
Bahasa Rujukan Bahasa Indonesia, there are two kinds of affixes.
a. Inflectional Affix
Inflectional Affix does not change the class of the word after the
word is given affixes such as me-, di- and ter-.
b. Derivational Affixes
Derivational affixes changes the class of the word after the word is
given affixes such as ke- -an, pe- -an, pe- and -an.36
In conclusion, the features and the usage of the gerund help us to
identify the gerund or to distinguish between gerund and the other suffix -
ing such as present participle and adjective in the process of identifying
36Gorys Keraf, Tata Bahasa Rujukan Bahasa Indonesia, (Jakarta:Grasindo, 1990), p.121
gerund in the book. According to Knud Schibsbye in A Modern English
Grammar with an Appendix on Semantically Related Prepositions, a word
with suffix -ing can act as:
1. a substantive (noun or others that functions as a noun)
(89) I gave him my blessing
(90) a street of silent-looking dwellings;
2. a gerund
(91) Banging criminals is no cure.
(92) I am proud of being your wife.
(93) Talking so rudely is provoking.
3. the present participle
(94) A girl smiling her sweetest
(95) coming up to me he said, `Good morning'
(96) What are you looking at?
4. an adjective
(97) he is always willing
(98) He is a strapping fellow
(99) He is the cunninger of the two.
5. a preposition
(100) I will communicate with you concerning your friend.
(101) I have an advantageous offer to make him regarding the
cattle .
(102) Your facts are very valuable, specially as touching (this is
archaic) your own stay in Crete. (57)
In addition to distinguish between gerund and the other suffix -ing,
we must remember that the gerunds will always answer the noun question,
what? (since they name an action or a fact, they don't answer to who?).
fact:
(103) Your driving a car to New York in your condition disturbs
me greatly.
action:
(104) Your driving a car to New York took longer than I expected.
The writer shall doublecheck the gerunds by testing other nouns or
pronouns in its place. Then in the analysis, the writer will divide the
gerunds based on the function of the gerund. According to Marcella
Frank in Modern English a Practical Reference Guide, gerund has
several functions: subject of verb, object of verb, object of preposition (In
prepositional object or in adverbial phrase), subjective complement, and
appositive.
Meanwhile, Randolph Quirk in A Comprehensive Grammar of
The English Language refers the gerund as the verb of nominal -ing
clauses (or more fully, nominal -ing participle clauses) and sometimes are
called gerundive which has a function as:
1. subject:
(105) Watching television keeps them out of mischief.
2. direct object:
(106) He enjoys playing practical jokes.
3. subject complement:
(107) Her first job had been selling computers.
4. appositive:
(108) His current research, investigating attitudes to racial
stereotypes, takes up most of his time.
5. adjectival complementation:
(109) They are busy preparing a barbecue.
6. prepositional complement:
(110) I'm responsible for drawing up the budget. (1063)
The difference between the two is that most of the terms that
Marcella Frank and Randolph Quirk uses are different which can be
seen from the table.
Table 1
Different term used by Marcella Frank and Randolph Quirk
Marcella Frank use the term Randolph Quirk use the term
subject of verb
object of verb
object of preposition
In prepositional object
In adverbial phrase
subjective complement
appositive
Subject
direct object
prepositional complement
-
subject complement
appositive
After that, the gerunds will be analyzed by their translating
procedure.
The procedures in translating gerunds are divided into:
Shift which consists of class shift and unit shift
Non Shift consists of non class shift, loan word and omission.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH FINDING
In translating a gerund, one may find difficulty because there is no gerund
system in Indonesian. A gerund can be a hybrid. It may have a noun form and a
verbal meaning. The Indonesian language system distinguishes between noun and
verb and there is no hybrid. According to Marcella Frank in Modern English Part
II, a gerund is defined as a participial form used in noun function.37
According to
W. Stannard Allen in Living English Structure, a gerund is defined as the part of a
verb that ends in –ing which has the force of a noun as well as that of a verb.38
However there are translating procedures that the translator can use in translating
gerund.
The procedures in translating gerunds are divided into:
1. A shift which consists of class shift and unit shift;
Class Shift. According to Catford in A Linguistic Theory of
Translation, class shift occurs when the translation equivalent of a SL
item is a member of a different class from the original item.
Unit Shift. According to Catford in A Linguistic Theory of
Translation, by unit-shift we mean changes of rank-that is, departures
37 Marcella Frank, Modern English Part II, (New Jersey: Prentince Hall, 1972), p.97 38 W. Stannard Allen, Living English Structure, (London: Longman, 1991), p.177
from formal correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a
unit at one rank in the SL is a unit at a different rank in the TL.39
.
2. A non shift which consists of non-class shift and omission
By using non-class shift, the gerund form, which is a noun, is maintained.
According to Mona Baker in In Other Word, translation by omission may
sound rather drastic, but in fact it does no harm to omit translating a word or
expression in some contexts. If the meaning conveyed by a particular item or
expression is not vital enough to the development of the text to justify
distracting the reader with lengthy explanations, translators can and often do
simply omit translating the word or expression in question.40
In translating a gerund, a translator is given the option to use the shift or non-
shift procedure. The translator may choose the non-shift and maintain the form of the
gerund, which is a noun. However, if it is not possible or if it makes the translation
sound unnatural, the translator may choose the second procedure, which is the shift
procedure. The form of the gerund may be changed into a verb or an adjective. The
39 J.C. Catford., A Linguistic Theory of Translation, (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1965),
p.79 40 Mona Baker, In Other Words: A Course Book on Translation, (London: Routledge, 1995),
p.40
translator must keep in mind that his/her main responsibility is to transfer the
meaning or to find a dynamic equivalence.
According to Helen Hoyt Schmidt in Advanced English Grammar, writers choose
gerunds when no abstract noun phrases exist or to express movement and activity in some
kind of process. Gerunds have a stronger verbal force than noun clauses, infinitives, or
abstract noun phrases. That means they put an emphasis on some kind of action.41
This
shows that the purpose of using a gerund is to emphasize some kind of action that the
writer of the SL wants the reader to take special notice. According to Amran Tasai in
Cermat Berbahasa Indonesia Untuk Perguruan Tinggi, in Indonesian language, there
are five ways to emphasize a word or a phrase.
The first way is putting the word which wants to be emphasized in the
beginning of the sentence. The example below is in Indonesian Language.
Harapan Presiden ialah agar rakyat membangun bangsa dan negaranya.
The phrase “Harapan Presiden” is emphasized in the sentence above.
The second way is ordering a sequence of word. The example below is in
Indonesian Language.
Bukan seratus, seribu, atau sejuta, tetapi berjuta juta rupiah, telah
disumbangkan kepada anak-anak terlantar.
The third way is repeating the same word. The example below is in
Indonesian Language.
Saya suka akan kecantikan mereka, saya suka akan kelembutan mereka.
41 Helen Hoyt Schmidt, Advanced English Grammar, (Iowa:Prentice Hall Regents, 1995), p.322
The fourth way is contrasting the idea. The example below is in Indonesian
Language.
Anak itu tidak malas dan curang, tetapi rajin dan jujur.
The fifth way is using the particle –lah. The example below is in Indonesian
Language.
Saudaralah yang bertanggung jawab. (93)
A translator must try to emphasize the same action to make a good translation so
that the TL reader will give the same response as the SL reader in reading the text
containing gerunds in their own language.
The underlined word below is the gerund and its translation. The italized word
indicates the object of the gerund’s translation.
A. Gerund as an Object of Preposition
According to Betty Azar in Understanding and Using English Grammar, gerund is
frequently used as the object of preposition.42
1. Class Shift
Class shift occurs when an SL item is translated by means of a TL item
belonging to a different grammatical class. Class shift procedures in
translating a gerund includes adding affixes such as be-, me-, me- -kan, di-
and ter-. A translator uses class shift because he/she finds that maintaining
42 Betty Schrampfer Azar, Understanding and Using English Grammar.2
nd ed, (New Jersey:
Prentice Hall Regents, 1989), p. 151
a gerund form which is a noun or using affixes such as pe- an, ke-an, ke-
and -an is not possible or it may make the translations sounds unnatural. By
using the class shift, the form of the gerund is mostly change into a verb.
a. Translated into Me-+V (22) Class shift
According to Amalia Candrayani in Bahasa Indonesia untuk
Penutur Asing, as a transitive verb, me- commonly means doing an
action (melakukan tindakan) or using something (menggunakan or
memakai). As an intransitive verb, the affix me- has the meaning of
becoming (menjadi), living as something (hidup sebagai), having a
profession of (berprofesi), eating/drinking/sipping something
(minum/makan/isap sesuatu), moving to somewhere (menuju/bergerak
ke), finding or collecting something (mencari atau mengumpulkan),
making something (membuat), pretending or doing a mimic of
something (berlaku seperti atau menyerupai), and making a noise
(mengeluarkan bunyi) (70-72)
1) SL : He was going to ring me again tonight and I was no closer to
having sorted it. E-Love, 2001, 194
TL : Dia akan meneleponku lagi nanti malam, dan aku belum
membuat keputusan. E-Love, 2001, 72
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is keputusan. The
affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of having sorted it
(melakukan tindakan membuat)
2) SL : At least I didn't have hours of travelling to get there and back.
