Gerunds are verb forms ending in Gerunds are verb forms ending in -ing-ing..They can be:They can be:

the the subjectsubject of a sentence: of a sentence: SkiingSkiing is her favourite sport.is her favourite sport.

the the objectobject of a verb: of a verb: She She enjoys enjoys skiingskiing..

the the complement complement of a verb:of a verb:One of her hobbies One of her hobbies isis skiingskiing..

the the objectobject of a preposition: of a preposition:She devotes her free timeShe devotes her free time toto skiingskiing. .

The Gerund / -The Gerund / -inging form form

They They lovelove swimmingswimming!!

Gerunds and infinitivesGerunds and infinitives

It is very common for one verb to be followed It is very common for one verb to be followed directly by another verb.directly by another verb. This happens, for instance, when we talk This happens, for instance, when we talk about our attitude to an action:about our attitude to an action:

He He enjoysenjoys swimmingswimming..

The first verb describes the The first verb describes the attitudeattitude, , and the second refers to the and the second refers to the actionaction..

Gerunds and infinitivesGerunds and infinitives

In some cases, the second verb is an In some cases, the second verb is an infinitive; in others, the -ing form is infinitive; in others, the -ing form is used.used.

The choice depends on the first The choice depends on the first verb.verb.

Gerunds and infinitivesGerunds and infinitives

I I lovelove swimmingswimming!!

I I cancan swim.swim.

Verbs and phrases Verbs and phrases followed by the -followed by the -inging form form

Verbs expressing likes and dislikesVerbs expressing likes and dislikes

likelike, , lovelove, , enjoyenjoy, , adoreadore

dislike, hate, detest, loathedislike, hate, detest, loathe + + -ing:-ing:

II hatehate runningrunning!!

Expressions meaningExpressions meaningI like a lotI like a lot

II am keen on am keen on dancingdancing!!

I I am fond of am fond of divingdiving..

Expressions meaningExpressions meaningI don’t likeI don’t like

II can’t stand can’t stand smokingsmoking!!

I I don’t care fordon’t care for drinkingdrinking..

Other verbs and Other verbs and expressions followed expressions followed

by by –ing–ing will be studied will be studied in future lessonsin future lessons

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Verbs followed by Verbs followed by the infinitive the infinitive withoutwithout ‘to’ ‘to’

Modal verbs:Modal verbs:

Can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will,

would, ought to

I I cancan swimswim..

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Other Verbs followed by Other Verbs followed by the infinitive the infinitive withoutwithout ‘to’ ‘to’

will be studied in another will be studied in another lesson.lesson.

Let (deixar) & & make (fazer com que)

are followed by are followed by

an object + infinitive without “to”an object + infinitive without “to”

It It makesmakes me feelfeel good. good.

They They don’t letdon’t let me swim swim off the coast.off the coast.

Special CasesSpecial Cases

Special CasesSpecial Cases

Swimming Swimming allowsallows meme to relaxto relax..

AllowAllow (permitir)(permitir)

is followed by is followed by

an object + ‘to’ infinitivean object + ‘to’ infinitive