E-Love, 2001, 139
TL : Setidaknya aku tidak perlu menempuh jarak jauh pulang-pergi.
E-Love, 2001, 17
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is jarak jauh. The
affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of traveling
(melakukan tindakan menempuh)
3) SL : It didn't take too long to get home and then we had the fun of
opening all the carrier bags of things that Mum had bought. E-
Love, 2001, 207
TL : Tak lama kemudian kami sampai di rumah, dan asyik
membuka kantong-kantong belanjaan Mum. E-Love, 2001, 85
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is kantong belanjaan.
The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of opening
(melakukan tindakan membuka)
The translation of the three sentences above have the same
pattern which is the auxiliary verb in Source Language is omitted and
the gerund is translated into a verb to replace the auxiliary verb
4) SL : It was so ridiculous that even I started to laugh at the thought
of keeping anything a secret from that lot. E-Love, 2001, 171
TL : Menggelikan sekali urusan ini, sampai-sampai aku mulai
tertawa membayangkan aku menyimpan rahasia dari sobat-
sobatku ini. E-Love, 2001, 49
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is rahasia. The affix
me- above has the meaning of doing the action of keeping something a
secret (melakukan tindakan menyimpan rahasia)
5) SL : I can't bear the thought of not seeing you after tomorrow
morning. E-Love, 2001, 221
TL : Aku juga tidak tahan membayangkan tidak melihatmu lagi
setelah besok pagi. E-Love, 2001, 99
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is mu. The affix me-
above has the meaning of doing the action of not seeing you
(melakukan tindakan tidak melihatmu). It has a negative meaning
because the negation “not”.
Two sentences with their translation above have the same
pattern. The pattern is that the preposition is omitted and the gerund is
translated into a verb and there is a double verb (verba berderet).
6) SL : Debs has set her heart on getting into it, but she's got to wait
two more years before she'll be old enough to audition. E-Love,
2001, 172
TL : Debs setengah mati ingin menjadi anggota paduan suara ini,
tapi dia mesti menunggu dua tahun lagi, barulah dia cukup
umur untuk ikut audisi. E-Love, 2001, 50
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is anggota paduan
suara. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of
being a member of a choir (melakukan tindakan menjadi paduan
suara).
7) SL : I was about to go off-line, feeling miserable about not speaking
to Dan, when a new message appeared: Hi, Sam! You there. E-
Love, 2001, 177
TL : Aku berniat keluar saja, merasa kecewa karena tidak bisa
mengobrol dengan Dan, tapi tiba-tiba muncul pesan baru: Hai,
Sam! Ada di situ? E-Love, 2001, 55
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is Dan. The affix me-
above has the meaning of doing the action of not speaking (melakukan
tindakan tidak mengobrol). It has a negative meaning because the
negation “not”.
8) SL : I just thought it might be a way of building on what I’ll learn if
I get into the school tennis squad this summer, that's all. E-
Love, 2001, 180
TL : Kupikir mungkin dengan ikut kamp tenis itu aku bisa
memperbaiki teknikku untuk nanti kalau aku masuk tim tenis
sekolah pada musim panas ini. Itu saja. E-Love, 2001, 58
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is teknikku. The affix
me- above has the meaning of doing the action of sending (melakukan
tindakan mengirim).
9) SL : I found myself constantly thinking about Dan: supposing he
thought I was a complete geek for sending that e-mail to him?
E-Love, 2001, 182
TL : Aku terus-menerus memikirkan Dan gimana kalau dia pikir
aku kuper abis gara-gara aku mengirim e-mail itu padanya? E-
Love, 2001, 60
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is e-mail. The affix
me- above has the meaning of doing the action of sending (melakukan
tindakan mengirim).
10) SL : And, of course, my big mistake about sending the e-mail. E-
Love, 2001, 183
TL : Juga, tentu saja, kesalahan besarku karena telah mengirim e-
mail-itu. E-Love, 2001, 61
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is e-mail. The affix
me- above has the meaning of doing the action of sending (melakukan
tindakan mengirim). The translation of gerund above is given a time
mark which is telah.
11) SL : Even sadder though, was that, Mrs Jay never got back to being
a concert pianist. E-Love, 2001, 140
TL : Tapi yang lebih menyedihkan, Mrs. Jay tidak pernah lagi
menjadi pianis konser. E-Love, 2001, 18
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is pianis. The affix
me- above has the meaning of doing the action of being a concert
pianist (melakukan tindakan menjadi pianis).
12) SL : Once I was in my bedroom, I got so jittery at the thought of
phoning Dan that I did actually feel ill. E-Love, 2001, 186
TL : Begitu berada di kamarku, aku jadi sangat gelisah memikirkan
akan menelepon Dan sampai-sampai aku benar-benar merasa
tidak enak badan. E-Love, 2001, 64
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is pianis. The affix
me- above has the meaning of doing the action of being a concert
pianist (melakukan tindakan menjadi pianis).
13) SL : 'spk 2u 18r' was our own code for getting on-to net to chat and
I sent them both the same message back: gr8thnx. E-Love,
2001, 141
TL : Isinya hampir sama "smpi nanti" adalah kode rahasia kami,
yang artinya mengajak chatting . Kukirimkan balasan yang
sama pada mereka: sip thx E-Love, 2001, 19
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is chatting. The
translator uses chatting because the affix me- needs a noun to complete
the sentence. Chatting in the translation is a loan word. It is not
translated because it is a computer terminology. In this case, chatting
means to chat by typing the sentence through a chat program in a
computer through the Internet. The affix me- above has the meaning of
doing the action of phoning (melakukan tindakan menelpon).
14) SL : There's no point in trying to chat to them. E-Love, 2001, 193
TL : Percuma mencoba ngobrol dengan mereka. E-Love, 2001, 71
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is mereka. The affix
me- above has the meaning of doing the action of trying (melakukan
tindakan mencoba).
15) SL : When I got home from school that afternoon I went straight to
the piano (after saying hello to Charly, of course). E-Love,
2001, 194
TL : Sepulang sekolah siang itu, aku langsung beranjak ke piano
(tentu saja setelah menyapa Charly). E-Love, 2001, 72
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is Charly. The affix
me- above has the meaning of doing the action of saying
hello(melakukan tindakan menyapa).
16) SL : Still, as Butter's dad said when he opened a huge phone-bill
one day, he'd rather we were chatting via the net, because it
was cheaper than using the phone. E-Love, 2001, 153
TL : Tapi, seperti kata ayah Butter, sewaktu menerima tagihan
telepon yang mahalnya amit-amit, dia lebih suka kami
mengobrol lewat Internet sebab lebih murah daripada kalau
memakai telepon.E-Love, 2001, 32
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is telepon. The affix
me- above has the meaning of using the phone (menggunakan
telepon).
17) SL : Definitely one of the benefits of being an only child with
parents who work so hard: they give you your space. E-Love,
2001, 227
TL : Satu keuntungan menjadi anak tunggal dengan orangtua yang
bekerja begitu keras adalah: mereka memberikan banyak
kesempatan untuk sendirian. E-Love, 2001, 105
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is anak tunggal. The
affix me- above has the meaning of action of being an only child
(melakukan tindakan menjadi anak tunggal).
18) SL : I'd better go and get in a spot of howling outside the
window before supper. E-Love, 2001, 200
TL : Sekarang aku mau melolong-lolong dulu di luar jendela,
sebelum makan malam. E-Love, 2001, 78
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an
intransitive verb where there is no object after the verb melolong-
lolong. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of
howling (melakukan tindakan melolong-lolong).
19) SL : Debs butted in first – I could tell because we all identified
ourselves by giving our initials at the end of the chat. E-Love,
2001, 152
TL : Debs yang pertama-tama-aku bisa tahu karena kami memberi
tanda dengan menaruh inisial kami masing-masing pada akhir
chat. E-Love, 2001, 31
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is inisial kami. The
affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of giving our
initials (melakukan tindakan menaruh inisial kami).
20) SL : She was telling me of gently, for making her jump too. E-Love,
2001, 160
TL : Dia memprotesku rupanya, karena membuat dia kaget juga. E-
Love, 2001, 38
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is inisial dia. The
affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of making her
jump (melakukan tindakan membuat).
21) SL : But he kept on knocking and in the end I opened the door and
made some pathetic excuse about not hearing him. E-Love,
2001, 219
TL : Tapi dia terus mengetuk-ngetuk, dan akhirnya kubuka juga
pintu. Kukatakan tadi aku tidak mendengar. E-Love, 2001, 97
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an
intransitive verb. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the
action of making a false statement (membuat suatu kebohongan).
The gerund below is translated into me-+V and there is a
reduplication of the translation of the gerund
22) SL : As if somehow, by repeating myself what he'd said, it was
going to change things. E-Love, 2001, 240
TL : Seolah-olah dengan mengulang-ulang apa yang dikatakannya
bisa mengubah keadaan. E-Love, 2001, 118
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is apa yang
dikatakannya. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the
action of repeating something (melakukan tindakan mengulang-ulang).
23) SL : So what's all this rubbish about waiting for Mr. E-mail to come
to you, Sam? E-Love, 2001, 184
TL : Nah, apa sih masalahmu, soal menunggu-nunggu si Mr. E-mail
membalasmu, Sam? E-Love, 2001, 62
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is si Mr. E-mail. The
affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of waiting
(melakukan tindakan menunggu-nunggu).
The verb of the gerund below is Two-word verbs and translated
into Me-+V
24) SL : Yes. I'll be able to catch up with my howling, won't I? E-Love,
2001, 210
TL : Ya, aku jadi bisa bebas melolong-lolong, iya kan? E-Love,
2001, 88
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an
intransitive verb where there is no object after the verb melolong-
lolong. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of
howling (melakukan tindakan melolong-lolong).
25) SL : I just carried on with my peeling and chopping. E-Love, 2001,
196
TL : Aku meneruskan mengupas dan mengiris-iris sayuran. E-Love,
2001, 73
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is sayuran. The affix
me- above has the meaning of doing the action of peeling and
chopping (melakukan tindakan mengupas dan mengiris-iris).
b. Translated into Me-+V +kan (6) Class shift
According to Amalia Candrayani in Bahasa Indonesia untuk
Penutur Asing, the meaning of the affix me- -kan depends on the verb
one. If the the verb one is a verb, an adjective, it has the meaning of
doing an action (melakukan tindakan) or to do something to the object
(menyebabkan sesuatu/seseorang /objek menjadi). If the the verb one
is a noun, it has the meaning of making or presuming the object as
something (menjadikan atau menganggap objek sebagai).43
1) SL : She’s so good, Mrs. Sutton our sport teacher is thinking of
putting her forward for the national team this year. E-Love,
2001, 130
TL : Permainannya bagus sekali, sampai-sampai Mrs. Sutton guru
olahraga kami berniat mencalonkannya masuk tim nasional
tahun ini. E-Love, 2001, 8
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is -nya. The affix me-
-kan above has the meaning of causing someone to be a candidate
(menyebabkan seseorang menjadi calon).
2) SL : For a second I thought about leaving a message myself but
then I changed my mind. E-Love, 2001, 174
43Amalia Candrayani, Bahasa Indonesia untuk Penutur Asing, (Jakarta: Wedatama Widya
Sastra, 2004), pp. 81-88
TL : Sesaat aku menimbang-nimbang untuk meninggalkan pesan,
tapi lalu mengurungkannya E-Love, 2001, 52
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is pesan. The affix
me- -kan above has the meaning of doing the action of leaving
(melakukan tindakan meninggalkan).
3) SL : But I think Mum had an idea of how I felt because she leaned
back and squeezed my hand without saying anything. E-Love,
2001, 223
TL : Tapi kurasa Mum bisa menebak perasanku, sebab Mum
mengulurkan tangan ke belakang dan meremas tanganku tanpa
mengatakan apa-apa. E-Love, 2001, 101
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is apa-apa. The affix
me- -kan above has the meaning of doing the action of leaving
(melakukan tindakan meninggalkan).
4) SL : I only just about had time to tell her my worries about telling
Mum when we arrived at assembly. E-Love, 2001, 192
TL : Aku cuma sempat menceritakan kecemasan-kecemasanku
kalau harus menyampaikan hal ini pada Mum, tapi kami sudah
keburu tiba, di rapat. E-Love, 2001, 70
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is hal ini. The affix
me- -kan above has the meaning of doing the action of telling
(melakukan tindakan menyampaikan).
5) SL : I protested at first, but then I began to see the sense of getting it
over with. E-Love, 2001, 240
TL : Mulanya aku protes, tapi lalu aku mulai menyadari perlunya
membereskan masalah ini sampai tuntas. E-Love, 2001, 119
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is masalah ini. The
affix me- -kan above has the meaning of doing the action of finishing
(melakukan tindakan membereskan).
6) SL : I had to admit that I felt better for talking to someone about it.
E-Love, 2001, 184
TL : Mesti kuakui, perasaanku jadi lebih enak setelah
membicarakan ini. E-Love, 2001, 62
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is masalah ini. The
affix me- -kan above has the meaning of doing the action of talking
about something (melakukan tindakan membicarakan sesuatu). The
translation of gerund above is given a time mark which is setelah.
c. Translated into Me-+Verb+-i (1) Class shift
According to Amalia Candrayani in Bahasa Indonesia untuk
Penutur Asing, the affix me- -i has the meaning of making a decision
how to reponse (berlaku/bersikap - terhadap objek)44
(91-94)
1) SL : In the end, they bullied me into saying yes. E-Love, 2001, 243
TL: Akhirnya mereka berhasil juga memaksaku menyangupi untuk
datang. E-Love, 2001, 121
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an
intransitive verb. The affix me- -kan above has the meaning of willing
to go (bersikap menerima ajakan)
d. Translated into Ber- +V (1) Class shift
According to Amalia Candrayani in Bahasa Indonesia untuk
Penutur Asing, the affix Ber- has the meaning of having something
(mempunyai), having a relation with (mempunyai hubungan), using
(menggunakan atau memakai), to creating (menghasilkan), handing out
(mengeluarkan), doing an activity (mengerjakan atau mengadakan kegiatan),
an activity involving more than one peope (tindakan yang melibatkan
44 Ibid, pp. 91-94.
pelaku lebih dari satu), calling or presuming (memanggil or menganggap
sebagai), doing an action (sedang melakukan tindakan), doing an action for
him/herself (tindakan atas diri sendiri), in a condition (berada dalam
keadaan), a group of something (himpunan atau dalam jumlah) (40-43)
1) SL : I'm sorry but I won't agree to the meeting until I speak to his
mother or father. E-Love, 2001, 198
TL : Yah, sayang sekali, tapi aku tidak mengizinkan kau bertemu
dengan dia sampai aku sudah bicara dengan ibu atau
ayahnya.E-Love, 2001, 76
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is dia. The affix ber-
above has the meaning of the action of meeting someone
(Mengadakan kegiatan bertemu)
e. Translated into Ter-+V (1) Class shift
According to Amalia Candrayani in Bahasa Indonesia untuk
Penutur Asing, the affix Ter- has the meaning of an accidental action
(tidak sengaja di-), can be (dapat di-), have been done (sudah di-), or a
condition (keadaan)45
(122-124)
1) SL : All that-stuff about tingling, you know? E-Love, 2001, 140
45 Ibid, pp. 122-124.
TL : Soal perasaan tergelitik itu, ngerti maksudku? E-Love, 2001,
18
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an
intransitive verb. The affix ber- above has the meaning of the
condition of tingling (keadaan tergelitik)
f. Translated into V 1 without affixes (9) Class shift
1) SL : I wrote it without thinking first. E-Love, 2001,145
TL : Aku mengetik itu tanpa pikir panjang. E-Love, 2001, 23
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an
intransitive verb.
2) SL : It was mostly clothes for her and Dad but she had bought me a
really nice jacket - it was just like one I'd told her about seeing
in a catalogue. E-Love, 2001, 207
TL : Kebanyakan isinya pakaian untuk Mum dan Dad, tapi aku juga
dibelikan jaket yang bagus sekali-persis seperti yang pernah
kulihat di katalog dan kuceritakan pada Mum. E-Love, 2001,
85
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an
intransitive verb.
3) SL : Oh sure- it won’t stop me from going to camp don't worry. E-
Love, 2001, 210
TL : Oh, bisa-tenang aja, aku pasti ikut kamp itu, kok. E-Love,
2001, 88
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an
intransitive verb.
4) SL : In the meantime, I had to keep myself occupied by playing
more tennis with the girls (Butter was quite good but she did
go off to a cricket training camp so I lost her as a tennis
partner, for a while), swimming (we all went together), playing
the piano, and. generally mooching around the house and
garden with Charly. E-Love, 2001, 225
TL : Sementara ini, aku mesti menyibukkan diri dengan main tenis
lebih sering bersama sobat-sobatku (Butter sangat bagus, tapi
dia ikut kamp latihan kriket, jadi untuk sementara aku
kehilangan dia sebagai partnerku), berenang (kami pergi
bersama-sama), main piano, dan pada umumnya cuma
berkeliaran di sekitar rumah dan kebun bersama Charly. E-
Love, 2001, 103
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an
intransitive verb.
5) SL : No, he just did it by being himself. E-Love, 2001, 227
TL : Dia tampil apa adanya saja. E-Love, 2001, 105
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an
intransitive verb.
6) SL : After all the worry about chatting to him, he was actually really
easy to talk to once I'd taken the plunge. E-Love, 2001, 188
TL : Padahal tadi aku cemas setengah mati membayangkan ngobrol
dengan dia, padahal dia benar-benar enak diajak bicara, begitu
aku sudah memulai. E-Love, 2001, 66
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is dia. Ngobrol is an
informal word. The formal words are mengadakan percakapan.
7) SL : Perhaps the girls were right and somehow, by going into the
chatroom the way I had, I had invited some weirdos into the
world of my PC. E-Love, 2001, 185
TL : Mungkin sobat-sobatku benar juga, bahwa dengan masuk ke
chatroom seperti itu, aku jadi mengundang orang-orang sakit
ke dalam dunia PC-ku E-Love, 2001, 63
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an
intransitive verb.
8) SL : I was looking forward to going. E-Love, 2001, 243
TL : Aku merasa bersemangat untuk pergi. E-Love, 2001,121
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an
intransitive verb.
9) SL : Fortunately, he didn't go and spoil it all by trying to grope me.
E-Love, 2001, 244
TL : Untunglah dia tidak merusak suasana dengan coba-coba
meraba-rabaku. E-Love, 2001, 123
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is ku.
g. Translated into Kata Dasar Adjective (1)
1) SL : Fortunately, after all those years of worrying about it, being
with a boy like that just comes naturally. E-Love, 2001, 216
TL : Untunglah, setelah sekian lama merasa cemas, menikmati
kebersamaan dengan cowok seperti ini berjalan sewajarnya
saja. E-Love, 2001, 94
It is rare to find a gerund which is translated into an adjective. The
gerund above actually has a verbal meaning but the translator decided to
translate it into an adjective to make the sentence effective. The words
“about it” are translated using translation by omission because the write
think it is not significant.
2. Unit Shift Translated into Phrase (6)
According to Catford in A Linguistic Theory of Translation, by
unit-shift we mean changes of rank-that is, departures from formal
correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in
the SL is a unit at a different rank in the TL.(79)
1) SL : I was prepared for just about every social occasion going except
for skiing! E-Love, 2001, 211
TL : Pokoknya aku siap deh dengan perlengkapan untuk segala macam
acara, kecuali untuk main ski! E-Love, 2001, 89
The translation above is a unit shift because the word “skiing” is
translated into a phrase “main ski”.
2) SL : But what was I going to do about meeting him? E-Love, 2001, 193
TL : Tapi bagaimana tentang rencana menemui dia? E-Love, 2001,
71.
The translation above is a unit shift because the word “meeting” is
translated into a phrase “rencana menemui”.
3) SL : As I switched the light on, she twitched an ear at me and let out, a
purr of greeting. E-Love, 2001,143
TL : Ketika aku menyalakan lampu, dia menggerakkan satu telinganya
padaku dan mengeong menyambut kedatanganku. E-Love, 2001,
21
The translation above is a unit shift because the word “greeting” is
translated into a phrase “menyambut kedatanganku”.The gerund in the
sentence above is translated into a transitive verb. The object of the verb is
kedatanganku.
4) SL : As we approached our exams, we seemed to get more and more
coursework and endless lists of books from all our teachers that
they reckoned we needed to read because they were essential to
passing our exams. E-Love, 2001, 229
TL : Ketika ujian-ujian semakin dekat, kami semakin banyak
mendapat tugas-tugas dan daftar buku yang menurut guru-guru
kami mesti dibaca supaya bisa lulus ujian. E-Love, 2001, 107
The translation above is a unit shift because the word “passing” is
translated into a phrase “bisa lulus”.
5) SL : I told Mum about telling Dan, and that his mum would be
expecting her to call. E-Love, 2001, 200
TL : Kuberitahu Mum bahwa aku sudah bilang pada Dan, dan bahwa
ibu Dan akan menunggu telepon ibuku. E-Love, 2001, 78.
The translation above is a unit shift because the word “telling” is
translated into a phrase “aku sudah bilang pada”. The gerund in the
sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the
gerund’s translation is Dan. Aku sudah bilang is informal. The formal
words are aku telah mengatakannya.
6) SL : I wondered if I should tell them about meeting Dan and see what
advice that they might have. E-Love, 2001, 193
TL : Aku berpikir-pikir, haruskah kuberitahukan pada mereka
rencanaku bertemu dengan Dan. E-Love, 2001, 71
The translation above is a unit shift because the word “meeting” is
translated into a phrase “rencanaku bertemu”. The gerund in the sentence
above is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s
translation is Dan.
3. Non-Class shift
By using non-class shift, the gerund form, which is a noun, is
maintained.
a. Translated into Ke-+V +an (3)
According to Amalia Candrayani in Bahasa Indonesia untuk
Penutur Asing, the affix ke- -an depends on the verb one. If the verb one is
a verb, the affix has the meaning of something related to (hal yang
berhubungan dengan), or a place (tempat). If the verb one is a noun, the
affix has the meaning of meaning of something related to (hal yang
berhubungan dengan), a place (tempat), or a nature of something (sifat
yang) (167-169)
1) SL : Surely they could help to rescue him from his studying? E-
Love, 2001, 136
TL : Teman-temannyakan pasti bisa membantu dia menghilangkan
kebosanannya? E-Love, 2001, 14
The translation above is a free translation because studying is
translated into kebosanannya. The affix ke- -an has a meaning of
something related to the boring condition (hal yang berhubungan
dengan kebosanan)
2) SL : I think lunch was one of Dad's treats to us for having been
away all week. E-Love, 2001, 155
TL : Kurasa acara makan siang bersama ini merupakan salah satu
cara Dad untuk menebus ketidak-hadirannya di rumah
sepanjang minggu. E-Love, 2001, 33
The affix ke- -an has a meaning of something related to the
having been away condition (hal yang berhubungan dengan ketidak-
hadirannya )
3) SL : There was no point in looking to keen. E-Love, 2001,151
TL : Jangan sampai aku kedengaran terlalu antusias. E-Love, 2001,
30
The translation above is a free translation because looking is
translated into kedengaran. Kedengaran is informal word. To make a
good translation, the word “looking” should be translated into
“terlihat”.
b. Translated into Pe-+V +an (1)
According to Amalia Candrayani in Bahasa Indonesia untuk
Penutur Asing, the affix pe- -an depends on the verb one. If the verb one is
a verb, the affix has the meaning of a process of (proses me-/me- -kan/ me-
-i), a tool to do something or a result of (alat/hasil me-) or a place to
(tempat me-). If the verb one is a noun, the affix has the meaning of a
process of (proses me-/me- -kan/ me- -i), or a tool to do something
(hal/hasil me-).46
1) SL : Says she'll never be able to look her in the eye at a parent-
teacher meeting again! E-Love, 2001, 127
TL : Katanya dia bakal malu banget deh kalau ketemu Mrs. Dixon
dalam rapat pertemuan orangtua murid dan guru! E-Love,
2001, 5
The affix pe- -an means the process of meeting (proses
menemui).
46 Ibid, pp. 162-165.
c. Translated into Verb + -an (3)
According to Amalia Candrayani in Bahasa Indonesia untuk
Penutur Asing, if the verb one is a verb, the affix –an has the meaning of
passive (yang di-), the result of (hasil melakukan), a tool (alat), a place
(tempat).47
1) SL : We spent some time working on religious paintings - you
know, icons and rood screens, that sort of thing - and Mrs.
Thomas played us Mozart's Requiem. E-Love, 2001, 135
TL : Pernah kami mengerjakan proyek membuat lukisan-lukisan
religius-ikon-ikon, sekat-sekat berpola, semacam itulah-dan
Mrs. Thomas menyetetkan Requiem Mozart. E-Love, 2001, 13.
The affix –an in the sentence above means the result of painting
(hasil melukis)
2) SL : They said it was up to us to be responsible for our own safety
and that, as long as we turned up to breakfast each morning
and coaching on time, and didn't disgrace the camp at anything,
they'd treat us as adults. E-Love, 2001, 217.
TL : Kata mereka, kami sendiri, yang bertanggung jawab atas
keselamatan kami, dan selama kami ikut sarapan setiap pagi
dan datang latihan pada waktunya, serta tidak melakukan hal-
47 Ibid, pp. 169-171.
hal yang memalukan kamp, maka mereka akan
memperlakukan kami sebagai orang dewasa. E-Love, 2001, 95.
The affix –an in the sentence above means the result of coaching
(hasil melakukan latihan)
3) SL : We've got a timetable of coaching but we get some time off
every day to go out on trips. E-Love, 2001, 213
TL : Ada jam jam latihan, tapi setiap hari kami diberi -waktu untuk
keluar berjalan-jalan. E-Love, 2001, 91
The affix –an in the sentence above means the result of coaching
(hasil melakukan latihan)
d. Translated into Kata Dasar Noun (1)
1) SL : We didn't bother to team up with any of the others, because
without saying anything to each other, we both seemed to
realise that we just had to spend the time on our own because
who knew when we were going to see each other again. E-
Love, 2001, 221
TL : Kami tidak berbaur dengan anak-anak lainnya, sebab tanpa
kata-kata pun kami berdua sepertinya sama-sama menyadari
bahwa kami ingin berduaan saja sebab entah kapan kami bisa
bertemu lagi. E-Love, 2001, 98
4. Translation by Omission (8)
According to Mona Baker in In Other Word, translation by omission
may sound rather drastic, but in fact it does no harm to omit translating a word
or expression in some contexts. If the meaning conveyed by a particular item
or expression is not vital enough to the development of the text to justify
distracting the reader with lengthy explanations, translators can and often do
simply omit translating the word or expression in question.48
1) SL : We sat next to each other to watch the mixed doubles finals and
then we had the joy of watching Sally lose in the girls' singles for
her set. E-Love, 2001, 221
TL : Kami duduk berdampingan menonton final ganda campuran, lalu
kami menikmati kekalahan Sally dalam tunggal putri
kelompoknya. E-Love, 2001, 98
2) SL : But then I made the excuse of feeling tired and went up to my
room. E-Love, 2001, 236
TL : Tapi lalu aku beralasan bahwa aku capek, dan aku naik ke
kamarku. E-Love, 2001, 114
3) SL : When you've got a mother who is smart, there's not a lot that slips
by her without being noticed. E-Love, 2001, 196
48 Mona Baker, In Other Words: A Course Book on Translation, (London: Routledge, 1995),
p.40
TL : Susah kalau punya ibu yang cerdas, tidak banyak yang bisa lolos
begitu saja tanpa sepengetahuannya. E-Love, 2001, 74
4) SL : So I made some excuse about being tired because there had been a
really late party the night before. E-Love, 2001, 223
TL : Jadi aku membuat alasan, mengatakan aku lelah karena semalam
ada pesta hinggga larut malam. E-Love, 2001, 101
5) SL : I was glad that I didn't have to worry about being with a boy who
ate less than I did! E-Love, 2001, 206
TL : Aku senang Dan tidak makan lebih sedikit daripada aku E-Love,
2001, 84
6) SL : When he got round to sending them, that is. E-Love, 2001, 236
TL : Itu kalau, dia sempat. E-Love, 2001, 114
7) SL : I make the most of having a nice long lie-in and then, if I'm feeling
like it, I might spend some time practicing the piano. E-Love,
2001, 154
TL : Aku lebih suka tidur sampai siang lalu kalau sedang ingin, aku
berlatih piano selama-beberapa waktu. E-Love, 2001, 32
8) SL : Without stopping to think, I answered the call to stop the phone's
incessant ringing tune. E-Love, 2001, 198
TL : Tanpa pikir panjang kujawab telepon itu, untuk menghentikan
nada deringnya. E-Love, 2001, 77
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an intransitive verb.
B. Gerund as an Object of verb
According to Marcella Frank in Modern English a Practical Reference
Guide, certain verbs in English are followed by verbals-either gerunds or
infinitives-which are considered as the objects of these verbs. Most of these
verbs denote mental activity or indirect speech and therefore require subjects
that refer to human beings.49
1. Class shift
a. Translated into Me- +V (17) Class Shift
1) SL : I mean you can relax a bit in Art and enjoy slopping the paint
together. E-Love, 2001, 135
TL : Maksudku, kita kan bisa sedikit santai dalam pelajaran Seni,
asyik mencampur-campur cat. E-Love, 2001, 13
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is cat. The affix me-
49 Marcella Frank, Modern English a Practical Reference Guide, (New Jersey: Prentice Hall,
1972), p.322
above has the meaning of doing the action of slopping something
(melakukan tindakan mencampur-campur)
2) SL : I think it was, when I stopped anticipating that he might
surprise me and phone or e-mail. E-Love, 2001, 242
TL : Mungkin sewaktu aku tidak lagi menunggu-nunggu kejutan
berupa telepon atau e-mail darinya. E-Love, 2001, 120
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is kejutan. The affix
me- above has the meaning of doing the action of anticipating
(melakukan tindakan menunggu-nunggu)
3) SL : They'd probably already started chatting. E-Love, 2001, 152
TL : Kemungkinan mereka bertiga sudah mulai mengobrol. E-
Love, 2001, 30
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an
intransitive verb. The affix me- above has the meaning of having a
chat (membuat percakapan). Mengobrol is an informal word. The
formal word is berbicara.
4) SL : I reckoned I had a couple of hours before Dad wanted to start
watching the videos. E-Love, 2001, 157
TL : Kuperkirakan masih ada waktu sekitar dua jam sebelum bad
mulai menyetel video-video itu. E-Love, 2001, 35
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is video-video. The
affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of playing the
videos (melakukan tindakan menyetel video-video)
5) SL : I'd do anything to avoid making a decision about whether or
not I was going to call Dan! E-Love, 2001, 186
TL : Pokoknya aku melakukan kegiatan apa saja deh, asal tidak
usah memutuskan apakah akan menelepon Dan atau tidak. E-
Love, 2001, 64
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is apakah akan
menelepon Dan atau tidak. The affix me- above has the meaning of
doing the action of making a decision (melakukan tindakan membuat
suatu keputusan)
6) SL : It was when Dan's mum and mine started talking about schools
that Dan caught my eye and winked at me. E-Love, 2001, 205
TL : Ketika ibu Dan dan ibuku mulai mengobrol tentang sekolah,
Dan menatapku dan mengerdipkan mata. Aku tersenyum dan
dia mengedip lagi. E-Love, 2001, 83
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an
intransitive verb. The affix me- above has the meaning of making a
conversation (membuat suatu percakapan)
7) SL : Or perhaps he'd regretted sending me that message? E-Love,
2001, 209
TL : Atau barangkali dia menyesal mengirim pesan itu padaku? E-
Love, 2001, 87
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is pesan. The affix
me- above has the meaning of doing the action of sending something
(melakukan tindakan mengirim sesuatu)
8) SL : Sometimes you can hear her muttering stuff under her breath
and shaking her head in disbelief that people can be so awful to
each other. E-Love, 2001, 132
TL : Kadang d ia suka manggumam pelan sambil geleng geleng
kepala, tak percaya bahwa orang-orang bisa begitu jahat
terhadap sesama mereka.E-Love, 2001, 10
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an
intransitive verb. The affix me- above has the meaning of making a
noise (membuat suatu suara yang tidak jelas)
9) SL : In the end, Dan gave up trying to cajole me into doing
something with him and said he'd see me at supper in the
dining-hall. E-Love, 2001, 219
TL : Akhir nya Dan tidak lagi mencoba membujukku melakukan
kegiatan bersamanya. E-Love, 2001, 97
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is ku. The affix me-
above has the meaning of doing the action of trying (melakukan
tindakan mencoba sesuatu). There is a double verb (verba berderet) in
the sentence above.
10) SL : I felt irritated and cross with myself as I started painting. E-
Love, 2001, 136
TL : Aku jadi kesal dan sebal pada diriku saat mulai melukis.E-
Love, 2001, 15
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an
intransitive verb. The affix me- above has the meaning of making a
painting (membuat suatu lukisan)
11) SL : But he kept turning it one way, then the other, trying to make it
shrink. E-Love, 2001, 160
TL : Dari tempatku di sini, jelas tampak rak itu terlalu besar, tapi
orang itu masih saja membolak-baliknya ke sana-sini, mencoba
memuatnya E-Love, 2001, 38
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is -nya. The affix
me- above has the meaning of doing the action of turning (melakukan
tindakan membolak-balikkan sesuatu). Membolak-balik is an
informal word. The formal word is membolak-balikkan.
12) SL : I didn’t even feel like chatting to any of them. E-Love, 2001,
174
TL : Aku malah sedang tidak ingin mengobrol dengan mereka.E-
Love, 2001, 52
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is mereka. The affix
me- above has the meaning of doing the action of chatting
(melakukan tindakan mengobrol). Mengobrol is informal. The formal
words are mengadakan percakapan.
The gerund in the sentence below has a two-word verbs and
translated into Me-+V
13) SL : But he kept on knocking and in the end I opened the door and
made some pathetic excuse about not hearing him. E-Love,
2001, 219
TL : Tapi dia terus mengetuk-ngetuk, dan akhirnya kubuka juga
pintu. Kukatakan tadi aku tidak mendengar. E-Love, 2001, 97
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an
intransitive verb. The affix me- above has the meaning of making an
action of knocking (membuat ketukan-ketukan)
14) SL : So I ignored the PLINK! and carried on talking to Debs for a
bit. E-Love, 2001, 159
TL : Jadi, kubiarkan saja bunyi- PLING! itu. Aku meneruskan
mengobrol dengan Debs sebentar. E-Love, 2001, 38
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is Debs. The affix
me- above has the meaning of doing the action of talking (melakukan
tindakan mengobrol). Mengobrol is an informal word. The formal
word is percakapan.
15) SL : ‘Huh!’ Butter carried on glaring, this time at her feet which she
started to kick against the locker she had been leaning on. E-
Love, 2001, 137
TL : "Huh!" Butter masih juga melotot, kali ini pada kakinya
yang mulai ia tendang-tendangkan_ke loker yang disandari-
nya. E-Love, 2001, 15
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an
intransitive verb. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the
action of glaring (melakukan tindakan melotot).
16) SL : We carried on chatting like that for a while and then Dan
brought up the subject of my last e-mail. E-Love, 2001, 238
TL : Kami meneruskan mengobrol seperti itu selama beberapa saat,
kemudian Dan menyinggung tentang isi e-mail-ku yang
terakhir. E-Love, 2001, 116
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an
intransitive verb. The affix me- above has the meaning of making an
action of chatting (membuat percakapan)
17) SL : He carried on holding my hand which made me feel better. E-
Love, 2001, 235
TL : Dan masih terus menggenggam tanganku, dan aku jadi merasa
lebih baik. E-Love, 2001, 113
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is tanganku. The
affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of holding
(melakukan tindakan menggenggam sesuatu).
b. Translated into Me-+V +kan (6) Class Shift
1) SL : I don't even remember showing my pass to the conductor. E-
Love, 2001, 192
TL : Aku bahkan tidak ingat menunjukkan karcisku pada kondektur.
E-Love, 2001, 70
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is karcisku. The affix
me- -kan above has the meaning of doing the action of showing
something (melakukan tindakan menunjukkan sesuatu).
2) SL : Anyway, I typed up the material that I'd got off the net and started
closing down my PC. E-Love, 2001, 130
TL : Aku mengambil materi yang kutemukan di Internet, lalu hendak
mematikan komputerku. E-Love, 2001, 8
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is komputerku. The
affix me- -kan above has the meaning of doing the action of closing
down (melakukan tindakan mematikan komputer).
3) SL : In the end, I couldn't bear thinking about it any longer. E-Love,
2001, 180
TL : Pada akhirnya, aku tidak tahan lagi memikirkannya. E-Love,
2001, 58
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is -nya. The affix me- -
kan above has the meaning of doing the action of thinking of something
(melakukan tindakan memikirkan sesuatu).
4) SL : To be honest, I was so happy about how well the whole thing had
gone that I didn't really mind telling her all the stuff that Dan had
told me about his life and his family. E-Love, 2001, 206.
TL : Sejujurnya, aku senang sekali semuanya berjalan lancar, sehingga
aku dengan senang hati menceritakan pada ibuku segala yang
diceritakan Dan tentang hidupnya dan keluarganya. E-Love,
2001, 85
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is ibuku. The affix me-
-kan above has the meaning of doing the action of telling something
(melakukan tindakan menceritakan sesuatu).
5) SL : It was good, although they did keep asking me questions about
London. E-Love, 2001, 232
TL : Senang juga, meski mereka banyak menanyakan tentang London.
E-Love, 2001, 110
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an intransitive
verb. The affix me- -kan above has the meaning of making a question
statement (melakukan tindakan menanyakan sesuatu).
6) SL : I can't imagine giving up all my friends, all that freedom of living
from your parent. E-Love, 2001, 139
TL : Tidak kebayang deh kalau aku harus meninggalkan teman-
temanku, kebebasan hidup jauh dari orangtua. E-Love, 2001, 18
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is teman-temanku. The
affix me- -kan above has the meaning of doing the action of giving up
(melakukan tindakan meninggalkan sesuatu).
Object of verb where the verb is Two-word verbs and translated
into Me--+V+-kan
7) SL : And then I went for a swim while Mum went on a sunbed (no
matter how many times I tell her how bad the thing is for her, she
still insists on going on a sunbed every now and then) and Dad
had a sauna. E-Love, 2001, 155
TL : Setelah itu aku pergi berenang, sementara Mum berbaring di
sunbed (padahal sudah berkali-kali kukatakan bahwa berjemur di
sunbed itu tidak bagus untuknya, tapi Mum masih juga
melakukannya sesekali), Dad masuk ke ruang sauna. E-Love,
2001, 33
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is -nya. The affix me- -
kan above has the meaning of doing the action of doing something
(melakukan tindakan melakukan sesuatu).
c. Translated into Ber-+V (4) Class shift
1) SL : While I was steaming my way up and down the pool, I couldn't
help wondering what Dan did at this time on a Saturday. E-Love,
2001, 155
TL : Sambil berenang bolak-balik di kolam, aku bertanya-tanya kira-
kira apa yang dilakukan Dan pada jam segini di hari Sabtu. E-
Love, 2001, 33
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an intransitive
verb. The affix ber- above has the meaning of doing the action of
wondering (melakukan tindakan bertanya-tanya).
2) SL : I make the most of having a nice long lie-in and then, if I'm
feeling like it, I might spend some time practicing the piano. E-
Love, 2001, 154
TL : Aku lebih suka tidur sampai siang, lalu kalau sedang ingin, aku
berlatih piano selama beberapa waktu. E-Love, 2001, 32
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an intransitive
verb because it does not have the passive form. The affix ber- above has
the meaning of doing the action of practicing (melakukan tindakan
berlatih).
3) SL : They made some excuses about going off to do some shopping.
E-Love, 2001, 205
TL : Mereka lalu berbasa-basi bilang akan pergi berbelanja sebentar.
E-Love, 2001, 83
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an intransitive
verb. The affix ber- above has the meaning of doing the action of
shopping (melakukan tindakan berbelanja).
4) SL : The cursor kept winking at me but no one spoke. E-Love, 2001,
157
TL : Kursor berkedip-kedip padaku; tapi tidak ada respons. E-Love,
2001, 36
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an intransitive
verb because it does not have the passive form. The affix ber- above has
the meaning of doing the action of winking (melakukan tindakan
berkedip-kedip).
Object of verb where the verb is Two-word verbs and translated
into Ber-+V
5) SL : ‘Sure’, I called over my shoulder as I carried on trying to tackle the
music. E-Love, 2001, 155
TL : “Oke,” aku berseru sambil menoleh, berusaha sambil tetap
memainkan piano. E-Love, 2001, 33
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an intransitive
verb because it does not have the passive form. The affix ber- above has
the meaning of doing the action of trying (melakukan tindakan
berusaha).
6) SL : And I'm really looking forward to meeting u. E-Love, 2001, 201
TL : Dan aku tidak sabar ingin bertemu kamu. E-Love, 2001, 80
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an intransitive
verb because it does not have the passive form. The affix ber- above has
the meaning of doing the action of meeting (melakukan tindakan
bertemu).
d. Translated into Ter- (1) Class Shift
1) SL : The only thing that wasn't so good about using the chat room-
was that you couldn't hear each other laughing. E-Love, 2001,
154
TL : Ngobrol di-chatroom cuma satu kekurangannya tidak bisa
mendengar teman kita tertawa. E-Love, 2001, 32
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into an intransitive
verb because it does not have the passive form. The affix ter- above has
the meaning of the state of laughing (keadaan tertawa).
e. Translated into Di-+V (2) Class Shift
Di- is used to show that the sentence is a passive sentence
If the SL is active and it is translated into passive, it is called modulation.
If the SL is passive and it is translated into active, it is called modulation.
1) SL : When I got home, I got my usual greeting from Charly and,
armed with a cup of tea and some toast, I headed for my room
and switched on my PC. E-Love, 2001, 185
TL : Tiba di rumah, seperti biasa aku disambut oleh Charly. Lalu
dengan membawa secangkir teh dan roti panggang aku masuk ke
kamarku dan menyalakan computer. E-Love, 2001, 63
In the sentence above, the SL is active and it is translated into
passive, it is called modulation. The type of the modulation is the
passive for the active.
2) SL : In fact, Dan ate even more than me perhaps it was because he had
such long legs that needed filling up with food! E-Love, 2001,
206
TL: Malahan dia makan lebih banyak-barangkali karena kaki-kakinya
panjang sekali, dan perlu diisi makanan sampai penuh? E-Love,
2001, 84
In the sentence above, the SL is active and it is translated into
passive, it is called modulation. The type of the modulation is the
passive for the active.
f. Translated into V 1 without affixes Class shift (7)
1) SL : Do you like living in the city, then? E-Love, 2001,149
TL : Kamu senang tinggal di kota? E-Love, 2001, 27
2) SL : Do you like living in your rural place? E-Love, 2001,149
TL : Kamu senang tinggal di pedesaan? E-Love, 2001, 27
3) SL : On Saturday mornings, Mum and Dad (if he was around) always
went, to the supermarket to do the shopping. E-Love, 2001, 153
TL : Acara rutin Sabtu pagi: Mum dan Dad (kalau sedang ada di
rumah) selalu pergi belanja ke pasar swalayan. E-Love, 2001, 32.
4) SL : Was he busy studying? E-Love, 2001, 155.
TL : Apa dia sibuk belajar? E-Love, 2001, 33
5) SL : I couldn't stop myself grinning from ear to ear. E-Love, 2001, 180
TL : Aku nyengir lebar. E-Love, 2001, 58
6) SL : Charly curled herself up on the sofa while I practised this really
cool new piece Mrs. Jay had given me to start learning for my
next piano exam. E-Love, 2001, 154
TL : Charly meringkuk di sofa, sementara aku berlatih memainkan
musik baru yang bagus sekali, yang diberikan Mrs. Jay untuk
kupelajari sebagai ujian piano berikutnya. E-Love, 2001, 32
7) SL : So that's when we really started using the chatroom so much. E-
Love, 2001, 153
TL : Mulai saat itulah kami jadi sering sekali ngobrol di chatroom.E-
Love, 2001, 32
2. Unit Shift Translated into Phrase (5)
1) SL : Why did this boy keep preying on my mind? E-Love, 2001, 154
TL : Kenapa cowok ini tidak mau hilang dari pikiranku? E-Love, 2001,
32
The translation above is a unit shift because the word “preying” is
translated into a phrase “tidak mau hilang”.
2) SL : I've often fancied having a brother or sister so I couldn't appreciate
what Dan was on about. E-Love, 2001, 203
TL : Aku sering membayangkan ingin punya adik lelaki atau perempuan,
jadi aku tidak mengerti kenapa sih Dan mengeluh tentang adiknya
itu. E-Love, 2001, 81
The translation above is a unit shift because the word “having” is
translated into a phrase “ingin punya”.
3) SL : It was a good job he couldn't see me blushing. E-Love, 2001,145
TL : Untung saja dia tidak melihat pipiku yang memerah. E-Love, 2001,
23
The translation above is a unit shift because the word “blushing” is
translated into a phrase “pipiku yang memerah”.
4) SL : It was Monday morning and I got the feeling that they'd all been
waiting, ready to pounce, for some time. E-Love, 2001, 169
TL : Hari itu hari Senin pagi, dan perasaanku mengatakan mereka sudah
menunggu-nunggu saat ini, siap-menerkam. E-Love, 2001, 47.
The translation above is a unit shift because the word “feeling” is
translated into a phrase “perasaanku mengatakan”.
5) SL : And she's still teaching. E-Love, 2001, 140
TL : Dan dia masih tetap memberi les. E-Love, 2001, 18
The translation above is a unit shift because the word “teaching” is
translated into a phrase “memberi les”. The gerund in the sentence above
is translated into a transitive verb where the object of the gerund’s
translation is les. The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action
of teaching (melakukan tindakan memberi les)
3. Non-Class Shift
a. Translated into Pe-+V +-an (3)
1) SL : Do boys have any feelings at all? E-Love, 2001, 242.
TL : Apa cowok-cowok tidak punya perasaan ya? E-Love, 2001, 121
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a noun. The
affix pe- -an above has the meaning of something related with feeling
(sesuatu yang berhubungan dengan perasaan)
2) SL : Listen, Sam, I don't want to hurt your feelings or anything. E-
Love, 2001, 238
TL : Begini, Sam, aku tidak ingin menyakiti perasaanmu. E-Love,
2001, 116
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a noun. The
affix pe- -an above has the meaning of something related with feeling
(sesuatu yang berhubungan dengan perasaan)
3) SL : I mean, supposing the meeting the day before had been a bit of a
dream? E-Love, 2001, 209
TL : Maksudku, gimana kalau pertemuan kami kemarin itu cuma
mimpi? E-Love, 2001, 87
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a noun. The
affix pe- -an above has the meaning of something related with meeting
(sesuatu yang berhubungan dengan pertemuan)
b. Translated into Verb + -an (2)
1) SL : We're just going to put the shopping away and then have some
coffee before we go off to the club. E-Love, 2001, 154
TL : Kami mau menaruh belanjaan, lalu minum kopi sebentar,
setelah itu pergi ke klub. E-Love, 2001, 33
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a noun. The
affix -an above has the meaning of the result of shopping (hasil
berbelanja)
2) SL : You know, the one where they did all the training before the
Olympics last year? E-Love, 2001, 178
TL : Itu lho, tempat yang digunakan untuk latihan sebelum
Olimpiade tahun lalu. E-Love, 2001, 56
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a noun. The
affix -an above has the meaning of the result of training (hasil latihan)
4. Omission (3)
1) SL : And she loved getting Dan as her partner, I noticed. E-Love, 2001,
217
TL : Aku memperhatikan dia juga suka sekali main berpasangan dengan
Dan. E-Love, 2001, 95
2) SL : I can't stand going. E-Love, 2001, 154
TL : Terus terang, aku gak tahan. E-Love, 2001, 32
Gak (nggak) is informal word. The formal word is tidak.
3) SL : I just started chatting one day when I was waiting for you lot. E-
Love, 2001, 159
TL : Aku cuma kebetulan aja ngobrol sama dia, waktu sedang nunggu
kalian-kalian ini. E-Love, 2001, 37
Ngobrol is informal. The formal word is berbicara. Sama is
informal. The formal word is dengan.
5. Loan Word (2)
1) SL : I need rescuing from my brother. E-Love, 2001, 177
TL : Aku butuh refreshing nih dari adikku! E-Love, 2001, 55
The sentence above is translated using free translation. Refreshing is
a loan word.
2) SL : You don’t mind chatting to me, do you? E-Love, 2001, 176
TL : Kamu maukan chatting sama aku? E-Love, 2001, 54
Chatting is a loan word.
C. Gerund as a Subject
According to Marcella Frank in Modern English, a gerund phrase does not
occur frequently as a subject. One of its common uses as a subject is in general
statements with be as the main verb.50
The gerund in bold means the gerund is still emphasized .
1. Class Shift
a. Translated into Me-+V (2) Class shift
50 Ibid, p.321
1) SL : Giving kids like me piano lessons instead of listening to the
sound of applause ringing in her ears. E-Love, 2001, 140
TL : Mengajar les piano pada anak-anak seperti aku, bukannya
menikmati tepukan tangan yang memuji penampilannya. E-
Love, 2001,18
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is les piano. The
affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of giving
(melakukan tindakan memberi).
2) SL : I was glad to be with Dan but, quite frankly, I couldn't really see
why sticking jabs into sheep was quite as exciting as Dan found
it. E-Love, 2001, 230
TL : Aku senang bersama Dan tapi terus terang aku tidak mengerti…
apa sih asyiknya menyuntik domba-domba… kok.Dan
menikmati sekali. E-Love, 2001, 108
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is domba-domba.
The affix me- above has the meaning of doing the action of giving
(melakukan tindakan menyuntik).
b. Translated into Me-+V +-kan (1) Class shift
1) SL : I often find that bashing out a dramatic piece of music takes
the steam out of me. E-Love, 2001, 194.
TL : Memainkan musik yang dramatis seeing kali bisa
mengurangi keteganganku. E-Love, 2001, 72
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive
verb where the object of the gerund’s translation is musik. The affix
me- -kan above has the meaning of doing the action of playing
(melakukan tindakan memainkan).
c. Translated into Ber-+V (1) Class shift
1) SL : Of course I was going to work hard but studying wasn't going
to completely take over my life, was it? E-Love, 2001, 235
TL : Tentu saja aku akan belajar keras, tapi hidupku bukan cuma
diisi dengan belajar, kan?
The sentence above is translated into an intransitive verb. The
affix me- -kan above has the meaning of doing the activity of
studying (mengadakan kegiatan belajar).
d. Translated into V 1 without affixes Class shift (1)
1) SL : Coming home was awful. E-Love, 2001, 224
TL : Pulang ke rumah sungguh menyedihkan. E-Love, 2001, 102
The sentence above is translated into an intransitive verb.
The translation of gerunds found in E-Love can be seen from the table
1.9 below.
Tabel 2
The Translation of Gerunds
Translated into Total Total Total Total Total
SHIFT
Class shift Gerund as an Object of preposition
Translated into Me-+V
Translated into Me-+V+-kan
Translated into Me-+Verb+-i
Translated into Ber-+V
Translated into Ter-+V
Translated into verb 1 without affixes
Translated into kata dasar adjective
Total
Gerund as an Object of verb
Translated into Me-+V
Translated into Me-+V+-kan
Translated into Ber-+V
Translated into Ter-+V
Translated into Di-+V
Translated into verb 1 without affixes
Total
Gerund as a Subject of verb
Translated into Me-+V
Translated into Me-+V+kan
Translated into Ber-+V
Translated into verb 1 without affixes
Total
TOTAL CLASS SHIFT
Unit shift Gerund as an Object of preposition
Gerund as an Object of verb
Total
Total SHIFT
25
6
1
1
1
10
1
17
7
6
1
2
7
2
1
1
1
6
5
45
40
5
11
90
11
101
NON SHIFT
Non Class shift Gerund as an Object of preposition
Translated into Ke-+V+an
Translated into Pe-+V+an
Translated into V+–an
Translated into Kata Dasar noun
Total
Gerund as an Object of verb
Translated into Pe-+V+ -an
Translated into V+-an
Total
Total Non Class Shift
Omission
Gerund as an Object of preposition
Gerund as an Object of verb
Total
Loan Word
Gerund as an Object of verb
Total
TOTAL NON SHIFT
Total Data
3
1
3
1
3
2
7
3
2
8
5
10
2
13
10
2
25
126
The findings of this thesis are:
1. The translation of gerunds which are found in E-Love can be seen from the table 1.9
on page 93. There are several affixes which are used in translating gerunds in E-
Love. The most frequently used is the affix Me-+V. There are 44 data which are
translated into Me-+V. There are 14 data which are translated into Me-+V+-kan.
There are 1 data which is translated into Me-+V+-i. There are 8 data which
are translated into Ber-+V. There are 2 data which are translated into Ter-+V.
There are 3 data which are translated into Ke-+V+-an. There are 4 data which
are translated into Pe-+V+-an. There are 5 data which are translated into V+-an.
2. Based on the data, 101 data are translated using shift procedure, and 25 data are
translated using non-shift procedure. Out of 126 data, there are 90 data which
are translated by using class shift. This shows that most of the time in translating
gerunds, we can not maintain the formal equivalence or the form of gerund which is
a noun. The translator uses class shift procedure or in this case the procedure of
changing the gerund which is a noun into a verb more often than the other
procedure in translating gerunds in the E-Love by Caroline Plaisted, the bilingual
edition. The verbs in the TL data are mostly transitive verbs. There are 53
data which are translated into transitive verb. This makes sense because the
gerund has a verbal meaning most of the time and it is the translator’s top
priority to transfer the meaning of the gerund. In other cases the gerund has a
substantival meaning, such as the gerunds which are translated using non-
class shift which is translated into a noun because of the substantival
meaning.
Examples of gerunds which are translated into transitive verbs:
SL : He was going to ring me again tonight and I was no closer to having sorted
it. E-Love, 2001, 194
TL : Dia akan meneleponku lagi nanti malam, dan aku belum membuat
keputusan. E-Love, 2001, 72
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the
object of the gerund’s translation is keputusan.
SL : For a second I thought about leaving a message myself but then I changed
my mind. E-Love, 2001, 174
TL : Sesaat aku menimbang-nimbang untuk meninggalkan pesan, tapi lalu
mengurungkannya E-Love, 2001, 52
The gerund in the sentence above is translated into a transitive verb where the
object of the gerund’s translation is pesan.
The translation usually reflects its meaning because the translator’s task is to
transfer the meaning. The gerunds above are translated into transitive verbs
because the gerunds have a verbal meaning. In this case, the gerund above has a
force of a verb or a verbal meaning because the gerund has a verbal feature.
The verbal feature is that the gerund has its own object.
3. The noun gerund usually preserves its original active form even where it has a
strong passive force. This fact is also reflected in its translation. Based on the
data, there are only 2 sentences containing gerunds which are translated into
passive form. The two sentences are translated into di-+V. This shows that most
of the time the translator maintains the active form of the gerund in translating
gerunds.
The following are the sentences which are translated into the passive form:
Translated into Di-+V
SL : When I got home, I got my usual greeting from Charly and, armed with a
cup of tea and some toast, I headed for my room and switched on my PC.
E-Love, 2001, 185
TL : Tiba di rumah, seperti biasa aku disambut oleh Charly. Lalu dengan
membawa secangkir teh dan roti panggang aku masuk ke kamarku dan
menyalakan computer. E-Love, 2001, 63
SL : In fact, Dan ate even more than me perhaps it was because he had such
long legs that needed filling up with food! E-Love, 2001, 206
TL : Malahan dia makan lebih banyak-barangkali karena kaki-kakinya
panjang sekali, dan perlu diisi makanan sampai penuh? E-Love, 2001, 84
4. The gerund is used to emphasize or stress an action. There are several ways to
maintain the stress of gerund in its translation. There is only one technique
which is found in the data. The technique is by moving or keeping the position
of the translation of the gerund in the beginning of the sentence because there is
an emphasis on the first word or phrase in a sentence in the Indonesian
language. In most cases, the translation of the gerund is not emphasized
anymore. But this result is mainly by observing the written form. We must
remember that how we read it or the intonation plays an important role in
emphazing in the Indonesian language. The following are translations of
gerunds which are still emphasized by moving or keeping the position of the
translation of the gerund in the beginning of the sentence.
SL : Giving kids like me piano lessons instead of listening to the sound of
applause ringing in her ears. E-Love, 2001, 140
TL : Memberi les piano pada anak-anak seperti aku, bukannya menikmati
tepukan tangan yang memuji penampilannya. E-Love, 2001,18
SL : I often find that bashing out a dramatic piece of music takes the steam
out of me. E-Love, 2001, 194
TL : Memainkan musik yang dramatis seeing kali bisa mengurangi
keteganganku. E-Love, 2001, 72
SL : Coming home was awful. E-Love, 2001, 224
TL : Pulang ke rumah sungguh menyedihkan. E-Love, 2001, 102
5. There are several usages of informal languages in the translation of E-Love.
Below are examples of sentences that contain informal language.
SL : After all the worry about chatting to him, he was actually really easy to
talk to once I'd taken the plunge. E-Love, 2001, 188
TL : Padahal tadi aku cemas setengah mati membayangkan ngobrol dengan
dia, padahal dia benar-benar enak diajak bicara, begitu aku sudah me-
mulai. E-Love, 2001, 66
SL : They'd probably already started chatting. E-Love, 2001, 152
TL : Kemungkinan mereka bertiga sudah mulai mengobrol. E-Love, 2001, 30
Ngobrol or mengobrol is an informal word. The formal words are mengadakan
percakapan.
The translation of E-Love uses some informal language such as mengobrol, ngobrol,
ngobrol sama, capek, sudah bilang, kedengaran, and gak (nggak). This is because
the translator considers that the readers are teenagers and teenagers are more used
to informal language in their daily life. According to Peter Newmark in A Textbook
of Translation, the translation of a text is pulled into ten different directions.
One of the directions is readership. (4-5)
6. Gerund is a non-finite verb. This means it does not contain any tense. In other
word, a gerund is neutral in respect of time. We only can observe the gerund’s
time relationship with the main verb. The writer only finds two sentences which
are given a time mark. In this case telah and setelah is added before the
translation of gerund. The sentences are:
SL : And, of course, my big mistake about sending the e-mail. E-Love, 2001,
183
TL : Juga, tentu saja, kesalahan besarku karena telah mengirim e-mail-itu. E-
Love, 2001, 61
SL : I had to admit that I felt better for talking to someone about it. E-Love,
2001, 184
TL : Mesti kuakui, perasaanku jadi lebih enak setelah membicarakan ini. E-
Love, 2001, 62
7. There is not much negation before the gerund in the data. We can attach
negation to the gerund as a subject, as an object of preposition, but we can not
attach negation to the gerund as an object of verb.
The following are the gerunds which are preceded by a negation.
SL : I can't bear the thought of not seeing you after tomorrow morning. E-
Love, 2001, 221
TL : Aku juga tidak tahan membayangkan tidak melihatmu lagi setelah besok
pagi. E-Love, 2001, 99
SL : I was about to go off-line, feeling miserable about not speaking to Dan,
when a new message appeared: Hi, Sam! You there. E-Love, 2001, 177
TL : Aku berniat keluar saja, merasa kecewa karena tidak bisa mengobrol
dengan Dan, tapi tiba-tiba muncul pesan baru: Hai, Sam! Ada di situ? E-
Love, 2001, 55
8. Ommision in translating gerunds occurs when the word is not significant and to
make the sentence effective. For example:
SL : We sat next to each other to watch the mixed doubles finals and then we
had the joy of watching Sally lose in the girls' singles for her set. E-Love,
2001, 221
TL : Kami duduk berdampingan menonton final ganda campuran, lalu kami
menikmati kekalahan Sally dalam tunggal putri kelompoknya. E-Love,
2001, 98
The gerund watching in the sentence above is translated by omission because
it is not significant. It is not significant because from the context of the
translation, we can see that “menikmati kekalahan Sally” refer to an activity
where the main character enjoys watching Sally’s defeat.
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
One of the problems that translators need to solve in translating a text into
Indonesian language is gerund because there is no gerund system in Indonesian. The
reason why the gerund system does not exist in the Indonesian language is that the
concept of gerund is different from nominalization in the Indonesian language.
Nominalization is derived from a verb or an adjective by adding affixes such as
pe+V, pe-+V+ -an, ke-+V+ -an and V+ -an. A Gerund is derived from a verb by
adding the participle -ing. Besides that, nominalization only has a substantival
meaning. The gerund, however, has a verbal meaning or a substantival meaning.
In translating gerund, the translator may try to maintain the form of a
gerund which is a noun by adding affixes such as pe- an, ke-an, ke- and -an. This is
one of the procedures in translating the gerund into Indonesian language. However,
in practice, a translator has to use other procedures to achieve a dynamic
equivalence where the meaning is the most important factor to transfer and not the
form. The translator may use a class shift by adding affixes such as be-, me-, me- -
kan, di- and ter- because he or she finds that using affixes such as pe- an, ke-an,
pe- and -an is not possible or it will make the translation sounds unnatural. This is
because there is not a noun that has a verbal meaning in Indonesian. Gerund has a
noun form but it may have a verbal meaning. In fact, mostly gerund has a verbal
meaning.
The aims of this research are to describe the equivalence of gerund from
English into Indonesian language in E-love novel by Caroline Plaisted bilingual
edition and to describe the procedures used by the translator in translating
gerund into Indonesian language in E-love novel by Caroline Plaisted bilingual
edition.
The first conclusion is that the gerund is usually translated into either a verb or
a noun. Mostly gerunds are translated into a verb with the prefix Me+V. There are
44 data which are translated into Me-+V. There are 14 data which are translated into
Me-+V+-kan. There are 1 data which is translated into Me-+V+-i. There are 8 data
which are translated into Ber-+V. There are 2 data which are translated into Ter-+V.
There are 5 data which are translated into V+-an. There are 18 data which are
translated into verb one. There is 1 data which is translated into an adjective. There
are 3 data which are translated into Ke-+V+-an. There are 4 data which are
translated into Pe-+V+-an. There is 1 data which is translated into a noun. There
are 10 data which are translated by omission. There are 2 data which are translated
by loan word. The translator usually maintains the gerund’s active form in its
translation and by mainly observing the written form, the translation of the gerund
is not emphasized anymore in most cases.
The second conclusion from the analysis is that gerunds are translated either by
shift or non shift. Mostly gerunds are translated by class shift. Gerunds are mostly
translated into a verb by class shift procedure because mostly gerund has a verbal
meaning and it is the task of the translator to transfer the meaning from the source
language to the target language. Based on the data, 101 data are translated using shift
procedure, and 25 data are translated using non-shift procedure. Out of 126 data, there
are 90 data which are translated by using class shift. There are 11 data which are
translated by using unit shift. There are 13 data which are translated by non class
shift. There are 10 data which are translated by omission. There are 2 data which
are translated by loan word. This shows that most of the time in translating gerunds,
we can not maintain the formal equivalence or the form of gerund which is a noun. The
translator uses class shift procedure or in this case the procedure of changing the gerund
which is a noun into a verb more often than the other procedure in translating gerunds in
the E-Love novel by Caroline Plaisted, the bilingual edition.
The writer suggests that someone will make a more thorough research on gerund
especially on the gerund time relationship with the main verb which is not discussed in
this thesis.
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